6 KOREAN Their present and future by Chyung Moon Ki, Planning Board, Republic of Korea

I. OUTLINE In the north, the coastal sea, where flatfish and Korea is a peninsula. It faces, in the east, sole have their gathering grounds, leads to the a deep sea whose greatest depth is 3,712 Ochkotsk Sea, which is one of the three greatest metres and whose tidal range is only about one grounds in the world. In the south, the metre; in most of the eastern sea there flows a cold eastern Sea, which is west of Cheju Island current. In the western sea, the difference between and into which the Yangtze River drains, contains ebb and flow is about ten metres and the greatest precious trawl fishing grounds. It leads to Borneo depth is only 84 metres. Throughout the coast line, and the Suada Straits, which are the cradle regions long sand beaches and deltas face the famous shallow for tropical fish and reaches the Antarctic Ocean, sea of Whang Hai. In the southern coast, many which is the home of whaling. islands form an archipelago which is most suitable for the growth of marine organisms. Inland, there The coast line is unusually developed. On the are many rivers and streams such as Tuman River main land alone it is 8,693 km. long. Whn the and Yalu River which start .from the Chunji Lake 3,3 05 coastal islands are added, the coast line has a on top of Mt. Paiktoo. There are many dams for length of 17,269 km. Fishing grounds can be found electric power and irrigation purposes. All the in- almost everywhere in the coastal sea of Korea and, land waters provide fresh water for the multipli- except for those of the coast of Wungi, none of the cation of fresh-water fish. In the eastern sea, ports is frozen in winter, and practically all of the where the cold and warm currents meet, a single ports are open for fishing vessels throughout the kind of plankton, which is the food for fish, grows year. If proper measures are taken and processing richly, and such cold current .fish as alaska pollock facilities are provided, the .can be naturally and such warm current fish as pilchard are so richly developed in this region so lavishly provided for produced as to permit one of the highest peaks of fishing. production in the world. In the coastal sea of Though there were such rich grounds for fishiig, Whang Hai where salt and fresh water niix, the the industry could not be developed in the feudalistic extensive tidal sand beach is wide oDen and the period when the people, from their ignorance and organic fertiliser is abundantly produced. Such prejudice, ignored the good grounds and fishermen warm current fish as corvenia, lobster and Ilisha clung to the in-shore grounds without even thinking elongata (a species of herring), and such molluscs as of the oceans. However, from the beginning of the clam (Cytherea meretrix) , Tapes phili~~inarum,and 20th Century, modern scientific technique and octopus (Octopus octopodia or poulpe) find their capital were imported, and the Korean fishery began breeding ground everywhere. In the archipelago to see rapid development. Especially in 1922 when where the proper current receives the organic ferti- the fishing ground for pilchard in the eastern sea lizer poured in from the islands and inland, a cradle was found, and during the ensuing 20 years, that region of propagation of various marine creatures single kind of fish made new record, both in its is formed and such marine plants as dulse, Japanese production and processing, unparalleled in the his- jelly plant (Gellidium unamino) and Gloiopelfis tory of the world. Truly in the 193OYs,the Korean furcata (or Glowpeltis tenux) find one of their fishery met its golden age. In 1939, total produc- richest grounds in the world. As to the inland tion reached 2,621,199 tons, with a value of waters, the Yalu River includes both cold and warm 327,322,568 Won (about U.S. $80 million) : fishing regions and produces richly such delicious fish as 151,098,000 Won; cultured 8,307,876 Won; pro- Yulmagi (Brachymystax lenok) and Sarugi (Thy- cessed 167,916 Won. In that year, the fishery mallus jaluensis) . The Chungchun and Naktong represented 18 % of the whole Korean industry, and Rivers produce Plecoglossus altivelis (a kind of thus it was next only to agriculture, and Korea be- trout). The Keumkang and Y-gsan Rivers pro- came the second fishiig nation in the world. duce their own particular kinds of Chong U (Leiocassis dumerili). Abut 700 kinds of fish are The main marine organisms of Karea include found in Korean coastal seas and inland waters; of about 120 kinds (fish 71 kinds, shell fish 20 kinds, them over 150 are fresh water fish. marine plants 11 kinds, and other 10 kinds); In 1937, the marine products whose value exceeded one In 1939, the amount of exports reached 117 million Won each (about 250 thousand dollars) million Won (about U.S.$28 million at that time) ; were about 2 1 in number, as the following: 28% of the products were exported to .

