Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery MSC Fishery Assessment Report

Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery MSC Fishery Assessment Report

Public Comment Draft Report

Authors Client Contact Dr. Rob Blyth-Skyrme—Lead & Thaihong Food Co. Ltd

Principle 2 1, Wenyuan Road Dr. Mikio Moriyasu—Principle 1 Economic Development Zone, Donghong City, Dr. Jocelyn Drugan—Principle 3 Liaoning Province, China

[email protected] +86-0415-3338888

July 9 2021 1 Table of Contents

Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery 1

MSC Fishery Assessment Report 1

1 Table of Contents 2

Table of Figures 4

2 Glossary 6

3 Executive Summary 8

4 Report Details 12 4.1 Authorship and peer review details 12 4.2 Version details 14

5 Unit(s) of Assessment and Certification and results overview 15 5.1 Unit(s) of Assessment (UoA) and Unit(s) of Certification 15 5.2 Assessment results overview 26

6. Traceability and eligibility 29 6.1 Eligibility date 29 6.2 Traceability within the fishery 29 6.3 Eligibility to enter further chains of custody 31 6.4 Eligibility of Inseparable or Practicably Inseparable (IPI) stock(s) to Enter Further Chains of Custody31

7 Scoring 33 7.1 Summary of Performance Indicator level scores 33 7.2 Principle 1 35 7.3 Principle 2 75 7.4 Principle 2 Performance Indicator scores and rationales 92 7.6 Principle 3 148 7.8 Principle 3 Performance Indicator scores and rationales 161

8 Appendices 186 8.1 Assessment information 186 8.2 Evaluation processes and techniques 187 8.3 Peer Review reports 194 8.4 Stakeholder input 225 8.5 Conditions 225 2

8.6 Client Action Plan 262 8.7 Surveillance 267 8.8 Risk-Based Framework outputs 268 8.9 Harmonised fishery assessments 10 8.10 Objection Procedure 11

9 References 12

10 Template information and copyright 19

Table of Figures Table 1. Unit of Assessment and Unit of Certification ...... 8 Table 2. Fisheries program documents versions ...... 14 Table 3. Unit of Assessment (UoA) ...... 20 Table 4. Consideration of the scope criteria for eligible enhanced fisheries (FCP 7.4.6) ...... 21 Table 5. Clam production from Putian (market size) ...... 25 Table 6. Principle level scores ...... 26 Table 7. Traceability within the fishery ...... 30 Table 8. Summary of Performance Indicator Scores and Associated Weights Used to Calculate Principle Scores...... 33 Table 9. Final Principle Scores...... 34 Table 10. Manila clam abundance estimation survey stations (Putian Clam Association, 2018) 38 Table 11. Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and catch data ...... 43 Table 12. Catch data for mechanical dredge survey sampling undertaken in 2014, 2016 and 2018 in Putian (fishing time is 5-6 hours). (Source: Taihong, December 2019)...... 77 Table 13. Bycatch species as recorded in logbooks for the Donggang fishery (Taihong 2018) ... 79 Table 14. ETP species recognised by the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife, and their potential to interact with the fishery (analysis by Cappell 2019)...... 81 Table 15. Production of manila clam from Donggang, 2015-2019 (source: client) ...... 87 Table 16. Scoring elements for Principle 1 and Principle 2...... 91 Table 17. Small-scale fisheries ...... 186 Table 18. Offsite meetings held for the fishery assessment (13th April – 24th April 2020...... 187 Table 19 Decision Rule for Calculating Performance Indicator Scores based on Scoring Issues, and for Calculating Performance Indicator Scores in Cases of Multiple Scoring Elements. (Adapted from MSC FCPV2.1 Table 4) ...... 192 Table 21. Condition 1 ...... 225 Table 22. Condition 2 ...... 228 Table 23. Condition 3 ...... 259 Table 24. Condition 4 ...... 259 Table 25. Condition 5 ...... 260 Table 26 Condition 6 ...... 260 Table 27 Condition 7 ...... 261 Table 28 Condition 8 ...... 261 Table 29. Condition 9 ...... 261 Table 30. Condition 10 ...... 261 Table 31. Fishery surveillance programme...... 267 Table 32. Timing of surveillance audit ...... 267 Table 33. Surveillance level justification ...... 267 Table 34 Responses received to the RBF questionnaire for the Principle 1 assessment of the Putian wild Manila clam stock...... 277 Table 35. CA Scoring Table ...... 1 Table 36 ...... 2 Table 21. Catch data for mechanical dredge survey sampling undertaken in 2014, 2016 and 2018 in Putian (fishing time is 5-6 hours). (Source: Taihong, pers. comm., December 2019)...... 4 Table 38. PSA productivity attributes and scores (Table PF4) ...... 5 Table 39. PSA productivity attributes and scores ...... 6 Table 40. Susceptibility attributes for wild Manila clam in the Putian region (Table PF5, MSC 2018b). 7 Table 41. Susceptibility results for Manila clam ...... 8 4

Table 42. Productivity Susceptibility analysis MSC RBF worksheet results for Manila Clam...... 9

2 Glossary B Biomass BOF China Bureau of Fisheries CA Consequence analysis CAPPMA China Aquatic Products Processing and Marketing Alliance CAG Catch and Grow CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMP China Maritime Police CMS China Maritime Supervision Corps DOF Department of Ocean and Fisheries EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ETP Endangered, Threatened or Protected species F Fishing Mortality FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCP Fisheries Certification Process FCM Fisheries Certification Methodology HAC Hatch and Catch IFQ Individual Fishing Quota ITQ Individual Transferable Quota Kg Kilogram Lb. Pound, equivalent to roughly 2.2 kg LOA Length Over-All LTL Low Trophic Level LTMP Long Term Management Plan MARA Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs MLS Minimum Landing Size MSC Marine Stewardship Council MSE Management Strategy Evaluation MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield nm nautical mile OFB Ocean and Fisheries Bureau OFL Over-Fishing Level PCA Putian Clam Association PI Performance Indicator PO Producer Organisation PRC People’s Republic of China PRI Point of recruitment impairment PSA Productivity Susceptibility Analysis RBF Risk Based Framework SCS SCS Global Services SAC Special Area of Conservation 6

SG Scoring Guidepost SSB Spawning Stock Biomass SI Scoring Issue SSB Spawning Stock Biomass t and mt metric ton TAC Total Allowable Catch WWF World Wildlife Fund UoA Unit of Assessment UoC Unit of Certification VME Vulnerable marine ecosystem VPA Virtual Population Analysis

3 Executive Summary

This assessment of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) Fishery was conducted by SCS Global Services (SCS), an MSC-accredited, independent, third-party conformity assessment body (CAB), in accordance with the MSC Principles and Criteria for sustainable fishing. This assessment was conducted against the MSC Fisheries Standard and Guidance v.2.01, published 31st August 2018 (MSC 2018a), and complies with MSC process requirements as detailed in the MSC Fisheries Certification Process v.2.1, published 31st August 2018 (MSC 2018b).

This report is the Public Comment Draft Report (PCDR) version of the assessment report for the fishery. This version has been prepared with information provided by the client, and the findings benefit from discussion with stakeholders at a site visit held between the 13th – 24th April 2020 with a closing meeting on the 24th. The site visit was undertaken remotely because of travel restrictions due to Covid-19. The Client Peer Review Draft Report (CPRDR) was provided to the client and peer reviewers in April 2021. The PCDR is available for stakeholder comment for 30-days.

The Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery is made up of a single Unit of Assessment (UoA) that comprises two distinct parts (i.e. elements) (Table 1). The first part comprises a system where broodstock are obtained mainly from the wild in shallow subtidal areas adjacent to Putian City, in Fujian Province of eastern China, with seed clams produced in local ponds before being on-grown to juvenile size (up to approximately 10 mm shell length) in adjacent intertidal mud flats. For the second part, these juveniles are then transported to Donggang City in the Liaoning Province, for release into sublittoral culture areas adjacent to the Yalu estuary for on-growing to market size (>30 mm) and subsequent harvest.

Table 1. Unit of Assessment and Unit of Certification

Stock/Species Method of Capture Fishing fleet (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.a) (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.b) (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.c) Putian element: Individuals and Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) Propeller and vessels engaged in broodstock from the stock in Putian, relaid and water jet dredge, collection, ponds used for sand harvested for market in Donggang, with secondary seed production, and individuals eastern China. harvest of and vessels used for juvenile The UoA only includes Manila clam broodstock and collection. spawned from broodstock in Putian juvenile clams by Donggang element: Vessels and that is sourced mainly from the wild towed net and/or areas leased by fishers who sell stock** hand working product to the client group. ** Note that defining the UoA on the basis of including only Manila clam spawned from broodstock in Putian that is mainly sourced from wild stock is a precautionary approach intended to account for MSC guidance on enhanced fisheries, as presented in GSB2.1.3 (MSC 2018a), and for MSC scope criterion for enhanced fisheries number Aiii.

Within the assessment, the two parts of the fishery are considered to be two elements. The first element is referred to as the Putian element, and the second element is referred to as the Donggang element. Both elements employ propeller/water jet dredge fishing gear to catch large clams (i.e., broodstock in Putian, and market-sized clams for harvest in Donggang, but the seed/juveniles in Putian are collected by hand raking and towed nets. These different gears and components are considered within the MSC assessment process.

We note that the client does not operate any fishing vessels, but is a buyer and processor of Manila clams. As such, the intent is to assess the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery as a whole, but if successful it would be only those Manila clams that are sourced from Putian and then grown to market size in leased beds in Donggang and then harvested and bought by the client (and any other members of the client group, subject to a certificate sharing arrangement) that would be eligible to carry the MSC logo.

The fishery was assessed with the additional Principle 1 Performance Indicators (PIs) 1.1.3, 1.2.5 and 1.2.6, as detailed in the ‘Hatch and Catch’ part of the enhanced bivalve assessment tree, and with the additional Principle 2 PIs 2.6.1, 2.6.2 and 2.6.3, as detailed in the ‘Catch and grow’ part of the enhanced bivalve assessment tree (Annex PB, MSC 2018a). These additional Principle 1 PIs together consider potential genetic impacts resulting from the enhancement processes, as well as management and information associated with those potential genetic impacts, while the additional Principle 2 PIs consider potential impacts to the surrounding ecosystem caused by translocation of the juveniles, and any management and information associated with those potential impacts. This approach was confirmed with the MSC following the submission and acceptance of a variation request (VR) (to be published on the MSC website at ACDR publication).

Most Principle 1 performance indicators (PIs) were not scored for the Donggang element, because the translocated stock occurs sublittorally, and spawns at a different time to the local, intertidal stock, such that there is no interaction with the local stock. Only the genetic impact PIs (1.3.1, 1.2.5, 1.2.6) were scored for Donggang. Also, the intent for the Donggang element of the fishery is to harvest all the translocated clams, rather than to manage the translocated stock for long-term sustainability. Conversely, the translocation PIs were not scored for the Putian element, because there is no translocation in this part of the fishery.

Assessment Process

The Assessment Team selected to undertake the assessment comprises three members who collectively meet the MSC requirements for full assessment teams (FCP 7.6, MSC 2018b). The Team members are Dr. Rob Blyth-Skyrme (Team Leader and Principle 2 expert), Dr. Mikio Moriyasu (Principle 1 Expert) and Dr. Jocelyn Drugan (Principle 3 Expert).

In order to complete this PCDR, information on the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery was presented to the Assessment Team by the client, supplemented by information from fisheries scientists, and by stakeholders at the site visit (see Section Error! Reference source not found.). The Assessment Team was also provided with a preassessment report for the fishery (Cappell 2019). Information regarding a fishery improvement project was previously available on the Fishery Progress website, detailing the work undertaken through the on the fishery (see www.fisheryprogress.org, and reporting for the ‘China manila clam – dredge’ project). The first draft of the CPRDR was provided to the client in July which showed the fishery was failing based on 9

P2 scores. The client decided to submit additional documentation within the 30-day (plus 6-month extension provided by the MSC) for the assessment team to use to re-evaluate P2 scores. Information was received before the deadline of October 24th. An updated CPRDR was produced by the assessment team based on the new information and moved toward review by the client and peer review college in April 2021.

Summary of Findings

Here we provide refined rationales and scores for each of the Performance Indicators (PIs) under Principle 1 (Stock status and Harvest strategy), Principle 2 (Ecosystem Impact) and Principle 3 (Governance, Policy and Management system) of the MSC Standard. The full scoring table is provided in Section Error! Reference source not found..

In Principle 1, five of the eight PIs were scored at 80 or above (PI 1.1.1, Pl 1.1.3 PI 1.2.1, PI 1.2.4 and 1.2.5), and three were scored at 60-75 (PI PI 1.2.2, PI 1.2.3, and PI 1.2.6). The overall score for Principle 1 is calculated to be 80.9. A key strength of the fishery is that it is focused on a highly productive species with highly selective nature of the fishery. The deficiencies were then mainly related to the lack of explicit strategy and monitoring for the wild clam population in Putian, and the limited information on the need or otherwise of a genetics strategy for managing the potential impact of the cultivation system on the wild population of Manila clam in Putian.

In Principle 2, 12 of the 18 PIs were scored at 80 or above, and four PIs were scored at 60-75 (PI 2.3.3, PI 2.5.2, PI 2.6.2 and PI 2.6.3).

The strengths of the fishery for P2 include that it is licensed and carefully zoned, with a high likelihood of low bycatch levels. However, information is somewhat limited on catches taken in both parts of the fishery, and there is published information indicating that the Manila clam culture system in the Yalu Estuary exceeds carrying capacity in the Yalu Estuary, albeit that the analysis is out of date and there is other information which indicates that any changes are not serious nor irreversible. It also became clear during the site visit that testing was not undertaken routinely for risks associated with translocation of Manila clam from Putian to Donggang. Following the initial delivery of the CPRDR, the client submitted information on a newly instated quarantine/inspection regulation for testing of Manila clams in Donggang. While the new regulation does implement a testing procedure for Manila clam and an example laboratory test was provided, the testing procedures are directed toward diseases that are of concern for human health/clam and not related to potential impact on the ecosystem.

In Principle 3, four of the seven PIs were scored at 80 or above (PI 3.1.1, PI 3.1.3, PI 3.2.3 and PI 3.2.4), and three were scored at 60-75 (PI 3.1.2, PI 3.2.1 and PI 3.2.2); the overall score for Principle 3 is calculated to be 81.9, which is a passing score. The strengths of the fishery include that the legal and customary framework is very strong, with good long-term objectives and a monitoring and management performance evaluation. A lack of information on the fishery for large clams in Putian from which the broodstock are gathered was again identified as limitation with respect to fishery-specific objectives, however.

After completing the site visit and considering the additional information presented and provided subsequently, the Assessment Team determined that the fishery does meet the MSC Standard through each Principle being scored at ≥80, and because no Performance Indicator was scored at <60.

4 Report Details

4.1 Authorship and peer review details

Assessment Team

Together, the Assessment Team meets the qualifications and competency requirements as specified in Table PC1 (for Team Leaders), Table PC2 (for Team Members) and Table PC3 (for teams overall) of Process v2.1 (MSC 2018b), and in line with the requirements as specified in the General Certification Requirements (GCR), including on competence, training, impartiality and confidentiality (MSC 2019).

Dr. Rob Blyth-Skyrme – Team Leader and Principle 2 Expert

Rob started his career in commercial aquaculture, but shifted focus to the sustainable management of wild fisheries, completing his PhD on co-management in the Inshore Potting Agreement off south Devon, UK, in 2004. He then worked at the Eastern Sea Fisheries Joint Committee, one of the bodies managing inshore fisheries around the English coast, where he became the Deputy Chief Fishery Officer, focusing on fisheries management and enforcement. He subsequently moved to Natural England, acting as the organisation’s senior advisor to UK Government on fisheries and environmental issues, leading a team dealing with fisheries policy, science and nationally significant fisheries casework. Rob now runs Ichthys Marine Ecological Consulting Ltd. As well as providing general fisheries and environmental consultancy, he has worked as a Lead Assessor, Principle 2 and Principle 3 expert team member, and peer reviewer across a wide range of MSC fisheries. Rob has also presented at various MSC workshops, including those on Principle 2 in the Certification Requirements (CR) version (v.) 2.0, changes in species and habitat requirements between CR v.1.3 and v.2.0, and the interactions between the MSC Standard and the EU Landing Obligation. He is a trainer for the MSC’s Capacity Building program, a member of the Peer Review College, and has completed ISO 9001/19011 training and the MSC’s Lead Auditor training in the CR v.1.3, CR v.2.0 and Process v.2.1, including on the risk-based framework (RBF).

Dr. Mikio Moriyasu – Principle 1 Expert

Mikio Moriyasu holds a MSc on fishery biology from the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan, and a Doctor’s degree on aquatic ecology, “Université des Sciences et Technique du Languedoc”, France on a French Government scholarship. He has 34 years of research experience with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans on various marine crustaceans namely snow crab and assumed the head of the snow crab section. His research domain encompasses the entire range of the snow crab's life cycle, annual snow crab stock assessments, and studies related to environmental changes and anthropogenic activities and their effects on snow crab populations. He held adjunct faculty positions at University of New Brunswick, University of Prince Edward Island, “Université de Moncton”, and associate research scientist at provincial government of Fukui, Japan. He has a broad international experience for biology and fisheries science on various marine invertebrate species. He has served on SCS fishery assessment team on pre-assessment of multi-species fisheries in Fukushima as well as Pacific cupped oyster in Hiroshima, Japan as a lead auditor on Principle 1 and 2. 12

Dr. Jocelyn Drugan – Principle 3 Expert

Jocelyn is a fisheries scientist with Ocean Outcomes, a global fishery improvement organization that provides technical support to fisheries aiming to improve their sustainability. She has a B.S. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from Yale University and a M.S. and Ph.D. in Fisheries Science from the University of Washington. She was also a postdoctoral research associate at the NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center in Seattle. Jocelyn has co-authored one MSC assessment and multiple MSC pre-assessments, primarily focusing on species in Japan and China. She has completed MSC’s Lead Auditor training including units for the RBF, enhanced bivalve fisheries, and salmon fisheries. In addition to native proficiency in English, Jocelyn has language skills in Japanese and Mandarin Chinese.

Peer Reviewers

The CPRDR was provided to three peer reviewers in April 2021. The assessment team wishes to thank the peer reviewers for their efforts and careful review of the report. To facilitate a full and effective peer review process, the CPRDR incorporates scores, weightings, and a draft determination, together with any conditions set where scores of <80 were awarded for any PI. The assessment team addressed comments made by peer reviewers. While minor scoring changes (both increases and decreases) were made, no new conditions were raised. The peer reviewers comments and the team’s responses are included in section 8.3.

Information on the peer reviewers was posted on the MSC’s web page for the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery, together with the peer review comments and responses from the Assessment Team (available here: https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/yalu-estuary-manila-clam-fishery/@@assessments).

4.2 Version details

The following versions of the MSC fisheries program documents were used for this assessment (Error! Reference source not found.).

Table 2. Fisheries program documents versions

Document Version number

MSC Fisheries Certification Process Version 2.1

MSC Fisheries Standard Version 2.01

MSC General Certification Requirements Version 2.3

MSC Reporting Template Version 1.1

5 Unit(s) of Assessment and Certification and results overview

5.1 Unit(s) of Assessment (UoA) and Unit(s) of Certification

5.1.1 Fishery Operations Overview

The Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery is a commercial fishing operation made up of two parts (i.e. elements); the broodstock collection and seed production system occurs with local stock in Putian, before translocation of the stock for on-growing to market size and harvest in Donggang.

Putian Element

The Preassessment Report (Cappell 2019), identified the broodstock used in hatchery operations in Putian as “wild Manila clams from Putian in Fujian Province in the East China Sea, which are then translocated for grow out in the assessment area located in Dandong”, but the initial schematic of the process provided in the Preasessment Report (Figure 3 in Cappell 2019), reproduced below as Figure 1) initially showed a loop from A) the Nursery Area with broodstock to B) the Muds Flats with sand seed to C) the Intertidal with white seed and D) back to the Nursery Area with broodstock, with the note that “Selected clams relaid as broodstock Aug-Sept” (i.e., indicating that the broodstock are sourced from the cultivated stock).

Figure 1. Production process for Manila clam seed in Fujian Province (modified from Cappell 2019). Addition of Putian wild subtidal fishery and corrections to terminology and clam sizes were also made to align with assessment team’s findings prior and during the site visit.

After extensive discussions with client and stakeholders, it is now understood that about 4,000 t of potential broodstock are selected from the subtidal fishery (which is understood to be a wild, not enhanced stock), although an additional 40 t (approximately) of broodstock may also be selected from the enhanced fishery 15

(i.e. intertidal flats) to supplement the wild broodstock. Only approximately 2,500 t of these clams may in fact finally be used as broodstock, with the rest being sold on as market-sized clams on the commercial market (Putian Clam Association 2018). These corrections are displayed in Figure 1. A map of the region is presented as Figure 2, while culture pond, intertidal ongrowing and subtidal fishery areas are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Map of the Putian region (Source: www.google.com/maps).

Figure 3. Map of Putian neritic seawater showing the utilization of different tidal areas for clam industry. : culture ponds; : subtidal are for wild clam; : intertidal area for white seed production mainly and some white seeds were left for the purpose of stock enhancement. Source: Putian OFB

The culture ponds in Putian comprise a total of approximately 52,500 mu / 3,500 ha (Taihong 2019a); 2,500 t of broodstock is used, which results in a mean broodstock density in the ponds of approximately 715 kg per ha; this is a little higher than the figure of 300-600 kg per ha quoted by Mao et al. 2019.

With respect to the MSC scope criterion Aiii for enhanced fisheries (Table 1, MSC 2018b), the Assessment Team was particularly interested in understanding more about the proportion of the broodstock that is derived from a truly wild (i.e., naturally reproducing) population (see Table 4, below); this is discussed further in the introduction and scoring of Principle 1).

The gear type used to collect the larger Manila clam is mainly a propeller / water jet dredge, but there is also some hand collection. There are 2,271 fishing vessels in Putian as recorded by the Putian Statistical Bureau, but it is apparent that not all of these vessels are engaged in the subtidal clam fishery. It is understood that the proportion of broodstock clams that may be collected by hand is small in comparison to those collected by dredge (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Vessels and hand net used in the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery, Putian.

Culture ponds are located around the periphery of Meizhou Bay, Pinghai Bay and Xinghau Bay, near to Putian. Of the approximately 52,500 mu (3,500 ha) of ponds used for cultivation, it is understood that approximately 15,000 mu (1,000 ha) are used to produce clams which are subsequently supplied to growers in Donggang (Taihong 2019a). The ponds are prepared by drying out and then cleaning, including with the use of tea seed (a natural poison that is used to eliminate potential competitors and predators of the clam larvae). Following refilling and treating with fertilizer to promote phytoplankton growth, spawning is stimulated soon after the broodstock are laid in the ponds in August, by draining and then refilling the ponds. The larvae are then allowed to settle, and the first settled juveniles of 1-4 mm in length, called ‘sand seed’ are produced from September to December in the same year (Cappell 2019).

The sand seed are subsequently collected by hand using bamboo dustpans and wood scrapers, and laid out in intertidal plots in the same three bays in the Putian province (Cappell 2019). From this point forward in the production system, there is no further feed supplementation for the juvenile clams. The total area of the intertidal plots used for ongrowing the sand seed is approximately 50,000 mu (3,332 ha), with a total annual production of white seed of approximately 100,000 t (Taihong, pers. comm, December 2019).

In the early part of the following year (i.e., after the juvenile clams have grown to around 8-10 mm, at which time they are known as ‘white seed’), the clams are collected from the intertidal plots using both manual harvesting or by boats using fine-meshed nets (Figure 4). The harvested white seed are then placed into 30 kg bags with coarse sand, and made ready for transport to Donggang via refrigerated (ice) truck. Approximately 40,000 – 50,000 t of the white seed is transported to Donggang, annually (Taihong, pers. comm., December 2019). Cappell (2019) noted that the remaining clams are relaid for grow-out in the shallow sea areas and harvested as adult clams next year, with the best identified as the following year’s broodstock – it is now understood that very small quantities of these hatchery-reared clams (40 t per year) are used for broodstock. It is noted that white seed left in Putian to grow on to market size or transported to other locations (i.e, those that are not transported to Donggang) are not considered part of the UoA, are not assessed in this report, and would not therefore be eligible to carry the MSC logo on the basis of this assessment; however, the Assessment Team is not clear on where these clams are ongrown (i.e., whether they are ongrown locally in Putian, or elsewhere in other regions).

Donggang Element

In Donggang, the bagged white seed are sown on to leased, subtidal plots, which together cover an area of 600,000 mu; the leased areas comprise approximately 57% of the 1,060,000 mu area locally that occurs within the 0 – 10 m depth contours. It is understood that the main production areas approved by the government are all within the 0-10 m zone, and there are more than 50 households and enterprises with licences. However, there are also understood to be large areas of the intertidal where shellfish aquaculture occurs, including for Manila clam (Song et al. 2014), although the source of these clams is not known and they are not part of the UoA.

Cappell (2019) noted that, before sowing the white seed, the leased areas are first prepared with a simple beam trawl to clear away broken and dead shell, as well as to clear starfish, predatory gastropod snails, and

18 the moon shell (Natica spp); however, at the remote site visit, stakeholders stated that this was not the case. Nevertheless, white seed are seeded onto the ground, using around two thousand (2,000) individuals per square metre (m²), with a GPS plotter to ensure an even and consistent stocking density across the plot. The clams are seeded from April to June, and are then left for around two years before they are harvested with a clam dredge. During this time no further husbandry is undertaken, either in the form of predator control or feeding (Cappell 2019). It was noted that suppliers considered the survival rate to be around 30-40%, but Cappell (2019) compared harvest volumes to seed input and reported growth rates and calculated that survival is somewhat lower than this.

The vessels harvest the clams using propeller / water jet dredges (4 per boat). The propellers or water jets disturb the seabed, flushing the clams and sediment into the net at the rear. The propeller is favoured over the water jet gear as it has been found the water jet caused too much damage to the shells (Figure 5). A new pump has been identified with which the pressure can be adjusted and this is being used by some vessels.

The cod end of the net has a 3cm mesh. The vessels do short tows of 30 minutes at 1 knot, followed by 5 minutes of washing the catch by repeatedly dipping the nets in the water before hauling aboard. The catch is then bagged into 30kg bags. A small amount of sorting is carried out to remove bycatch snails and octopus along with any obvious debris (rocks, litter, etc.). This process is repeated until the planned harvest weight is achieved. The vessels generally collect 50 t per trip, with a maximum of 60 t possible.

Figure 5. Vessels and propeller dredges used in the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery, Donggang.

5.1.2 Unit(s) of Assessment

The Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery is made up of a single Unit of Assessment (UoA) that comprises two distinct parts, scored as elements. The first part comprises a system where Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) broodstock are obtained mainly from the wild population in Bays adjacent to Putian, in the Fujian region of eastern China, placed in local ponds and then spawned to produce seed clams (≈2 mm shell length). These seed clams are then collected and on-grown to juvenile size (≤10 mm shell length) in adjacent intertidal mud flats. For the second part, these juveniles are then transported to the Donggang region before being released into sublittoral culture areas for on-growing to market size, and subsequent harvest.

Within the assessment, these two parts of the fishery are considered to be two elements. The first element is referred to as the Putian element, and the second element is referred to as the Donggang element. Both elements employ propeller/water jet dredge fishing gear to catch large clams (i.e., broodstock in Putian, and market-sized clams for harvest in Donggang, but the seed/juveniles in Putian are collected by hand raking and towed nets. These different gears and components are considered within the MSC assessment process.

Cappell (2019) reported that standard beam trawls are used prior to sowing sand seed on to the plots in Donggang to remove old shell and some potential clam predators (e.g., octopus and starfish); however, at the remote site visit, stakeholders stated that this was not the case.

Table 3. Unit of Assessment (UoA)

Stock/Species Method of Capture Fishing fleet (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.a) (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.b) (FCP V2.1 7.5.2.c)

Putian element: Individuals and vessels Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) Propeller and water engaged in broodstock collection, from the stock in Putian, relaid and jet dredge, with ponds used for sand seed production, harvested for market in Donggang, secondary harvest of and individuals and vessels used for eastern China. broodstock and juvenile clams by juvenile collection.

The UoA only includes Manila clam towed net and/or Donggang element: Vessels and areas spawned from broodstock in Putian that is hand working leased by fishers who sell product to sourced mainly from the wild stock** the client group.

** Note that defining the UoA on the basis of including only Manila clam spawned from broodstock in Putian that is mainly sourced from wild stock is a precautionary approach intended to account for MSC guidance on enhanced fisheries as presented in GSB2.1.3 (MSC 2018a), and for MSC scope criterion for enhanced fisheries number Aiii.

