DOCSLIB.ORG

Probiotic Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Enterococcus Faecium Isolated from Chicken Caecal and Fecal Samples Salma H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Food Science and Human Nutrition Publications Food Science and Human Nutrition 4-2015 Probiotic Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Chicken Caecal and Fecal Samples Salma H. Abu Hafsa Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute Aubrey F. Mendonca Iowa State University, [email protected] Byron F. Brehm-Stecher Iowa State University, [email protected] A. A. Hassan Ministry of Agriculture SF.o Allo. Iwbr thiahims and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/fshn_ag_pubs NortPh aCrat rofoli nthea AgFricoodultu rSacl ieanncd Tee cChnommonical State sU, nHivumersitayn and Clinical Nutrition Commons, Immunology of Infectious Disease Commons, Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons, Organismal Biological Physiology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ fshn_ag_pubs/173. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Food Science and Human Nutrition Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Probiotic Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Chicken Caecal and Fecal Samples Abstract Enterococci are important inhabitants of the animal intestine and are widely used in probiotic products. A probiotic strain is expected to possess several desirable properties in order to exert beneficial effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate, characterize and identify Enterococcus sp. from chicken cecal and fecal samples to determine potential probiotic properties. Enterococci were isolated from chicken ceca and feces of thirty three clinically healthy chickens from a local farm. In vitro studies were performed to assess antibacterial activity of the isolated LAB (using agar well diffusion and cell free supernatant broth technique against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis), survival in acidic conditions, resistance to bile salts, and their survival during simulated gastric juice conditions at pH 2.5. Isolates were identified by biochemical carbohydrate fermentation patterns using an API 50 CHL kit and API ZYM kits and by sequenced 16S rDNA. An isolate belonging to E. faecium species exhibited inhibitory effect against S. enteritidis. This isolate producing a clear zone as large as 10.30 mm or greater and was able to grow in the coculture medium and at the same time, inhibited the growth S. enteritidis. In addition, E. faecium exhibited significant resistance under highly acidic conditions at pH 2.5 for 8 h and survived well in bile salt at 0.2% for 24 h and showing ability to survive in the presence of simulated gastric juice at pH 2.5. Based on these results, E. faecium isolate fulfills some of the criteria to be considered as a probiotic strain and therefore, could be used as a feed additive with good potential for controlling S. Enteritidis in chickens. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety of the strain. Keywords Acid tolerance, antimicrobial activity, Enterococcus faecium, probiotic Disciplines Food Science | Human and Clinical Nutrition | Immunology of Infectious Disease | Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition | Organismal Biological Physiology | Plant Sciences Comments This article is published as 5. Abu Hafsa, S.H., Mendonca, A., Brehm-Stecher, B., Hassan, A.A. and S.A. Ibrahim. Probiotic potential and antimicrobial activity of Enterococcus faecium isolated from chicken caecal and fecal samples. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering 9(4): 350-54 (2015). Posted with permission. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/fshn_ag_pubs/173 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Vol:9, No:4, 2015 Probiotic Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Chicken Caecal and Fecal Samples Salma H. Abu Hafsa, A. Mendonca, B. Brehm-Stecher, A. A. Hassan, S. A. Ibrahim micro-ecology [2]. The consumption of probiotics has Abstract—Enterococci are important inhabitants of the animal beneficial effects, including balancing of colonic microbiota, intestine and are widely used in probiotic products. A probiotic strain protection of the normal intestinal microbiota and prevention is expected to possess several desirable properties in order to exert of gastrointestinal disorders, reduction of serum cholesterol, beneficial effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to antagonism against food-borne pathogens and improvement in isolate, characterize and identify Enterococcus sp. from chicken cecal and fecal samples to determine potential probiotic properties. the nutritional value of foods [3]-[5]. In broiler nutrition, Enterococci were isolated from chicken ceca and feces of thirty three probiotic species belonging to Lactobacillus, Bacillus, clinically healthy chickens from a local farm. In vitro studies were Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, have a beneficial effect on performed to assess antibacterial activity of the isolated LAB (using broiler performance [6]. Among Enterococcus species, E. agar well diffusion and cell free supernatant broth technique against faecium is the most widely used in commercial probiotics. E. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis), survival in acidic faecium are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that have an important conditions, resistance to bile salts, and their survival during simulated gastric juice conditions at pH 2.5. Isolates were identified by role in the environment, food and clinical microbiology. biochemical carbohydrate fermentation patterns using an API 50 Furthermore, they are regular habitants of the gastrointestinal CHL kit and API ZYM kits and by sequenced 16S rDNA. An isolate tract of humans, animals and birds [7]. Addition of probiotics belonging to E. faecium species exhibited inhibitory effect against S. to feed is an interesting alternative to the use of antibiotics, enteritidis. This isolate producing a clear zone as large as 10.30 mm which have created great public concerns due to emergence of or greater and was able to grow in the coculture medium and at the antimicrobial resistance [8]. Several studies have mentioned same time, inhibited the growth S. enteritidis. In addition, E. faecium exhibited significant resistance under highly acidic conditions at pH the use of E. faecium as probiotic cultures [9]-[11]. Their 2.5 for 8 h and survived well in bile salt at 0.2% for 24 h and showing ability to survive and compete in the gastrointestinal tract ability to survive in the presence of simulated gastric juice at pH 2.5. allows their successful use. E. faecium shows effects against Based on these results, E. faecium isolate fulfills some of the criteria enteropathogens [12] and may be useful in animal health [13]. to be considered as a probiotic strain and therefore, could be used as a A recent interdisciplinary research study of the modes of feed additive with good potential for controlling S. Enteritidis in action of probiotics in swine showed that E. faecium NCIMB chickens. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety of the strain. 10415 reduced the pathogenic bacterial load of healthy piglets [14], [15]. In vitro studies further demonstrated that this E. Keywords—Acid tolerance, antimicrobial activity, Enterococcus faecium probiotic strain decreased the rate of invasion of a faecium, probiotic. porcine intestinal epithelial cell line by Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium, as well as have inhibitory effects on the I. INTRODUCTION growth of S. enteric serovar Enteritidis and these effects were HE poultry industry is relatively more efficient than red explained by both enterotoxin and nonenterotoxin factors [16]. T meat in providing a cheap protein source to fulfill E. faecium has also been shown to influence the composition Egyptian population requirements. Investment in this industry of the bacterial community in the avian, swine, and canine has risen to high levels in the last two decades [1]. Probiotics gastrointestinal tracts [17]. Infections with S. enteric are some defined as cultures of potentially beneficial bacteria that of the most important sources of human gastroenteritis [18]. positively affect the host by regulating the microbial balance Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the probiotic and by restoring the normal intestinal permeability and gut potential of the E. faecium LAB isolated from chickens ceca International Science Index, Medical and Health Sciences Vol:9, No:4, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10000953 and feces through acid and bile salts resistance, their survival during simulated gastric juice conditions, and their Salma H. Abu Hafsa is with Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enteritidis for use as Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt (phone: 002-01000313649; e-mail: probiotic in poultry. [email protected]) A. Mendonca and B. Brehm-Stecher are with Department of Food Science II. MATERIALS AND METHODS and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University,
Recommended publications
  • Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Faecium CE5-1 Producing A

    Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Faecium CE5-1 Producing A

    Czech J. Anim. Sci., 57, 2012 (11): 529–539 Original Paper Probiotic properties of Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 producing a bacteriocin-like substance and its antagonistic effect against antibiotic-resistant enterococci in vitro K. Saelim1, N. Sohsomboon1, S. Kaewsuwan2, S. Maneerat1 1Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand ABSTRACT: A bacteriocin-like substance (BLS) producing Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Thai indigenous chickens. Investigations of its probiotic potential were carried out. The competition between the BLS probiotic strain and antibiotic-resistant enterococci was also studied. Ent. faecium CE5-1 exhibited a good tolerance to pH 3.0 after 2 h and in 7% fresh chicken bile after 6 h, but the viability of Ent. faecium CE5-1 decreased by about 2–3 log CFU/ml after 2 h incubation in pH 2.5. It was susceptible to the antibiotics tested (tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin G, and vancomycin). The maximum BLS production from Ent. faecium CE5-1 was observed at 15 h of cultivation. It showed activity against Listeria monocytogenes DMST17303, Pediococcus pentosaceus 3CE27, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei JCM1157, and antibiotic-resistant enterococci. The detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the enterocin structural gene determined the presence of enterocin A gene in Ent. faecium CE5-1 only. Ent. faecium CE5-1 showed the highest inhibitory activity against two antibiotic-resistant Ent. faecalis VanB (from 6.68 to 4.29 log CFU/ml) and Ent.
  • Detection of ESKAPE Pathogens and Clostridioides Difficile in Simulated