1. Pilchard 1,206,700 tons 54,780,000 Won After the fishery reached its golden age, strangely enough, from 1941 when the Pacific War 2. Alaska Pollack 269,510 ,, 21,020,000 ,, broke out, the migration of ~ilchard,which occupied 3. Corvenia 78,800 ,, 8,190,000 ,, more than haIf of Korean fishery products was sud- 4. Mackerel 62,260 ,, 8,160,000 ,, denly interrupted. Moreover, Japan, with the motto "Why shall we not use the treasures which have been 5. Laver 2,610 ,, 7,624,000 ,, developed for 36 years?" abolished the laws for the 6. Anchovy 30,040 ,, 5,080,000 ,, protection of fish reproduction and exhausted the marine resources for her war purposes. Thus the 7. Ha$ Tail 44,640 ,, 4,720,000 ,, products gradually decreased, and from 2,046,243 8. Herring 36,670 ,, 4,180,000 ,, tons in 1939 they fell to 1,318,041 tons in 1941, 845,782 tons in 1942 and finally in 1944, fishing of 9. Lobstershrimp 43,120 ,, 3,750,000 ,, pilchard was eliminated. As the war went on, 10. Cod 17,690 ,, 2,450,000 ,, materials were in short supply, the sea was dangerous and the marine resources were decreased because of 11. Sole 11,190 ,, 1,930,000 ,, the unrestricted catching. The total products were 12. HorseMackerel 7,800 ,, 1,740,000 ,, only 690,000 tons in 1944. 13. KoreanDulse 5,150 1,760,000 ,, ,, 11. PRESENT CONDITION 14. Croaker 5,470 9, 1. Amount of products: 1I. U& Kasari (for Agar Agar) 1,050 ,, Since the liberation, Korea has been divided into two parts. The actual condition in North Korea is 16. Porgy 1,930 ,, not known, and no account of the fishery of the 17. Chup Mackerel 2,870 ,, whole of Korea can be given. If we estimate from the evidence in hand, judging from the 268,146 tons 18. Glue Seaweeds 980 ,, of fishery products in South Korea in 1948, the

19. Conger eel 4,910 9, fishery products throughout Korea may be estimated at about 450,000 tons. Thus, it has not reached 20. Flatfish (tongue the previous average record (600,000 tons for the fish, halibut) 3,340 9, whole of Korea, 300,000 tons for South Korea) of 21. Octopus 4,950 ,,. the products. The main cause is the unrestrained fishing, that is no estimate was made each year, after The main processed commodities produced were careful investigation and estimation of whole marine as follows:- resources and the amount of reproduction of the amount of fishing which would not hinder repro- FOR FOOD: duction. If this situation is left as it is, the amount of coastal fishing will gradually decrease. Among 1. Dried Fish 57,040 tons 26,000,000 Won others, the resources of cod fish are being dried up. 2. Salted Fish 61,250 ,, 11,000,000 ,, The products of cod in South Korea were 13,046 tons in 1947, but they were decreased suddenly to 3. Dried ~oiledFish 16,160 ,, 10,000,000 ,, 5,124 tons in 1948. 4. Fishsaltenzimmed 16,030 ,, 5,300,000 ,, CATCH FOR ALL OF KOREA 5. Canned Fish 13,030 ,, 4,600,000 ,, \ (1938 - 1943) FOR OTHER PURPOSES: Year Tons: 1. Fish Fertilizer 262,860 ton 73,830,000 Won 1938 1,596,033 1939 1,901,033 2. Fish Oil, 1940 1,609,494 Fish Bowel 112,130 ,, 31,000,000 ,, 1941 1,189,909 704,662 3, Sea-Weeds 3,690 ,, 36,100,000 ,, 633,107 SOUTH KOREA: A. CATCH, B. PROCESSED COMMODITIES

Shell Fish Sea Grasses Other Sea TOTAL Am Gmal fishes Animal and Plants Year Qmantity Price Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity Price