The fishery has been found to meet the following scope requirements (FCP v2.1 7.4) for MSC fishery assessments as it: ▪ Does not operate under a controversial unilateral exemption to an international agreement, use destructive fishing practices, does not target amphibians, birds, reptiles or mammals and is not overwhelmed by the dispute. (FCP 7.4.2.1, 7.4.2.2, 7.4.3, 7.4.5) ▪ The fishery does not engage in shark finning, has mechanisms for resolving disputes (FCP 7.4.5.1), and has not previously failed assessment or had a certificate withdrawn. ▪ Is not based on an introduced species and does not represent an inseparable or practically inseparable species (FCP 7.5.1, 7.5.2, 7.5.8-13) ▪ Does not overlap with another MSC certified or applicant fishery (7.5.14), ▪ And does not include an entity successfully prosecuted for violating forced labor laws (7.4.4) ▪ The Unit of Assessment, the Unit of Certification, and eligible fishers have been clearly defined, traceability risks characterized, and the client has provided a clear indication of their position relative to certificate sharing (7.5.1-7.7.7).

5.1.3 Unit(s) of Certification It is anticipated that the UoC will be the same as the UoA. However, this will be confirmed at the Public Certification Report stage.

5.1.4 Scope of Assessment in Relation to Enhanced Fisheries or Introduced Fisheries

The scope criteria for enhanced fisheries, as detailed in Table 4, below (from FCP 7.4.6), have been reviewed by the Assessment Team. It was not clear that all criteria are met unequivocally, with specific reference to Aiii; this has been checked through an interpretation request to the MSC, but the answers were ambiguous. Therefore, the scope criteria were reviewed in detail at the site visit.

Table 4. Consideration of the scope criteria for eligible enhanced fisheries (FCP 7.4.6)

A Linkages to and maintenance of a wild stock i At some point in the production process, The juvenile Manila clams that are stocked in to the system relies upon the capture of the on-growing production areas in the Yalu fish from the wild environment. Such fish Estuary, Donggang are spawned from broodstock may be taken at any stage of the life that are collected from a natural sea area in Fujian

cycle including eggs, larvae, juveniles or Province, in three bays adjacent to Putian. The adults. The ‘wild environment’ in this broodstock are induced to spawn and their context includes marine, freshwater and progeny reared to a size suitable for stocking (1 - any other aquatic ecosystems. 4 mm). These clams are then placed out on to intertidal beds for growing to ‘white seed’ size of approximately 8-10 mm. These are then collected and laid out in subtidal beds off Donggang. Within the whole life cycle of the clam (more than 2 years), the clams are only in the culture pond for 4 months and stay in ‘the wild environment’ for the rest of time. ii The species are native to the geographic The Manila clam is native to all of eastern China, region of the fishery and the natural both in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. production areas from which the fishery’s catch originates. iii There are natural reproductive The Assessment Team considers the broodstock components of the stock from which the to form the essential link to the natural fishery’s catch originates that maintain reproductive component of the stock (i.e., the themselves without having to be wild stock outside of the aquaculture system) restocked every year. from which the fishery’s catch originates. Important points are that:

1) We understand that there is a natural reproductive component of the stock in Putian (i.e., the wild stock outside of the aquaculture system) that is maintained without having to be restocked every year. The subtidal population has been estimated at 33,000 t (Taihong, pers. comm. December 2019). It is noted that WWF (2018b) stated that the total population (all sizes) of Manila clam in non-aquaculture areas of Meizhou Bay was 42 t, and in Pinghai Bay was 54 t; this inconsistency appears to be because the surveyed area does not comprise the key sublittoral area for the wild clam population. The Assessment Team was informed at site visit that the there is a natural reproductive component that maintains itself, and that the 10,000 t TAC that was set by the Putian Clam Association is justified on the basis of survey biomass (Putian Clam Association 2018).

2) With respect to the fishery’s catch originating from a natural reproductive component of the stock, it is currently understood that approximately 98% of the broodstock are derived from the subtidal fishery. While it is inherent that

all broodstock must have ‘originated’ from a natural stock at some point in time (i.e., either in their own generation or from one or more generations previously), it is not clear if the MSC intends ‘originated’ to mean that there is a direct, one generation link to the natural population (i.e., the broodstock are obtained directly from a wild population), but we have taken it to be so. The Assessment Team was informed that the stock that is targeted by the subtidal broodstock fishery is not enhanced. iv Where fish stocking is used in hatch-and- Juvenile production in the Putian region is catch (HAC) systems, such stocking does essentially a HAC system, with the broodstock not form a major part of a current coming from local populations and the sand seed rebuilding plan for depleted stocks. (≈1-4 mm shell length) being laid in to the Note: intertidal for on-growing to juvenile size (8-10 mm shell length). These juveniles are then This requirement shall apply to the collected and translocated to the Donggang current status of the fishery. Wild stocks region for on-growing to harvest. This system is shall be managed by other conventional not part of a rebuilding plan for a depleted stock. means. If rebuilding has been done by stocking in the past, it shall not result in an out-of-scope determination as long as other measures are now in place. B Feeding and husbandry i The production system operates without There is very limited initial fertilisation of the substantial augmentation of food culture ponds to promote algal growth for the supply. In HAC systems, any feeding is broodstock clams and cultured larvae, but no used only to grow the animals to a small other augmentation of food supply. size prior to release (not more than 10% The main growth phase (10 mm at stocking to >30 of the average adult maximum weight), mm at harvest) takes place in Donggang without such that most of the total growth (not any supplementary feeding. less than 90%) is achieved during the wild phase. In catch-and-grow (CAG) systems, feeding during the captive phase is only by natural means (e.g. filter feeding in mussels), or at a level and duration that provide only for the maintenance of condition (e.g. crustaceans in holding tanks) rather than to achieve growth. ii In CAG systems, production during the N/A not CAG. captive phase does not routinely require disease prevention involving chemicals or compounds with medicinal prophylactic properties. C Habitat and ecosystem impacts

i Any modifications to the habitat of the There is habitat modification in the initial seed stock are reversible and do not cause culture production system of Putian as shallow serious or irreversible harm to the ponds with banks made from the local sediment natural ecosystem’s structure and are constructed and cleared of debris. function. Both the inter-tidal and sub-tidal areas of Putian and Donggang respectively are dynamic Note: environments, where habitat modification (e.g. embankments, predator control, etc.) are unlikely Habitat modifications that are not to cause serious or irreversible harm to the reversible, are already in place and are natural ecosystem’s structure and function. If the not created specifically for the fishery ponds were not maintained and the sea was shall be in scope. This includes: allowed to breach the walls, it is considered that • Large-scale artificial reefs. the system would revert in time to the natural • Structures associated with condition. enhancement activities that do not cause irreversible harm to the natural ecosystem inhabited by the stock, such as salmon fry farms next to river systems.

Guidance provided on the enhanced bivalve assessment tree states the following (GSB2.1.3, MSC 2018a):

“Efforts should be made to address genetic concerns specific to the species and the geographic region where the seed will be out-planted. Best practices for managing the genetic impacts of hatchery enhancement include: 1. Maintaining a large number of broodstock to ensure against inbreeding and random genetic changes; 2. Rotating broodstock within spawning seasons and between years; 3. Avoiding the return of hatchery-propagated stock to the hatchery and using it as broodstock; 4. Using local broodstock to limit the mixing of genetically divergent populations; 5. Maintaining the scale of hatchery enhancement and the reproductive potential of hatchery seed well below the size and reproductive potential of the wild population.”

In regard to each of these points, the Assessment Team’s current understanding of the situation in Putian with respect to the requirements is as follows (numbering follows that above): • Yes. As noted above, the Assessment Team was informed at the site visit that the subtidal fishery is based on a wild (i.e, not enhanced) stock, and that around 2,500 t of broodstock is used in ponds in the Putian area, approximately 98% of which is derived from the subtidal fishery – this should be adequate to ‘ensure against inbreeding and random genetic changes’. • Yes. Broodstock are used only once in the culture ponds before being collected and sold. • Yes. Approximately 98% of the broodstock is obtained from the subtidal fishery, and that the subtidal, wild stock is not enhanced. The remaining 2% is reportedly derived from ongrown hatchery stock. As such, it is possible that some hatchery-propagated stock is returned to the hatchery and used as 24

broodstock, but the small quantity is such that it is highly unlikely that any negative impacts would occur. At the site visit, representatives of the Putian Clam Association confirmed to the Assessment Team that the cost of the wild clams is relatively low, and that the growers are aware that wild clams are better, more productive broodstock than cultured clams, so would always choose to use clams from the wild stock. • Yes. Local broodstock are used in the ponds. • No. Information on the size of the local wild (i.e., not cultivated) population in the Putian area is limited, in that the estimate of stock size (33,000 t – Taihong, pers. comm. December 2019) is based on a single survey in 2018, only. The data for total (market size) clam production from Putian are then presented in Table 5. Although it is not known what proportion of the production shown in the table is hatchery reared, the Assessment Team was informed that only 4,000 t is removed from the wild stock, annually, and that 2,500 t of that total is used as broodstock in the hatchery ponds; therefore, we have assumed that the production listed in Table 5 is almost all of hatchery reared stock. All respondents to the productivity-susceptibility analysis (PSA) undertaken for the Principle 1 assessment responded that the average age at maturity for Manila clam was one year (Error! Reference source not found.). As the clams harvested for market are at least two years old, it is assumed that the production listed in the table (Table 5) represents only part of the total reproductive potential of the hatchery-reared clam in Putian. It is therefore assumed that the reproductive potential of the hatchery seed is as important as the reproductive potential of the wild population.

Table 5. Clam production from Putian (market size)

Year Clam production (t) 2014 32,727 2015 38,029 2016 42,448 2017 37,237 2018 36,698 2019 Pending publication

Overall, then, with the exception of point 5, broodstock and genetic concerns are being addressed in a manner that is generally consistent with the scope criteria and the MSC Standard. More information is provided in the introduction and scoring of Principle 1.

5.2 Assessment results overview

5.2.1 Determination, formal conclusion and agreement

This section will be updated in the Final Determination Report. This will be published after the peer review (CPRDR) and public consultation (PCDR) versions of the report have been published.

5.2.2 Principle level scores

Table 6. Principle level scores

Final Principle Scores Principle Score Principle 1 – Target Species 80.9 Principle 2 – Ecosystem 80.8 Principle 3 – Management System 81.9

5.2.3 Summary of conditions

Summary of conditions

Performance Related to Condition Condition Indicator (PI) previous number condition? #1 By the fourth year surveillance audit, the wild brood stock 1.2.2 NA fishery in Putian must have in place well-defined HCRs that ensure the exploitation rate is reduced as the PRI is approached and are expected to keep the stock fluctuating around a target level consistent with (or above) MSY.

#2 By the fourth surveillance audit for the Putian element, the 1.2.3 NA fishery must demonstrate that a) there is sufficient relevant information related to stock structure, stock productivity, fleet composition, fishing effort distribution and landings to support the harvest strategy, and b) that stock abundance and UoA removals are regularly monitored at a level of accuracy and coverage consistent with the HCRs, and one or more indicators are available and monitored with sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rules.

#3 By the fourth surveillance audit for the Putian element, 1.2.6 NA demonstrate that a) qualitative or inferential information and some quantitative information are available on the genetic structure of the population, and information is sufficient to estimate the likely impact of hatchery enhancement, and b) Information is adequate to support a partial strategy to manage the main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, if necessary.

#4 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 2.3.3 NA that information is adequate to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species.

#5 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 2.5.2 NA that there is some objective basis for confidence that the measures/ partial strategy will work, based on some information directly about the UoA and/or the ecosystem involved for the Donggang element.

#6 By the fourth surveillance audit, there is a partial strategy in 2.6.2 NA place that is expected to protect the surrounding ecosystem from the translocation activity at levels compatible with the SG80 Translocation outcome level of performance (PI 2.6.1). In addition, there is a valid documented risk assessment or equivalent environmental impact assessment and contingency measures have been agreed in the case of an accidental introduction of diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species due to the translocation.

#7 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 2.6.3 NA that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and impact assessments required in the SG80 Translocation management level of performance (PI 2.6.2).

#8 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 3.1.2 NA that the management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek and accept relevant information, including local knowledge. The management system demonstrates consideration of the information obtained.

#9 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 3.2.1 NA that there are explicit short and long-term management objectives for wild Manila clam stocks in Putian, which are consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2.

#10 By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate 3.2.2 NA that b) decision-making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in relevant research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, in a transparent, timely and adaptive manner and take account of the wider implications of decisions, c) that decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information, and d) that information on the fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and that explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and relevant recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

5.2.4 Recommendations The assessment team recommends that the client provide an annual compliance summary update during surveillance audits to further demonstrate MCS procedures are in place and that sanctions exist and are consistently applied.

6. Traceability and eligibility

6.1 Eligibility date

The eligibility date is set as the date of certification.

6.2 Traceability within the fishery

The fishery certificate extends up to the point of transfer of white seed from Putian (i.e. white seed placed onto transport vessels/trucks) to Donggang. Separate Chain of Custody will be required for all following points in the supply chain, including grow-out operations in Donggang. Traceability will be evaluated through annual CoC audits to ensure records are available to demonstrate provenance of white seed from Putian.

The following traceability evaluation is for the UoC/UoA covering the use of mainly wild broodstock from the Putian province, and subsequent hatchery, and growout operations on the intertidal until the Manila clam reach the size of a ‘white seed’ upon which they are harvested using a towed net and/or by hand and then are transferred to Donggang. In Donggang, they are placed in subtidal leased plots until they reach a harvestable size.

There are several aspects of traceability important to this fishery. The main traceability risk relates to ensuring that the broodstock used in Putian in the hatchery conforms to the UoA requirements (i.e., as currently understood, mainly from the wild population and not hatchery-origin broodstock), then that the white seed stocked in the Donggang element of the fishery are derived from the Putian element of the fishery, and then that only the large clams from Donggang, sourced as seed from Putian, enter in to chains of custody as certified product. The risk areas/aspects to be confirmed throughout the stages of the fishery are:

1) Broodstock—ensuring that the broodstock used came mainly from the wild stock, as defined in the UoA table. 2) Hatchery—hatcheries only use the broodstock that are considered in scope (and do not use mainly hatchery-origin broodstock). At the time of the CPRDR, the MSC has not provided guidance regarding acceptable levels of ‘mixing’ between wild/hatchery-origin broodstock; however, GSB 2.1.3 (MSC 2018a) specifies that the return of hatchery-propagated stock to the hatchery should be avoided. 3) Translocation of Manila Clams from Putian to Donggang—ensuring that the seed comes from intertidal areas that meet the UoA criteria (including from only the Putian Province). 4) Harvest—Ensuring there is no mixing at harvest of clams from grow-out areas in Donggang that did not source the Manila clams from Putian intertidal areas using broodstock covered in the UoA. For chain of custody purposes, the first receiver will be required to present documentation showing provenance of clams from leased area with evidence of grown-out clams originating from white seed sourced from Putian. 5) Harvest—Only Manila clams purchased by Taihong directly from the Donggang grow-out areas that sourced their stock from Putian are eligible to be sold as MSC.

Table 7. Traceability within the fishery

Factor Description

Will the fishery use gears that are not part of the Unit Vessels are licensed within clear fleet of Certification (UoC)? segments with little opportunity to change to other gears without the knowledge (and

encouragement) of the authorities. This is considered low risk.

Will vessels in the UoC also fish outside the UoC The vessels are restricted to seeding and geographic area? fishing areas to which they are licensed. There is no incentive to fish in unstocked areas If Yes, please describe: outside of these. This is considered low risk.

Do the fishery client members ever handle certified and There is a potential of substitution because non-certified products during any of the activities of the risk that seed from areas other than covered by the fishery certificate? This refers to both Putian may be grown-out in Donggang. at-sea activities and on-land activities. However, Putian is understood to be the major seed-producing area, so this risk is If Yes, please describe how any risks are mitigated. considered low to moderate. At the CPRDR stage, it is understood that all Putian white seed from hatcheries is considered within scope. It is understood that there is intertidal clam culture in Donggang (Li et al. 2014), but that Taihong only deals in subtidal clam aquaculture. This risk is considered moderate, and is mitigated through product tracing. All clams that are delivered to Taihong processing plants have an accompanying certified documents that states the leased area where clams originated from. These documents will be required to ensure traceability in the fishery and will be examined by a chain of custody auditor in a separate CoC audit to ensure that any subsequent processors can demonstrate provenance of certified clams to leased area (i.e. UoA) rather than intertidal culture. As stated above, chain of custody extends only from the point of the initial sale/purchase/sourcing of Manila clam seed in Putian from the hatchery. The fishery certificate can only extend up to the

hatchery stage, as currently, the mechanisms to determine/trace clam production in Putian to ensure that broodstock originated from the wild population are unknown.

Does transshipment occur within the fishery? No transshipment occurs. The fishery occurs close to shore and is undertkane by vessels If Yes, please describe: working as day boats, only. This is considered low risk.

Are there any other risks of mixing or substitution No additional substitution risks have been between certified and non-certified fish? identified. If Yes, please describe how any risks are mitigated.

6.3 Eligibility to enter further chains of custody

As described in the traceability section above, there are some uncertainties regarding what documents/information is available to trace Manila Clam produced in Putian to the Donggang grow-out area. It is unknown what mechanisms exist to identify Manila clam progeny throughout the production process (i.e. Putian and Donggang) as having originated from mainly broodstock from the wild population.

The team has concluded and determined that the product originating from the UoC will be eligible to enter further certified chains of custody and be sold as MSC certified or carry the MSC ecolabel. The fishery certificate extends up to the point of transfer/change of ownership of white seed from Putian. Separate Chain of Custody will be required for all following points in the supply chain, including transport and grow- out operations in Donggang.

6.4 Eligibility of Inseparable or Practicably Inseparable (IPI) stock(s) to Enter Further Chains of Custody

Manila clam from the local, wild stock in Donggang may settle and grow in the subtidal leased ongrowing beds in the Yalu Estuary. If present, any local Manila clam will be inseparable or practically inseparable (IPI) from the Putian-derived stock that is ongrown in the subtidal leased beds as the target of the fishery in Donggang.

However, any local Manila clam are unlikely to be present in more than extremely small quantities because the local stock occurs in the intertidal almost exclusively, and because of the nature of the enhanced fishery, where the target, Putian-derived Manila clams are stocked within the subtidal leased beds, only. If this low level of occurrence is confirmed, it is expected that an exemption to the IPI requirements will be sought (FCP v.2.1 7.5.11).

As the UoA for the Donggang fishery is entirely subtidal, and does not extend beyond the leased areas into the intertidal (where the clam grows naturally), and there is no risk of IPI between these stocks due to traceability at harvest in the system.

7 Scoring

7.1 Summary of Performance Indicator level scores

At the ACDR stage, all three Principles were estimated to be scored at <80 overall because although there were no PIs scored at <60, it was thought that the number of PIs scored at 60-75 would mean that the score overall would not meet the MSC passing requirement of ≥80 (Background to Annex GSA Guidance, MSC 2018a). Information received at the site visit and subsequently has allowed the PIs to be scored with greater confidence, and all three Principles now reach an aggregate score of ≥80.

Table 8. Summary of Performance Indicator Scores and Associated Weights Used to Calculate Principle Scores.

Putian Donggang Final Principle Component Wt Performance Indicator (PI) Wt Score Score Score 1.1.1 Stock status 0.5 99 N/A 99 Outcome 0.333 1.1.2 Stock rebuilding 0.0 N/A N/A N/A 1.1.3 Genetic outcome 0.5 80 80 80 1.2.1 Harvest strategy 0.167 80 N/A 80 One 1.2.2 Harvest control rules & tools 0.167 75 N/A 75 1.2.3 Information & monitoring 0.167 60 80 65 Management 0.667 1.2.4 Assessment of stock status 0.167 80 N/A 80 1.2.5 Genetic management 0.167 80 80 80 1.2.6 Genetic information 0.167 70 80 75 2.1.1 Outcome 0.333 100 100 100 Primary 0.167 2.1.2 Management strategy 0.333 80 80 80 species 2.1.3 Information/Monitoring 0.333 85 85 85 2.2.1 Outcome 0.333 80 80 80 Secondary 0.167 2.2.2 Management strategy 0.333 80 80 80 species 2.2.3 Information/Monitoring 0.333 80 85 85 2.3.1 Outcome 0.333 90 90 90 ETP species 0.167 2.3.2 Management strategy 0.333 80 80 80 2.3.3 Information strategy 0.333 70 70 70 Two 2.4.1 Outcome 0.333 90 90 90 Habitats 0.167 2.4.2 Management strategy 0.333 85 85 85 2.4.3 Information 0.333 80 80 80 2.5.1 Outcome 0.333 100 80 90 Ecosystem 0.167 2.5.2 Management 0.333 80 75 75 2.5.3 Information 0.333 85 85 85 2.6.1 Outcome 0.333 N/A 80 80 Translocation 0.167 2.6.2 Management 0.333 N/A 60 60 2.6.3 Information 0.333 N/A 60 60 3.1.1 Legal &/or customary framework 0.333 95 95 95 Governance 0.5 3.1.2 Consultation, roles & responsibilities 0.333 75 75 75 and policy Three 3.1.3 Long term objectives 0.333 100 100 100 Fishery 3.2.1 Fishery specific objectives 0.25 60 80 70 0.5 specific 3.2.2 Decision making processes 0.25 65 65 65

management 3.2.3 Compliance & enforcement 0.25 80 80 80 system Monitoring & management performance 80 80 80 3.2.4 0.25 evaluation Table 9. Final Principle Scores

Final Principle Scores Principle Score Principle 1 – Target Species 80.9 Principle 2 – Ecosystem 80.8 Principle 3 – Management System 81.9

7.2 Principle 1

7.2.1 Principle 1 background

7.2.2 Life history information – Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Taxonomic classification

Class: Bivalvia Order: Venerida Family: Veneridae Genus: Ruditapes Species: philippinarum Common name: Manila clam

Biology

The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is native to China with a wide distribution in the Indian and Pacific Oceans from Pakistan to the Russian Federation (Kuril Islands). Manila clam are broadcast spawners (fecundity at 1.04 x 106 in Fujian: Yan et al, 2012) and they can grow to 80 mm in shell length (Poppe and Goto 1993) and maximum average age at 7-8 years (Ponurovskii, 2008; Garaulet et al. 2012) and live up to 16 years (DFO 1999).

Manila clam is a species widely distributed in coastal areas of China and is highly productive in Shandong, Liaoning, Zhejiang and Fujian coastal areas in China. Annual production of R. philippinarum (about 3.2 Mt) accounts for about 62.7% of mudflat bivalve production and about 24.3% of total bivalve production in 2014 (Yan 2014). Appropriate reproduction water temperature is at 20 °C. With a fecundity of about 2–6 million per clam per year, Manila clam spawns 3–4 times during the reproductive season, and most spawning activity happens during the high tide and in the evening (Yan 2005; Zhang et al. 2006). Park et al. (2010) indicated that Manila clam growth and mortality is density dependent and the growth and survival rate is negatively correlated with the density.

Behaviour

Manila clams make shallow burrows in the sand, gravel or mud in the mid-intertidal zone. However, because they do not migrate after their settlement in a beach and they do not burrow deeply, they can experience increased mortality during the cold temperature season (DFO, 1999). Although there may be some movement of Manila clams on the beach, distinct growth rates on upper and lower portion of beach indicate that these movements are relatively limited(pers. comm. Yan Xiwu, December, 2019; DFO, 1999 ). Manila clams are filter feeders, and thus can accumulate fecal contaminants (bacteria and viruses that can cause disease) which originate in fecal materials from human, wildlife or agriculture sources. Manila clam can also accumulate algal toxins including those causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) (DFO, 1999).

Growth and Natural Mortality

Manila clams are broadcast spawners, synchronously releasing gametes into the water column, where fertilization occurs. The maximum shell length in Manila clam is known up to 80mm in total shell length at the age of 8-10 years. The maximum age in western coast of Canada is 16 years (DFO, 1999). Growth is greatly affected by tidal elevation and substrate characteristics, and growth can vary as much as between different areas of the same beach as between different beaches. As they mainly live high in the intertidal zone and do not burrow deeply into the sediment, they are susceptible to environmentally-induced mortality. Ren et al. (2008) reported the natural mortality rate at 35% from age 1 to 2 and 47% from age 2 to 3 in Jiaozhou Bay, China. The natural mortality was 35% from ages 1 to 2 and 47% from ages 2 to 3. The biomass increment from ages 1 to 2 is extremely high (98%) but low (4.7%) from age 2 to 3. The natural mortality of transplanted clams in May/June are at 13.2%, and varies between 3 and 7% until stabilizes around 2% in the remaining of the year. The mortality rate increases drastically for age 2 clams with lower growth rate (Ren et al, 2008). Based on recently received information (Taihong, pers. comm., December 2019), the survival rates at different life stages of wild and hatchery-origin Manila clam are as follows: broodstock survival rate at catch (WWF, 2018b): 50% (dredge) -80% (hand collection), spawning to sand seedling survival rate: 14%; sand seedlings to white seedlings survival rate: 30%; white seedlings through transportation to Donggang: 90%; and white seedling to harvestable size in Donggang: 10-20%.

Reproduction and Recruitment

Average age at maturity is 2-4 years (Jurić et al., 2012) at the shell length of 20-25mm (DFO 1999). Clam reaches at maturity as small as 5-10mm, but most individuals do not spawn until shell length is at least 20mm (Holland and Chew, 1974). They are strictly gonochoric and their gonads are represented by a diffused tissue closely linked to the digestive system. The period of reproduction varies, according to the geographical area; spawning usually occurs between 20-25 °C. Spawning can occur either once or twice every year depending on location and environmental factors (Ponorovsky and Yokovev, 1992).

In southern China, Manila clam spawns 3–4 times during the reproductive season, and most spawning activity happens during the high tide and in the evening (Zhang et al. 2006). A period of sexual rest is observed from late autumn to early winter. Gametogenesis in the wild lasts 2-5 months, followed by the spawning. A second spawning event may occur in the same season, 2-3 months later. The pre-winter recovery phase facilitates energy build up, by filtering seawater still rich in organic matter and phytoplankton. Temperature and feeding are the two main parameters affecting gametogenesis, which can be initiated at 8-10 °C and is accelerated by rising seawater temperature. Its duration decreases from 5 to 2 months between 14 and 24 °C. Within this temperature range, they are ready to spawn. Although the optimal temperature is between 20 and 22 °C, 12 °C is the minimum threshold below which this species cannot spawn efficiently (FAO, 2009).

Larval development lasts 2 to 4 weeks before spatfall. Settlement size is between 190 and 235 µm in shell length. Many external factors regulate spatfall success in the wild, such as temperature, salinity and currents. Larval movement mainly depends on wind driven and tidal currents. Adding pea gravel and small rocks can facilitate species recruitment in natural setting areas. The larvae settle by attaching a byssus to a pebble or

36 piece of shell (FAO, 2009). In China, the reproductive season of Manila clams varies in regions: from June to August along Liaoning coast, in late May and late September along Shandong coast, and in late September to November along Fujian coastal region (Mao et al., 2019).

Distribution and Stock Structure

Manila clam (R. philippinarum) is the most important commercial fisheries species, which occurs in East Asia, North America and Europe. Although it is native to Sakhalin, Japan, Korea and China, it was accidentally introduced into Puget Sound, Washington, USA, with the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, in the 1930s, and it has been cultured since the late 1970s. In the early 1970s, it was introduced from the USA for aquaculture purposes to France and the UK; it was introduced to Italy in the 1980s and to Ireland in 1984, and from the UK to Israel (Shean, 2011).

7.2.3 Status of stocks

The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum fishery in Putian and Donggang is considered as an enhanced Hatch and Catch (HAC) fishery with seed supplied from hatchery operations in Putian, Fujian Province and harvested by dredge in sub-tidal waters of Donggang City, Liaoning Province in China. Broodstock for hatchery operation in Putian are gathered by two methods, local clam fishery operated by motor vessel with conventional dredge in subtidal zone (wild clam) and collection by manpower from natural muddy flats in intertidal zone (hatchery origin clam). The former method i.e. local fishery fishing broodstock for hatchery operation by means of powerboat with dredge is considered as UoA. Based on the latest information (pers. comm. Yao Xin, April 2020), it is understood that about 2,500 t of adult wild clams are selected as broodstock from the local subtidal fishery, from an annual catch of about 4,000 t, although the catch is reported to be capped at 10,000 t from this area. The excess landings of about 1,500t are understood to be sold to market, but these clams are not part of the UoA for the Yalu Clam Fishery.

Catch rate of Manila clam and by-catch information is available for three years (2014, 2016 and 2018) in the wild fishery (Table 13; Putian Clam Association, 2018). But there is no mention of date and fishing location and vessel size. The duration of fishing is 6 hours and catch rate of Manila clam is 300-417 kg/hr and by-catch species (Japanese mirror clam (Dosinia japonicas), Blood clam (Tegillarca granosa), crab spp, and Shrimp spp ) are at negligible quantity i.e. total weight of all by-catch species combined varied between 0.8 and 1.6% and no fish was caught. Catch rate of Manila clam and that of by-catch species are fairly stable since 2014. Two catch rates within each year seems to represent different period of year, but no further explanations available. There is limited information available on stock status of adult clams (broodstock), but the Assessment Team was informed that the stock biomass stands at approximately 33,000 t based on the abundance (biomass) survey conducted in 2018 (Putian Clam Association, 2018). The abundance survey was conducted onboard commercial fishing vessels with conventional dredge at 16 preselected sampling zones of which 3 areas have 2 stations (19 sampling stations: Table 10).