    Detection of ESKAPE Pathogens and Clostridioides Difficile in Simulated

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.433847; this version posted March 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Detection of ESKAPE pathogens and Clostridioides difficile in 2 Simulated Skin Transmission Events with Metagenomic and 3 Metatranscriptomic Sequencing 4 5 Krista L. Ternusa#, Nicolette C. Keplingera, Anthony D. Kappella, Gene D. Godboldb, Veena 6 Palsikara, Carlos A. Acevedoa, Katharina L. Webera, Danielle S. LeSassiera, Kathleen Q. 7 Schultea, Nicole M. Westfalla, and F. Curtis Hewitta 8 9 aSignature Science, LLC, 8329 North Mopac Expressway, Austin, Texas, USA 10 bSignature Science, LLC, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA 11 12 #Address correspondence to Krista L. Ternus, [email protected] 13 14 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.433847; this version posted March 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 15 1 Abstract 16 Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global threat, posing major public health 17 risks and economic costs to healthcare systems. Bacterial cultures are typically used to diagnose 18 healthcare-acquired infections (HAI); however, culture-dependent methods provide limited 19 presence/absence information and are not applicable to all pathogens.
  • Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: a Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles

    Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: a Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles

    foods Review Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: A Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius 1,2,* , Bruna Sgardioli 1,2 , Sandra P. A. Câmara 1,2, Patrícia Poeta 3,4 and Francisco Xavier Malcata 5,6,* 1 Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (S.P.A.C.) 2 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal 3 Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal 5 LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 420-465 Porto, Portugal 6 FEUP—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.d.L.E.D.); [email protected] (F.X.M.) Abstract: As a genus that has evolved for resistance against adverse environmental factors and that readily exchanges genetic elements, enterococci are well adapted to the cheese environment and may reach high numbers in artisanal cheeses. Their metabolites impact cheese flavor, texture, Citation: Dapkevicius, M.d.L.E.; and rheological properties, thus contributing to the development of its typical sensorial properties. Sgardioli, B.; Câmara, S.P.A.; Poeta, P.; Due to their antimicrobial activity, enterococci modulate the cheese microbiota, stimulate autoly- Malcata, F.X.
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Over the past several decades, the incidence of resistant gram-positive organisms has risen in the United States. MRSA strains, first identified in the 1960s in England, were first observed in the U.S. in the mid 1980s.1 Resistance quickly developed, increasing from 2.4% in 1979 to 29% in 1991.2 The current prevalence for MRSA in hospitals and other facilities ranges from <10% to 65%. In 1999, MRSA accounted for more than 50% of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates within U.S. intensive care units.3, 4 The past years, however, outbreaks of MRSA have also been seen in the community setting, particularly among preschool-age children, some of whom have attended day-care centers.5, 6, 7 MRSA does not appear to be more virulent than methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, but certainly poses a greater treatment challenge. MRSA also has been associated with higher hospital costs and mortality.8 Within a decade of its development, methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus emerged.9 MRSA strains generally are now resistant to other antimicrobial classes including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides.10,11 Most of the resistance was secondary to production of beta-lactamase enzymes or intrinsic resistance with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia and surgical- wound infections and the second most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections.12 Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have developed rates of MRSA ranging from 25%-35%. MRSA rates may be higher in LTCFs if they are associated with hospitals that have higher rates.13 Transmission of MRSA generally occurs through direct or indirect contact with a reservoir.
  • Characterization of Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin from Enterococcus Faecium Inhibitory to Listeria Monocytogenes

    Characterization of Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin from Enterococcus Faecium Inhibitory to Listeria Monocytogenes

    497 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 55, No. 7, Pages 497-502 (July 1992) Copyright©, International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians Characterization of Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium Inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes EUGENIO PARENTE1 and COLIN HILL* The National Dairy Products Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, The Irish Republic Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/55/7/497/1661676/0362-028x-55_7_497.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 (Received for publication November 12, 1991) ABSTRACT cultures has been proposed for Cheddar cheese (37), Fontina cheese (6), and water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese (57). Enterococcus faecium DPC 1146 produces a bacteriocin, In this report we describe the characterization of enterocin 1146, which is inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes. Enterocin 1146 was produced in GM17 and in milk. The bacterio­ enterocin 1146, a bacteriocin produced by E. faecium cin was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Its DPC1146, which is relatively specific to Listeria spp. molecular weight, estimated by SDS-PAGE, was 3.0 kDa. It could be stored at -20°C without loss of activity, but pH had a marked MATERIALS AND METHODS effect on enterocin 1146, which was more stable at both high (up to 120°C) and low temperatures (4°C) at pH 5 than at pH 7 and Strains and media 9. The sensitivity of 57 strains belonging to 35 different species Enterocin 1146 is produced by E. faecium DPC1146. Unless was studied using a critical dilution assay. L. monocytogenes and otherwise noted L. innocua DPC 1770 was used as the indicator L.
  • Transfer of Streptococcus Faecalis and Streptococcus Faecium to the Genus Enterococcus Norn