- Quantities are given in tons 00 VI

Dried Salted Canned Others TOTAL

Year Value Value Value Value Tons Value

frr \. VI. Shell Fish The principal species in the above catch Kind are cockle shell, , sea mussel, oyster, topshen, Shark clams and scallops. Tongue fish Mullet Fertilizer, Fats and Oils Sandlance By products output for 1945: Horse Mackerel Corvenia (Cho+) Fresh Fertilizer, 69 m/t Flat Fish Dried Fertilizer, 83 m/ t Pilchard (sardine) Herring By-products, output for 1946: Hair -tail Shad Fresh 1:-ertilizer, 112 m/t Other fishes Fats and Oils 21 m/t

The estimated potential production of shellfish 2.. SHELL FISHES is 55,000 metric tons. Fertilizer, 200 n/t; fats and oils 50 m/t. Since the production of most of Total these by-products is confined to coastal areas, there Worm-shell would be little international competition. Oyster Clam CLASSIFIED CATCH TOR SOUTH KOREA Cockle Abalone Scallop O ther-shells Kind Produce

1.' GENERAL FISHES 3. SEAWEEDS Total Total Ray Dulse Flounder Jelly-weed Kand-da-ri Laver Black Porgy Glue-weed Mackerel Other weeds Saury-pike Halibut, No-re-me 4. OTHER SEA-ANIMAL Perch Total Cod - Crab Porgy Whale Alaska Pollack Octopus Anchovy Shrimp Croaker Y.el1o Tail Cuttle-fishes Sea-slug Eel Others Pomf ret Gray-rock-cod Conger eel GRAND TOTAL 268,146 Chub-Mackerel CLASSIFIED PROCESSED COMMODITIES IN SOUTH KOREA 1946 Quantity Value Quantity Vahe GRAND TOTAL 74,253 1,040,342 Total, Uneatable 1,293 10,725 Total, Foods 72,960 1,030,617 Dried fertilizer 289 1,734 Dried Food 5,407 152,411 Oils 165 5,206 Salted & dried 1,210 42,633 Medicinal 3 10 Boiled and dried 6,679 240,284 Seaweed 836 3,713 Salted 43,492 359,183 Other uneatable - - Salted & acid 10,799 75,201 Canned Eatable sea-weed Note: Unit, Quantity-Metric Ton Other foods lj605 49;609 Value -w. 1,000

2, Fishermen In 1947, the fishermen in South Korea numbered men. 136,337 were engaged in culturing, and 1,s 11 504,626. Among them 336,973 were actual fisher- were engaged in processing.

3. Fishing Boats All Korea) South Korea) 1942 1945 Type Number Tonnage Number Tonnage Number - Tonnage Fishing Powered 2,143 35,602 3,277 45,878 2,311 32,354 Fishing Sail 48,981 146,943 61,879 185,637 40,015 120,045 Powered Carrier Vessels 4,370 61,180 4,132 57,848 1,066 14,924

Totals 69,288 289,363

1946 1947 Type . . Number Tonnage Nzcmber Tonnage Number Tonnage Fishing Powered 1,953 27,343 1,910 26,740 2,792 33,703 Fishing Sail 3 5,707 107,121 3 5,840 107,520 44,138 173,200 Powered Carrier Vessels 392 5,488 371 5,194 818 -8,993 Totals 3 8,052 139,951 38,121 -139,454 47,748 -217,896 Type and Tonttage of Power-Driven Boats in South Korea, 1948 Ton Type 70-80, 100 Whaler - - Semi- trawler 1 1 Purse Seine - i Diving - - Gill Net - - Fish %carrier - Others -- - Totals 1 1

Note:, . .All boats are of wood. Source: Bureau of Fisheries, Dept. Agriculture, USAMGIK

