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Efficiency Measurement of Green Regional Development And sustainability Article Efficiency Measurement of Green Regional Development and Its Influencing Factors: An Improved Data Envelopment Analysis Framework Yingyu Lu 1,2, Bo Cao 2, Yidi Hua 1 and Lei Ding 1,* 1 Institute of Environmental Economics Research, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo 315800, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.) 2 Department of Public Course Teaching, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo 315800, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-1326-834-513 Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 23 May 2020; Published: 26 May 2020 Abstract: Reasonably assessing the efficiency of green regional development is a key to improving environmental management and implementing sustainable development strategies. From the perspectives of environmental pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and production factor cost, the non-radial data envelopment analysis model based on the Malmquist index was applied to measure the green development efficiency and regional differences of 11 cities in Zhejiang from 2007 to 2016 from both static and dynamic aspects. This paper further analyzes the inherent influencing factors through the panel data model. The result shows: (1) The average static efficiency of green development in Zhejiang Province is 0.844. There is still 15.6% of improvement space from the frontier of production. Pollution emission management has the greatest improvement potential. Pure technical efficiency is the main factor restricting the static efficiency. (2) The dynamic efficiency of Zhejiang’s green development achieves an average annual rate of 0.26%, with a cumulative growth of 2.33%. The improvement of green development efficiency mainly depends on scale efficiency change. (3) The inherent factors affecting the efficiency of green development in the 11 cities mainly include three factors: the industrial structure, environmental regulation, and the urbanization level. The industrial structure has a positive effect, while environmental regulation and the urbanization level have negative effects. (4) The 11 cities are relatively evenly distributed in the four “static–dynamic efficiency” classification quadrants, and there is no “Matthew effect” of high–high, low–low polarization. Keywords: green development efficiency; data envelopment analysis model; Malmquist index; panel data model; regional difference 1. Introduction Over the 40 years of reform and opening up, China has experienced rapid economic and social development, but this has also caused some losses in terms of the ecological environment. With the prominent problems of environmental pollution and resource consumption, where China is heading and how to achieve sustainable development of the green economy are the main issues that the country is facing today. Therefore, how to take a path of sustainable and green development is a focus of the government in all regions and at all levels [1,2], for example, the ecological civilization plan that is being vigorously promoted. The concept of the "green economy" was first proposed in 1989 [3,4], and the concept of green development has been continuously expanded since then. Broadly speaking, green development refers to achieving the highest economic and scientific benefits with the least environmental pollution costs, Sustainability 2020, 12, 4361; doi:10.3390/su12114361 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 4361 2 of 23 energy consumption, and input of production factors [5,6]. After the global financial crisis in 2008, promoting green development has become an important consensus reached by countries and regions on improving economic competitiveness, coping with the financial crisis, and solving resource and environmental problems [7]. Some developed countries in the European Union and the United States have developed green energy technology along with green manufacturing industry as the core of a series of strategic plans, actively promoting the Green New Deal strategy in order to boost their economic recovery and be predominant in the new round of global competition by changing the industrial structure [8,9]. Implementing green transportation and reducing carbon emissions are also hot topics in current green development research [10]. In Mersin, Turkey, research on green public transportation is being actively promoted. These studies are undoubtedly of great significance for improving the utilization of public transportation to achieve a sustainable outcome [11–14]. As a developing country with large energy consumption, China signed the “Kyoto Protocol” as early as 1998, and also promised to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, when carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decrease by 60% to 65% compared to 2005. In order to achieve harmonious, sustainable economic growth and social development, the Chinese government put forward the concept of green development at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China Central Committee [15], and regarded green development as the basic strategy of China’s economic and social development during the “13th Five-Year Plan” and even after [16,17]. At the G20 Business Summit in 2016, the Chinese government once again clearly pointed out that it was necessary to build together a green and low-carbon global energy governance structure and promote global green development cooperation so as to achieve the goal of implementing the UN’s 2030 sustainable development agenda [18,19] and build a linked global governance. The report of the 19th National Congress of the People’s Republic of China regards green development as the first step in building an ecological civilization. As one of the smallest areas, but meanwhile the earliest provinces, to develop its economy, Zhejiang Province took the lead in promoting green development and is striving to build a "Beautiful China" demonstration zone. Therefore, we take Zhejiang Province as a case study in this paper. Zhejiang Province is located on the southeast coast of China and on the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, which has an area of 105,500 square kilometers, making up 1.1% of China. As of 2018, Zhejiang’s regional gross domestic product (GDP) was 5.62 trillion yuan, accounting for 6.14% of the whole country’s GDP, and the per capita disposable income of residents was 62.39%—higher than the national average in the same period [20]. Although the development of Zhejiang Province is at a national leading level, there are problems of a low resource utilization rate and sharp increase in resource consumption. Coal consumption in Zhejiang Province increased from 55.27 million tons in 2001 to 139.948 million tons in 2016—an increase of almost 152.37%. Gasoline consumption increased from 2.1287 million tons to 7.9692 million tons—an increase of nearly 274.37%. Kerosene consumption was nearly 13 times the original, and electricity consumption was about 4.57 times the original. While resource consumption has increased dramatically, the problem of environmental pollution is also severe [21,22]. In 2017, wastewater discharge in Zhejiang Province accounted for 6.49% of the country’s total wastewater discharge, meanwhile total nitrogen discharge in wastewater accounted for 5.55% of the country’s total, and nitrogen oxide emissions in waste gas accounted for 3.43% of the country’s total. In the context of ecological priority and green development, this paper attempts to explore the green development efficiency of Zhejiang Province and makes the following contributions: (1) Constructing a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for green development efficiency. (2) Building a non-radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) model (NRDEA) combined with the Malmquist index, so the dynamic and static green development efficiency of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province is studied and compared. The superiority of the NRDEA is that it can analyze the input efficiency of each input variable separately, thus it is named a non-radial model. (3) Establishing a short panel data model for exploring the driving factors affecting the green development efficiency of Zhejiang Province, thus providing countermeasures for improving the efficiency of green development in Zhejiang Sustainability 2020, 12, 4361 3 of 23 Province and other related regions. This is of great significance for promoting high-quality sustainable development between the ecological environment and economic construction. 2. Literature Review The core of green development is to improve people’s quality of life. On the basis of respecting, protecting, and making efficient use of resources and the environment, richer, better, more economical and sustainable economic wealth and social well-being is the goal for human beings. At present, the existing scholars’ research on green development mainly focuses on regional selection, model evaluation, impact mechanism, and optimization countermeasures, and they have made promising research results. 2.1. Green Development and Evaluation of Efficiency The diagnosis and evaluation of green development in the study can help to further assess the state of the green process, and also lay an important foundation for the dynamic prediction of green development and the practical logic and realization path of green development [23,24]. The current assessment mainly consists of the selection of green development indicators and efficiency evaluation. The selection of indicators generally includes the establishment of a clear multi-indicator comprehensive system, including the Human Green Development Index [25,26], Total Environmental
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