    Transfer of Streptococcus Faecalis and Streptococcus Faecium to the Genus Enterococcus Norn

    INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1984, p. 31-34 Vol. 34, No. 1 OO20-7713/84/010031-04$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1984, International Union of Microbiological Societies Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus Enterococcus norn. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. KARL H. SCHLEIFER* AND RENATE KILPPER-BALZ Lehrstuhl fur Mikrobiologie, Technische Universitat Miinchen, D-8000 Miinchen 2, Federal Republic of Germany The results of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonu- cleic acid hybridization studies demonstrated that Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium are distantly related to the non-enterococcal streptococci (Streptococcus hovis and Streptococcus equinus) of serological group D and to other streptococci. On the basis of our results and those of previous studies, we propose that S. faecalis and S. faecium be transferred to the genus Enterococcus (ex Thiercelin and Jouhaud) nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium (Orla-Jensen) comb. nov., respectively. A description of the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. and emended descriptions of E. faecalis and E. faecium are given. The streptococci belonging to serological group D can be De Ley (4) and were corrected to the value for the reference divided into two physiologically different groups. Strepto- Escherichia coli K-12 DNA. coccus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium were placed in the enterococcus division of the streptococci, whereas RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus were placed in the viridans division by Sherman (21). Kalina proposed (9) The DNA base compositions, serological groups, and that Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium peptidoglycan types of the test strains are shown in Table 1.
  • Identification, Properties, and Application of Enterocins Produced by Enterococcal Isolates from Foods

    Identification, Properties, and Application of Enterocins Produced by Enterococcal Isolates from Foods

    IDENTIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION OF ENTEROCINS PRODUCED BY ENTEROCOCCAL ISOLATES FROM FOODS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Xueying Zhang, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Master Committee: Approved by Professor Ahmed E. Yousef, Advisor Professor Hua Wang __________________________ Professor Luis Rodriguez-Saona Advisor Food Science and Nutrition ABSTRACT Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have gained great attention because they have potentials for use as natural preservatives to improve food safety and stability. The objectives of the present study were to (1) screen foods and food products for lactic acid bacteria with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, (2) investigate virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among bacteriocin-producing enterooccal isolates, (3) characterize the antimicrobial agents and their structural gene, and (4) explore the feasibility of using these bacteriocins as food preservatives. In search for food-grade bacteriocin-producing bacteria that are active against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, various commercial food products were screened and fifty-one promising Gram-positive isolates were studied. Among them, fourteen food isolates with antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus, were chosen for further study. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, fourteen food isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, and these enterococcal isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance through genotypic and phenotypic screening. Results indicated that isolates encoded some combination of virulence factors. The esp gene, encoding extracellular surface protein, was not detected in any of the isolates.
  • Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides Difficile

    Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides Difficile

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides difficile That Affects Spore Outgrowth Shakhinur Islam Mondal 1,2 , Arzuba Akter 3, Lorraine A. Draper 1,4 , R. Paul Ross 1 and Colin Hill 1,4,* 1 APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; [email protected] (S.I.M.); [email protected] (L.A.D.); [email protected] (R.P.R.) 2 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh 3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming enteric pathogen causing life-threatening diarrhoea and colitis. Microbial disruption caused by antibiotics has been linked with susceptibility to, and transmission and relapse of, C. difficile infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that are effective in preventing C. difficile growth, spore germination, and outgrowth. In recent years bacteriophage-derived endolysins and their derivatives show promise as a novel class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and characterized a cell wall hydrolase (CWH) lysin from C. difficile phage, phiMMP01. The full-length CWH displayed lytic activity against selected C. difficile strains. However, removing the N-terminal cell wall binding domain, creating CWH351—656, resulted in increased and/or an expanded lytic spectrum of activity. C. difficile specificity was retained versus commensal clostridia and other bacterial species.
  • Enterococcus Faecium Bacteremia Does Vancomycin Resistance Make a Difference?

    Enterococcus Faecium Bacteremia Does Vancomycin Resistance Make a Difference?

    ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Enterococcus faecium Bacteremia Does Vancomycin Resistance Make a Difference? Valentina Stosor, MD; Lance R. Peterson, MD; Michael Postelnick, RPh; Gary A. Noskin, MD Background: Enterococcus faecium has received in- eters (P=.01). Fifty-nine percent of the patients with VSE creased attention, primarily due to the emergence of van- bacteremia survived vs 24% with VRE (P=.009), despite comycin resistance. The purpose of this investigation was similar severity-of-illness scores. In 62% of the patients to study the epidemiological characteristics of vancomy- with VRE sepsis, death was related to the bacteremia cin-resistant E faecium (VRE) bacteremia and to deter- (P=.01). Patients infected with VRE had longer hospi- mine the clinical impact of vancomycin resistance on the talizations than those with VSE (34.8 vs 16.7 days, re- outcome of patients with this infection. spectively) (P=.004), were more likely to be on the medi- cal service (P=.03), and on the average, had hospitalization Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features costs of more than $27 000 per episode than did pa- and outcome of 53 patients with E faecium bacteremia. tients with VSE bloodstream infection ($83 897 vs $56 707, respectively) (P=.04). Results: From January 1992 until December 1995, there were 32 episodes of bacteremia caused by vancomycin- Conclusions: Vancomycin-resistant E faecium bactere- susceptible E faecium (VSE) and 21 caused by VRE. An mia is a complication of prolonged hospitalization in de- intra-abdominal site was the most common source of bac- bilitated patients. Vancomycin resistance has a negative teremia in both groups.
  • Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus

    Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus

    pathogens Article Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species Based on Biochemical Methods and 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA Gene Sequencing Maja Kosecka-Strojek 1,* , Mariola Wolska 1, Dorota Zabicka˙ 2 , Ewa Sadowy 3 and Jacek Mi˛edzobrodzki 1 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-664-6365 Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: Streptococci and enterococci are significant opportunistic pathogens in epidemiology and infectious medicine. High genetic and taxonomic similarities and several reclassifications within genera are the most challenging in species identification. The aim of this study was to identify Streptococcus and Enterococcus species using genetic and phenotypic methods and to determine the most discriminatory identification method. Thirty strains recovered from clinical samples representing 15 streptococcal species, five enterococcal species, and four nonstreptococcal species were subjected to bacterial identification by the Vitek® 2 system and Sanger-based sequencing methods targeting the 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA genes. Phenotypic methods allowed the identification of 10 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains (Leuconostoc, Granulicatella, and Globicatella genera). The combination of sequencing methods allowed the identification of 21 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains.
  • Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019

    Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019

    ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS IN THE UNITED STATES 2019 Revised Dec. 2019 This report is dedicated to the 48,700 families who lose a loved one each year to antibiotic resistance or Clostridioides difficile, and the countless healthcare providers, public health experts, innovators, and others who are fighting back with everything they have. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 (2019 AR Threats Report) is a publication of the Antibiotic Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit within the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suggested citation: CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. Available online: The full 2019 AR Threats Report, including methods and appendices, is available online at www.cdc.gov/DrugResistance/Biggest-Threats.html. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:82532. ii U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contents FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ VII SECTION 1: THE THREAT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ....................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................3
  • The Ecology, Epidemiology and Virulence of Enterococcus

    The Ecology, Epidemiology and Virulence of Enterococcus

    Microbiology (2009), 155, 1749–1757 DOI 10.1099/mic.0.026385-0 Review The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus Katie Fisher and Carol Phillips Correspondence University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton Katie Fisher NN2 7AL, UK [email protected] Enterococci are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which usually inhabit the alimentary tract of humans in addition to being isolated from environmental and animal sources. They are able to survive a range of stresses and hostile environments, including those of extreme temperature (5–65 6C), pH (4.5”10.0) and high NaCl concentration, enabling them to colonize a wide range of niches. Virulence factors of enterococci include the extracellular protein Esp and aggregation substances (Agg), both of which aid in colonization of the host. The nosocomial pathogenicity of enterococci has emerged in recent years, as well as increasing resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics. Understanding the ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus speciesisimportant for limiting urinary tract infections, hepatobiliary sepsis, endocarditis, surgical wound infection, bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis, and also stemming the further development of antibiotic resistance. Introduction Taxonomy For many years Enterococcus species were believed to be The genus Enterococcus consists of Gram-positive, catalase- harmless to humans and considered unimportant med- negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria ically. Because they produce bacteriocins, Enterococcus that can occur both as single cocci and in chains. species have been used widely over the last decade in the Enterococci belong to a group of organisms known as food industry as probiotics or as starter cultures (Foulquie lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce bacteriocins Moreno et al., 2006).