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Southern Methodist Women, the Social Gospel, and the New Deal State, 1909-1939

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Southern Methodist Women, the Social Gospel, and the New Deal State, 1909-1939 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 7-2020 “Deserting the broad and easy way”: Southern Methodist Women, the Social Gospel, and the New Deal State, 1909-1939 Chelsea Hodge University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, History of Religion Commons, New Religious Movements Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Social Welfare Commons, United States History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Citation Hodge, C. (2020). “Deserting the broad and easy way”: Southern Methodist Women, the Social Gospel, and the New Deal State, 1909-1939. Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3752 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Deserting the broad and easy way”: Southern Methodist Women, the Social Gospel, and the New Deal State, 1909-1939 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Chelsea Hodge University of Arkansas Bachelor of Music in Music Performance, 2012 University of Arkansas Master of Arts in History, 2014 July 2020 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Michael Pierce, Ph.D. Dissertation Director ____________________________________ __________________________________ Patrick Williams, Ph.D. Beth Schweiger, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Abstract Over the course of three decades, white southern Methodist women took on issues of labor and poverty through their national women’s organization, the Woman’s Missionary Council (WMC). Between 1909 and 1939, the WMC focused their work on five groups of people they viewed as in need of their help: women, children, black southerners, immigrants, and rural people. Motivated by the Social Gospel and an intense belief that their faith led them to effect real change in the American South, the WMC intervened in people’s lives, pursuing reform that could at times be maternalistic and condescending but at other times radical and forward-thinking. Methodist women ultimately concluded that only state intervention could solve the systemic problems facing the poor and working-class, and they became staunch supporters of the New Deal. This dissertation examines the path to this conclusion, tracing the ways in which the WMC thought about and sought to help these groups changed over the span of thirty years, as World War I and the Great Depression shattered how the women viewed themselves and the world around them. Often at odds with other southerners of their race, class, and denomination, the women pressed onward in their bid to create an American welfare state. When the WMC dissolved into a new organization in 1939, white southern Methodist women were poised to be unprecedented allies in the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I must extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to Dr. Michael Pierce. Graduate school teaches you that there are many kinds of doctoral advisors, some very bad, most pleasantly average, and a very few exceptional. I am one of the lucky few to have had an exceptional advisor. He gave me so many ideas, nudges on arguments, gentle correctives, and lots of laughs. I always left his office feeling empowered to write a better, stronger draft. More than anything, he supported me as a whole person with a life outside of the academy, rather than just as a student. It is clear now that Dr. Pierce has been the most important part of my time at the university, and for that, I will forever be grateful. Many other professors deserve my thanks for their support of this project, both direct and indirect. Dr. Bob McMath gave me some of the best advice I’ve ever received, and it’s due to him that I pursued a doctoral degree in history rather than something else. Dr. Beth Schweiger made me a better writer, despite my best efforts to continue my meandering ways, and taught me the value of sources often overlooked by traditional scholarship. Dr. Patrick Williams did more than any other professor to teach me the narrative of American history, weaving together the complicated past in a way I can only hope to emulate as a teacher. Dr. Laurence Hare modeled how to be a student advocate while also an academic. Many years ago, Dr. Elizabeth Markham introduced me to the field of history, enticing me away from music with her vast knowledge and deep understanding of theoretical concepts. Many thanks to all. Friends inside and outside academia made this process much more enjoyable. Dr. Louise Hancox and Dr. Liz Kiszonas edited many chapter drafts and answered enumerable questions about dissertations. Many lunches with Dr. Anne Marie Martin and Laura Smith provided laughter, commiseration, and encouragement. My days were always improved by doorway talks with Katie Powell, as we compared notes on grad programs, discussed history, and lamented the challenges of pursuing degrees while working full time. And nothing was more delightful than daily texts with Liz Caruth and Mary Alice Keller, two of the best friends a person could have. I am lucky to count all these women as my friends, each of whom provided encouragement and support in her own unique way. I’m not sure I could have finished this dissertation while working full time if that work hadn’t been in the University of Arkansas Honors College. To my friends and colleagues in Honors, thank you for the love and support you’ve shown me over the last 6+ years. In particular, I thank Dr. Lynda Coon, Dr. Jennie Popp, and Dr. Noah Pittman for encouraging my scholarship in the midst of my work in higher education. And for giving me time off to write! Dr. Coon, I finally finished my bit of “journalism.” I’ve never understood why people saved their partners and families for the very end of this section, but I think it’s because the support and sacrifices of loved ones are so monumental compared to everyone else. I am grateful to my loving family and their many years of support. If I ever win the lottery, I’m going to endow a professorship for agricultural labor history in my dad’s name. My beloved Daniel has made my time in graduate school one of great joy. Our marriage has spanned all three of my college degrees, yet his support for my academic endeavors never wavered, even as we built our life together, our careers, and our family. Whether it was encouraging me to write when I didn’t want to or telling me it was ok to take a day off, Daniel always seemed to know just what to say to keep me moving forward. I’d say I was looking forward to spending all the upcoming new free time together, but I imagine the baby will take care of that when he arrives in just a few months. I can’t imagine a better partner – in academia, in work, in parenting, in life. This project is as much a product of his labor as it is mine. All my love and gratitude. Dedication To Dena Williams, who taught me to love to read. To Christy Graham, who taught me to love to write. And to Glenn William Hodge, who I hope will learn to love both. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 “A crude and radical plan of readjustment and consolidation:” The Origins of the WMC and the Awakening of Women’s Political Power ...................................................... 21 2 “Into the home, the school, and the street:” Child Welfare, Industrialization, and the Intervention of the State ............................................................................................. 54 3 “It is the system which is wrong:” Rural People, Tenant Farming, and the Rise of the New Deal ................................................................................................................... 96 4 “Let us discard the figure of the melting pot:” Immigrants, the KKK, and the WMC’s Alternative Vision of America ................................................................................... 135 5 “They live in the slums we built for them:” From Paternalism to Interracialism in Work for and with Black Southerners .................................................................................. 172 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 227 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 238 Introduction “Auxiliary superintendents, catching this vision of need, are deserting the broad and easy way of visits, trays, and flowers,” wrote Bertha Newell in 1932. For decades, the women of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS) had been relegated to the novel work of friendly visits and charitable handouts. However, the Woman’s Missionary Council, in which Newell served as the superintendent of the Bureau of Christian Social Relations, spurned these easy feminine tasks in favor of meaningful intervention in the most pressing issues of their day. Newell wrote that Methodist women interpreted “social service” in terms of “Christian Citizenship, International Peace, Interracial
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