(i87 1' a. Powered vessels Boats over 43' Iong: (1) (Information is based on 1937 statistics). Dragnetting . . 1,420 All vessels were of wooden construction. 1,635 Swingnetting . . 3,940 vessels were less than 45' in length. Of these, 121 . . 280 were diving vessels; 340 gillnet vessels; 1,000 long- Spreadnetting . . 1,220 line vessels and.170 other types. There were 5,278 Fishcarriers .. 1,446 11,136 vessels 45-59 feet long. Of these 11 were whalers, 220 seine-trawlers, 440 purse seiners, 110 gillnet ves- Grand total 48,981 sels, 4,370 fish-carrying vessels and 107 other types. The figures given are for all of Korea. (2) The current fleet consists of: (2) Current figures based on South Korea statistics are: Boats 15' - 30' long: Trapnetting . . 1,246 Diving Vessels Miscellaneous . . 1,421 . . 2,667 Gill Net Long line fishing Other Boats 30' - 45' long: Trapnetting . . 972 Total vessels Dragnetting . . 1,321 less than 45 ft. Swingnetting . . 952 Fishcarriers . . 256 Whalers Gillnetting . . 2,298 Seine trawlers Long line fishing . . 7,640 Purse Seiners Spreading netting 2,673 . . 16,112 Gill netters - Carriers Other types Boats over 45' long: . . . , . . -6,926 Total vessels Grand total 21,701 45 - 59 ft. Purse seine, bottom drag net, whaling ship, and (3 ) Requirements for future development timbers for shipbuilding are wanting. include no increase in the smaller type vessels but do call for an increase in those forty-five feet or longer, b. Nortpowered vessels for dragnetting, long line fishing and fish carrying. (I) Statistics based on 1937 figures for all Korea. 4. Fishing Equipment Sampans, less than 15' long for trapnetting Over 80 different kinds of fishing methods are and miscellaneous fishing . . 2,136 used in South Korea at present. They include such modern as drag net fishing and Boats 15-30' long: purse but also such primitive fishing Trapnetting . . as diving and single line fishing. The licences issued Long line fishing . . number 124,000. The fishing can divided into Miscel~aneous . . that on fixed ground and removing fishing. A list of types of fishing employed in Korea is given as appendix I. Boats 3040' long: Trapnetting ,. Types of Gear, Weirs and Other Fishing Equipment Dragnetting . . 1946 Requirements swingnetting . . Gillnetting . . Stow nets 120 153 Long line fishing . . Square nets 159 200 Spreadnet fishing . . Raising nets 4 8 610 Fishcarriers Small head pole nets 418 151

Fall nets ' . 44 419 Requirements Salt is obtained from salterns and is imported Swing nets 268 from China and the United States. Bauck nets 909 Roe nets 619 (b) Drying (See Table, Page 85) Weirs 439 In 1948 the total amount of dried fish was Shore seines 1,698 20,966 metric tons. The future program calls for Open tucks 8 14 greatly increased production of dried fish, especially Spread nets 146 for export. Extensive installations for drying fish Bowed nets 126 are not at present available. The two methods used Raising ring nets 8 1 are boiling and drying and sundrying after eviscera- Purse seines 432 tion.-. More sanitary methods are now being intro- Tuck stone nets 423 duced. Ring gill nets 146 Scmp nets 2,147 (c) Canning (See Table, Page 85) Drift nets 113,360 Gill nets - There were thirty one canneries in.South Korea Trawl line 41,421 prior to the war. The Japanese destroyed or removed Single line 20,737 much of the machinery and equipment, leaving the fishing 500 plants in an inoperable condition. Thirteen have Pot nets 944 now been rehabilitated to a certain degree by canni- Defensive sq. nets 366 balization of machinery, equipment and supplies. A Double nets 612 total of 200 metric tons of canned goods was pro- Dredging nets 937 duced in 1948. Set 19 Haul nets 4,293 Since nearly all of the fish catch is now con- sumed by the population in the form of fresh, salted 5. Ice Making Freezing & Cold Storage or- dried fish, and because of the acute shortage of tinplate, the plants are now being kept in operating Thirty-one ice plants were located in South order for future export of canned products. How- Korea prior to 1945. Many of them were dismantled ever, the production of crab is very rich and in by the Japanese during and immediately after sur- 1949, a great number of empty tin cans has been render. However, as machinery, equipment and imported through ECA from U.S.A. Thus, about supplies become available each plant is being placed 80 tons of canned crab can be exported. in operation. Total capacity of the thirty-one plants is 824.5 tons. About fiffy per cent of these (d) Fishmeal and byprod& oil are now in operation and approximately two-thirds the output is used for icing fish vessels. The ice in prewar - All Korea ' most loadings is sheared into "snow ice" thus enabling better icing of the fish and also lofiger freezing of the product.

Iced fresh fish is transported to every section of Sduth Korea in a well preserved state.