Table 10. Manila clam abundance estimation survey stations (Putian Clam Association, 2018)

Sampling station Position Sampling station Position

9-1 119.34929°E 25．18009°N 1 118.97438°E 25．22358°N 9 9-2 119.37744°E 25．18009°N 10-1 119.30809°E 25．37629°N 2 119.01352°E 25．20432°N 10 10-2 119.33624°E 25．36760°N 3 119.04099°E 25．09213°N 11 119.45229°E 25．26271°N 4 119.06570°E 25．05792°N 12 119.51477°E 25．28506°N 5 119.08665°E 25．06228°N 13 119.55322°E 25．25650°N 6 119.13952°E 25．03802°N 14 119.57314°E 25．18319°N 7 119.15154°E 25．07565°N 15 119.48524°E 25．18506°N 8-1 119.18724°E 25．12788°N 8 16 119.46533°E 25．15461°N 8-2 119.23531°E 25．12291°N

Figure 6. Geographic presentation of manila clam habitat area and abundance survey stations (Putian Clam Association, 2018)

Figure 7. Map of Putian showing the utilization of different tidal areas for clam industry. : cofferdam ponds; : subtidal are for wild clam; : intertidal area for white seed production mainly and some white seeds were left for the purpose of stock enhancement. Source: Putian OFB

Although only one year of stock assessment results are available, the survey is planned to be conducted every other year starting in 2018. It seems that the stock has not encountered any depressed condition along the history of the fishery over 35 years in Putian, which may partially due to the species reproductive characteristics as broadcast spawner with multiple spawning within a season and reaching sexual maturity as early as at age 1 with shell length > 20mm. The minimum shell size for the fishery is set at 15mm (Fujian Province, 2016). As broodstock fishery in Putian targets on larger size clam (SL> 30-35mm), Clams reproduce at least one season before being harvested.

However, quantified information for reasonable period is absent on wild Manila clam fishery in Putian, a Consequence Analysis (CA) and a Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) were conducted in participation of 9 main stake holders (clam industry representatives, BOF, NGO and academia).

The aim of Donggang fishery is not intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock. Instead, the aim of the Donggang element is to allow the white seeds from Putian to grow on to a market size in the leased, subtidal areas, and then to harvest as much as possible of the stock within the leased areas at harvest with well predetermined fishing protocol.

7.2.4 Seasonal Operation of the Fishery

Putian Element

Clam fishing is operated year round with high fishing activity in April and mid-August to September (before and after fishing moratorium) to provide broodstock to pond hatchery operation. About 60% of annual catch (2,500t) are caught in these months due to the spawning period of Manila clam. The fishery is operated in subtidal area in three bays in the Putian waters by vessels (length between 10 and 30 m with average length of 20m) using a conventional clam dredge (Figure 4). The assessment team was informed at the site meeting that clam landings are reported to and compiled by the Putian Clam Association on a weekly basis. However, these data nor seasonality of landings throughout the entire wild clam fishing season are not made available to the Assessment Team. But total annual landings record is available for the last 5 years (Putian Clam Association). There is a fishing season closure law at pan-Chinese level and the closure for Fujian province is between May 1 and August 16 (Notice of the Putian Ocean and Fisheries Bureau on Work Plan for the Implementation of the 2018). Fishing season moratorium are implemented and enforced by Putian OFB in order to protect breeding population. The local clam fishery, therefore, stop harvest between May and mid- August (Putian Government, 2018). However, hand collection of broodstock on the tidal flat is not subject to the moratorium (pers. comm. Yao Xin, April 2020).

Donggang Element

Fishing starts in April and ends in November with a constant monthly catch around 2,000t between April and September and gradual decrease in monthly catch towards November based on logbook data between 2015 and 2019. Fishing is conducted with controlled schedule with one vessel a day among 3 vessels alternatively deployed through a fishing season. Fishing zone is also alternatively used e.g. zone A only for 2015 until June 2016, switched to B in July 2016 till the end of 2017, then zone A and B are alternated monthly during 2018. Daily starting time of fishery operation recorded on the logbook suggests that the fishing is conducted according to tidal cycle.

7.2.5 Catch profiles

Putian Element

There are two components of the fishery, adult clam fishery from the wild area in subtidal zone by commercial clam harvesters as well as adult clam collection by each farmer-proprietor of the tidal flat. It is understood that the amount of broodstock required for hatchery operation from local Manila clam fishery varies depending on the production/capture of adult clam on their tidal flat.

There is a commercial fishery on adult Manila clam in intertidal and subtidal zones in three bays (Meizhou, Pinghai and Xinghau) in Putian. Cappell (2019) suggests that a total of approximately 200,000 t of adult Manila clams were captured annually by local fishery with conventional clam dredge and about 0.02% of which (40 t) were used for broodstock for hatchery operation and the remaining majority are sold to the market. Cappell (2019) mentioned that “The manila clam production in Putian relies on wild stocks for broodstock, which are gathered each year from shallow sea areas. Broodstock is selected from wild harvested clams (based on good size and condition) and relaid in prepared ponds.”

However, recently obtained information (Putian Clam Association, 2018; pers. comm. Yao Xin, April 2020) suggested that the standing stock is estimated at approximately 33,000 t of which about 4,000 t are exploited annually (2,500 t for broodstock and 1,500 t are sold to the market). Therefore, more than 98% of brood stock are captured in the wild (i.e. 2,500 t out of 2,540 t of broodstock used for hatchery operation).

The production of seedlings (sand and white seeds) have been fluctuating around 100,000 t in the last 7 years (data from Putian Clam Association).The catch rate of Manila clam together with by-catch species in the wild clam fishery are available on a biennial frequency between 2014 and 2018. The amount of by-catch species is negligible being at 0.8-1.6% (total weight of 2 species of clam and 2 other crustacean groups) of Manila clam (Table 13). The catch rate seems to be stable over 6 years period, but no further detail of sampling protocol (season, area, sample size, and origin) is available.

Donggang Element

The fishery of Manila clam starts in April and last until mid-November on an annual basis. Detailed daily catch logbook data are available between 2015 and 2019 (not complete) with total catch of Manila clam, with total by-catch species, fished area, boat name, fishing starting and ending time. The fishery starts in April until mid-November. The monthly catch between April and August is stable at 2,000 t level and the catch gradually decrease from August to November (Figure 8). Total annual landings between 2015 and 2018 were stable at 14,000-15,000 level, but in 2018 the amount of harvest decreased due to a market demand issue (Figure 9).

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 April May June July August September October November

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 8. Manila clam monthly landings (t) in Donggang between 2015 and 2019 (2019 not complete)

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 Total 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 9. Annual manila clam landings (t) in Donggang.

7.2.5.1 Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and catch data

Putian Element

The wild fishery landings are destinated to two distinct buyers, fishery market and hatchery operation as a broodstock. According to Cappell (2019) 200,000 t of wild clam were caught (note 42,448 t was also listed in Section 2.3.3). The major part of catch is understood to be sold to the fishery market and only 40 t is used by or sold to clam farmers as a broodstock (note 4,000 t was also listed in the Executive Summary). However, recent information (pers. comm. Yao Xin, April 2020) suggests that recent catch level is at around 4,000 t from subtidal zone of which 2,500 are used as broodstock for hatchery operation and the remaining 1,500 t are sold to the market. Estimated total standing stock is around 33,000 t (Putian Clam Association, 2018) and the Putian clam association set a catch limit at 10,000 t (Putian Clam Association, 2018). Current harvest level corresponds to 12% of exploitation rate. The catch limit at 10,000 t was estimated based on the MSY estimated with simplified assumptions on M and F being zero between age 2 and 5 by using type-II model (multiple reproduction through life time harvested seasonally: Chen and Yuan (2005). However, more clarification is required to understand simplified MSY calculation process for the Putian wild stock and rational for considering no mortality (F, M) through age 2 to 5 Manila clam. Ren et al. (2008) reported natural mortality of enhanced Manila clam at 35% from age 1 to 2 and 47% from age 2 to 3 in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong province.

Donggang Element

The aim of the Donggang fishery is to translocate white seed from Putian in to the leased, subtidal areas, allow the stock to grow on to a market size, and then to harvest as much as possible of the stock within the leased areas at harvest. The harvest amount varied very little between 2015 and 2017 at 14,000-15,000 t level and a significant decline occurred (7,000 t) due to the decrease in market demand. The 2019 harvest record is not complete.

Table 11. Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and catch data

Putian (wild clam fishery) Putian 2018 Total Allowable 10,000 t (=MSY) Year Amount Catch Donggang (N/A) Donggang (N/A) Putian (Total catch for market and Putian (2018) hatchery operation) = 4,040 t

Total catch Year Amount Donggang (2015- Donggang (Harvest amount) = 2017) 140,000 t UoA share of Total 2018 (Putian) Putian = Approx. 63% Year Amount catch 43

2015 -17 Donggang = Approx. 10% (Donggang) Putian = Approx. 40t Total green weight Year (most 2018 Amount catch by UoC recent) Donggang = 6994.5 t Putian = Approx. 40t Total green weight Year (second 2018 (Putian) Amount catch by UoC most recent) 2017 Donggang = 14,100 t

7.2.6 Principle 1 Performance Indicator scores and rationales

It is noted here that the focus of the MSC Principle 1 assessment, even in an enhanced bivalve ‘hatch and catch’ (HAC) fishery, is on the status, management and information of the wild stock (i.e., in the case of the Putian element of the fishery, it is the local, Putian stock of Manila clams which were spawned by parents that were not cultivated, and not clams that were spawned in ponds and subsequently moved out into open intertidal or subtidal areas of the local bays; in the case of the Donggang element, it is the local stock of Manila clams which occurs in the intertidal areas rather than clams which are imported from Putian and seeded in to the subtidal leased areas). The genetic outcome, management and information PIs (1.1.3, 1.2.5 and 1.2.6) are then focused on the impact of the enhancement activity in each location on the wild populations.

PI 1.1.1 – Stock Status

PI 1.1.1 The stock is at a level which maintains high productivity and has a low probability of recruitment overfishing

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

A Stock status relative to recruitment impairment

Guide It is likely that the stock is It is highly likely that the stock There is a high degree of post above the point where is above the PRI. certainty that the stock is recruitment would be above the PRI. impaired (PRI).

Met? Scored with RBF (Putian) Scored with RBF (Putian) Scored with RBF (Putian) N/A (Donggang) N/A (Donggang) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

Stock status: Putian element As previously stated, the team has restricted consideration of the Principle 1 rationales to the wild stock of Manila clam harvested for the purposes of broodstock in Putian. No stock status reference points were available, derived either from analytical stock assessment or using empirical approaches, thus, Annex PF was used to score this PI (Table 3, FCP 2.1). The team conducted the Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) using a questionnaire during the remote meetings in the full assessment. The stakeholder questionnaire and responses, as well as results of the PSA and consequence analysis (CA) are included in section 8.8 Risk-Based framework outputs. The information was completed by using the MSC provided worksheets and templates, and the rationale can be checked in Appendix 8.8. The PSA derived score for PI 1.1.1 was 100 and the Consequence score was 100. The overall score was assigned according to RBF worksheet. The final MSC score for this PI is 100. Stock status: Donggang element The local stock in Donggang is an intertidal stock that matures and spawns earlier in the year than the Putian stock that is transported to the area. There is a risk assessment conducted on the likelihood of genetic impact (Anonymous, 2017) between wild Donggang-origin and Putian-origin stocks in Yalu river. The existing references (Yan et al. 2005) show it is highly unlikely that there will be severe and irreversible impact on the genetic structure of wild stocks by hybridization between two stocks due to the significant difference in the gonadal development cycle, spawning timing, breeding season and characteristics of larval stages (Yan et al. 2005). In addition, Hu et al.

(2016) showed a high genetic differentiation between two populations after more than 35 years of translocation practice. Given the lack of interaction between the wild and cultivated stock in Donggang, this SI is not scored. b Stock status in relation to achievement of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

Guide The stock is at or fluctuating There is a high degree of post around a level consistent with certainty that the stock has MSY. been fluctuating around a level consistent with MSY or has been above this level over recent years.

Met? Scored with RBF (Putian) Scored with RBF (Putian) N/A (Donggang) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

Stock status: Putian element See SI-a for justification. Stock status: Donggang element As detailed in SI-a, given the lack of interaction between the wild and cultivated stock in Donggang, this SI is not scored.

References

References :

Anonymous, 2017. Minutes of Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning Workshop July 23, 2017) Hu, G.-W., Yam, X.-W., Zhu, D.-P. &H.-T., Nie (2016). Isolation and characterization of fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Conservation Genetic Resources, V. 6, pp. 251- 253. Yan, X.-W., Zhang, G.-F., Yang, F. & G.-J. Lian (2005). Biological comparisons between Putian population and Dalian population of Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 25, pp. 3329-3334..

Stock status relative to reference points

Type of reference point Value of reference point Current stock status relative to reference point

Reference point used in scoring Scored with RBF (Putian) stock relative to N/A (Donggang PRI (SIa)

Reference point Scored with RBF (Putian) used in scoring N/A (Donggang

46 stock relative to MSY (SIb)

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range Scored with RBF: >80

Information gap indicator

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 99

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.1.2 – Stock rebuilding

PI 1.1.2 Where the stock is reduced, there is evidence of stock rebuilding within a specified timeframe

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Rebuilding timeframes

Guide A rebuilding timeframe is The shortest practicable specified for the stock that rebuilding timeframe is Post is the shorter of 20 years or specified which does not 2 times its generation time. exceed one generation time for For cases where 2 the stock. generations is less than 5

years, the rebuilding timeframe is up to 5 years.

Met? N/A – both elements N/A – both elements

Rationale

RBF was used for PI 1.1.1, this PI is not scored (FCP 2.1 Table PF1)

b Rebuilding evaluation

Guide Monitoring is in place to There is evidence that the There is strong evidence that determine whether the rebuilding strategies are the rebuilding strategies are Post rebuilding strategies are rebuilding stocks, or it is rebuilding stocks, or it is highly effective in rebuilding the likely based on simulation likely based on simulation stock within the specified modelling, exploitation rates modelling, exploitation rates or timeframe. or previous performance previous performance that they that they will be able to will be able to rebuild the stock

rebuild the stock within the within the specified timeframe. specified timeframe.

Met? N/A – both elements N/A – both elements N/A – both elements

Rationale

RBF was used for PI 1.1.1, this PI is not scored (FCP 2.1 Table PF1)

References

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range N/A

Information gap indicator N/A

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score N/A

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.1.3 – Genetics outcome

PI 1.1.3 The fishery has negligible discernible impact on the genetic structure of the population

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Genetic impact of enhancement activity

Guide The fishery is unlikely to The fishery is highly unlikely to An independent peer- post impact genetic structure of impact genetic structure of reviewed scientific wild populations to a point wild populations to a point assessment confirms with a where there would be serious where there would be serious high degree of certainty that or irreversible harm or irreversible harm. there are no risks to the genetic structure of the wild population associated with the enhancement activity.

Met? Yes- (Putian) Yes (Putian) No – both elements Yes – (Donggang) Yes (Donggang)

Rationale

Scoring the Principle 1 genetic outcome PI requires consideration of the whole production cycle: seed production from broodstock in Fujian Province to grow-out in Liaoning Province. Cappell (2019) described the necessity of identifying key management interventions and additional information through a scientific workshop on Manila clam genetics and management. Subsequent ‘Clam management workshop’ and ‘Genetic risk assessment’ were conducted, but the genetic review was namely focused on translocation from Putian to Donggang and the Donggang grow out fishery, and with little examination on the genetic risks to the wild clam population in Putian by hatchery seed production. Genetic impacts: Putian element Phenotypic selection of broodstock: Broodstock destined for seed culture is selected from the local fishery based on its size and health condition, with the preferred clam size over 30-35mm compared to the minimum size at 15mm in S.L.(Cappell 2019; Fujian Government, 2000; People’s Republic of Chinas, 2004). These clams are collected annually and represent the overwhelming majority of broodstock used in the hatcheries (see below for more information). Inbreeding: The other risk posed to the wild population in Putian occurs because some (unknown) portion of the cultivated white seed production is left on the beds (Cappell, 2019). Approximately 40t of clams hand-harvested from the leased intertidal flat to be used as broodstock annually. This is considered by Assessment Team as negligible quantity compared to the abundance of wild stock if the major portion of the clam left is collected. However, non- negligible amount (approximately 28,000-38,000t) of adult clams are cultured for 2 years presumably in subtidal area in Putian. Thus, it is highly likely that important amount of hatchery-origin clams grow to adult size on the subtidal zones and are able to spawn in the wild. This poses a risk to the genetic diversity of the Putian wild clam population due to inbreeding (heterosis) and the potential impact of ‘domestication selection’ from hatchery raised clams mixing with the wild population (v2.01 GSB2.1.3). GSB2.1.3 (MSC 2018a) provides best practice guidance for managing the genetic impacts of hatchery enhancement: Maintaining a large number of broodstock to ensure against inbreeding and random genetic changes: The Assessment Team was informed at the site visit that the subtidal fishery is based on a wild (i.e, not enhanced) stock, and that around 2,500 t of broodstock is used in ponds in the Putian area, approximately 98% of which is derived from the subtidal fishery (with 40t originating from the cultured subtidal flats) (pers. Comm. Putian Clam Association, April 2020). These catch volumes were from 2018, though stakeholders informed the team these are representative of annual landings.

This over-whelming volume of annual wild broodstock should be adequate to ‘ensure against inbreeding and random genetic changes’. Rotating broodstock within spawning seasons and between years: Rotation of broodstock between years is done, as the broodstock used for the pond hatchery operation is sold to the market after the operation and the broodstock for the following year will be collected from the wild. Avoiding the return of hatchery-propagated stock to the hatchery and using it as broodstock: It is understood that approximately 98% of the broodstock is obtained from the subtidal fishery, and that the subtidal, wild stock is not enhanced. The remaining 2% is reportedly derived from hatchery stock collected on the intertidal leased flats. As such, a small portion of hatchery-propagated stock returns to the hatchery and is used as broodstock. At the site visit, representatives of the Putian Clam Association informed the team that the cost of the wild clams is relatively low, and that the growers prefer wild clams as they are more productive as broodstock than cultured clams, and thus, they preferably use clams from the wild stock. The Assessment Team has not been able to ascertain why a small proportion of hatchery-reared stock is used as broodstock. Using local broodstock to limit the mixing of genetically divergent populations: Only local Putian broodstock is used. Maintaining the scale of hatchery enhancement and the reproductive potential of hatchery seed well below the size and reproductive potential of the wild population: Information on the population size of the local wild clam (i.e., not cultivated) in the Putian area is limited, in that the estimate of stock size (33,000 t – Putian Clam Association, 2019) is based on a single survey in 2018, only. The data for total (market size) clam production from Putian is presented Table 5. Although it is unknown if some of the production shown is hatchery reared rather than wild, the Assessment Team was informed that only 4,000 t is removed from the wild stock, annually, and that 2,500 t of this is used as broodstock in the hatchery ponds; therefore, we have assumed that the production listed in Table 5 is almost all of hatchery origin stock. Information on the total amount of about 28,000-38,000t of adult clams in the subtidal area contributing to the annual reproduction. Information on the hatchery-origin clams that remain in the subtidal zones was not provided to the assessment team. There is a long-term risk of this spawning to result in reduced diversity/negative impact on the wild stock as a result of domestic selection (e.g. selection of only larger clams (30-35mm and above) for broodstock may produce progeny that maximise larval survival and growth (or size) which may lead to decreased survival when seed is placed in the wild. There is a particular concern if the amount of hatchery-origin adult clam on the intertidal flats is a non-negligible amount in relation to the wild population, there is a risk that they may overwhelm local wild stocks. Some authors reported possible genetic impact on the wild population due to aquaculture activities. Liu et al. (2007) identified distinct genetic differences between four populations (i.e., Bohai sea, Huanghai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea) and noted the risk that human cultivation activities will have great influence on the genetic structure of the population residing in Qingdao. Ren at al. (2006) identified a clear difference between northern and southern populations. However, they reported that the genetic relationship is not clear within northern populations partly because of the extensive breeding. Yan et al. (2011) studied three populations (Putian, Qingdao and Dalian) and concluded that Dalian and Putian populations were more closely related to each other than with the Qingdao population. They also noted that heterozygote deficiency (an indication of inbreeding) is common in all three populations. Hu et al (2016) found that genetic diversity of the Putian wild population to be the lowest amongst 10 wild Manila clam populations across different locations in China. However, an expert based in Putian (pers. comm. Yan Xiwu, December 2019), maintains that the genetic diversity of Manila clam in China is relatively abundant and the heterozygote deficiency values were not statistically significant. Borsa et al. (1990) and Pultchak et al. (2006) described that detecting inbreeding based on a deficiency of heterozygote at several routinely studied enzymatic loci is a challenging issue for bivalves, because considerable data seem to show that heterozygote deficiencies is the typical in bivalve. The current situation in Putian follows the best practice guidance for managing the genetic impacts of hatchery with the exception of keeping the reproductive potential of the hatchery seed well below that of the wild population. However, the team determines that given the other hatchery BMPs that are in place and since hatchery origin clams

51 are only one generation removed from the wild stock, it can be determined that fishery is highly unlikely to impact genetic structure of wild populations to a point where there would be serious or irreversible harm, SG80 is met. There has not been an independent peer-reviewed scientific assessment directed toward the Putian aquaculture operations which confirms with a high degree of certainty that there are no risks to the genetic structure of the wild population associated with the enhancement activity. In addition, the breakdown by its origin of total landings of wild clam in Putian have to be clearly explained for further examination of the genetic risks. SG100 is not met. Genetic effects: Donggang element Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum are native to China (Yellow Sea and the East China Sea) to Japan (Vargas et al., 2010) and it was reported that some genetic diversity exists (Sekine et al. 2006). Within China, Bi et al. (2012) analysed the genetic diversity and differentiation of Manila clam between two locations (distance between two location is about 65 km) in the same bay and concluded that samples of two geographic populations presented diffused distribution with no obvious population differentiation. Ge et al. (2008) also concluded that genetic diversity among four populations (Jinzhou, Dalian, Dangdong and Qingdao) was relatively low. Ren et al. (2006) described that genetic diversity of Manila clam in China is high and the with a clear difference between southern (Ningbo/Putian) and northern Laizhou/Dalian). Li et al (2009) studied genetic similarity of four Manila clam populations from Pingtan Island (Fujian province) to Liaodong Bay (Liaoning province) and described the genetic distance similarity corresponding to their geographic location. A similar conclusion was drawn by Ren et al (2006). Hu et al. (2016) the genetic diversity of 10 wild Ruditapes philippinarum stocks in coastal areas of China. Based on genetic distance and gene tree establishment, 10 stocks of Ruditapes philippinarum are divided into 2 groups: the Rongcheng and Dalian stocks are in one group, and the remaining 8 stocks are in another. The analysis based on the two groups shows that the genetic differentiation between the two groups is highly significant, indicating that the genetic structure of the wild stock in Dalian (Donggang) has not changed due to the culture of Putian-origin clams. Yan et al. (2005) reported that Putian clams and Donggang clams belong to different geographical groups and there are significant differences in the form (shell type and color) and other biological aspects, such as the biological zero of gonad development, the effective accumulated temperature of spawning, breeding season (Donggang clams is from early June to the end of July, while that of Fujian clams is from September to November), the amount of eggs laid, the egg diameter, the size of D-shaped larvae, the length of planktonic stage and the metamorphosis specifications, and they live in different areas (intertidal and subtidal zones in Donggang, subtidal zone only in Putian). Given the information above, it can be concluded that the fishery is highly unlikely to impact genetic structure of wild populations to a point where there would be serious or irreversible harm, reaching SG80.

References

Borsa, P., Zainuri, M. & Delay, M., 1991. Heterozygote deficiency and population structure in the bivalve Ruditapes decussatus. Heredity 66: 1-8. Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 100 pp. Hu, G.-W., Yam, X.-W., Zhu, D.-P., H.-T., Nie (2016). Isolation and characterization of fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Conservation Genetic Resources, V. 6, pp. 251-253. Li, X., Xu G., Yan, B., Yang J. , Zhao Y., Xu J., & Xu, P. (2009). Biochemical genetic structure and variation in different populations of Ruditapes philippinarum. Marine Science 33 (4): 61-65.

Liu, X. Q., Bao, Z. M., Hu, J. J., Wang, S., Zhan, A. B., Liu, H., 2007. AFLP analysis revealed differences in genetic diversity of four natural populations of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 26, 150–158. MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st august 2018, 289 pp.

Plutchak, L.I., Simmons, R.E. and Woodruff, D.S., 2006. Multilocus allozyme heterozygote deficiencies in Crepidula onyx: geographic and temporal patterns among adult snails in mission bay, California. Journal of Molluscan Studies.

Ren, Y., Gao, T. & T. Yang (2006). Isozyme analysis on the populations of Ruditapes philippinarum. Journal of Ocean University of China, V. 5, pp. 58-62.

Sekine, Y., Yamakawa, H., Takazawa, S. Lin, Y. & M. Toda (2006), Geographic variation of the COX1 gene of the short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum in coastal regions of Japan and China. Venus 65: 229-240.

Vargas, K., Hamasaki, K., Asakura, Y., Nakajima, K., Ikeda, M., Tsuchiya, K. Taniguchi, N. & S. Kitada (2010). Genetic diversity and differentiation in allozymes and shell sculpture of the clams Ruditapes spp. in natural populations of Japan and China. Fish Genetics and Breeding Science, V. 40, pp. 37-46.

Yan, X., Yu, Z., Qin, Y., Yang, F., Wang J., Zhang, Y., Yang, F. and G. Zhang (2011). Development of EST-SSRs markers and analysis of genetic diversities among different geographical populations of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 31, pp. 4090-4098

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 70

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • Unknown origin of adult Manila clam (possibly not from wild fishery) production of Manila clam at comparable level to the total estimated abundance of adult clam in Putian has to be clarified • Re-evaluation of the likelihood of genetic impact of hatchery operation on the wild clam population in Putian would be of great use for better evaluate this Pl.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.2.1 – Harvest strategy

PI 1.2.1 There is a robust and precautionary harvest strategy in place

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Harvest strategy design

Guide The harvest strategy is The harvest strategy is The harvest strategy is expected to achieve responsive to the state of the responsive to the state of post stock management stock and the elements of the the stock and is designed to objectives reflected in PI harvest strategy work together achieve stock management 1.1.1 SG80. towards achieving stock objectives reflected in PI management objectives 1.1.1 SG80. reflected in PI 1.1.1 SG80.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

Harvest strategy: Putian element Basic measures are in place to manage the broodstock harvest including the fishing gear specification and manual of Manila clam harvesting technique (渔民能力培训手册莆田 6.27 Fisherman Training Manual in Putian, CAPPMA) together with the target commercial size at 3-3.5 cm in shell length as well as the dredge net mesh size limit at 40mm (Ministry of Agriculture 2018) and the spatial management plan ‘Planning for tidal flats of aquaculture waters in Putian (2018-2030) “莆田规划. In addition, there is a fishing moratorium that runs from May 1st to August 16th annually, in which the operation of trawling, miscellaneous fishing gear and purse seine are prohibited including Manila clam dredging (Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). April to November is a crucial period for Manila clam for growth and gonadal development and any environmental disturbance by fishing activity would have huge impact on the reproductive potential and population growth (Ren et al., 2008). Reducing fishing activity by the currently implemented season closure (at least for fish species) thus partially helps the health status of Manila clam population especially during reproductive season. Recent standing stock estimate is approximately 33,000 t in 2018 and Putian clam association set a maximum exploitable amount (TAC) at 10,000 t (33% maximum exploitation rate), although the current exploitation is at much lower level (i.e. 4,000 t corresponding exploitation rate at 12%) (Putian Clam Association, 2018). Although this calculation needs to be further revised by considering some population parameters such as natural mortality, the actual landings are far below this TAC. Both the current and maximum exploitation rate are at a reasonable level for a highly productive species like Manila clam. In addition, the Putian Clam Association has planned to conduct future stock assessments every other year to evaluate/reconsider/readjust the appropriateness of the TAC against the status of the stock so that in case the TAC is approached and/or biomass declines over years, clear HCRs and management action plan are set to control exploitation accordingly. This further supports that the harvest strategy is responsive to the state of the stock and the elements of the harvest strategy work together towards achieving stock management objectives reflected in PI 1.1.1 SG80. Although the origin of the production shown in the Table 5 is not known, the Assessment Team was informed that only 4,000 t is removed from the wild stock, annually, and that 2,500 t of that total is used as broodstock in the hatchery ponds; therefore, we have assumed that the production listed in Table 5 is almost all of hatchery reared 54 stock. However, the details of adult clam production have to be shown, as this has an important implication to the harvest strategy and genetic risks on Putial wild clam population. In conclusion, the basic elements of the strategy including fishing season closure combined with the biological characteristics (reach at sexual maturity at age 1, rapid growth) and inherent productivity (broadcast spawners, spawning multiple times within the season) of Manila clam as well as the current low level of exploitation (12%) means the likelihood of changes in the fishery leading to an increased risk over time is perceived as low (GSA 2.4, a). Thus, it is concluded that the harvest strategy is responsive to the state of the stock and the elements of the harvest strategy work together towards achieving stock management objectives reflected in PI 1.1.1 SG80. It cannot be said that the harvest strategy has been designed to meet these objectives, however, and SG100 is not met. Harvest strategy: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest ‘strategy’ that is intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock. Instead, the aim of the Donggang element is to translocate white seed from Putian in to the leased, subtidal areas, allow the stock to grow on to a market size, and then to harvest as much as possible of the stock within the leased areas at harvest. Because there is no need for a conventional harvest strategy, this SI is not scored for the Donggang element. b Harvest strategy evaluation

Guide The harvest strategy is The harvest strategy may not The performance of the likely to work based on have been fully tested but harvest strategy has been post prior experience or evidence exists that it is fully evaluated and evidence plausible argument. achieving its objectives. exists to show that it is achieving its objectives including being clearly able to maintain stocks at target levels.