Freezing and cold storage total capacity is The end-products were fertilizers, soap 'and tex- 300,000 metric tons. tile preservatives. Potential production is estimated at 20,000 m/t. The principal sources of fish oil 6. Processing was the sardine (Sardinops) . Fish meal was a by- product, The entire product was handled as non- (a) Salting (See Table, Page 85) edible, and was not connected with canneries. Sar- Future production of dried fish is estimated at dines have since disappeared; but they may return. over 100,000 metric tons annually. Annual salt requirement is 100,000 tons. Whaling constitutes a source of fish meal and oil. Whaleoil output was 152 m/tin 1948. Operations ire carried. on with crude materials. Both dry salting and boiling are employed. The The future production of meal, fertilizer, oils bulk of the products is made in' the localities in etc. is being given serious thought, and research which the fish are landed. is now being conducted with non-edible fish and marine life to replace the sardine. Halibut and cod The new hatchery in Kyonggi Do was operated livers are preserved for vitamin oil of which a large for the first time in 1944. Production was 14,800 output is expected in the next few years. This is an young fish and 30,000 eggs. There was no produc- industry new to Korea. tion in 1945-47, but in 1948, 200,000 young fry were produced. Repairs are now being completed 7. System of marketing to achieve maximum production. Kyongsang Namdo hatchery and rearing grounds cover 42 acres; Fishermen deliver catch to the Guilds and Kyonggi Do has 20 acres with 23 rearing ponds. Unions which act as co-operative agencies in selling The program for the above hatcheries calls- for a the produce to the retailers. Many of the middle- production of 100,000,000 fry. men have been eliminated thus assuring fair prices to the fishermen for their products, as well as reason- Eight other hatcheries and rearing ponds are able prices per fish to the consumer. No retailer is now contemplated, to be located at strategically cen- allowed to control the market or price of any parti- tral points for local distribution to increase inland- cular species, as was formerly possible. Only a water food production. The fry will cost the farmer certain number is placed in each box for sale and five chun each and will be placed in the local streams, each retailer is limited in the number of boxes he may pools, ponds and rice paddies. purchase daily. Prior to surrender each species was placed in one large pile and sold to a single indi- Future operations calla for greatly increased vidual, who, by purchase of all of the one species production in all of the above fields and require the available, could control the retail sales price. full utilization of all hatching, rearing and collection facilities to make available an effective supply of carp, which is the best kid of fresh water fish 8. and Shell Culture Fish fish for this purpose in Korea. It stands transportation There were two provinces in South Korea well. which, prewar, had fish hatcheries: Kyansang Namdo and Kyongsang Pukto. Carp were ~roducedin the There have been no shellfish culture projects. former province. During the war production was Shellfish are collected from naturally-occuriq beds. reduced to a minimum. A program of oyster culture is under study and re- search.