Met? Yes Yes – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

Harvest strategy: Putian element Measures are in place to manage the harvest of Manila clam broodstock. Especially implementation of fishing season closure (called moratorium) for 3 1/2 months between May and mid-August during which Manila clam rapidly reach its sexual maturity should be efficient to minimize impact on the wild clam population. In addition, fishing gear specification with a dredge mesh size limit at 4 cm and tentative maximum exploitation level not exceeding 10,000 t corresponding to 33% of the current standing stock level as well as the current practice of lower exploitation rate (12%) would ensure the renewal of the stock. Target commercial size of clam larger than 30- 35mm leaves age 1 and a portion of age 2 clams unharvested, which theoretically strengthens population reproductive potential. It cannot be said that the harvest strategy has been fully tested but evidence exists in the form of consistent exploitation/operation for 35 years that it is achieving its objectives, thus reaching SG80. However, the performance of the harvest strategy has not been fully evaluated so SG100 is not met. Harvest strategy: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest ‘strategy’ that is intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock. As such, this SI is not scored. c Harvest strategy monitoring

Guide Monitoring is in place that is expected to post determine whether the harvest strategy is working.

Met? Yes – Putian element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

Harvest strategy monitoring: Putian element Harvest strategy (closure of fishing season) for fisheries across China was implemented and seems to be well monitored by identifying responsible positions at different levels (province, city, association etc…) with imposed penalty in case of breaching of laws and rules. This moratorium period corresponds to clam’s sexual maturation. As such the effectiveness of this seasonal closure for the protection of reproductive potential would be very high. Other strategy such as fishing gear and fishing methods should be in accordance with the catalogue and technical standards. Maximum exploitation limit is set at 10,000 t corresponding to 33% exploitation rate and landings are self-reported by each harvester on a weekly basis to Putian Clam Association who compile the data and forwards them to the governmental authority (pers. comm. Yao Xin, April 2020). Catch rate as well as by-catch species and its quantity are monitored on a biennial basis by Putian Clam Association. Thus, monitoring is in place that is expected to determine whether the harvest strategy is working, and SG60 is met. Harvest strategy monitoring: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest ‘strategy’ that is intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock (see SI-a). As such, this SI is not scored. d Harvest strategy review

Guide The harvest strategy is periodically reviewed and post improved as necessary.

Met? No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

Harvest strategy review: Putian element There are mechanisms in place to review key parts of the management system both at an individual producer/association level (possibly on an annual basis, but to be verified), and for the fishery overall (Ocean and Fisheries Bureau regular reviews of performance against the development plans). Closure of fishing season for local fishery in Putian (Fujian Province), and fishing gear specification was implemented and seems to be well monitored by identifying responsible positions at different levels (province, city, association etc…) with imposed penalty in case of bleach of laws and rules (Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). The maximum limit of clam harvesting is set at 10,000 t by Putian Clam Association (Anonymous, 2018), which was first

56 implemented in 2019. As this harvest strategy has just been implemented, it cannot be said that is periodically reviewed and improved as necessary, SG100 is not met. Harvest strategy: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest ‘strategy’ that is intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock (see SIa). As such, this SI is not scored. e Shark finning

Guide It is likely that shark It is highly likely that shark There is a high degree of finning is not taking finning is not taking place. certainty that shark finning post place. is not taking place.

Met? N/A – both elements N/A – both elements N/A – both elements

Rationale

Sharks are not a target species so this SI is not scored. f Review of alternative measures

Guide There has been a review There is a regular review of the There is a biennial review of of the potential potential effectiveness and the potential effectiveness post effectiveness and practicality of alternative and practicality of practicality of alternative measures to minimise UoA- alternative measures to measures to minimise related mortality of unwanted minimise UoA-related UoA-related mortality of catch of the target stock and mortality of unwanted catch unwanted catch of the they are implemented as of the target stock, and they target stock. appropriate. are implemented, as appropriate.

Met? N/A – both elements N/A – both elements N/A – both elements

Rationale

Cappell (2019) noted that the fishing gear in both elements is considered to harvest efficiently, and there is really no unwanted catch as such. Even in Putian, the smaller clams not suitable for broodstock presumably larger than minimum size limte at 15 mm S.L. are sold into the local markets for consumption. There is considered no unwanted catch of the target species in either the wild Putian fishery or Donggang, and this is issue is not scored.

References

Anonymous (2018). Annual Report of Putian Clam Association. No. 5. Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp. Ministry of Agriculture (2018). Fishery fishing license management regulations http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2019/content_5368590.html Ren Y., Xu B., Guo Y., Ming Y., and J. Yang, ., 2008. Growth, mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) in Jiaozhou Bay. Aquaculture Research, 39:1759-1768.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • The overall approach to the harvest strategy, including on the rationale for the temporal and spatial management elements, and the licensing approach . • Any testing that has been undertaken on the harvest strategy. • Details on the monitoring undertaken to ensure the fishery rules and regulations are being followed. • Size composition of the target species, species

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.2.2 – Harvest control rules and tools

PI 1.2.2 There are well defined and effective harvest control rules (HCRs) in place

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a HCRs design and application

Guide Generally understood HCRs Well defined HCRs are in The HCRs are expected to are in place or available that place that ensure that the keep the stock fluctuating at post are expected to reduce the exploitation rate is reduced as or above a target level exploitation rate as the point the PRI is approached, are consistent with MSY, or of recruitment impairment expected to keep the stock another more appropriate (PRI) is approached. fluctuating around a target level taking into account the level consistent with (or ecological role of the stock, above) MSY, or for key LTL most of the time. species a level consistent with ecosystem needs.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

HCRs: Putian element For the Putian broodstock fishery, a generally understood HCR is in place, which includes regulations on specification of fishing gear (based on catalogue and technical standards for clam fishery), minimum mesh size limit at 4 cm as well as fishing season closure during peak spawning period, and the annual TAC. Standing biomass estimate for 2018 and landing information for the 5 recent years as well as biennial catch rate of Manila clam and by-catch species are available. The current fishing practice (annual catch at 4,000 t) shows the exploitation level well below the tentatively set maximum exploitation amount (10,000 t) set by the Putian clam association based on proxy of MSY. In addition, the current and maximum exploitation rate (12% and 33%, respectively) seem to be reasonable and no catchability of dredge was considered, which in turn resulted in underestimation (conservative) of the total biomass if the real catchability is less than 1. Experts suggested that both local government and individual clam farmers should carry out long-term and effective monitoring of biomass information (Anonymous, 2017). A biennial stock assessment has begun in 2018 but no clear HCRs are described as there are currently no rules regarding what will occur as the TAC is approached nor for re-evaluations of the setting of the HCR in relation to the annual fluctuation of the biomass level. In conclusion, HCRs for production in Putian are not well-defined and does not have pre-determined management actions should the stock status worsen. SG80 is not met. HCRs: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest control rule and associated tools that limit exploitation as a PRI is approached. The aim of the Donggang element is to translocate white seed from Putian in to the leased, subtidal areas, allow the stock to grow on to a market size, and then to harvest as much as possible of the stock within the leased areas at harvest. Because there is no need for a harvest control rule or tools, this SI is not scored for the Donggang element.

b HCRs robustness to uncertainty

Guide The HCRs are likely to be The HCRs take account of a robust to the main wide range of uncertainties post uncertainties. including the ecological role of the stock, and there is evidence that the HCRs are robust to the main uncertainties.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

HCRs: Putian element There are two components for HCRs, one is fishing license regulations (vessels, fishing gear, fishing vessel certification) and the other is quantitative and qualitative stock harvest control rules (fishing season, catch limit, quota, minimum size). The former seems to be controlled under tight rules and is robust, but the latter needs further development. For the wild clam fishery in Putian, necessary elements for establishment of robust HCRs are available e.g. some survey of biennial catch rate of Manila clam and by-catch species, general landings information, biomass estimate with MSY (proxy), and fishing-induced mortality rate. Nevertheless, the maximum landings set by Putian clam association (10,000 t), the recent standing stock estimate (33,000 t) and low harvest intensity (12 % exploitation rate, landings at 4,000 t) together with high reproductive potential of Manila clams and selective nature of the fishery (targeting larger clams > 30-35 mm SL) suggest that the Manila clam wild stock in Putian is in an acceptable condition. As such, HCRs are likely to be robust to the main uncertainties if the stock condition and exploitation regime are maintained at the current level. However, the HCRs are not explicitly defined by considering fluctuating stock condition nor do not consider the ecological role of the stock, therefore SG100 is not met. HCRs: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest control rule and associated tools that limit exploitation as a PRI is approached (see SIa). As such, this SI is not scored. c HCRs evaluation

Guide There is some evidence that Available evidence indicates Evidence clearly shows that tools used or available to that the tools in use are the tools in use are effective post implement HCRs are appropriate and effective in in achieving the exploitation appropriate and effective in achieving the exploitation levels required under the controlling exploitation. levels required under the HCRs. HCRs.

Met? Yes Yes – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

HCRs: Putian element Available evidence indicates that the tools in use are appropriate and effective in achieving the exploitation levels required under the HCRs. Wild Manila clam landings have fluctuated around 4,000t since 2015 with annual standing stock at 33,000 t (Anonymous, 2018, 2019).The abundance survey has begun in 2018 and will be 60 conducted biennially, set the maximum exploitable catch to 10,000t (corresponding to MSY). The TAC corresponds to an exploitation rate at 33%, which is reasonable for bivalve species (Annala, 1993; Caddy and Defeo, 2003). Annala (1993) suggested that for a developed invertebrate fisheries with adequate data to fit a production model, the maximum constant yield (MCY) equals to 2/3 of MSY. The current fishing practice seems to be reasonably low (exploitation rate at 12% i.e. annual exploitation at 4,000t). Landings are monitored on a weekly basis by Putian Clam Association. The local fishery has been conducted for more than 35 years in Putian without having any cautious note from the scientific community. These tools in use are appropriate and contributing to achieve the current required exploitation level, reaching SG80. However, the limited survey information and questions regarding sufficiency of sampling to determine standing stock mean that the evidence does not clearly demonstrate that tools are effective in achieving the exploitation rates required under the HCRs. SG100 is not met. HCRs: Donggang element For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest control rule and associated tools that limit exploitation as a PRI is approached (see SIa). As such, this SI is not scored.

References

Annala, J. 1993. Fishery assessment processes in New Zealand’s ITQ system. In G. Kruse, D.M. Eggers, R.J. Marasco, C. Pautzke & T.J. Quinn II, eds. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Management Strategies for Exploited Fish Populations, pp. 791-806. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Anonymous, 2017. Minutes of Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning Workshop July 23, 2017). Anonymous, 2018. Minutes Putian Clam Association, 2018. Anonymous, 2019. Minutes Putian Clam Association, 2019. Caddy, J.F. and Defeo, O. 2003. Enhancing or restoring the productivity of natural populations of shellfish and other marine invertebrate resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 448. Rome, FAO. 2003. 159p.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-79

Information gap indicator • In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • The approach taken to constraining exploitation as the PRI is approached. • Any indicators or reference points adopted to determine the PRI • Evidence of clearly determined HCRs and its effective in controlling exploitation.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 75

Condition number (if relevant) #1

PI 1.2.3 – Information and monitoring

PI 1.2.3 Relevant information is collected to support the harvest strategy

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Range of information

Guide Some relevant information Sufficient relevant A comprehensive range of related to stock structure, information related to stock information (on stock post stock productivity and fleet structure, stock productivity, structure, stock productivity, composition is available to fleet composition and other fleet composition, stock support the harvest strategy. data are available to support abundance, UoA removals the harvest strategy. and other information such

as environmental

information), including some that may not be directly related to the current harvest strategy, is available.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Information: Putian element

At the Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning Workshop held on July 23, 2017, several responsible specialists presented the overview of the geographical location, natural condition, and the fishery economy in Putian, Fujian with a highlight of the production of shellfish and breeding in Putian City. This overview presented information on the distribution of shellfish resources and reproductive status in Fujian and Putian including the sediment composition in breeding areas in Putian. The hatchery operation standard , basic harvest rules and strategy are available (e.g. the local standard DB / T-2000 "Clams Standard" in Fujian Province).

In order to understand the biological resources status of Manila clams and the type of habitat and biodiversity in the breeding and cultivation areas , the Implementation Plan of Habitat Mapping and Stock Assessment of Manila clam in Putian was prepared and executed under the frame-work of Fishery Improvement Plan (Cappell, 2019). Some relevant information on the stock structure, stock productivity and fleet composition is available via abundance surveys from commercial vessels, stable catch rates from sampling efforts (since 2014), and vessel sizes (i.e. 10-30m, average 20m using conventional clam dredges) and maximum number of vessel participation (i.e. 2,271 vessels). However, for local fishing for large clam from which the broodstock are selected, some essential fisheries information is lacking such as historical annual total landings, fishing effort (average number of boats fishing Manila clam, number of hand workers), historic adult clam density, size composition and mean size of the catch, mortality rate of discarded clams, and its seasonality. While some relevant information is available in the form of aerial surveys of distribution, fleet composition, abundance, catch rates, and species productivity, sufficient relevant information related to stock structure, stock productivity, fleet composition and other data are not available to support the harvest strategy, and SG80 is not met.

Information: Donggang element

For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest ‘strategy’ that is intended to achieve sustainable long-term harvest from the stock. Instead, the aim of the Donggang element is to translocate white seed from Putian in to the leased, subtidal areas, allow the stock to grow on to a market size, and then to harvest as much as possible of the stock within the leased areas at harvest. Because there is no need for a conventional harvest strategy, minimal information is needed to support the strategy, including the location and extent of the leased, subtidal beds, vessels eligible to fish in the UoA, and sources and quantities of stocked white seed, and production levels (which are available). This information is considered sufficient to reach SG80 requirements. b Monitoring

Guide Stock abundance and UoA Stock abundance and UoA All information required by removals are monitored and removals are regularly the harvest control rule is post at least one indicator is monitored at a level of monitored with high available and monitored with accuracy and coverage frequency and a high degree sufficient frequency to consistent with the harvest of certainty, and there is a support the harvest control control rule, and one or more good understanding of rule. indicators are available and inherent uncertainties in the monitored with sufficient information [data] and the frequency to support the robustness of assessment and harvest control rule. management to this uncertainty.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – Putian element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element N/A – Donggang element

Rationale

Information: Putian element

A stock abundance survey has only been conducted in 2018, which resulted in the total standing stock abundance estimate of (33,000t), from which 10,000t was assumed as the MSY by a simplified approach. UoA removals are monitored on a weekly basis and catch rate with abundance of by-catch species are also monitored on biennial basis (starting in 2014) by Putian Clam Association. As only one year of stock abundance is available and several aspects of the assessment reduce confidence in the population estimate, including: low sample size and extrapolation of average density from just 19 stations to estimate total population across suitable habitat; no confidence intervals around average density were provided; and the date that the assessment is conducted is unknown. The removals is monitored as well as stock abundance (through the one year survey and biennial catch rate analysis for two samples in the fishery Table 12) and the landings is monitored to support basic harvest control rules. However, given the issues stated above with the stock abundance estimates, and that the landings are not monitored frequently enough to allow a prompt removal control when the TAC is rapidly approaching within a given season, it cannot be said that there is monitoring at a sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rules. SG80 is not met.

Information: Donggang element

For the Donggang element, there is no need for a conventional harvest control rule and associated tools that limit exploitation as a PRI is approached (see PI 1.2.2). As such, this SI is not scored.

63 c Comprehensiveness of information

Guide There is good information on all other fishery removals post from the stock.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Information: Putian element

The Implementation Plan of Habitat Mapping and Stock Assessment of Manila clam in Putian was conducted (WWF, 2018a) to intended to increase the knowledge of density of clams and related benthic invertebrates as well as the bottom substrates in the region.

Recently obtained information indicates that there is no fishery other than the eel net fishery in the subtidal zone in Putian (Taihong, pers. comm, December 2019) and this fishery does not catch any size of Manila clam and the Manila clam fishery does not involve substantial amount of by-catch (less than 2% in total weight of species and group of species). There is considered to be good information on all other fishery removals from the stock. SG80 is met.

Information: Donggang element

For the Donggang element, there is no other fishery removals from the stock – the leased areas are privately held and no other exploitation occurs. There is good information to support that there are no other removals of the stock, and SG80 is met.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94pp. WWF (2018a) The Implementation Plan of Habitat Mapping and Stock Assessment of Manila clam in Putian.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-79

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following for the local Manila clam fishery and hatchery operation: • On the local fishery in Putian, the basic harvesting parameters such as daily or weekly landings with corresponding fishing effort and by-catch species. • Further information of eel fishery (catch, by-catch, fishing zone) conducted in subtidal zone in Putian.

• Annual/biennial abundance of clams by age/size, mortality (F, M), growth parameters.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 65

Condition number (if relevant) #2

PI 1.2.4 – Assessment of stock status

PI 1.2.4 There is an adequate assessment of the stock status

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Appropriateness of assessment to stock under consideration

Guide The assessment is The assessment takes into appropriate for the stock and account the major features post for the harvest control rule. relevant to the biology of the species and the nature of the UoA.

Met? RBF – default 80 (Putian) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

According to table PF1 (Annex PF: Risk-Based Framework – Normative) of the FCR v2.1, if RBF is used to score PI 1.1.1, a default score of 80 shall be awarded to PI 1.2.4.

b Assessment approach

Guide The assessment estimates The assessment estimates stock status relative to stock status relative to post generic reference points reference points that are appropriate to the species appropriate to the stock and category. can be estimated.

Met? RBF – default 80 (Putian) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

See Si a

c Uncertainty in the assessment

Guide The assessment identifies The assessment takes The assessment takes into major sources of uncertainty. uncertainty into account. account uncertainty and is post evaluating stock status relative to reference points in a probabilistic way.

Met? RBF – default 80 (Putian) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

See Si a

66 d Evaluation of assessment

Guide The assessment has been tested and shown to be post robust. Alternative hypotheses and assessment approaches have been rigorously explored.

Met? RBF – default 80 (Putian) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

See Si a e Peer review of assessment

Guide The assessment of stock The assessment has been status is subject to peer internally and externally peer post review. reviewed.

Met? RBF – default 80 (Putian) N/A (Donggang)

Rationale

See Si a

References

N/A

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range RBF – default 80

Information gap indicator None

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.2.5 – Genetics management

PI 1.2.5 There is a strategy in place for managing the hatchery enhancement activity such that it does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the genetic diversity of the wild population

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Genetic management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in place, if There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy in place to post necessary, which are expected place, if necessary, which is maintain the genetic structure to maintain the genetic expected to maintain the of the population at levels structure of the population at genetic structure of the compatible with the SG80 levels compatible with the population at levels Genetic outcome level of SG80 Genetic outcome level of compatible with the SG80 performance (PI 1.1.3). performance (PI 1.1.3). Genetic outcome level of performance (PI 1.1.3).

Met? Yes– Putian element Yes – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Genetic management: Putian element

As 1.1.3 was scored at SG80, this issue meets SG80 by default as the ‘if necessary’ clause is not triggered.

The local Putian (wild clam) fishery provides about 2,500 t of broodstock to various (not specific) clam farmers. Clam farmers buy broodstock as a supplemental broodstock for their hatchery operation. The total amount of clams selected from tidal flat for hatchery operation is negligible (40t). As the amount of hatchery origin broodstock is small enough compared to the wild origin broodstock, it would ensure the genetic state of the wild population. In addition, based on the expert’s opinion (person. Comm. Yan Xiwu, December 2019), the pond hatchery operation itself does not cause any inbreeding problem because of the number of broodstock individuals is much higher than ‘effective number’ (i.e. the number of parents necessary to avoid impacts of inbreeding derived from genetic modelling) and broodstock is renewed every year to maintain genetic integrity of Manila clam population.

On the other hand, the size of the local wild (i.e., not cultivated) population in the Putian area is estimated at 33,000 t (Anonymous, 2018) based on a single survey in 2018. The data for total (market size) clam production from Putian are between 32,000-42,000t (Table 5). Although it is not known if some of the production reported is hatchery reared rather than wild, the Assessment Team was informed that only 4,000 t is removed from the wild stock, annually, and that 2,500 t of this is used as broodstock in the hatchery ponds; therefore, we have assumed that the production listed in Table 5 is almost all of hatchery origin stock and the total biomass of about 33,000t of adult clams in the subtidal area contribute to the annual wild reproduction. Further detail/evidence on which to determine the provenance of the landed clams (land closed system or open sea aquaculture) is sought in 1.2.6. In summary, SG80 is met by default, however, it cannot be said there is a strategy in place to maintain the genetic structure of the population at levels compatible with the SG80 Genetic outcome level of performance (PI 1.1.3).

Genetic management: Donggang element

The stock from Putian and the local Donggang stock are morphologically different and spawn at different times, while the Putian stock occurs subtidally whereas the local Donggang stock is an intertidal stock (Yan et al. 2005). As such, the translocated stock poses no risk to the genetic structure of the local Donggang population. A management strategy is therefore not necessary, SG80 is met by default. b Genetic management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are considered There is some objective basis The strategy is based on in- post likely to work based on for confidence that the partial depth knowledge of the plausible argument (e.g. strategy will work based on genetic structure of the general experience, theory, or information directly relevant population, and testing comparison with similar to the population(s) involved. supports high confidence that fisheries/species). the strategy will work.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Genetic management: Putian element

The information on the quantity of hatchery origin broodstock and wild origin adult clams in the catch was received as 40 t and 2,500 t, respectively (Anonymous, 2018). Hatchery operation, theoretically, does not harm genetic integrity of Manila clam (person. comm. Yan Xiwu, December 2019) and there is some objective basis for confidence that the partial strategy will work based on information directly relevant to the population(s) involved. However, given the uncertainties regarding the impact of the scale of hatchery enhancement in relation to reproductive capacity of the wild stock, it cannot be said that the strategy is based on in-depth knowledge of the genetic structure of the population, and testing supports high confidence that the strategy will work. SG100 is not met.

Genetic management: Donggang element

As a genetic partial strategy is not considered necessary to manage genetic impacts of translocating white seed from Putian to Donggang, SG80 is met here by default. The team has not been provided evidence that strategy has been tested, so SG100 is not met. c Genetic management strategy implementation

Guide There is some evidence that There is clear evidence that post the partial strategy is being the strategy is being implemented successfully, if implemented successfully. necessary. There is some evidence that the strategy is achieving its overall objective.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Genetic management: Putian element

SG80 is met by default based on the score in 1.1.3. It cannot be said that there is clear evidence that the strategy is being implemented successfully given that it is currently unknown how many hatchery origin clams remain in the intertidal area each year. Given the reported landings of 32,000-42,000t of market size clams and in the absence of detailed information on its origin, the assessment team has taken a precautionary approach and assumed that all but the reported 4,000t from the wild stock comes from the out-grown intertidal population.

Based on the expert’s opinion (person. Comm. Yan Xiwu, December 2019), the hatchery origin clams do not interbreed with wild stock due to the differential maturation process. This was mainly dealt with 40 t of clam grown form hatchery origin white seed on the tidal flat. Therefore, the implementation of partial strategy is considered as unnecessary. It is necessary to obtain detailed information on the annual landings and its origin of adult Manila clam in Putian for further assessment. SG100 is not met.

Genetic management: Donggang element

At the Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning Workshop, July 23, 2017 (Anonymous, 2017), all participating experts agreed that there is no genetic risk with growing of seed from Fujian in Donggang. As such a partial strategy is not necessary, and SG80 is met by default. The external peer reviewed literature regarding lack of genetic impact on Donggang wild clam populations (and evidence that only seed from Putian is stocked in the Donggang area) is considered some evidence that the partial strategy is being implemented successfully, reaching SG80, but there is not an ongoing collection of evidence to demonstrate this to provide clear evidence that the strategy is being implemented successfully. SG100 is not met.

References

Anonymous (2017). Minutes of Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning WorkshopJuly 23, 2017

Anonymous (2018). Annual report of Putian clam association. No. 5.

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 100 pp.

Yan, X.-W., Zhang, G.-F., Yang, F. & G.-J. Lian (2005). Biological comparisons between Putian population and Dalian population of Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 25, pp. 3329-3334.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-79

Information gap indicator • In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • The approach taken to manage potential genetic impacts in the Putian local fishery and culture system.

• Clarification of adult clam production in Putian other than wild broodstock fishery at about 4,000t annum.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant)

PI 1.2.6 – Genetics information

PI 1.2.6 Information on the genetic structure of the population is adequate to determine the risk posed by the enhancement activity and the effectiveness of the management of genetic diversity

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information quality

Guide Qualitative or inferential Qualitative or inferential The genetic structure of the post information is available on information and some population is understood in the genetic structure of the quantitative information are detail. population available on the genetic

structure of the population.

Information is sufficient to

Information is adequate to estimate the impact of broadly understand the likely Information is sufficient to hatchery enhancement with a impact of hatchery estimate the likely impact of high degree of certainty. enhancement. hatchery enhancement.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

There are two components for possible genetic impact on the wild Manila clam populations, one is related to maintaining genetic structure of the local population in Putian, and the other is related to juvenile translocation from Putian to Donggang. Genetic information: Putian element There is a series of peer reviewed papers investigating the genetic structure, diversity with morphological and physiological characteristics of different Manila clam population including Donggang and Putian (and impact on wild local stock of moving Putian clams into Donggang). Yu et al. (2011) dealt with genetic diversity of Manila clams through four consecutive generations in Dalian population. Ren et al. (2006), Liu et al. (2007) and Yan et al. (2011) reported the existence of inbreeding in different Manila clam populations. Based on the process of seed production in Putian, it is highly possible that wild and hatchery-origin populations are co-existent in the sea despite that the proportion of these two broodstock populations is unknown. Yan et al. (2011) and Hu et al. (2016) reported a low genetic diversity of the wild Manila clam population in Putian. However, the possible reasons of this finding were not made available/provided to the assessment team. No genetic information assessing possible genetic impact of hatchery operation on wild clam population in Putian (especially possibility of inbreeding as well as the effect of phenotypic selection of broodstock) was provided to the assessment team. Extensive interviews with stakeholders during the meetings suggest this information does not exist. However, while some information is available on the status of the population (above) to broadly understand likely impact of hatchery enhancement, quantitative information is not available on the genetic structure of the population in Putian to estimate the likely impact of hatchery enhancement, and SG80 is not met. Genetic information: Donggang element Information is available regarding genetic characteristics amongst different geographic locations including a comparison between southern provinces (seed providers) and northern provinces (seed receivers) which suggest genetic impacts of seed translocation is unlikely. Specifically, Yan et al. (2005) reported that, under natural conditions, there is no risk of hybridization between the Donggang Manila clam population since their reproductive cycle is different, i.e. Donggang population spawning from early June to the end of July, and Fujian clams breeding

72 period from September to November. Furthermore, the cold waters of Donggang almost prevent the Fujian origin population from reproducing. Qualitative or inferential information and some quantitative information from Yan et al. (2005) are available on the genetic structure of the population, and SG80 is met. However, the genetic structure of the population is not understood in detail, and therefore, available information is not sufficient to estimate the impact of hatchery enhancement with a high degree of certainty. SG100 is not met. b Information adequacy for genetic management strategy

Guide Information is adequate to Information is adequate to Information is adequate to post support measures to manage support a partial strategy to support a comprehensive main genetic impacts of the manage the main genetic strategy to manage the enhancement activity on the impacts of the enhancement genetic impacts of the stock, if necessary. activity on the stock, if enhancement activity on the necessary. stock and evaluate with a high degree of certainty whether the strategy is achieving its objective.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Genetic information: Putian element As 1.2.5a reached SG80, this scoring issue meets SG80 by default. Based on the Putian hatchery operation process (Cappell, 2019), there is a high risk of mixing between wild origin clam and hatchery origin calms. Hatchery origin sand seeds are laid for production of white seeds for transplantation to other grow up location such as Donggang, but some amount of white seeds are left for on-site grow up operation to produce broodstock for the subsequent years. As such clams from both origins (hatchery and wild) have a high risk of interbreeding depending on the quantity of hatchery origin broodstock and timing of harvest vis-à-vis their sexual maturity. Numerous studies have been published on genetic characteristics/diversity of Manila clam in China including Putian population ( see 1.2.6 a). Although the assessment team thinks that currently available information and technique are adequate to support a partial strategy to manage main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, information is not adequate to support a comprehensive strategy to manage the genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock and evaluate with a high degree of certainty whether the strategy is achieving its objective. SG100 is not met. Genetic information: Donggang element Sufficient information is available to support measures to manage main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock (translocation from Putian to Donggang), if necessary. A genetic and translocation risk assessment was conducted (Anonymous, 2017) referencing several peer reviewed paper, which concluded that translocation from Putian to Donggang does not pose any threatening genetic effects. Thus, information is adequate to support a comprehensive strategy to manage the genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock and evaluate with a high degree of certainty whether the strategy is achieving its objective, SG100 is met.

References

Anonymous (2017). Minutes of Donggang Shellfish Industry Development and Planning Workshop July 23, 2017

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp. Hu, G.-W., Yam, X.-W., Zhu, D.-P., H.-T., Nie (2016). Isolation and characterization of fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Conservation Genetic Resources, V. 6, pp. 251- 253. Liu, X. Q., Bao, Z. M., Hu, J. J., Wang, S., Zhan, A. B., Liu, H., 2007. AFLP analysis revealed differences in genetic diversity of four natural populations of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 26, 150– 158. Ren, Y., Gao, T. & T. Yang (2006). Isozyme analysis on the populations of Ruditapes philippinarum. Journal of Ocean University of China, V. 5, pp. 58-62. Yan, X.-W., Zhang, G.-F., Yang, F. & G.-J. Lian (2005). Biological comparisons between Putian population and Dalian population of Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 25, pp. 3329-3334. Yan, X., Yu, Z., Qin, Y., Yang, F., Wang J., Zhang, Y., Yang, F. and G. Zhang (2011). Development of EST-SSRs markers and analysis of genetic diversities among different geographical populations of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 31, pp. 4090-4098 Yu, Z.F., Yan, XW., Yang, F., Wang., J.H., Zhang, Y.H., Yang, F. & G.F. Zhang (2011). Genetic diversity of different generations of the Dalian population of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum through selective breeding. Acta Ecologica Sinica, V. 31, pp. 4199-4206.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-79

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • The information available to understand potential genetic impacts of hatchery operation to the wild population in Putian. Especially if non-negligible amount of adult clam is cultured in open sea.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 75

Condition number (if relevant) # 3

7.3 Principle 2

7.3.1 Principle 2 background

All species that are affected by the fishery and that are not the target species as part of the Unit of Assessment (UoA) (and subsequently the Unit of Certification (UoC) if the fishery is certified) are considered under Principle 2. This section contains an evaluation of the total impact of the fishery on all components in P2 and includes both observed and unobserved fishing mortality. Unobserved mortality may occur from injuries sustained as a result of coming in contact with fishing gear, ghost fishing, waste, or biota that are stressed and die as a result of attempting to avoid being caught by fishing gear. This section also considers impacts on marine habitats and the ecosystem more broadly.

The analysis for P2 is made considering that the UoA is composed of the Putian and Donggang elements of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery.

It is noted that much of the text in this section has been adapted from the Yalu Estuary Clam MSC Pre- assessment report (Cappell 2019), with additional information provided by the client; this section was then updated following consultation with the client and stakeholders at the site visit.

7.3.1.1 Overview: Putian element

Fujian Province is located on the mainland coast of China, at the southernmost extent of the East China Sea. The area has a subtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, the coastal regions average around 7–10 °C, while summer temperatures peak at around 35 °C in July, and the province is threatened by typhoons coming in from the Pacific. Average annual precipitation is 1,400 - 2,000 millimeters (http://www.weatherspark.com/).

Putian lies at the southern edge of the East China Sea, in Fujian Province. Limited information was provided to the assessment team on the geology and ecology of the region, but the coastline is made up of many large embayment’s, with some influence from cool water currents from the north as well as warm water currents from the south. The bays are generally sedimentary, with some areas of gravel and exposed rock substrate in channels or towards the mouths of the bays where the tidal current velocities are higher (e.g. Taihong undated b, Taihong undated d). In order, Pinghai Bay is smallest, Meizhou Bay is larger and Xinghau Bay is largest of the three bays adjacent to Putian that include enhanced Manila clam fisheries considered within this assessment report. Depths in this coastal area are generally fairly shallow, up to the low tens of m, maximum (Figure 10).

WWF (2018b) noted for Pinghai Bay that “The investigation found that the sediments of the wild areas and the culture areas were mainly silt-fine sand-medium sand with a small amount of clay”. Taihong (undated 2019b) stated that the sediments of Meizhou Bay can be categorized into 11 types, with the majority of the bay being made up of clay silt (Widely exist in the intertidal zones and at the seabed, covering 70% of the whole area), sand-silt-clay (One of the major type of sediment in this area. Exist in belt-like areas at the

75 eastern channel, part of the near-show shallow sea and intertidal zone), and sand (Mostly exist at seabed and underwater shallow beaches. Also found at high and mid tidal areas of part of the intertidal zones). Taihong (undated d) noted that the bottom sediment at Xinghau Bay has two layers, with the upper layer being silt, usually 5m thick, mixed with fine sand. It has horizontal bedding, leading to the bay mouth. At the lower level is a mixture of muddy silt and muddy sand. It also has horizontal bedding leaning to bay mouth. The sediment at the bay mouth is rather large-grained. The shallow water and large tidal flat area of Xinghau Bay covers an area of 250 km2 (Taihong undated d).

Figure 10. Map of the seed production area, Putian

Environmental impacts associated with the Putian element of the UoA includes those that may occur as a result of i) the local fishery from which the broodstock are selected, ii) the pond culture system from which the sand seed are produced, and iii) the ongrowing system from which the white seed are produced (see Figure 1). Consideration needs to be given to each of these parts of the Putian element in undertaking the assessment.

Table 12. Catch data for mechanical dredge survey sampling undertaken in 2014, 2016 and 2018 in Putian (fishing time is 5-6 hours). (Source: Taihong, December 2019).

2014 2016 2018 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2 2,300 kg 1,800 kg 2,700 kg 2,100 kg 2,500 kg 1,600 kg Manila clam (98.9%) (98.9%) (98.4%) (98.2%) (98.8%) (98.4%) 13 kg 10 kg 23 kg 19 kg 15 kg 13.5 kg Dosinia sp. clam (0.6%) (0.5%) (0.8%) (0.9%) (0.6%) (0.8%) 7 kg 5 kg 12 kg 10 kg 8 kg 6.9 kg Cyclina sp. clam (0.3%) (0.3%) (0.4%) (0.5%) (0.3%) (0.4%) 3.0 kg 4.1 kg 5.6 kg 4.8 kg 3.4 kg 2.8 kg Brachyuran (Crab spp.) (0.1%) (0.2%) (0.2%) (0.2%) (0.1%) (0.2%) 2.0 kg 1.3 kg 4.1 kg 3.7 kg 3.1 kg 2.6 kg Shrimps (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.2%) (0.1%) (0.2%) 0.0 kg 0.0 kg 0.0 kg 0.0 kg 0.0 kg 0.0 kg Fishes (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 2,325.0 kg 1820.4 kg 2744.7 kg 2137.5 kg 2529.5 kg 1625.8 kg Total (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%)

The Assessment Team was provided with some information on catches in the fishery for large Manila clam that occurs in Putian and from which the broodstock are selected, including the fishing areas (Figure 10) and some sample catch information for three recent years (Table 12), but there was no information on the intertidal hand work fishery as compared with a mechanical (vessel) dredge.

The maximum catch from the wild, broodstock fishery is 10,000 t, which provides some context for the risk posed by the subtidal broodstock fishery. This limited information was supplemented at the site visit in consultation with the client and any stakeholders.

The client conducted benthic surveys in Putian in wild, control, and white-seed production areas following the site visit and submitted results within the 30 day (+ 6 month extension) period. Benthic surveys were conducted and found, besides density of Manila clam, there was little difference between the wild-clam and white seed breeding area. The fishery relies mainly on mechanical dredge harvest for white seed compared to hand work due to high labor costs in the hand work fishery.

7.3.1.2 Overview: Donggang element

Donggang lies in the north-east corner of the Yellow Sea. The mean temperature in July is 24°C and the average temperatures in January is -8° C. The average sea surface temperatures also drop in winter, falling

77 to between -2°C and 0°C in January and February. Because of this cooling, the surfaces of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, northern Korea Bay and the areas around the Yalu River Estuary typically freeze every winter. As spring comes and the temperature rises, the ice breaks up and begins to drift.

Figure 11. Schematic of the assessment area off the Yalu Estuary, China.

The geomorphology is heavily influenced by the outflow the Yalu and Dayang rivers that supply the sediment that form intertidal flats to the west of the river’s outlet. The sea area near the City of Dandong is located at the northernmost of coastline of the Yellow Sea, with Yalu River to its east and the Yellow Sea to its south. The city has a 125 km-long coastline, 3500 km² of sea area, 242 km² of intertidal zone mud flat, 3,500 km² of sea area within 20m isobath. The intertidal zone extends along east-west land direction in a zonal arrangement with an average width of 5 km and an average gradient of 1.3‰. The tide here is regular semi- diurnal tide, having twice rising and falling tides each day at a mean range of 4 m. The land reclamation and coastal engineering emerging during 1960s-1990s took up most of high and middle tidal zones (only a small amount of high and middle tidal zones are left at the Yalu River Estuary and the Dayang River Estuary), with mud flat area diminishing by half from that in 1950s (342 km²). The middle tidal zone in some areas is even less than 300 m wide. The sub-tidal portion of the bay shelves out gradually to 15 m water depth some 20 km from shore. The bottom habitat is sandy gravel with extensive shell debris (Figure 11).

Environmental impacts assessed under Principle 2 and associated with the Donggang element of the UoA includes those that may occur as a result of i) the fishing activity that occurs within the leased, subtidal 78 ongrowing areas, and ii) as a result of translocation of white seed from Fujian province. Consideration is given to each of these parts of the Donggang element in undertaking the assessment.

Some bycatch information was provided to the Assessment Team, as reported by Cappell (2019). It was reported that a trip was taken aboard a vessel in Donggang to observe the fishing activity, with “mainly small amounts of mantis shrimp, mud snail, moonshell, octopus and flounder observed mixed in with many empty shells of these gastropods and the Manila clam as the target species”. By-catch species are also noted on the fishing logbook, and are recorded as being composed of just seven species (i.e., Table 13). None of these by-catch species exceeded 0.1% of total catch. • Neverita didyma (Moon Snail), • Rapana venosa (Asian rapa whelk), • Dosinia japonica (Bivalve), • Scapharca broughtonit (Blood clam), • Solen grandis (Grand rasor shell), • Oratosquilla oratoria (Mantis Shrimp), • Temnopleurus hardwickii (Hardwick's sea urchin

Table 13. Bycatch species as recorded in logbooks for the Donggang fishery (Taihong 2018)

N. R. D. S. S. O. T. Manila Clam didyma venosa japonica broughtonit grandis oratoria hardwickii Year Quantity (t) % % % % % % % % 2015 14,106 99.88 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2016 15,133 99.88 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2017 14,100 99.88 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2018 6,995 99.80 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2019 6,240 99.88 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7.3.1.3 Primary, Secondary and ETP Species

For the purposes of a MSC evaluation, primary species are those in the catch, and within the scope of the MSC program (fishes or shellfish), with management tools controlling exploitation as well as known reference points in place, but which are not defined as a target species for the purpose of the assessment. Primary species will usually be species of commercial value to either the UoA or fisheries outside the UoA.

Secondary species include fish and shellfish species that are not managed according to reference points. Secondary species are also considered to be all species that are out of the scope of the MSC standard (i.e., birds/ mammals/ reptiles/ amphibians) and that are not ETP species.

ETP species are defined by the MSC (MSC 2018a) as species that are: i) Recognised by national ETP legislation, ii) Listed on Appendix I of CITES (unless it can be shown that the particular stock of the CITES listed species impacted by the UoA under assessment is not endangered), iii) Listed in any binding agreements concluded under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), or iv) Classified as ‘out-of scope’ (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) that are listed in the IUCN Redlist as vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CE).

The Principle 2 primary and secondary species assessment of the Putian and Donggang elements of the fishery are based on the information as presented in Table 12 (Putian element) and Table 13 (Donggang element); the Putian data are sample data only, while the Donggang data are from logbooks; as such, the data cannot be considered to have high levels of verifiability (see Table GSA5, MSC 2018a), but the data indicate that there are no primary species as for no species are there management tools and measures are in place intended to achieve stock management objectives reflected in either limit or target reference points. There are also no main secondary species caught in either fishery element. Minor secondary species are taken in both fishery elements, but only in small quantities.

No ETP species were observed in the catch, or are recorded in logbooks to the knowledge of the Assessment Team, but Cappell (2019) undertook a review of the potential for interaction with species listed by the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife (Table 14). The Law gives detailed requirements on the protection of ETP species, which are divided into two tiers of protection: tier 1 requires no capture or exploitation of the species and is supported by the creation of protected areas; tier 2 species cannot be caught, or if caught should be released unharmed. Cappell (2019) noted that, where present, the type of gears known to be used in on-growing and the hatchery operations (hand-gathering and some collection by mechanical dredge) were expected to have no significant adverse interaction with these species, on the basis of the spatially restricted (regulated) extent of the fishery in comparison to the extent of the available habitat (Table 14).

Cappell (2019) also undertook a review of potential interactions with bird species. It was noted that Bai et al. (2015) identified coastal wetlands of importance to waterbirds. The list includes Xinghau Bay, which is one of the three bays supplying the white seed production. This site, where the main habitat types are listed as intertidal mudflat and aquaculture pond, met the Ramsar 1% population criterion for Saunder’s Gull (Larus saundersi) and Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor).

The review by Cappell (2019) also determined that, overall the aquaculture production areas are used by and are considered beneficial to the spoonbill (Berjano et al. 2016). These authors determined that “protecting the Black-faced Spoonbill, for example, involves many issues that the aquaculture industry would also raise in resisting rampant development”. Nevertheless, while the black-faced spoonbill is present in Putian, the data presented in Bai et al (2015) confirms that Xinghau Bay is less significant than other areas for this species. It is however, a significant wintering area for the Saunder’s gull. It is reported that this species

favours roosting on numerous offshore islands and feeding on mudflat areas. Manila clam culture is therefore expected to have no significant impact on the species.

For Donggang, the Yalu River Estuary is an inter-tidal area that is a globally recognised ecologically important area for bird species, including some vulnerable species. The Yalu Jiang Estuary Shorebird survey report (1999-2010) (Riegen et al. 2014) reported that wetlands surrounding the Yellow Sea are a significant stopover site for waterbirds during their north and southward migrations, with the extensive coastal mudflats providing suitable migratory habitat for many thousands of migratory waterbirds of more than 100 species. Here, they replenish their fat reserves before continuing their migrations, specifically during the northward shorebird migration between April and June each year.

The Yellow Sea supports more than 30% of the estimated flyway breeding populations of 18 shorebird species, and for five of the species, Curlew Sandpiper, Bar-tailed Godwit, Eurasian Curlew, Great Knot and Kentish Plover this region supports almost the entire flyway population (Riegen et al. 2014). Approximately 80% of the estimated flyway population of the Eastern Curlew uses the Yellow Sea on northward migration as does 40% of the Asian Dowitcher population. Nevertheless, there is apparently very little risk posed to shorebirds by the subtidal fishery for Manila clam in the Donggang region, as the gear type would not be expected to capture birds and the subtidal culture plots would be too deep for the birds to forage/access in large numbers. Li et al. (2014) reported an increase in numbers of shorebirds visiting the Yalu Estuary on migration in recent years.

Table 14. ETP species recognised by the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife, and their potential to interact with the fishery (analysis by Cappell 2019).

Fishery Common name Latin name Presence Interaction Tier 1 species: Take/retention prohibited & protected areas required. 1. Giant clam Tridacna gigas/cookiana Yes, Fujian No interaction 2. Corals Corallium spp Yes, Fujian No interaction 3. Nautilus Nautilus No 4. Soft shell turtle Pelochelys cantorii Yes, Fujian No interaction 5. Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis No 6. Yangtze Sturgeon Acipenser dabryanus Dumeril No 7. Chinese white dolphin Sousa chinensis chinensis Yes No interaction 8. Yangtze river dolphin Lipotes vexilifer No 9. Dugong Dugong dugong No Tier 2 species: Take/retention prohibited Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus Yes No interaction Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Yes No interaction Common dolphin Delphinus delphis Yes No interaction Indo-pacific bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops aduncus Yes No interaction Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea Yes No interaction

Olive Ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Yes No interaction Green turtle Chelonia mydas Yes No interaction Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Yes No interaction Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta Yes No interaction Giant river salamander Andrias davidianus No Chinese bahaba Bahaba taipingensis/flavolabiata No Mottled moray eel Anguilla marmorata Yes No interaction Chinese high banded shark Myxocyprinus asiaticus Yes No interaction Rough-skinned skulpin Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel Yes No interaction Lancelet Branchiostoma Yes No interaction Great seahorse Hippocampus kelloggi Yes Fujian No interaction Tiger cowrie Cypraea tigris Yes Fujian No interaction Horned helmet shell Cassis cornuta Yes Fujian No interaction Acorn worm Saccoglossus hwangtauensis Yes Fujian No interaction Multi-opercular Tongue Worm Glossobalanus polybranchioporus Yes Fujian No interaction

7.3.1.4 Habitats

When assessing the status of habitats and the impacts of fishing, teams are required to consider the full area managed by the local, regional, national, or international governance body(s) responsible for fisheries management in the area(s) where the UoA operates (this is called the “managed area” for assessment purposes). According to MSC 2018b (GSA 3.13.3), the Assessment Team must then determine and justify which habitats are commonly encountered, vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), and minor (i.e., all other habitats) for scoring purposes, [where]:

“A commonly encountered habitat shall be defined as a habitat that regularly comes into contact with a gear used by the UoA, considering the spatial (geographical) overlap of fishing effort with the habitat’s range within the management area(s) covered by the governance body(s) relevant to the UoA; and A VME shall be defined as is done in paragraph 42 subparagraphs (i)-(v) of the FAO Guidelines (definition provided in GSA 3.13.3.21) [as having one or more of the following characteristics: uniqueness or rarity, functional significance,

1 According to MSC FCPV2.1 GSA 3.13.3.2: VMEs have one or more of the following characteristic, as defined in paragraph 42 of the FAO Guidelines: ▪ Uniqueness or rarity – an area or ecosystem that is unique or that contains rare species whose loss could not be compensated for by similar areas or ecosystems ▪ Functional significance of the habitat – discrete areas or habitats that are necessary for survival, function, spawning/reproduction, or recovery of fish stocks; for particular life-history stages (e.g., nursery grounds, rearing areas); or for ETP species ▪ Fragility – an ecosystem that is highly susceptible to degradation by anthropogenic activities 82 fragility, Life-history traits of component species that make recovery difficult, and/or structural complexity]. This definition shall be applied both inside and outside EEZs and irrespective of depth.” It is noted that both commonly encountered and VME habitats are considered ‘main’ habitats for scoring purposes (GSA 3.13.3). Putian element

For the Putian element, the habitat area under consideration is the entire intertidal and subtidal area of Meizhou Bay, Pinghai Bay and Xinghau Bay (Figure 10). As noted earlier, the bays are generally sedimentary, with some areas of gravel and exposed rock substrate in channels or towards the mouths of the bays where the tidal current velocities are higher (e.g. Taihong undated b, Taihong undated d). Habitat impacts across i) the local fishery from which the broodstock are selected, ii) the pond culture system from which the sand seed are produced, and iii) the ongrowing system from which the white seed are produced are all considered (see Figure 3). Donggang element

For the Donggang element, the habitat area under consideration is considered to be the intertidal and subtidal area of Korea Bay within the northern Yellow Sea (Figure 12).

▪ Life-history traits of component species that make recovery difficult – ecosystems that are characterised by populations or assemblages of species that are slow growing, are slow maturing, have low or unpredictable recruitment, and/or are long lived ▪ Structural complexity – an ecosystem that is characterised by complex physical structures created by significant concentrations of biotic and abiotic features” 83

Figure 12. Location of Donggang (Dandong) and the Yalu Estuary in northern Korea Bay, northern Yellow Sea. White rectangle shows approximate area as shown in detail in Figure 13 (adapted from: http://ontheworldmap.com/oceans-and-seas/yellow-sea/large-detailed-map-of-yellow-sea.html).

The general area was studied through a project undertaken for the Fishery Improvement Project for the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Taihong 2019b); this project identified that the commonly-encountered habitats in the on-growing areas are mainly muddy sand with occasional stones (Figure 13 and Taihong 2019b). However this is modified in the licensed areas with the distribution of white seed within shell-sand transported from the hatchery area. Fishers report that without management, un-worked areas quickly revert to muddy sand. Evidence from recovery studies in other sand / muddy sand environments (e.g., Hiddink et al. 2017, Sciberras et al. 2018) suggests that the recoverability of habitats from dredge activity occurs in the short-term (within 1-2 years). However, a detailed habitat map for the sub-tidal area was not available.

Figure 13. Location map and survey station map of aquaculture area A and B (source: Taihong 2019b)

China has established Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) including coral reefs, mangrove forests and sea grass beds as well as for whole islands (WWF 2018b). Other areas accorded protection include inshore spawning and nursery areas of commercially important species. The Yalu River Estuary National Wetland Reserve has zoned the inter-tidal and marine areas to better protect the wetland ecosystem from coastal development through establishing a core zone (fully protected from development), a buffer zone and an ‘experimental zone’ where development continues to be permitted, but is monitored (Figure 15).

The zoning is primarily to safeguard against coastal development that would adversely impact the important wetland habitats supporting internationally significant bird populations and not sub-tidal habitats. Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) are not known to occur in the licensed areas and as activities are limited to licensed areas, however, there are considered to be no impacts on VME habitats.

7.3.1.5 Ecosystem Impacts

The focus of scoring PI 2.5.1 is the impact of the fishery on the ‘key ecosystem elements’. These are defined by the MSC as “the features of an ecosystem considered as being most crucial to giving the ecosystem its characteristic nature and dynamics, and are considered relative to the scale and intensity of the UoA. They are features most crucial to maintaining the integrity of its structure and functions and the key determinants of the ecosystem resilience and productivity” (SA3.16.3 MSC 2018a).

For the Putian element, the ecosystem is considered to be the southern East China Sea, while the key ecosystem element is considered to be community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralttoral) area. For the Donggang element, the ecosystem is considered to be the northern Yellow Sea, while the key ecosystem element is considered to be community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralttoral) area.

An ecological risk assessment on the impact of cultivated clam on wild stocks and the wider environment was conducted for Putian (Consultant report, 2019). Across all risk categories, which included seawater pollution and degradation of the marine ecological environment and competition between wild populations and cultivated populations, risks were judged to either present almost no danger to low risk.

For both the Putian and Donggang elements, there is reasonable information on the characteristics of the community within the bays where the fishery occurs (e.g., Taihong 2019b, Taihong undated a, Taihong undated b, Taihong undated c, Taihong undated d, WWF 2014, WWF 2018b. The information presented provides a picture of very extensive intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, comprised predominately of sediment characterized by high levels of productivity and production. There is also extensive fisheries and aquaculture activity generally, including the UoA and fisheries/aquaculture operations outside the UoA.

Li et al. (2014) considered the development of aquaculture and enhanced fisheries in the Yalu Estuary over time, in particular in intertidal areas, and its impact on other species, including native shellfish and migratory birds. Their study reported that the diversity of shellfish species has decreased over time, in part because of harvesting of native species as feed species for shrimp aquaculture, and partly due to the significant increase in intertidal aquaculture for other species including Manila clam. Their study concluded (Google translation) “The rapid development of shrimp farming in the early 1980s to the late 1990s not only occupied most of the tidal flats in the high tide area of this area, but also led to the obvious succession of dominant populations in the intertidal zone due to the plundering of shellfish and other shrimp bait. The succession of migratory waterbirds' bait organisms to non-bait organisms; in recent years, the massive invasion of exotic shellfish farming species, over-single farming species and unreasonable breeding arrangements have also seriously affected the natural distribution and normality of local shellfish species.” 85

Song et al. (2013) looked specifically at the shellfish aquaculture carrying capacity of the intertidal and shallow sea area of the Yalu River estuary using a dynamic nutrition model. Twenty survey sites were sampled monthly from March to November 2011 (

Figure 14) for parameters including chlorophyll a, transparency, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic organisms; the survey area included some intertidal as well as subtidal areas, but the estimated total shellfish aquaculture area was substantially smaller (14,395 Ha) than the area currently estimated to be cultivated (around 40,000 Ha -Table 15).

Song et al. (2013) reviewed different carrying capacity model types and concluded that the dynamic nutrition model they employed was most suitable for intertidal and shallow subtidal waters, as is found in the Yalu Estuary system. Their results indicated that the capacity of clams per unit area is highest in spring, when the average is 1.48 kgm-2 for the tidal flats and 1.17 kgm-2 in the subtidal. Their results also indicated that the carrying capacity for clams is lowest in summer, at 0.32 kgm-2 for the tidal flats and 0.32 kgm-2 in the subtidal.

Figure 14. Survey sites employed for the determination of carrying capacity within the Yalu River Estuary (source: Song et al. 2013).

Table 15. Production of manila clam from Donggang, 2015-2019 (source: client)

Area Landings of farmed Landings of clams (tons) Year Seedling quantity (t) (hectare) clams (t) (non-farm area) 2015 40,635 21,000 185,549 5,589 2016 40,635 20,000 172,377 2,351 2017 40,635 21,500 183,145 6,005 2018 42,000 22,000 199,813 4,289 2019 39,878 21,800 210,069 1,733

Noting the recent increasing production of Manila clam in Donggang as listed in Table 15, above, with annual landings rising to 210,069 t in 2019, Song et al. 2013 stated “According to statistics, in recent years, the annual production of clams of about 100,000 tons in this region has exceeded the carrying capacity of shellfish in the sea area”. Following the remote site visit, the Assessment Team posed questions to the client and Professor Song regarding the research findings. It was highlighted that the carrying capacity model has not been updated with the latest data for the cultivated area. The Assessment Team was also directed to the 2018-2030 Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (Donggang People’s Government 2018) as evidence of a strategic approach to accounting for carrying capacity issues; this document mentions the need to balance aquaculture development with ecological carrying capacity (Section 8), and highlights the intention of strengthening the evaluation of ecological carry capacity (Section 16). The assessment team was also provided with evidence of implementation of the ‘optimal seedling density’ approach, with a

87 recommendation of 2,100 seedlings of <1cm per m2. Seeding rates employed by the client were around 1,400 to 1,600 seedlings per m2 for 2018 and 2019, although there was no information available from other farmers or stakeholders in Donggang.

During the site visit, the Assessment Team was informed that there is an annual environmental survey carried out for the Donggang area by the Dalian Ocean University, including on the carrying capacity for the Yalu Estuary system. Reports from the last two years were requested but the Assessment Team was informed that the results were confidential and therefore not available for the assessment. The client provided additional information and documentation from Professor Song within the 7 month documentation period. Screenshots of environmental surveys conducted in Donggang from 2014-2017 were provided, which concluded that the environment is of good quality.

7.3.1.6 Translocation

All seed is sourced from Chinese hatcheries/nurseries, and it was previously reported in the Yalu Estuary Clam MSC Pre-assessment report (Cappell 2019) that any hatchery must have both a seed production licence and an aquaculture license, and that the clams are inspected for biotoxins, parasites and pathogens before movement is allowed, as required by PRC (2006). Cappell (2019) also pointed to the following technical regulations as being in place governing the production and transportation of seed in Putian (according to Zeng 2018), which were presented in the ACDR version of this report: 1. The broodstock of Manila clam quality standard specifies the broodstock specifications, quality requirements, test methods, inspection rules, counting methods, packaging and transportation requirements, purification and maintenance requirements. This standard applies to the broodstock production and marketing of the quality assessment. 2. Clams seed collection and cultivation technical regulations. This regulation stipulates the seed collection and hatching techniques of clams. This procedure applies to semi-artificial collect clam seed, artificial soil pool hatching. 3. Clam seed quality standard specifies the seed specification. Test methods, inspection rules, counting methods and packaging and transportation requirements, this standard applies to the production and sale of clams seed quality assessment. 4. Clams cultivation technical regulations stipulates the techniques of clam cultivation and harvesting techniques. This procedure applies to the cultivation and harvest of clams. 5. Clam quality standards, stipulate commodity clams specifications, quality requirements, test methods, inspection rules, counting methods, transportation, packaging, decontamination, temporary cultivation, and other requirements, this standard applies to the production and sale of commodity clams quality assessment.