9. Per Capita consumption

Kyongsang Pukto hatchery produces cod and herring; .in 1939, 19,668,000,000 in 1940, 111. ADMINISTRATION 12,240,000,000. Eggs were hatched and released shortly after hatching. It did not operate during I. Statistics 1943-45. Production, marketing and biological informa- tion is collected by provincial sections of the Bureau An extensive artificial eggtaking program is of Fisheries which has a statistical section to facilitate carried on during the cod season. Numerous vessels the collection of data. This information is trans- are emp!oyed. The adult cod are taken from the mitted to the National Office where it is edited and sea, the eggs stripped, fertilization is effected and the distributed. fertilized eggs released into the sea. 20,000,000,000 eggs were, fertilized and released into the sea during Biological and scientific information is cbllicted the 1941146 season; 21,000,000,000 during 19461 by the research and experimental stations which are 47; 30,000,000,000 during 1947148. under the National Bureau of Fisheries. Statistics are collected by various agencies-Unions, Guilds, Kyongsang Namdo hatchery was re- Co-operatives, Associations. Publishing is done by the opened in 1946 and 165,OO young fry eggs produced. Department of Commerce from materials supplied by In 1947 300,000 young fry were produced; in 1948; the provinces. The Department of Public Infor- 400,000. Repairs are now, being made and the mation and Education supplies radio material and planned program calls for vastly increased produc- newspaper information. Aeroplanes are also used to tion in 1949. distribute information. 2. Technological Research adEducation 7. fnspect;on Stations A large volume of these records is available at There are seventeen Inspection Stations. The the main Research and Experiment Station but all main station is located in Seoul and there are two are in Japanese and translation is slow due to the in each province. Eighty persons are required to lack of personnel to do this work. staff and operate the stations. Their functions are to inspect all marine products, including fish both 3. Conservation Research for home consumption and for export. These sta- tions also inspect fish oils and all seaweeds. The setting up of an effective and efficient con- servation program is now in progress. This aims at 8. Fishing Materials the regulation of coastal waters, of the size of net mesh, the size of fish, season of take, amount of Of essential fishing materials, Korea needs heavy catch, use of explosives, range of various types and oil, light oil, manila rope, cotton net, cotton thread, sizes of vessels, inshore fishing limits, protection of timber, lead, rubber, tinplate, ammonia, bamboo, salt spawning beds, and so forth. and many other items. Since the liberation, the fishermen have been maintaining their fishing with the materials left over or materials in hand, but there 4. Regulating Policy has been very little supply of new materials within Inshore fishing grounds are leased. The the country. They have to be imported from out- National Bureau regulates the leasing of fishing side. (See Five Year Plan below). grounds which are closed to p-ersons not having pos- session of the rights to any particular grounds. In contrast with the golden ages in the past, the These grounds are in the greater part leased to fisher- present fisheries are making poor use of their rich men residing in villages adjacent to the fishing possibilities. However, when compared with other grounds. At present there is also an international industries in Korea, the importance of the fisheries regulation controlled by the Far East Command cannot be overestimated. It is a most urgent and Japanese encroachment of Korean fishing important national task to plan for the development areas. This is enforced by the Coast Guard and of fisheries, for this will contribute to a solution of Customs Office. the problems of health and food anil of maintaining the balance of international trade. To establish Changes under consideration are programs to the counter~lanfor the future. it is necessarv to eliminate waste by enforcing more sanitary methods investigate and'understand the present status of tech- of handling and marhting, and a system of patrol nicians, materials and marine resources. conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries. The fishing population of South Korea is The fishermen form Fisheries Guilds in each 340,000, and forms only 1.7% of the whole popula- district and the Fisheries Guilds form Fishery Asso- tion. In contrast to Japan, the fishing population ciations in each Province. Large-scale operatives and was distinctly small. In view of the importance of fishermen engaged in special types of operations, from fisheries, the population could be increased by 50% their own Marine Association according to their own of the present population. One thing to be noticed kind. Under the leadership of the Korean Fisheries concerning the fishing population is that most of Corporation, they exchange fishing equipment and the fishing business men with the education of high capital. In South Korea, there are: school or higher, have entered the industry only since the liberation. neir experience, technique Fisheries ' Guilds. . : ...... 204 and capital will have to be supplemented in the future. ~isheries Associations. .,.. . . 7 Marine Associations. . 11 From this point of view also, the guidance and ...... protection by the Government are greatly needed. Among the fishing materials, more important mate- rials such as timbers for shipbuilding, motor engines, Stations thread for nets, oil for fishing have to be imported 6. Research and Experimental from outside to increase. the output. While marine Korea has the Pusan Fisheries Laboratory and resources must be protected by a conservation policy, Pusan Fishery College. Professor Chyung Moon Gi deep-sea fishing and inland water fishing will, on is President of the latter, the other hand, have to be positively promoted. 9. Five year Plan of ~evelo~nient be $creased and reach 30i),00d tons. &ti- A five year plan for development of Korean sequently the total marine products can be fisheries has been formulated. Its main features are secured to 400,000 tons. shown in the following:- Production classified as fish, shell- fish, sea-weeds and others FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR SOUTH KOREAN (1949 - 1913) HSHENES Fresh Shell Production classified by the kinds of water Fish Fish Seaweed Others Total (1949 - 1960) 349 262,400 4,900 7,800 24,900 300,000 tons 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1950 262,400 4,900 7,800 23,900 300,000 ,, Coast 287,500 283,500 270,000 261,000 260,000 1951 269,500 6,040 7,980 26,480 310,000 ,, Inland 2,500 2,500 5,000 5,000 10,000 1952 269,500 6,040 7,980 26,480 310,000 ,, DeepSea 10,000 15,000 35,000 45,000 50,000 1953 27,800 7,200 9,600 32,400 320,000 ,, -----a Materials to be imported for Totals f----- 00,000 300,000 3 10,000 3 10,000 320,000 Five Year Plan To praduce 300,000 tons in the coastal seas, 1956 1958 1960 1965 80,000 tons in the deep seas, and 20,000 tons in Coast 230,000 220,000 230,000 300,000 the inland waters (the total amounting to 400,000 Inland 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 tons) under the Five Year Plan, the following mate- Deep Sea ----70,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 rials will have to be imported from outside. Totals 320,000 320,000 330,000 400,000 1. Fishing boats materials,. ---- wooden . . 10,444 tons (per year) Note: If the number of licenses is properly limited, 2. Deep sea fishing boats 30 boats ( ,, ) the breeding grounds are piotected, the fish- 3. Cotton yarn for fish-net 2,268 tons ( ' ,, ) ing during the breeding seasons and fishing 4. Manila hemp .. 1,667tons ( ,, ) of immature fish are properly prohibited, and 5. Fishing Oils . . 49,129 tons ( ,, ) thus reproduction is promoted, then, begin- Other items of considerable variety required in ning 1965, the coastal resources will naturally comparable amount.

Appendix 1. Main Korean Marine Organisms of Commercial Value English Names Korean Names Scientific Names Pilchard Chong-o-ri Sardinia melanosticta Alaska pollack Myong-tao Thoragra chalcogramma Corvenia Chaki Nibea manchurica Nibea schlegeli 9, Poku-tchi Mackerel Kodeung-o Scomber japonieus Anchovy Myol-tchi Engraulis japonicus Hairtail Kal-tchi Clupea pallasi Herring Tcheng-o Trichiurus japo&icus Shrimp Sao-u Acetes japonicus

' >l YY Pasiphaca sivodo

9, 9, Sergestes phosphorous Lobster Tae-ha Penaeus japonicus Pandalus hypsitietus 9, . 3, Cod Tae-ku Gadus macrocephalus Sole Kajyami Limanda angustriestris

J9 Bom-kajyami Verusper variegatus

( 92 ) English Names Korean Names Ecienfific Names Sole Norang kajyami Verusper moseri Korean dulse Myok Undaria pinnatifida Croaker Min-o Nibea imbricata Umukasari Umukasari Euchouma amalisaousis Chupmackerel Sam- tchi Sawara japonica Glue seaweed Semo Gloiopeltis tenax

YY Bul-tungi Gloiopeltis furcata Conger Eel Bungchang-o Conger ruyriaster including sea eel Kact-chang-o Muraenesox cinerous Flat fish Nop-tchi Paralichthys olivaceus

>Y Se-tai Areliseus holandi Octopus Nak-chi Polypus variabilis Moon-o Polypus vulgaris

Appendix 2 List of Types of Fishing Gear Used in Korean Waters FIXED GEAR MOVABLE GEAR Name Korean Name Korean Name Stow Net (2 kinds) Dae Momang Beach seine Furi kumul Square Net (3 kinds) Kack Mang Kwon hyon Mang Kwon hyon Mang Raising Net Dul Mang Sail drag net Bae furi kumul Small '~eadPole Net Sodae Mang Ang Kan net (3 kinds) Ang Rang Mang Swing Net Doi Mang Sailing bottom draft net Bae choyo Mang Fall Net (2 kinds) Nack Mang Shell Net Chokae kulki Mang Bag Net Bing Mang Too Mang (che aengi Baulk Net Dadeboshi Mang kumul) Chubock Net Chubock Purse seine (4 kinds) Kison Konchaek Mang Bang yom Bang yom Drift Net (5 kinds) Fuilim Kumul Weir Sal Draft and gill net (2 kinds) Fullim Tchocko Bu Net Bu Mang Danish seine Kison joyo Mang Chung son net Chung son Mang Single line (6 kinds) Nacsi Gill net (7 kinds) Tchock3-kumul Nude diving Najam Long line ( 10 kids) Chunak Whaling Phokyong Set net Kun Mang Whaling Scoop net Cho Mang (tuck stone net) Double net Chung son Man