Following the site visit, the Assessment Team was provided with the Liaoning Province Aquatic Seed Quarantine Implementation Measures (Donggang Marine Fisheries 2008). This document specifies (Article 1) that it aims to ensure the quality of aquatic fingerlings, prevent the spread of epidemics, and protect the 88 legitimate rights and interests of aquatic fingerlings producers, operators, and users through the formulation of a quarantine system for aquatic fingerlings, and (Article 2) that the measures are applicable to the quarantine activities of production, operation and entry and exit of aquatic fingerlings in and out of the province. It goes on to specify that aquatic seed quarantine institutions will be responsible for implementing quarantine procedures, including for checks of seed and quarantine procedures. A wide variety of cultivated species / species groups are referenced specifically (e.g., shrimp, crabs, scallops, abalone, sea cucumber, sea urchin, jellyfish, sea flounder, seaweed, freshwater catfish, yellow catfish, mullet, salmon, trout, etc.), but Manila clam is not listed; the Assessment Team was directed by the client towards sections where measures for ‘other shellfish’ were referenced. The document states that ‘other shellfish’ may be tested for parasitic diseases, worms, flukes and the bacterial disease vibriosis.

At the site visit it was noted to the Assessment Team that translocation of Manila clam was considered to be low risk and, as such, there was no testing in place for Manila clam seed movements. The assertion that there was no testing conducted was checked and confirmed by the stakeholders the team met with during the remote site visit. A representative from the Donggang Seed Bureau confirmed that the main focus for disease and non-native species checks are fish, crab and shrimp species, with checks on mollusc species only being mandatory for abalone and oyster; it was also confirmed by the Donggang Seed Bureau that no checks are carried out routinely for Manila clam.

An ecological risk assessment for the Putian clam industry has been produced, which considered the scale and nature of the industry relative to factors including wild population genetics, changes in community structure and the introduction of alien species – the overall risk was considered low but not absent, with a comment that breeding and proliferation should be allowed, but that there was a need to take precautions.

From a very coarse perspective, Xu et al. 2012 presented data showing that there were more non-native invasive species present in Fujian Province (182) than in Liaoning Province (144). While these data are for all species, not just marine species, and represent deliberate introductions as well as accidental or natural colonisation, it is apparent that the large-scale movement of shellfish collected from the natural environment in Putian may present some risk of non-native species, pests and disease introduction to Donggang (Lin et al. 2015). Chen et al. 2017 noted the potential for aquaculture to act as a vector for non- native species, noting that aquaculture is amongst the three main vectors that are “responsible for, and indeed speed up, the introduction and spread of invasive species in China.”

Following the site visit, the assessment team was informed of a recent change in legislation in translocation procedures that had not been discussed by stakeholders at the site visit. On April 17 2020, the National Government published new regulations requiring provinces to develop policies and to implement a quarantine system for the origin of aquatic seedlings (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agriculture and Fisheries Development (2020) No. 7).2 In response to these new requirements, the Donggang Seed Bureau released a plan titled ‘The next five-year plan for the full implementation of shellfish inspection and quarantine in Donggang.’ The stated goals in the plan are:

2 http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-04/22/content_5505122.htm 89

• By 2022, we will strive to achieve the goal of 100% quarantine declaration and quarantine rate for aquatic fingerling indigenous and 100% electronic certification rate for qualified quarantine. • Conduct spot checks on the Seeds introduced by fishermen in Donggang City, with a sampling rate of 10%, and conduct routine tests on their Seeds and finished products (for diseases that may occur in clam) • Cooperate with relevant Marine research institutions in Dalian to collect and sort out the diseases of clam in the past ten years. • 100% of all fishermen to understand, in the breeding process of the relevant problems, and file, and then report to scientific research institutions for research.

The inspection procedures and laboratory tests are for larvae of flukes, tapeworm larvae, juvenile nematodes, and Hemolysis vibrios. These are linked mainly to concerns over human health and / or clam specific diseases rather than to concerns over non-native species introduction and potential risks of impacts to the wider ecosystem.

7.3.2 Principle 1 and Principle 2 scoring elements

The elements that were scored for each PI under Principles 1 and 2 are listed in Table 16. Scores allocated for each PI were entered into the MSC Fishery Assessment Scoring Worksheet in order to attain the overall Principle scores; the final scores for each PI are shown in Section Error! Reference source not found. of this report.

Table 16. Scoring elements for Principle 1 and Principle 2.

Main / Data- Element Component Scoring elements minor deficient? P1 – Target Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum N/A Yes P2 – Primary None None N/A N/A None None Main N/A Clam sp. Dosinia sp. Minor Yes P2 - Secondary Clam sp. Cyclin asp. Minor Yes Crab spp. Various spp. Minor Yes 1 Shrimp spp. Various spp. Minor Yes Putian Saunder’s gull Larus saundersi N/A No P2 ETP Black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor N/A No Sandy-silt sediments Main No P2 Habitats VME – none identified N/A N/A Minor habitats – none identified N/A N/A Community structure and function of the intertidal P2 Ecosystem Main No (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area P1 – Target Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum N/A Yes P2 – Primary None None N/A N/A None None Main N/A Clam sp. Dosinia sp. Minor Yes P2 - Secondary Clam sp. Cyclina sp. Minor Yes

2 Crab spp. Various spp. Minor Yes Donggang Shrimp spp. Various spp. Minor Yes

P2 ETP None identified N/A No Clay/silty-clay sediments P2 Habitats VME – none identified N/A N/A Minor habitats – none identified N/A N/A Community structure and function of the intertidal P2 Ecosystem Main No (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area

7.4 Principle 2 Performance Indicator scores and rationales

PI 2.1.1 – Primary species outcome

PI 2.1.1 The UoA aims to maintain primary species above the point where recruitment would be impaired (PRI) and does not hinder recovery of primary species if they are below the PRI

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Main primary species stock status

Guide Main primary species are Main primary species are There is a high degree of likely to be above the PRI. highly likely to be above the certainty that main primary post PRI. species are above the PRI and OR are fluctuating around a level OR If the species is below the consistent with MSY. PRI, the UoA has measures in If the species is below the place that are expected to PRI, there is either evidence ensure that the UoA does not of recovery or a hinder recovery and demonstrably effective rebuilding. strategy in place between all MSC UoAs which categorise this species as main, to ensure that they collectively do not hinder recovery and rebuilding.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

‘Primary species’ are defined by the MSC as those that are in scope but not target (P1) species “where management tools and measures are in place, intended to achieve stock management objectives reflected in either limit or target reference points” (MSC 2018a).

A ‘main’ designation is then given where either i) “the catch of a species by the UoA comprises 5% or more by weight of the total catch of all species by the UoA”, ii) “the species is classified as ‘less resilient’ and the catch of the species by the UoA comprises 2% or more by weight of the total catch of all species by the UoA”, or iii) in cases where the total catch of the UoA is exceptionally large, such that even small catch proportions of a P2 species significantly impact the affected stocks/populations.

Sample data on bycatch in the fishery for large clams that occurs in Putian from which broodstock Manila clam are selected show there are no primary species (Table 12). This is also the case for the preparation of ponds in Putian and in the collection of sand seed and white seed. No primary species are recorded in the logbook data for the Donggang fishery where Manila clam are harvested (Table 13). It is therefore understood that there are no primary species present in either element of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery. SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met because there is no impact on primary species (SA3.2.1, MSC 2018a).

b Minor primary species stock status 92

Guide Minor primary species are highly likely to be above the post PRI. OR If below the PRI, there is evidence that the UoA does not hinder the recovery and rebuilding of minor primary species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are understood to be no minor primary species in either element of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery. SG100 is met because there is no impact on primary species (SA3.2.1, MSC 2018a).

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range >80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • Further evidence of the catch profile for the the fishery overall, including in the sand seed and white seed production components.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 100

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

PI 2.1.2 – Primary species management strategy

PI 2.1.2 There is a strategy in place that is designed to maintain or to not hinder rebuilding of primary species, and the UoA regularly reviews and implements measures, as appropriate, to minimise the mortality of unwanted catch

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in place There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy in place for the UoA, if necessary, that place for the UoA, if for the UoA for managing post are expected to maintain or necessary, that is expected to main and minor primary to not hinder rebuilding of maintain or to not hinder species. the main primary species rebuilding of the main

at/to levels which are likely primary species at/to levels to be above the PRI. which are highly likely to be above the PRI.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Both elements – No Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.1.1, there are no primary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). As such and noting the ‘if necessary’ part of the SG60 and SG80 requirement, SG60 and SG80 are met. In order for SG100 to be met, a strategy would be needed, specific to the primary species component (Table SA8, MSC 2018a). While there are at least some measures in place that do constrain and monitor impacts on all components (e.g., limits on licensing, spatial controls on activity, gear limits, logbook recording of catch, etc), it is not apparent that these are focused on possible impacts on primary species. It cannot be said there is a component-specific strategy in place for the UoA for managing main and minor primary species, so SG100 is not met.

b Management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are considered There is some objective basis Testing supports high likely to work, based on for confidence that the confidence that the partial post plausible argument (e.g., measures/partial strategy will strategy/strategy will work, general experience, theory or work, based on some based on information directly comparison with similar information directly about about the fishery and/or fisheries/species). the fishery and/or species species involved. involved.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Both elements – No Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As a partial strategy is not necessary because there are no main primary species, this SI is scored at SG80 by default. There is not ‘testing’ in place for either element, however, that would support a SG100 score.

94 c Management strategy implementation

Guide There is some evidence There is clear evidence that the that the measures /partial partial strategy/strategy is being post strategy is being implemented successfully and is implemented successfully. achieving its overall objective as set out in scoring issue (a).

Met? Yes – Putian element Both elements – No Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As a partial strategy is not necessary because there are no main primary species, this SI is scored SG80 by default. In the absence of clear evidence that the strategy is being effective (for example through detailed logbook records supported by some independent data), SG100 is not met. d Shark finning

Guide It is likely that shark finning is It is highly likely that shark There is a high degree of not taking place. finning is not taking place. certainty that shark finning is post not taking place.

Met? Both elements – N/A Both elements – N/A Both elements – N/A

Rationale

There are no primary species in the catch that are sharks. This SI is not scored. e Review of alternative measures

Guide There is a review of the There is a regular review of the There is a biennial review of potential effectiveness and potential effectiveness and the potential effectiveness post practicality of alternative practicality of alternative and practicality of alternative measures to minimise measures to minimise UoA- measures to minimise UoA- UoA-related mortality of related mortality of unwanted related mortality of unwanted catch of main catch of main primary species unwanted catch of all primary primary species. and they are implemented as species, and they are appropriate. implemented, as appropriate.

Met? Both elements – N/A Both elements – N/A Both elements – N/A

Rationale

There are considered to be no primary species, so this SI is not scored.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator If the catch profile for any element of the fishery shows any primary species, more information on management may be needed. At the present time, this is not thought likely, however.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

PI 2.1.3 – Primary species information

PI 2.1.3 Information on the nature and extent of primary species is adequate to determine the risk posed by the UoA and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage primary species

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information adequacy for assessment of impact on main primary species

Guide Qualitative information is Some quantitative Quantitative information is adequate to estimate the information is available and is available and is adequate to post impact of the UoA on the adequate to assess the assess with a high degree of main primary species with impact of the UoA on the certainty the impact of the respect to status. main primary species with UoA on main primary species respect to status. with respect to status. OR OR If RBF is used to score PI 2.1.1 for the UoA: If RBF is used to score PI 2.1.1 for the UoA: Qualitative information is adequate to estimate Some quantitative productivity and susceptibility information is adequate to attributes for main primary assess productivity and species. susceptibility attributes for main primary species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.1.1, there are understood to be no primary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). There is sample information available on the mechanical dredge fishery of the Putian element (Table 12), and logbook data on the Donggang element (Table 13); neither are comprehensive but both should be considered quantitative and adequate to assess the impact of the UoA. There is no specific information available on the handworked fishery in Putian but this is considered to be a minor part of the fishery, and given the selective nature of this method, the bycatch would be expected to be essentially non-existent. SG60 and SG80 are met but in the absence of more detailed and more comprehensive information (including some independent data – see Table GSA5), SG100 is not met.

b Information adequacy for assessment of impact on minor primary species

Guide Some quantitative information is adequate to post estimate the impact of the UoA on minor primary species with respect to status.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are understood to be no primary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery. There is some data showing the catch profile, and these indicate that if there are primary species present, they are taken very rarely if ever – this is adequate to estimate that both elements of the fishery have at most a negligible effect on primary species. Both the Putian and Donggang elements score SG100 here. c Information adequacy for management strategy

species. evaluate with a high degree of certainty whether the strategy is achieving its objective.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are understood to be no primary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery. There is sample information available on the mechanical dredge fishery of the Putian element, and logbook data on the Donggang element; neither are comprehensive but both should be considered quantitative and adequate to assess the impact of the UoA. There is no specific information available on the handworked fishery in Putian or on the sand seed or white seed parts of the fishery, but these are considered to be low risk and very unlikely to generate main species. While information appears adequate to support a partial strategy, such that SG60 and SG80 are met, more comprehensive information would be needed on catches to support a score of 100.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range >80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • Information on catches in the handwork fishery, seed production and white seed

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 85

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

PI 2.2.1 – Secondary species outcome

PI 2.2.1 The UoA aims to maintain secondary species above a biologically based limit and does not hinder recovery of secondary species if they are below a biological based limit

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Main secondary species stock status

Guide Main secondary species are Main secondary species are There is a high degree of likely to be above biologically highly likely to be above certainty that main post based limits. biologically based limits. secondary species are above biologically based limits. OR OR

If below biologically based If below biologically based limits, there are measures in limits, there is either place expected to ensure that evidence of recovery or a the UoA does not hinder demonstrably effective recovery and rebuilding. partial strategy in place such that the UoA does not hinder recovery and rebuilding. AND Where catches of a main secondary species outside of biological limits are considerable, there is either evidence of recovery or a, demonstrably effective strategy in place between those MSC UoAs that have considerable catches of the species, to ensure that they collectively do not hinder recovery and rebuilding.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

‘Secondary species’ are defined by the MSC as those species that are in scope but not target (P1) species or P2 secondary species, or out of scope species where the ETP definition is not applicable (SA3.1.4, MSC 2014).

As for primary species, the ‘main’ designation is then given where either i) “the catch of a species by the UoA comprises 5% or more by weight of the total catch of all species by the UoA”, or ii) “The species is classified as ‘Less resilient’ and the catch of the species by the UoA comprises 2% or more by weight of the total catch of all species by the UoA.” (SA3.4.2, MSC 2018a). Guidance at GSA3.4.2 clarifies that Assessment Teams “may still designate species as main, even though it falls under the designated weight thresholds of 5% or 2%, as long as a plausible argument is provided as to why the species should warrant that consideration”. Out of scope species that are not ETP are also required to be scored as ‘main’ (SA3.7.1.2, MSC 2014).

100

Bycatch data in the fishery for large clams that occurs in Putian from which broodstock are selected show there are no main secondary species (Table 12). Based on stakeholder interviews, it is understood that this is also the case for the preparation of ponds in Putian and in the collection of sand seed and white seed. No main secondary species are understood to be taken in the Donggang fishery where Manila clam are harvested. It is therefore considered that there are no main secondary species present in either element of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery, and this SI is not scored (https://mscportal.force.com/interpret/s/article/P2-species-outcome-PIs-scoring-when-no- main-or-no-minor-or-both-PI-2-1-1-1527262009344). b Minor secondary species stock status

Guide Minor secondary species are highly likely to be above post biologically based limits. OR If below biologically based limits’, there is evidence that the UoA does not hinder the recovery and rebuilding of secondary species

Met? No—Both elements

Rationale

Sample data on bycatch in the fishery for large clams that occurs in Putian from which broodstock Manila clam are selected show there are several minor secondary species, including Dosinia and Cyclina clam species, crabs and shrimps, all at low levels (<1%) (Table 12). There are also secondary species taken in other parts of the Putian fishery (i.e., in the culture ponds and the white seed fishery), but based on stakeholder interviews there is no suggestion that these are taken in anything other than very small quantities. There are seven minor secondary species recorded in the Donggang fishery (i.e., Neverita didyma (Moon Snail), Rapana venosa (Asian rapa whelk), Dosinia japonica (Bivalve), Scapharca broughtonit (Blood clam), Solen grandis (Grand rasor shell), Oratosquilla oratoria (Mantis Shrimp), Temnopleurus hardwickii (Hardwick's sea urchin) – see Table 13, but flounder and octopus are also taken in the fishery (Cappell 2019). These species were not assessed using the RBF for reasons of time and cost, but SG80 is met by default for this SI.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

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Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • Information on catches in the handwork fishery, seed production and white seed components would support an 80 score.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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PI 2.2.2 – Secondary species management strategy PI 2.2.2 There is a strategy in place for managing secondary species that is designed to maintain or to not hinder rebuilding of secondary species and the UoA regularly reviews and implements measures, as appropriate, to minimise the mortality of unwanted catch Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100 a Management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in place, There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy in place post if necessary, which are place, if necessary, for the for the UoA for managing expected to maintain or not UoA that is expected to main and minor secondary hinder rebuilding of main maintain or not hinder species. secondary species at/to levels rebuilding of main secondary

which are highly likely to be species at/to levels which are above biologically based highly likely to be above limits or to ensure that the biologically based limits or to UoA does not hinder their ensure that the UoA does not recovery. hinder their recovery. Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.2.1, there are understood to be no main secondary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). As such, and noting the ‘if necessary’ part of the SG60 and SG80 requirement, SG60 and SG80 are met. In order for SG100 to be met, a strategy would be needed, specific to the secondary species component (Table SA8, MSC 2018a). While there are at least some measures in place that constrain and monitor impacts on all components (e.g., limits on licensing, spatial controls on activity, gear limits, logbook recording of catch, etc), it is not apparent that these are focused specifically on impacts to secondary species (where a ‘strategy’ is required to be component- specific – Table SA8, MSC 2018a), and so SG100 is not met.

b Management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are considered There is some objective basis Testing supports high post likely to work, based on for confidence that the confidence that the partial plausible argument (e.g. measures/partial strategy will strategy/strategy will work, general experience, theory or work, based on some based on information directly comparison with similar information directly about about the UoA and/or species UoAs/species). the UoA and/or species involved. involved. Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

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As a partial strategy is not necessary because there are no main secondary species, this SI is scored SG80 by default. The assessment team received no evidence that ‘testing’ is in place for either element that would support a SG100 score. c Management strategy implementation

Guide There is some evidence that There is clear evidence that post the measures/partial strategy the partial strategy/strategy is being implemented is being implemented successfully. successfully and is achieving its objective as set out in scoring issue (a). Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As a partial strategy is not necessary because there are no main secondary species, this SI is scored SG80 by default. In the absence of clear evidence that the strategy is being effective (for example through detailed logbook records supported by some independent data, SG100 is not met. d Shark finning

Guide It is likely that shark finning is It is highly likely that shark There is a high degree of post not taking place. finning is not taking place. certainty that shark finning is not taking place. Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

There are no secondary species in the catch that are sharks. This SI is not scored. e Review of alternative measures to minimise mortality of unwanted catch

Guide There is a review of the There is a regular review of There is a biennial review of post potential effectiveness and the potential effectiveness the potential effectiveness practicality of alternative and practicality of alternative and practicality of alternative measures to minimise UoA- measures to minimise UoA- measures to minimise UoA- related mortality of related mortality of related mortality of unwanted catch of main unwanted catch of main unwanted catch of all secondary species. secondary species and they secondary species, and they are implemented as are implemented, as

appropriate. appropriate. Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

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Rationale

As there are no main secondary species this SI scores SG80 by default. The assessment team has not been provided with evidence, nor received information that there is a biennial review of the effectiveness and practicality of alternative measures for all secondary species, so SG100 is not met.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

PI 2.2.3 – Secondary species information

PI 2.2.3 Information on the nature and amount of secondary species taken is adequate to determine the risk posed by the UoA and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage secondary species

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information adequacy for assessment of impacts on main secondary species

Guide Qualitative information is Some quantitative Quantitative information is adequate to estimate the information is available and available and adequate to post impact of the UoA on the adequate to assess the assess with a high degree of main secondary species with impact of the UoA on main certainty the impact of the respect to status. secondary species with UoA on main secondary respect to status. species with respect to

status.

OR OR

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If RBF is used to score PI 2.2.1 If RBF is used to score PI 2.2.1 for the UoA: for the UoA:

Qualitative information is Some quantitative adequate to estimate information is adequate to productivity and assess productivity and susceptibility attributes for susceptibility attributes for main secondary species. main secondary species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.2.1, there are understood to be no main secondary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). There is sample information available on the mechanical dredge fishery of the Putian element (Table 12), and logbook data on the Donggang element (Table 13); neither are comprehensive but both should be considered quantitative and adequate to assess the impact of the UoA. Considering the potential bias in the data (as information is only available from logbooks) (SA3.6.3.2), the team has determined it does not meet information needs required to assess with a high degree of certainty the impact of the fishery on main secondary species. Benthic surveys were conducted in the white seed area of the fishery following the site visit. The species composition was similar to the wild area. Based on this quantitative information and understanding of the mechanical dredge (and likely highly selective nature of the hand worked component), it is very unlikely that these parts of the fishery take significant catches of other secondary species (such that it is confirmed that there are no ‘main’ secondary species). As such, the both elements are confirmed as meeting SG60 and SG80. SG100 is not met because more detailed information would be needed to quantify catches in all parts of the fishery (including information directly from the mechanical dredge harvest method of white seed). b Information adequacy for assessment of impacts on minor secondary species

Guide Some quantitative information is adequate to post estimate the impact of the UoA on minor secondary species with respect to status.

Met? No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are some quantitative data that are available for minor secondary species in Donggang element of the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery, showing that the catch levels are small – SG100 is met for the Donggang element. The species mix and quantities relative to regional catches and or their distribution is not confirmed for the Putian element, though, which does not meet this SG100 requirement. To meet SG100 for the Putian element, more information on

106 the direct fishery capture of the handworked fishery and white seed fishery components is needed, rather than only the benthic survey. c Information adequacy for management strategy

Guide Information is adequate to Information is adequate to Information is adequate to support measures to manage support a partial strategy to support a strategy to manage post main secondary species. manage main secondary all secondary species, and species. evaluate with a high degree of certainty whether the strategy is achieving its objective.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are understood to be no main secondary species in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). There is sample information available on the mechanical dredge fishery of the Putian element, a benthic survey from the Putian white seed cultivation area, and logbook data on the Donggang element; neither are comprehensive but should be considered quantitative and adequate to assess the impact of the UoA. Available information is adequate to support a partial strategy to manage main secondary species, however, it is not adequate to support a strategy to manage all secondary species. Currently, therefore, the Putian and Donggang element meets SG60 and SG80, but not SG100.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 85

Condition number (if relevant)

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PI 2.2.3 Scoring calculation SIa SIb SIc Element PI Component (60, 80, 100) (100 only) (60, 80,100) Score Score Putian 80 80 80 80 85 Donggang 80 100 80 85

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PI 2.3.1 – ETP species outcome

PI 2.3.1 The UoA meets national and international requirements for the protection of ETP species The UoA does not hinder recovery of ETP species

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Effects of the UoA on population/stock within national or international limits, where applicable

Guide Where national and/or Where national and/or Where national and/or international requirements international requirements international requirements post set limits for ETP species, the set limits for ETP species, the set limits for ETP species, effects of the UoA on the combined effects of the MSC there is a high degree of population/ stock are known UoAs on the population certainty that the combined and likely to be within these /stock are known and highly effects of the MSC UoAs are limits. likely to be within these within these limits. limits.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

SA3.10.1 (MSC 2018a) requires that SIa is scored “where national and/or international requirements set limits”, referring to limits set for protection and rebuilding provided through the national legislation or binding international agreements, as defined in SA3.1.5 and subclauses.

The Assessment Team is not aware of any such limits being in place for ETP species identified in this assessment, and so SIa is not scored.

b Direct effects

Guide Known direct effects of the Known direct effects of the There is a high degree of UoA are likely to not hinder UoA are likely to not hinder confidence that there are no post recovery of ETP species. recovery of ETP species. significant detrimental direct effects of the UoA on ETP

species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element

Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

ETP species are defined by the MSC (MSC 2018a) as species that are:

• Recognised by national ETP legislation, • Listed on Appendix I of CITES (unless it can be shown that the particular stock of the CITES listed species impacted by the UoA under assessment is not endangered), • Listed in any binding agreements concluded under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), or

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• Classified as ‘out of scope’ (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) that are listed in the IUCN Redlist as vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CE).

Cappell (2019) reviewed the potential for the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery to interact with ETP species, and this review forms the basis for the assessment of ETP species in this ACDR.

The Putian area has some ETP bird species present (Bai et al. 2015), namely Saunder’s gull (Larus saundersi) and the black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor). However, these species appear likely to benefit from the seed cultivation processes in Putian rather than be adversely affected due to the limited area that is modified for cultivation ponds (50,000 mu = 3,332 ha), but increased food availability (annual production of white seed ≈ 100,000 t).

For the Donggang element, the Yalu River Estuary provides a globally recognised, ecologically important intertidal area for shorebird species, including some vulnerable species. The Yalu Jiang Estuary Shorebird survey report (1999- 2010) (Riegen et al. 2014) reported that wetlands surrounding the Yellow Sea are significant stopover sites for waterbirds during their north and southward migrations. However, the fishery operates subtidally and is very unlikely to interact significantly with shorebirds as this area too deep and thus outside where birds would be stopping and foraging (Melville et al. 2016).

Cappell (2019) also identified various other ETP species which may be present in either Putian or Donggang, or in both elements. However, none were considered likely to interact directly with the fishery because of the nature of the gear (a propeller or water jet dredge with a small mouth opening) and where it is used in shallow water (Table 14). SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met. c Indirect effects

Guide Indirect effects have been There is a high degree of considered for the UoA and confidence that there are no post are thought to be highly likely significant detrimental to not create unacceptable indirect effects of the UoA on impacts. ETP species.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements. Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Indirect effects are considered here to be impacts on behaviours, feeding efficiency, essential/critical habitats or other aspects of ETP species’ life histories.

While it is possible that shorebirds may be negatively impacted by the activity of vessels working close to shore, or by the activity of hand workers working in the intertidal, it is likely that the seed enhancement activity will be beneficial rather than negative to these species. Li et al. 2014 identified concerns for shorebirds of the Yalu Estuary due to extensive shrimp aquaculture in the intertidal region, but this was related to the collection of intertidal species as food for the shrimp – subtidal aquaculture, including for Manila clam, does not appear to be a significant cause for concern (Melville et al. 2016).

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There are no other pathways where it is thought likely there would be indirect effects that might create unacceptable impacts – SG80 is met for both elements. However, there is not a high degree of confidence, so SG100 is not met.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Li, A., Song, L., Janna, Nianbin, W. and G. Song (2014). Investgation and ecological links analysis of key biological components in wetlands in Yalu River Estuary. Wetland Science, V. 12, pp. No. 3.

Melville, D.S., Chen, Y. & Z. Ma (2016). Shorebirds along the Yellow Sea coast of China face an uncertain future – a review of threats. Emu, V. 116, pp. 100-110.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Riegen, A.C. Vaughan, G. R. & K.G. Rogers (2014). The Yalu Jiang Estuary Shorebird Survey Report 1999-2010. Published by, Yalu Jiang Estuary Wetland National Nature Reserve, China and Miranda Naturalists’ Trust, New Zealand.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • More specific information on the fishery’s interaction with ETP species (i.e., logbook data or observer data if available) would help to confirm the score.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 90

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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PI 2.3.2 – ETP species management strategy

PI 2.3.2 The UoA has in place precautionary management strategies designed to: - meet national and international requirements; - ensure the UoA does not hinder recovery of ETP species.

Also, the UoA regularly reviews and implements measures, as appropriate, to minimise the mortality of ETP species

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Management strategy in place (national and international requirements)

Guide There are measures in place There is a strategy in place There is a comprehensive that minimise the UoA- for managing the UoA’s strategy in place for post related mortality of ETP impact on ETP species, managing the UoA’s impact species, and are expected to including measures to on ETP species, including be highly likely to achieve minimise mortality, which is measures to minimise national and international designed to be highly likely to mortality, which is designed requirements for the achieve national and to achieve above national protection of ETP species. international requirements and international for the protection of ETP requirements for the species. protection of ETP species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements. Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.3.1, there are understood to be no ETP species that interact directly with the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). Nevertheless, the SG80 requirement here is for a ‘strategy’ (ie., which is specific to ETP species and “should contain mechanisms for the modification fishing practices in the light of the identification of unacceptable impacts” (i.e. monitoring is required – Table SA8, MSC 2018a).

There is a strategy in place (e.g., spatial controls on activity including the designation of protected areas, gear limits, etc) that is designed to be highly likely to achieve national and international requirements for the protection of ETP species (including the requirement for Tier 1 species under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife that there is no capture or exploitation of the species and is supported by the creation of protected areas). In Putian, the Putian Manila Clam Industry Association-Fishery Management Plan states the following:

• Fishing is prohibited in nature reserves or other environmentally sensitive areas. • The disturbance to ETP species needs to be recorded and reported to the local fishery administrator immediately. • For trapped and injured ETP species: Any unit or individual found injured, when stranded or trapped in the harbor by mistake, the aquatic wildlife shall be promptly reported to the local fishery administrative department or its affiliated fishery administration

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In Donggang, a similar strategy is in place. Thus, SG80 is met for both Donggang and Putian elements but SG100 is not because there is no comprehensive strategy. b Management strategy in place (alternative)

Guide There are measures in place There is a strategy in place There is a comprehensive that are expected to ensure that is expected to ensure strategy in place for post the UoA does not hinder the the UoA does not hinder the managing ETP species, to recovery of ETP species. recovery of ETP species. ensure the UoA does not hinder the recovery of ETP species.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

Because SIa is scored due to the requirement under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife that there is no capture or exploitation of the species, SIb is not scored (SA3.11.2, MSC 2018a). c Management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are considered There is an objective basis for The strategy/comprehensive likely to work, based on confidence that the strategy is mainly based on post plausible argument (e.g., measures/strategy will work, information directly about general experience, theory or based on information directly the fishery and/or species comparison with similar about the fishery and/or the involved, and a quantitative fisheries/species). species involved. analysis supports high confidence that the strategy will work.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No - both elements. Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

There are some catch data that are available for the fishery, together with understanding of the gear types in use (i.e., that have limited if any potential for interaction with ETP species) and the habitat preferences for potential ETP species. Thus, it can be said that there is an objective basis for confidence that the measures/strategy will work, based on information directly about the fishery and/or the species involved. There is information directly from the Donggang and Putian broodstock fishery and survey data from the white seed cultivation area in Putian. Given these data and the operations of the fishery, there is an objective basis for confidence that the measures/strategy will work, based on information directly about the fishery and/or the species involved. SG80 is met. However, it cannot be said that the quantitative analysis supports high confidence that the strategy will work. SG100 is not met. d Management strategy implementation

Guide There is some evidence that There is clear evidence that the measures/strategy is the strategy/comprehensive post strategy is being

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being implemented implemented successfully successfully. and is achieving its objective as set out in scoring issue (a) or (b).

Met? Yes – Putian element No - both elements. Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

The measures in place comprise spatial controls on activity, the designation of protected areas, and gear limits. Compliance monitoring provides evidence that these are being implemented successfully – SG80 is met for both elements. While some quantitiatve data is available on the fishery and knowledge of the operations and gear type is sufficient to support a strategy, it cannot be said that there is clear evidence that the strategy is achieving its objective. SG100 is not met. e Review of alternative measures to minimize mortality of ETP species

Guide There is a review of the There is a regular review of There is a biennial review of potential effectiveness and the potential effectiveness the potential effectiveness post practicality of alternative and practicality of alternative and practicality of alternative measures to minimise UoA- measures to minimise UoA- measures to minimise UoA- related mortality of ETP related mortality of ETP related mortality ETP species, species. species and they are and they are implemented, as implemented as appropriate. appropriate.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

There is no evidence presented that the fishery interacts in an adverse way with ETP species, and in fact any interactions in Putian appear likely to be somewhat beneficial, with large quantities of small-sized clam being made available in a consistent manner. As such, this SI has not been scored. Nevertheless, if any evidence was presented to show that the fishery caused mortality of ETP species, this SI would have to be scored, and there is no evidence of a review of alternative measures having been undertaken.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 289 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator The MSC defines a ‘strategy’ as “a cohesive and strategic arrangement which may comprise one or

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more measures, an understanding of how it/they work to achieve an outcome and which should be designed to manage impact on that component [i.e., ETP species] specifically. A strategy needs to be appropriate to the scale, intensity and cultural context of the fishery and should contain mechanisms for the modification fishing practices in the light of the identification of unacceptable impacts [i.e. monitoring is required].” It is not clear that there is monitoring in place to allow the reliable identification of impacts or the absence of impacts on ETP species in the two elements, particularly in the Putian element where there is no information on the fishery from which the broodstock are obtained, or the handworked intertidal fishery, where shorebirds may be encountered.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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PI 2.3.3 – ETP species information

PI 2.3.3 Relevant information is collected to support the management of UoA impacts on ETP species, including: - Information for the development of the management strategy; - Information to assess the effectiveness of the management strategy; and - Information to determine the outcome status of ETP species

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information adequacy for assessment of impacts

Guide Qualitative information is Some quantitative Quantitative information is adequate to estimate the information is adequate to available to assess with a high post UoA related mortality on ETP assess the UoA related degree of certainty the species. mortality and impact and to magnitude of UoA-related determine whether the UoA impacts, mortalities and OR may be a threat to protection injuries and the If RBF is used to score PI 2.3.1 and recovery of the ETP consequences for the status for the UoA: species. of ETP species. Qualitative information is OR adequate to estimate If RBF is used to score PI 2.3.1 productivity and for the UoA: susceptibility attributes for ETP species. Some quantitative information is adequate to assess productivity and susceptibility attributes for ETP species.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As noted in PI 2.3.1, there are understood to be no ETP species interactions in the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (Cappell 2019). This is supported by catch data and observation from the Donggang element of the fishery, so SG60 and SG80 is met here. In Putian, some quantitative information is available from the broodstock fishery and surveys and observations of the wild/control/white seed cultivation area, meeting SG80 requirements. Quantitative information is not available to assess this with a high degree of certainty and SG100 is not met for either element.

b Information adequacy for management strategy

Guide Information is adequate to Information is adequate to Information is adequate to support measures to manage measure trends and support support a comprehensive post the impacts on ETP species. a strategy to manage impacts strategy to manage impacts, on ETP species. minimize mortality and injury of ETP species, and evaluate with a high degree of

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certainty whether a strategy is achieving its objectives.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

There is contextual information on the likelihood of interaction between the fishery and ETP species for both elements of the fishery, supporting a score of SG60. The strategy in place also include protected areas and license requirements around gear that are well enforced and thus, information on compliance is adequate to support measures to manage impacts on ETP species. In Putian, fishermen are required to report any ETP interactions (along with bycatch data) to the Putian Clam Association. Research and bird surveys are frequently conducted in the Yalu Estuary in Donggang to monitor ETP bird populations (e.g. Feng et al. 2019). This information combined with compliance information on no fishing activity in protected areas is adequate to support measures to manage the impacts on ETP species, meeting SG60. However, without a consistent and ongoing data collection process in place (and evidence provided of such) regarding catch of the fishery it cannot be said that information is adequate to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species in either Putian or Donggang. SG80 is not met.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Feng et al (2019) Food composition of five migratory snipes in spring in the Yalu River Estuary Wetland of Dandong (丹东鸭绿江口湿地春季５种迁徙鹬类的食物组成). Journal of Fudan University.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator Information on the ETP species monitoring programme would be sought during consultation, including independent data where appropriate. This would be for the Putian element in particular, but also for the Donggang element.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 70

Condition number (if relevant) #4

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PI 2.4.1 – Habitats outcome

PI 2.4.1 The UoA does not cause serious or irreversible harm to habitat structure and function, considered on the basis of the area covered by the governance body(s) responsible for fisheries management in the area(s) where the UoA operates

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Commonly encountered habitat status

Guide The UoA is unlikely to reduce The UoA is highly unlikely to There is evidence that the structure and function of the reduce structure and function UoA is highly unlikely to post commonly encountered of the commonly reduce structure and function habitats to a point where encountered habitats to a of the commonly there would be serious or point where there would be encountered habitats to a irreversible harm. serious or irreversible harm. point where there would be serious or irreversible harm.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Habitat surveys were undertaken in both Putian (WWF 2018b) and Donggang (Taihong 2019b).

Putian:

The sediments suitable for growth of Manila clam is mainly silt-fine sand-medium sand, with a small amount of clay, and the content of fine sand and medium sand occupies 50%-70% sediment. WWF 2018b found no significant difference in species of macrobenthos between culture areas and wildlife areas. The habitat modification (pond construction and sand clearance) is temporary and habitats would revert to a natural, tidal system without human intervention. In the natural intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, there evidence presented is that the sediment and community types were closely linked, with Manila clam preferring sandier sediments and not settling in muddiest areas. There was no detectable different in community types between aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas, although the biomass of animals in the protected areas may have been slightly higher (e.g., WWF 2018a).

Donggang:

Work undertaken in the Fishery Improvement Project for the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery found that the sediment in the aquaculture areas was mainly argillaceous (clay) and/or silty (clay-silt) (Taihong 2019b). The habitat survey concluded that there was no significant difference between the biodiversity of the cultured area and the control area in Donggang. The dominant species is the increased culture species of Manila clam. The density or biomass of clam is 2-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of other organisms.

In both Putian and Donggang, the commonly encountered habitats are soft sediments – extensive evidence from other locations indicates that, in shallow water subject to tidal-current and wave-generated perturbation, such habitats are of low sensitivity. Recovery studies in other sand / muddy sand environments (e.g., Hiddink et al. 2017, Sciberras et al. 2018) suggests that the recoverability of habitats from dredge activity occurs in the short-term (within 1-2 years). SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met, in part because of the scale of the activity in comparison to the scale of the large intertidal and shallow subtidal areas found in both Putian and Donggang, as well as evidence

118 conducted during the FIP to show that the UoA is highly unlikely to reduce structure and function of the commonly encountered habitats to a point where there would be serious or irreversible harm. b VME habitat status

Guide The UoA is unlikely to reduce The UoA is highly unlikely to There is evidence that the structure and function of the reduce structure and function UoA is highly unlikely to post VME habitats to a point of the VME habitats to a reduce structure and function where there would be serious point where there would be of the VME habitats to a or irreversible harm. serious or irreversible harm. point where there would be serious or irreversible harm.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

No VME’s were identified in either the Putian or Donggang elements of the fishery. Thus, this SI is considered not relevant. c Minor habitat status

Guide There is evidence that the UoA is highly unlikely to post reduce structure and function of the minor habitats to a point where there would be serious or irreversible harm.

Met? No – both elements

Rationale

Habitat mapping has been conducted in the area of both UoAs, although not at a level that allows minor habitats to be identified. SG100 is not met for either element.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Sciberras, M., Szosteka, C.L., Hughes, K.M., Ellis, N., Rijnsdorp, A.D., McConnaughey, R.A., Mazor, T., Hilborng, R., Collie, J.S., Pitcher, C.R., Amoroso, R.O., Parma, A.M., Suuronen, P. & M.J. Kaiser (2017). Global analysis of depletion and recovery of seabed biota after bottom trawling disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), V. 114, pp. 8391-8306.

119

Kaiser (2018). Response of benthic fauna to experimental bottom fishing: a global meta-analysis. Fish and Fisheries, V. 19, pp. 698–715.

Taihong (2019b). Habitat mapping and stock survey in Donggang. Yalu River Manila Clam Fishery Improvement Project. Report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 21 pp.

WWF (2018b). Clam certification in the Yalu River Estuary; survey report on habitat of Manila Clam in Putian. WWF Beijing Office. July 10 2018.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator None in particular at this time.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 90

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

120

PI 2.4.2 – Habitats management strategy

PI 2.4.2 There is a strategy in place that is designed to ensure the UoA does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the habitats

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in place, There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy in place for if necessary, that are place, if necessary, that is managing the impact of all post expected to achieve the expected to achieve the MSC UoAs/non-MSC fisheries Habitat Outcome 80 level of Habitat Outcome 80 level of on habitats. performance. performance or above.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

The Fisheries Law of the PRC (1986 amended 2004) and the Marine Functional Zoning system (Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee 2016) provides the framework for the development of measures to manage activities and constrain the impacts of both the Putian and Donggang elements of the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (e.g., Fujian Provincial People’s Congress 2006), as manifested through the specific aquaculture and clam culture plans for those areas (e.g., Putian People’s Government 2018, Donggang People’s Government 2018), as well as with specific licensing and gear limitation requirements (e.g., Fujian Provincial Government 2018, Ministry of Agriculture 2013, Ministry of Agriculture 2018). The zoning includes the designation of marine protected areas where fishing and aquaculture activities are not permitted (e.g. around Meizhou Bay Island and in the Yalu River Estuary National Wetland Reserve (Figure 15).

The system of zoning and the fishery management system is developed and monitored under the Ministry of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture 2009) and is understood to be based on available information on community, habitats, productivity and carrying capacity. As this zoning applies to all activities (i.e, including all MSC UoAs and non-MSC fisheries), it is considered that SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met.

b Management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are There is some objective basis Testing supports high considered likely to work, for confidence that the confidence that the partial post based on plausible measures/partial strategy will strategy/strategy will work, argument (e.g. general work, based on information based on information directly experience, theory or directly about the UoA about the UoA and/or habitats comparison with similar and/or habitats involved. involved. UoAs/habitats).

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

121

Constraining activity to specific areas through zoning, while protecting representative and/or vulnerable locations within the inshore environment is a conventional approach to constraining impacts on habitats. Fishing and farming activity is also to some extent rotational and provides opportunity for recovery of the habitats and benthic species between harvest periods, which together with the scale of the activity in comparison to the extent of the littoral and infralittoral zones then provides some objective basis for confidence that the strategy will work. It is not clear that there has been any testing other than through experience, so SG100 is not met, but SG60 and SG80 are met as it can be said that there exists objective basis for confidence that the measures/partial strategy will work. c Management strategy implementation

Guide There is some quantitative There is clear quantitative evidence that the evidence that the partial post measures/partial strategy is strategy/strategy is being being implemented implemented successfully and successfully. is achieving its objective, as outlined in scoring issue (a).

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Zoning is confirmed to be undertaken and activity is closely monitored and managed. There is at least some evidence that the partial strategy is being implemented successfully in both Putian and Donggang. SG80 is met. However, no clear quantitative evidence was provided to the assessment team that the strategy is achieving its objective, so SG100 is not met. d Compliance with management requirements and other MSC UoAs’/non-MSC fisheries’ measures to protect VMEs

Guide There is qualitative evidence There is some quantitative There is clear quantitative that the UoA complies with evidence that the UoA evidence that the UoA post its management complies with both its complies with both its requirements to protect management requirements management requirements VMEs. and with protection measures and with protection measures afforded to VMEs by other afforded to VMEs by other MSC UoAs/non-MSC MSC UoAs/non-MSC fisheries, fisheries, where relevant. where relevant.

Met? N/A N/A N/A

Rationale

No VME’s were identified in either the Putian or Donggang elements of the fishery. Thus, this SI is considered not relevant.

References

122

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (2016). The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. English translation available at: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf.

Donggang People’s Government (2018). Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

Fisheries Law of the PRC (1986, amended 2004). http://english.agri.gov.cn/governmentaffairs/lr/201810/t20181022_296061.htm.

Fujian Provincial People’s Congress (2006). Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations. http://www.fujian.gov.cn/zc/flfg/dfxfg/201604/t20160419_1200350.htm.

Fujian Provincial Government (2018). Fishery Fishing Licence Cancellation, Expiration and Reissue: Provision of Renewal of Fishing Certificate http://www.fjbs.gov.cn/service.action?fn=detail&unid=9E517A3C7A1B0E6B6D3A768DB4CBA453&villageDeptU nid=undefined.#

Ministry of Agriculture (2009). Main functions of the Bureau of Fisheries. Date 2009-06-25. Website accessed October 2019. http://english.agri.gov.cn/aboutmoa/departments/201301/t20130115_9518.htm.

Ministry of Agriculture (2013). Notice of the Ministry of Agriculture on the implementation of the minimum mesh size system for marine fishing and fishing gear 农业部关于实施海洋捕捞准用渔具和过渡渔具最小网目尺寸制度的通告 (http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201312/t20131205_3699050.htm).

Ministry of Agriculture (2018). Fishery fishing license management regulations http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2019/content_5368590.html.

Putian People’s Government (2018). Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator None at this time.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 85

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

123

PI 2.4.3 – Habitats information

PI 2.4.3 Information is adequate to determine the risk posed to the habitat by the UoA and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage impacts on the habitat

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information quality

Guide The types and distribution of The nature, distribution and The distribution of all the main habitats are broadly vulnerability of the main habitats is known over their post understood. habitats in the UoA area are range, with particular known at a level of detail attention to the occurrence OR relevant to the scale and of vulnerable habitats. If CSA is used to score PI 2.4.1 intensity of the UoA. for the UoA: OR Qualitative information is If CSA is used to score PI 2.4.1 adequate to estimate the for the UoA: types and distribution of the main habitats. Some quantitative information is available and is adequate to estimate the types and distribution of the main habitats.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

As highlighted in PI 2.4.1, habitat surveys were undertaken recently in both Putian (WWF 2018b) and Donggang (Taihong 2019b). The extensive nature of sedimentary habitats within the shallow sea area of both Putian and Donggang regions, and their vulnerability to towed gears (e.g., Hiddink et al. 2017, Sciberras et al. 2018) is known – thus SG60 and SG80 are met. It is not clear that the distribution of all habitats is known over their range, however, so SG100 is not met.

b Information adequacy for assessment of impacts

Guide Information is adequate to Information is adequate to The physical impacts of the broadly understand the allow for identification of the gear on all habitats have post nature of the main impacts of main impacts of the UoA on been quantified fully. gear use on the main the main habitats, and there habitats, including spatial is reliable information on the overlap of habitat with fishing spatial extent of interaction gear. and on the timing and location of use of the fishing OR gear. If CSA is used to score PI 2.4.1 OR for the UoA: If CSA is used to score PI 2.4.1 Qualitative information is for the UoA: adequate to estimate the 124

consequence and spatial Some quantitative attributes of the main information is available and is habitats. adequate to estimate the consequence and spatial attributes of the main habitats.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Studies have been conducted looking at fished areas of the two fishery elements and unfished areas in close proximity to understand the impact of the fishery on the local habitats (WWF 2018b, Taihong 2019b). Activity is also zoned and monitored, such that it is clear that Information is adequate to allow for identification of the main impacts of the UoA on the main habitats, and there is reliable information on the spatial extent of interaction and on the timing and location of use of the fishing gear. SG60 and SG80 are met, but it is not clear that the physical impacts on all habitats have been quantified fully, so SG100 is not met. c Monitoring

Guide Adequate information Changes in all habitat continues to be collected to distributions over time are post detect any increase in risk to measured. the main habitats.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Monitoring of the farming and fishing activities is undertaken routinely, including through the collection of logbooks and farming and fishing location data – SG80 is met, but no information was available to the assessment team demonstrating that changes in habitat distribution over time are measured – thus, SG100 is not met.

References

Sciberras, M., Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Szostek, C.L., Hughes, K.M., Kneafsey, B., Clarke, L.J., Ellis, N., Rijnsdorp, A.D., McConnaughey, R.A., Hilborn, R., Collie, J.S., Pitcher, C.R., Amoroso, R.O., Parma, A.M., Suuronen, P. & M.J. Kaiser (2018). Response of benthic fauna to experimental bottom fishing: a global meta-analysis. Fish and Fisheries, V. 19, pp. 698–715.

125

Taihong (2019b). Habitat mapping and stock survey in Donggang. Yalu River Manila Clam Fishery Improvement Project. Report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 21 pp.

WWF (2018b). Clam certification in the Yalu River Estuary; survey report on habitat of Manila Clam in Putian. WWF Beijing Office. July 10 2018.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator None at this time.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

126

PI 2.5.1 – Ecosystem outcome

PI 2.5.1 The UoA does not cause serious or irreversible harm to the key elements of ecosystem structure and function

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Ecosystem status

Guide The UoA is unlikely to disrupt The UoA is highly unlikely to There is evidence that the the key elements underlying disrupt the key elements UoA is highly unlikely to post ecosystem structure and underlying ecosystem disrupt the key elements function to a point where structure and function to a underlying ecosystem there would be a serious or point where there would be a structure and function to a irreversible harm. serious or irreversible harm. point where there would be a serious or irreversible

harm.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

For the Putian element, the ecosystem is considered to be the southern East China Sea, while the key ecosystem element is considered to be community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area. For the Donggang element, the ecosystem is considered to be the northern Yellow Sea, while the key ecosystem element is considered to be community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area.

The information presented provides a picture of very extensive intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, with a generally sedimentary nature and with high levels of productivity and production. However, there is also extensive fisheries and aquaculture activity generally. This evaluation focuses on the impacts of the ecosystem impacts of the UoA specifically.

Putian element

127 degradation of the marine ecological environment and competition between wild populations and cultivated populations, risks were judged to either present almost no danger to low risk. For the Putian element, there is no indication that the level of activity is problematic or has the potential to disrupt the community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area – SG60 and SG80 are met. The client provided the team with an ecological risk assessment conducted in 2019 which found that the Manila Clam fishery (broodstock and cultivated component) has relatively low risk to both the wild clam populations and the ecosystem more broadly (including impact on higher trophic species) (Denggao 2019). There is considered to be evidence that the UoA is highly unlikely to disrupt the key elements underlying ecosystem structure and function to a point where there would be a serious or irreversible – SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met.

Donggang element

For the Donggang element, the Assessment Team considered papers by Li et al. (2014), WWF (2014) and Song et al. (2013).

Li et al. (2014) considered the development of aquaculture and enhanced fisheries in the Yalu Estuary over time, in particular in intertidal areas, and its impact on other species including native shellfish and migratory birds. The study concluded (Google translation) “The rapid development of shrimp farming in the early 1980s to the late 1990s not only occupied most of the tidal flats in the high tide area of this area, but also led to the obvious succession of dominant populations in the intertidal zone due to the plundering of shellfish and other shrimp bait. The succession of migratory waterbirds’ bait organisms to non-bait organisms; in recent years, the massive invasion of exotic shellfish farming species, over-single farming species and unreasonable breeding arrangements have also seriously affected the natural distribution and normality of local shellfish species.”

WWF (2014) and Song et al. (2013) looked specifically at the shellfish aquaculture carrying capacity of the intertidal and shallow sea area of the Yalu River estuary using a dynamic nutrition model.

Song et al. (2013) concluded “According to statistics, in recent years, the annual production of clams of about 100,000 tons in this region has exceeded the carrying capacity of shellfish in the sea area”. However, the estimated total shellfish aquaculture area as estimated for the WWF (2014) and Song et al. (2013) analysis was substantially smaller (14,395 Ha) than the area currently estimated to be cultivated (around 40,000 Ha –Since the report was published, production of Manila clam in Donggang has increased and now stands at about 250,000 t per year (Table 15).If the carrying capacity is adjusted for the increase in area, then the current production levels (around 200,000 t – Table 15) are lower.

Following the site visit, the Assessment Team asked for evidence that the production of Manila clam in the Donggang area was undertaken with a focus on carrying capacity. Subsequently, the 2018-2030 Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (Donggang People’s Government 2018) was reviewed; this mentions the need to balance aquaculture development with ecological carrying capacity (Section 8) and highlights the intention of strengthening the evaluation of ecological carry capacity (Section 16). However, no specific measures (e.g., controls on density or total stocking quantities) are identified. The assessment team was also provided with evidence of implementation of the ‘optimal seedling density’ approach based on the Chinese national standard for Ruditapes philippinarum’ (PRC 2004), with a recommendation of 2,100 seedlings of <1cm per m2. Seeding rates employed by the client were around 1,400 to 1,600 seedlings per m2 for 2018 and 2019, although there was no information available from other farmers or stakeholders in Donggang.

128

The client provided additional information and documentation from Professor Song within the 7 month documentation period. Screenshots of environmental surveys conducted in Donggang from 2014-2017 were provided, which conclude that the environment is of good quality. The full report itself could not be provided as the assessment team was informed the results are confidential.

For Donggang, given the scale of the ecosystem and its inherent productivity and likely resilience to temporary perturbation, and noting the MSC definition of ‘serious or irreversible’ (Table SA8, MSC 2018), the Assessment Team considered that the Donggang element was highly unlikely to disrupt the key elements underlying ecosystem structure and function to a point where there would be a serious or irreversible harm, such that SG60 and SG80 are met.

However, the published studies highlighting the risk posed to the ecosystem and the potential for carrying capacity to be exceeded to the detriment of the wild shellfish community – SG100 is not met.

References

Denggao, Q. (2019). Filipino clams in Putian, Fujian Province, Ecological risk assessment report. Evaluation date: July 29, 2019.

Li, A., Song, L., Janna, Nianbin, W. and G. Song (2014). Investgation and ecological links analysis of key biological components in wetlands in Yalu River Estuary. Wetland Science, V. 12, pp. No. 3.

PRC (2004). Pollution-free food. Ruditapes philippinarum farming technical specifications. National Standard NY/T 5289-2004. https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/NYT5289-2004.

Song, G.-j., Zhang, X., Song, L., Wang, N.-b. & A. Li (2013). Aquaculture carrying capacity of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum at shallow sea area in Yalu River Estuary. Fisheries Science, V. 32, No. 1., pp. 36-40.

Taihong (2019b). Habitat mapping and stock survey in Donggang. Yalu River Manila Clam Fishery Improvement Project. Report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 21 pp.

Taihong (undated a). Sustainable fishery improvement of plan of the Manila clam in the Estuary of the Yalu River; Ecological Assessment (IPG 7). Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 10 pp.

Taihong (undated b). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Meizhou Bay（英文加图版）湄洲湾. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 8 pp.

Taihong (undated c). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Pinghai Bay（平海湾 habitat mapping 英文版. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 4 pp.

Taihong (undated d). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Xinghau Bay（兴化湾 habitat mapping 概况英文版. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 4 pp.

WWF (2014). The comprehensive report of the Yellow Sea ecoregion support project 2007-2014. WWF Japan, WWF China and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. 69 pp.

129

WWF (2018b). Clam certification in the Yalu River Estuary; survey report on habitat of Manila Clam in Putian. WWF Beijing Office. July 10 2018.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator None is considered needed at this time.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 90

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

130

PI 2.5.2 – Ecosystem management strategy

PI 2.5.2 There are measures in place to ensure the UoA does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to ecosystem structure and function

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy that place, if necessary which place, if necessary, which takes consists of a plan, in place post take into account the into account available which contains measures potential impacts of the information and is expected to to address all main impacts UoA on key elements of restrain impacts of the UoA on of the UoA on the the ecosystem. the ecosystem so as to achieve ecosystem, and at least the Ecosystem Outcome 80 some of these measures

level of performance. are in place.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Similar to the scoring of PI 2.4.2, the Fisheries Law of the PRC (1986 amended 2004) and the Marine Functional Zoning system (Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee 2016) provides the framework for the development of measures to manage activities and constrain the impacts of both the Putian and Donggang elements of the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery (e.g., Fujian Provincial People’s Congress 2006), as manifested through the specific aquaculture and clam culture plans for those areas (e.g., Putian People’s Government 2018, Donggang People’s Government 2018), as well as with specific licensing and gear limitation requirements (e.g., Fujian Provincial Government 2018, Ministry of Agriculture 2013, Ministry of Agriculture 2018). The zoning includes the designation of marine protected areas where fishing and aquaculture activities are not permitted (e.g. around Meizhou Bay Island and in the Yalu River Estuary National Wetland Reserve (Figure 15).

The system of zoning and the fishery management system is developed and monitored under the Ministry of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture 2009), and is understood to be based on available information on community, habitats, productivity and carrying capacity.

For the Putian element, there is considered to be a partial strategy in place that will limit the potential for the UoA to impact the community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area, and so SG60 and SG80 are met. It is not clear if ecosystem considerations were prominent in the development of the zoning plan for Putian, however, so it is not confirmed that a strategy is in place – SG100 is not met.

For the Donggang element, concerns over carrying capacity for the Yalu Estuary were raised by Song et al. 2013, and by a project established by WWF in collaboration with scientific partners to assess the ecology and management of the Yellow Sea ecoregion, where Yalu Estuary was selected as an demonstration site for investigation (WWF 2014). These reports point to the potential for Manila clam production to exceed the carrying capacity of the system. In particular, Song et al. 2013 pointed to the potential for the breeding density of clams in this region to have exceeded the optimal unit area carrying capacity of clams in all seasons, but Li et al. 2014 also highlighted that aquaculture has seriously affected the natural distribution and normality of local shellfish species. Since these report were published,

131 the area under cultivation has expanded substantially, but production of Manila clam in Donggang has also increased and now stands at about 200,000 t per year (Table 15). It was noted to the assessment team that farmers follow recommendations on the optimal seedling density, supported by reference to carrying capacity listed in the 2018- 2030 Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (Donggang People’s Government 2018 – i.e., Section 8 mentions the need to balance aquaculture development with ecological carrying capacity, and Section 16 highlights the intention of strengthening the evaluation of ecological carry capacity), and the client demonstrated that their stocking has remained well within he recommended levels.

The Assessment Team was also informed that there is an annual environmental survey carried out for the Donggang area by the Dalian Ocean University. Reports from the last two years were requested but the Assessment Team was informed that the analysis was unavailable for the purposes of the MSC assessment. Results (screenshots of summary tables) were provided from 2014 to 2017 studies conducted by Department of Oceans and Fisheries of Liaoning Province, showing that the environmental quality of Donggang was rated as ‘good.’ However, no information on the sampling parameters was provided and the report is confidential and could not be provided to the Assessment Team. In addition, the Department of Oceans and Fisheries of Liaoning Province was disbanded in 2018 as part of a government reform and the evaluation of the transplanted area was removed from the Environmental Status Bulletin (Professor Song, personal communication). No further documentation on how carrying capacity concerns have been addressed was made available to the Assessment Team.

In summary, there is zoning in the marine waters of the Yalu Estuary, which limits the spatial extent of Manila clam farming activity, together with formal recommendations on stocking density to manage carrying capacity concerns that are supported by the current 218-2030 aquaculture plan – it is considered that there is a partial strategy in place which takes into account available information and is expected to restrain impacts of the UoA on the ecosystem so as to achieve the Ecosystem Outcome 80 level of performance – SG60 and SG80 are met.

There remain some concerns over carrying capacity, raised by Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014 and WWF 2014 that would have to be addressed more directly for it to be considered that a full strategy was in place which contains measures to address all main impacts of the UoA on the ecosystem – SG100 is not met for the Donggang element.

B Management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are There is some objective basis Testing supports high considered likely to work, for confidence that the confidence that the partial post based on plausible measures/ partial strategy will strategy/ strategy will argument (e.g., general work, based on some work, based on experience, theory or information directly about the information directly about comparison with similar UoA and/or the ecosystem the UoA and/or ecosystem UoAs/ ecosystems). involved. involved.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements. Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Constraining activity to specific areas through zoning, while protecting representative and/or vulnerable locations within the inshore environment is a common approach to constraining impacts on the ecosystem. Fishing and farming activity is also to some extent rotational and provides opportunity for recovery of the habitats and benthic species between harvest periods. For the Putian element, these factors together with the scale of the activity in

132 comparison to the extent of the littoral and infralittoral zones provides some objective basis for confidence that the partial strategy will work – SG60 and SG80 are met. It is not clear that there has been any testing other than through experience, though, so SG100 is not met in Putian.

For Donggang, the key ecosystem elements are community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area. In this regard, zoning, where it is undertaken with consideration for ecological processes, are considered likely to work to constrain activity and impacts on the ecosystem. Growth in production over time provides a plausible argument that the measures should be considered likely to work. However, in the absence of information to show how the concerns raised by Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014 and WWF 2014 have been addressed specifically (e.g., by re-running the arrying capacity analysis to account for the increased area of production), there is not objective basis for confidence that the measures will work – SG80 is not met. c Management strategy implementation

Guide There is some evidence There is clear evidence that the that the measures/partial partial strategy/strategy is post strategy is being being implemented successfully implemented successfully. and is achieving its objective as set out in scoring issue (a).

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements. Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Zoning is confirmed to be undertaken and activity is closely monitored and managed. There is at least some evidence that the partial strategy is being implemented successfully in both Putian and Donggang. SG80 is met. For Putian, there is no evidence that the partial strategy is achieving its objective, so SG100 is not met, while for Donggang it is not possible to meet SG100 in the absence of at least a partial strategy.

References

Donggang People’s Government (2018). Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

Fisheries Law of the PRC (1986, amended 2004). http://english.agri.gov.cn/governmentaffairs/lr/201810/t20181022_296061.htm.

Fujian Provincial People’s Congress (2006). Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations. http://www.fujian.gov.cn/zc/flfg/dfxfg/201604/t20160419_1200350.htm.

Fujian Provincial Government (2018). Fishery Fishing License Cancellation, Expiration and Reissue: Provision of Renewal of Fishing Certificate

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http://www.fjbs.gov.cn/service.action?fn=detail&unid=9E517A3C7A1B0E6B6D3A768DB4CBA453&villageDeptU nid=undefined.#

Li, A., Song, L., Janna, Nianbin, W. and G. Song (2014). Investgation and ecological links analysis of key biological components in wetlands in Yalu River Estuary. Wetland Science, V. 12, pp. No. 3.

Ministry of Agriculture (2009). Main functions of the Bureau of Fisheries. Date 2009-06-25. Website accessed October 2019. http://english.agri.gov.cn/aboutmoa/departments/201301/t20130115_9518.htm.

Ministry of Agriculture (2018). Fishery fishing license management regulations http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2019/content_5368590.html.

Putian People’s Government (2018). Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Song, G.-j., Zhang, X., Song, L., Wang, N.-b. & A. Li (2013). Aquaculture carrying capacity of Manila clam Ruditapes philippenarum at shallow sea area in Yalu River Estuary. Fisheries Science, V. 32, No. 1., pp. 36-40.

WWF (2014). The comprehensive report of the Yellow Sea ecoregion support project 2007-2014. WWF Japan, WWF China and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. 69 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator Information sufficient to score PI

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 75

Condition number (if relevant) #5

PI 2.5.2 Scoring calculation SIa SIb SIc Element Overall Element (60, 80, 100) (60, 80 100) (80, 100 only) Score Score Putian 80 80 80 80 75 Donggang 80 60 80 75

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PI 2.5.3 – Ecosystem information

PI 2.5.3 There is adequate knowledge of the impacts of the UoA on the ecosystem

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information quality

Guide Information is adequate Information is adequate to to identify the key broadly understand the key post elements of the elements of the ecosystem. ecosystem.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

For both the Putian and Donggang elements, there is good information on the characteristics of the community within the bays where the fishery occurs (e.g., Taihong 2019b, Taihong undated a, Taihong undated b, Taihong undated c, Taihong undated d, WWF 2018b), including on the seasonal abundance, feeding habits and interactions between component species. Information is considered adequate to broadly understand the key elements of the ecosystem for both Putian and Donggang, so SG80 is met.

b Investigation of UoA impacts

Guide Main impacts of the UoA Main impacts of the UoA on Main interactions on these key ecosystem these key ecosystem between the UoA and post elements can be inferred elements can be inferred these ecosystem elements from existing information, from existing information, can be inferred from but have not been and some have been existing information, and investigated in detail. investigated in detail. have been investigated in detail.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

The impacts of both elements of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam can be inferred from existing information and some have been investigated in detail, specifically on the effect of farming activity on the benthic community biomass and diversity in comparison to non-aquaculture and protected areas in Putian (WWF 2018b) and in locations around the Donggang site (Taihong 2019b), as well as on the benthic community (Song et al. 2013) and bird community (Li et al. 2014) in Donggang. SG60 and SG80 are met, but the absence of any work undertaken to study the long-term potential impact on the inshore system hinders meeting SG100 in Putian, while SG100 is not met in Donggang because there has also clearly been some development in the industry in Donggang since the Song et al. 2013 and Li et al. 2014 reports were published. Therefore, it cannot be said

135 that main interactions between the UoA and these ecosystem elements can be inferred from existing information, and have been investigated in detail – SG100 is not met. c Understanding of component functions

Guide The main functions of the The impacts of the UoA on components (i.e., P1 target P1 target species, primary, post species, primary, secondary secondary and ETP species and ETP species and and Habitats are identified Habitats) in the ecosystem and the main functions of are known. these components in the ecosystem are understood.

Met? Yes – Putian element Yes – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Work has been undertaken to describe the main functions of the components in the ecosystem (Taihong undated a, Taihong undated b, Taihong undated c, Taihong undated d). This is sufficient to know and understand the main functions of the components in the ecosystem, and there is sufficient information to identify the impacts of the UoA on these components (including in the reports already cited, but also in Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014, WWF 2014, Melville et al. 2016, WWF 2018b). d Information relevance

Guide Adequate information is Adequate information is available on the impacts of available on the impacts of post the UoA on these the UoA on the components to allow some components and elements of the main consequences to allow the main for the ecosystem to be consequences for the inferred. ecosystem to be inferred.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Work has been undertaken to describe the main functions of the components in the ecosystem, particularly in relation to their interaction with the two elements of the fishery (Taihong undated a, Taihong undated b, Taihong undated c, Taihong undated d, Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014, WWF 2014, WWF 2018b). Adequate information is available on the impacts of the UoA on these components to allow some of the main consequences for the ecosystem to be inferred. For both elements, SG80 is met. SG100 is not met because of the limited information that is available for the different parts of the fishery in Putian, and because of the somewhat contradictory information on carrying capacity for Donggang. e Monitoring

136

Guide Adequate data continue to Information is adequate to be collected to detect any support the development post increase in risk level. of strategies to manage ecosystem impacts.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – both elements Yes – Donggang element

Rationale

Monitoring of the farming and fishing activities is undertaken routinely, including through the collection of logbooks and farming and fishing location data; SG80 is met, but it is not clear how much independent data are collected on the either the Putian or Donggang component of the fishery and, while there are apparently some additional monitoring data collected for the Donggang area in particular, these were not available to the Assessment Team – SG100 is not met.

References

Li, A., Song, L., Janna, Nianbin, W. and G. Song (2014). Investigation and ecological links analysis of key biological components in wetlands in Yalu River Estuary. Wetland Science, V. 12, pp. No. 3.

Melville, D.S., Chen, Y. & Z. Ma (2016). Shorebirds along the Yellow Sea coast of China face an uncertain future – a review of threats. Emu, V. 116, pp. 100-110.

Taihong (2019b). Habitat mapping and stock survey in Donggang. Yalu River Manila Clam Fishery Improvement Project. Report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 21 pp.

Taihong (undated b). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Meizhou Bay（英文加图版）湄洲湾. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 8 pp.

Taihong (undated c). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Pinghai Bay（平海湾 habitat mapping 英文版. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 4 pp.

Taihong (undated d). 4 IPG 4&6 Gulf Report-EN Xinghau Bay（兴化湾 habitat mapping 概况英文版. Unattributed report provided by Taihong Food Co. Ltd. for the assessment. 4 pp.

WWF (2014). The comprehensive report of the Yellow Sea ecoregion support project 2007-2014. WWF Japan, WWF China and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. 69 pp.

137

WWF (2018b). Clam certification in the Yalu River Estuary; survey report on habitat of Manila Clam in Putian. WWF Beijing Office. July 10 2018.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator None in particular at this time.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 85

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

138

PI 2.6.1 – Translocation outcome

PI 2.6.1 The translocation activity has negligible discernible impact on the surrounding ecosystem

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Impact of translocation activity

Guide The translocation activity is The translocation activity is There is evidence that the post unlikely to introduce highly unlikely to introduce translocation activity is diseases, pests, pathogens, diseases, pests, pathogens, or highly unlikely to introduce or non-native species non-native species into the diseases, pests, pathogens, (species not already surrounding ecosystem. or non-native species into established in the the surrounding ecosystem. ecosystem) into the surrounding ecosystem.

Met? N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

White seed (Manila clam of ≈ 10 mm shell length) are moved from Putian to Donggang (a straight-line distance of approximately 1,600 km) before being seeded into the shallow subtidal, leased plots prior to being on-grown to market size. This qualifies as a translocation, and requires that the translocation PIs are scored. However, they are scored only for the Donggang element of the fishery.

Yan (undated) indicates that there is quarantine and inspection of seedlings to prevent the entry of harmful organisms, and this is noted also by DCOFB & DCHAPIA (2018). Zeng (2018) noted all seed used in Donggang is sourced from Chinese hatcheries/nurseries that have both a seed production licence and an aquaculture license, and are inspected for biotoxins, parasites and pathogens before movement is allowed – this derives from overarching policy requirements as specified in PRC (2006). Example results of disease testing for export from the on-growing sites were provided to the assessment team, showing no problems. However, when stakeholders from the government and industry were asked about quarantine measures, all stakeholders stated that there were essentially no quarantine processes for import to the ongrowing site (Taihong 2019a). Stakeholders at the remote visit stated Manila clam was considered low risk and that there was no testing measures undertaken for clams brought to Donggang from Putian – this appears to be confirmed by the results of a recent ecological risk assessment for Putian, which concluded that the industry was low risk for alien species introduction (Denggao 2019).

Xu et al. 2012 detailed the number of non-native invasive species present in different Chinese regions, and noted that the number was highest in coastal regions to the south and southeast of China, with more being present in Fujian Province (182) than in Liaoning Province (144). While these data were for all non-native invasive species, including those brought in deliberately, Lin et al. 2015 confirmed that there is potential for non-native species to be transported through aquaculture. Chen et al 2017 then confirmed the potential for aquaculture to act as a vector for non-native species, noting that aquaculture is amongst the three main vectors that are “responsible for, and indeed speed up, the introduction and spread of invasive species in China.”

139

Just prior to the site visit, the National Government published new regulations requiring provinces to develop policies and to implement a quarantine system for the origin of aquatic seedlings (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agriculture and Fisheries Development (2020) No. 7, released April 17, 2020).3 These new regulations were not discussed during the site visit. In response to these new requirements, the Donggang Seed Bureau released a plan titled ‘The next five-year plan for the full implementation of shellfish inspection and quarantine in Donggang.’ The stated goals in the plan are:

• By 2022, we will strive to achieve the goal of 100% quarantine declaration and quarantine rate for aquatic fingerling indigenous and 100% electronic certification rate for qualified quarantine.

• Conduct spot checks on the Seeds introduced by fishermen in Donggang City, with a sampling rate of 10%, and conduct routine tests on their Seeds and finished products (for diseases that may occur in clam)

• Cooperate with relevant Marine research institutions in Dalian to collect and sort out the diseases of clam in the past ten years.

• 100% of all fishermen to understand, in the breeding process of the relevant problems, and file, and then report to scientific research institutions for research.

The client provided results of laboratory test conducted in May 2020 on white seeds purchased by them from Putian. The test was for larvae of flukes, tapeworm larvae, juvenile nematodes, and Hemolysis vibrios, which are linked mainly to concerns over human health and / or clam specific diseases rather than to concerns over non-native species introduction and potential risks of impacts to the wider ecosystem.

The assessment team was provided with a list of species identified in surveys undertaken in 2018 in the subtidal area at Donggang to look for non-native species, and none have been found (Song pers. comm.), although the sampling effort and methods were not provided to the assessment team. The absence of non-native species in the benthic survey was attributed in part to the significant difference in seawater temperature between Putian and Donggang, which was considered likely to constrain the ability of translocated species to survive (Song, pers. comm.).

Based on the existing measures and testing regime, together with the difference in seawater temperature between Putian and Donggang and the reported results of benthic surveys in Donggang, the translocation activity is considered highly unlikely to introduce diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species into the surrounding ecosystem. However, uncertainty of the coverage level of testing and a lack of analysis of the risk posed by different species, it cannot be concluded that there is evidence in this regard – SG100 is not met.

References

Chen, Y., Sun, C. & A. Zhan (2017). Biological invasions in aquatic ecosystems in China. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, V. 20, pp. 402-412. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aibin_Zhan/publication/320965003_Biological_invasions_in_aquatic_ec osystems_in_China/links/5ea60c51299bf1125611e904/Biological-invasions-in-aquatic-ecosystems-in-China.pdf

3 http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-04/22/content_5505122.htm 140

DCOFB & DCHAPIA (2018). Investigation on the status of Manila clam seed status. Fisheries department, Donggang City Ocean and Fisheries Bureau and the Donggang City Huanghai Aquatic Products Industry Association, October 16th, 2018, 5 pp.

Denggao, Q. (2019). Filipino clams in Putian, Fujian Province, Ecological risk assessment report. Evaluation date: July 29, 2019.

Lin, Y., Gao, Z. & A. Zhan (2015). Introduction and use of non-native species for aquaculture in China: status, risks and management solutions. Reviews in Aquaculture, V. 7, pp. 28-58. Abstract available here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12052.

PRC (2006). Program of Action on the Conservation of Living Aquatic Resources of China, Promulgated by the State Council on February 2006. Chinese version is available at: http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2006- 02/27/content_212335.htm.

Taihong (2019a). The additional answers highlighted by red color. Excel file provided by the client to the Assessment Team, August 2019.

Yan, X (undated). Substainable Fishery Improvement Plan of Manila Clam in the Estuary of Yalu River; Genetic and Translocation Risk Assessment (IPG1,5,8). 4 pp.

Zeng, Z. (2018). The Strategy of Aquaculture (Harvesting) for Manila Clam in Putian, Fujian Province.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator More information would be needed on the quarantine and inspection process for the translocation of seed.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

141

PI 2.6.2 – Translocation management

PI 2.6.2 There is a strategy in place for managing translocations such that the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the surrounding ecosystem

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Translocation management strategy in place

Guide There are measures in place There is a partial strategy in There is a strategy in place for post which are expected to place, if necessary, that is managing the impacts of protect the surrounding expected to protect the translocation on the ecosystem from the surrounding ecosystem from surrounding ecosystem. translocation activity at levels the translocation activity at compatible with the SG80 levels compatible the SG80 Translocation outcome level Translocation outcome level of performance (PI 2.6.1). of performance (PI 2.6.1).

Met? N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Translocation is scored only for the Donggang element of the fishery, where white seed (Manila clam of ≈ 10 mm shell length) are moved from Putian to Donggang before being seeded into the shallow subtidal, leased plots prior to being on-grown to market size.

As noted in PI 2.6.1, Yan (undated) indicates that there is quarantine and inspection of seedlings to prevent the entry of harmful organisms, and this is noted also by DCOFB & DCHAPIA (2018). Zeng (2018) noted that all seed is sourced from Chinese hatcheries / nurseries that have both a seed production licence and an aquaculture license, and are inspected for biotoxins, parasites and pathogens before movement is allowed.

The Assessment Team was also pointed to the Liaoning Province Aquatic Seed Quarantine Implementation Measures (Donggang Marine Fisheries 2008). This document specifies (Article 1) that it aims to ensure the quality of aquatic fingerlings, prevent the spread of epidemics, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of aquatic fingerlings producers, operators, and users through the formulation of a quarantine system for aquatic fingerlings, and (Article 2) that the measures are applicable to the quarantine activities of production, operation and entry and exit of aquatic fingerlings in and out of the province. However, while a wide variety of cultivated species / species groups are referenced specifically, Manila clam is not listed; the Assessment Team was directed by the client towards sections where measures for ‘other shellfish’ were referenced. The document states that ‘other shellfish’ may be tested for parasitic diseases, worms, flukes and the bacterial disease vibriosis.

However, when asked about quarantine measures, the client noted in answers to additional questions that there were ‘basically not’ any quarantine processes (Taihong 2019a). This answer was supported by stakeholders at the remote site visit, including a representative of the Donggang Seed Bureau, all of whom when asked stated that Manila clam was considered low risk and that there was no testing undertaken for clams brought to Donggang from Putian.

142

Following the site visit, the Assessment Team was provided with information on newly instated regulations (i.e. measures) for quarantine measures of Manila Clam. The regulations specify target laboratory testing rates of 10% in 2020 and 100% coverage in 2022. The client provided results of laboratory test conducted in May 2020 on white seeds purchased by Taihong from Putian. The development of these measures and testing results show measures are in place, reaching SG60.

However, the testing appears to be linked mainly to concerns over human health and / or clam specific diseases rather than to concerns over non-native species introduction and potential risks of impacts to the wider ecosystem. While it may be that these tests would also detect diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species, the Assessment Team has not been provided with information showing an evaluation of areas of risk regarding the species/disease being tested for are those that have wider ecosystem health implications (rather than mainly human and / or clam health implications). Thus, it cannot be said a partial strategy is in place, and SG80 is not met. b Translocation management strategy evaluation

Guide The measures are considered A valid documented risk An independent peer- post likely to work based on assessment or equivalent reviewed scientific plausible argument (e.g. environmental impact assessment confirms with a general experience, theory, assessment demonstrates high degree of certainty that or comparison with similar that the translocation activity there are no risks to the fisheries/species). is highly unlikely to introduce surrounding ecosystem diseases, pests, pathogens, or associated with the non-native species into the translocation activity. surrounding ecosystem.

Met? N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

There is a testing system in place in China for translocation of different aquaculture species, and there is clearly awareness of issues as identified through different local and national measures focused on movements (e.g., PRC 2006, Donggang Marine Fisheries 2008, DCOFB & DCHAPIA 2018, Zeng 2018). Until recently, however, it is apparent that these have not been applied rigorously to the movement of Manila clam.

Nevertheless, newly instated testing regulations have been established, albeit that the testing procedures are linked mainly to concerns over human health and/or clam specific diseases rather than to concerns over non-native species introduction and potential risks of impacts to the wider ecosystem.

However, stakeholders at the remote visit stated Manila clam was considered low risk – this appears to be confirmed by the results of a recent ecological risk assessment for Putian, which concluded that the industry was low risk for alien species introduction, albeit that there was limited detail on how that conclusion had been reached for that aspect of the risk assessment (Denggao 2019). Song (pers. comm.) also stated that non-native species had not been identified in surveys undertaken in the subtidal area at Donggang, and that the absence of non-native species in the benthic survey could be attributed in part to the significant difference in seawater temperature between Putian and Donggang, which was considered likely to constrain the ability of translocated species to survive.

143

Overall, it is considered that the measures are likely to work based on plausible argument (i.e., the results of historic activity in this fishery, combined with the measures in place in other local fisheries, and the new testing in place) – SG60 is met.

In the absence of a valid documented risk assessment or equivalent environmental impact assessment demonstrates that the translocation activity is highly unlikely to introduce diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species into the surrounding ecosystem, SG80 cannot be met. c Translocation contingency measures

Guide Contingency measures have A formalised contingency plan in post been agreed in the case of an the case of an accidental accidental introduction of introduction of diseases, pests, diseases, pests, pathogens, or pathogens, or non-native species non-native species due to the due to the translocation is translocation. documented and available.

Met? N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element No – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

‘Quarantine’ is mentioned by Yan (undated) and referenced in Donggang Marine Fisheries (2008) and the updated legislation in Donggang, but there is no actual information available to the Assessment Team to confirm that contingency measures are in place in the case of an accidental introduction. Thus, the Donggang element does not meet SG80 here.

References

Denggao, Q. (2019). Filipino clams in Putian, Fujian Province, Ecological risk assessment report. Evaluation date: July 29, 2019.

Donggang Marine Fisheries (2008). Liaoning Province Aquatic Seed Quarantine Implementation Measures. Donggang Marine Fisheries headquarters Date: 2008/12/22.

MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st august 2018, 289 pp.

Taihong (2019a). The additional answers highlighted by red color. Excel file provided by the client to the Assessment Team, August 2019.

144

Yan, X (undated). Substainable Fishery Improvement Plan of Manila Clam in the Estuary of Yalu River; Genetic and Translocation Risk Assessment (IPG1,5,8). 4 pp.

Zeng, Z. (2018). The Strategy of Aquaculture (Harvesting) for Manila Clam in Putian, Fujian Province.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator More information is required in the inspection and quarantine process at consultation in order for the fishery to meet even the SG60 minimum, here.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 60

Condition number (if relevant) 6

145

PI 2.6.3 – Translocation information

PI 2.6.3 Information on the impact of the translocation activity on the environment is adequate to determine the risk posed by the fishery

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Information quality

Guide Information is available on Information is sufficient to Information from frequent post the presence or absence of adequately inform the risk and comprehensive diseases, pests, pathogens, and impact assessments monitoring demonstrates no and non-native species at the required in the SG80 impact from introduced source and destination of the Translocation management diseases, pests, and non- translocated stock to guide level of performance (PI native species with a high the management strategy 2.6.2). degree of certainty. and reduce the risks associated with the translocation.

Met? N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element N/A – Putian element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Together with information from benthic surveys undertaken in both Putian and Donggang (Song, pers. comm.; Feng et al. 2019), and from existing translocation testing procedures for other aquatic species (DCOFB & DCHAPIA (2018)), the newly established quarantine procedures and the laboratory results provided by the client show that information is available on the presence or absence of diseases, pests, pathogens, and non-native species at the source and destination of the translocated stock to guide the management strategy and reduce the risks associated with the translocation. However, the coverage rate of testing is unknown, and as such, it cannot be said that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and impact assessments required in the SG80 Translocation management level of performance (PI 2.6.2), SG80 is not met here.

References

Cappell, R. (2019) Yalu estuary clam MSC Pre-Assessment (revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 15 April 2019, 94 pp.

Donggang Marine Fisheries (2008). Liaoning Province Aquatic Seed Quarantine Implementation Measures. Donggang Marine Fisheries headquarters Date: 2008/12/22.

146

Yan, X (undated). Substainable Fishery Improvement Plan of Manila Clam in the Estuary of Yalu River; Genetic and Translocation Risk Assessment (IPG1,5,8). 4 pp.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60

Information gap indicator More information is required in the inspection and quarantine process at consultation in order for the fishery to meet even the SG60 minimum, here.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 60

Condition number (if relevant) 7

147

7.6 Principle 3

7.6.1 Principle 3 background

7.6.1.1 National Level Management Decision Making Processes

The fisheries management system in China has established, well-defined processes to develop strategies for achieving objectives. The Fisheries Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国渔业法; hereafter referred to as the Fisheries Law) is the main piece of legislation governing fisheries and aquaculture management, nationally. It was enacted in 1986 and most recently amended in 2004. The law’s main purpose is stated as follows (Article 1): “This Law enacted for the purpose of enhancing the protection, increase, development and rational utilization of fishery resources, developing artificial cultivation, ensuring fishery workers' lawful rights and interests and boosting fishery production, so as to meet the need of socialist construction and the people's needs.”

The Fisheries Law, along with the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC; 1982), the Law of the PRC on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (1984) and the Environmental Protection Law of the PRC (1989), set the legal foundation for protection and management of China’s fishery and aquaculture waters (Huang and He 2019).

The Fisheries Law outlines the hierarchical, top-down structure of fisheries management in China. The State Council, also referred to as the Central People’s Government, is the chief administrative authority of the PRC. The State Council conducts planning for how waters will be used, including determination of the waters and tidal flats that can be used for aquaculture (Fisheries Law 1986, Article 11). The council also specifies the measures for issuing aquaculture certificates. Accordingly, fisheries management policies are implemented in a top-down manner. For example, when the Fisheries Bureau releases a new policy, the policy is first implemented by the state government, then by provincial and city governments.

Policy decisions are reflected in marine area usage plans, which address details of implementation. Local fisheries administrative bodies collaborate in the preparation of marine area usage plans, following policy requirements related to marine functional zoning and economic and social development (Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations 2006, Article 6). These plans must be provided to the local people’s governments for approval, and recorded by the provincial people's government. For the two UoAs, two directly relevant marine area usage plans are the ‘Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030)’ and the ‘Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).’ Hereafter these documents will be referred to as the Putian Aquaculture Plan (Putian People’s Government 2018) and the Donggang Aquaculture Plan (Donggang People’s Government 2018). Documentation relating to management of wild clam broodstock harvests from subtidal areas is more limited. The Putian Clam Association has recommended a maximum catch of 10,000 tons for wild clams relating to ecological sustainability (Taihong, pers. comm., December 2019), and there is a minimum size limit of 1.5 cm for the

148 harvested clams (Implementation Rules of Fujian Province on Aquatic Resources Propagation and Protection, Article 5).

Dispute management

Most seafood companies have a department for handling labor relations and fisher disputes (CAPPMA, pers. comm., 16 April 2020). Local fisheries associations may also assist with dispute resolution (Ms. Yao, pers. comm., 15 April 2020). Parties generally attempt to resolve disagreements via informal mediation before resorting to legal action. Both sides describe their grievances in a written application form, and a mediation process is carried out. If initial mediation is unsuccessful, the dispute may go on to a court and judge. Stakeholders expressed that the mediation process is usually effective, and that official legal disputes are rare (CAPPMA, pers. comm., 16 April 2020). Legal dispute management is mentioned within fishery law. As an example, when a dispute arises between two parties over usage of water areas or tidal flats designated for aquaculture, local people’s governments are supposed to handle the dispute in accordance with prescribed legal procedures (Fisheries Law 1989, Article 13).

Roles and Responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities within the Chinese fisheries management system are clearly defined and understood. The main central body charged with fisheries management is the Fisheries Bureau (渔业渔政管理局) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC (MARA; 中华人民共和国农业农村部). The Fisheries Bureau develops and implements fishery management policies and strategies, handles legal disputes related to foreign fisheries, and collects and analyzes fishery statistics (http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/jgzn/). It has multiple divisions, including an aquaculture division, fishing vessel and ports division, ocean fisheries division, resource environmental protection division, and fisheries administration division.

The Fisheries Bureau has local (provincial, prefectural, and county) administration bodies operating under its guidance to manage fisheries and aquaculture within their respective jurisdictions (Fisheries Law 1986, Article 7). Prefectural and county city bodies typically operate under the name of ‘Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries’ while provincial bodies operate under the name of ‘Department of Ocean and Fisheries.’ These fisheries administration bodies are parts of their respective local people’s governments, with their directors selected by local government leaders. They implement management measures and administer fishing licenses within their jurisdictions (Fishing License Management Regulations 2013, Article 5). The administration bodies manage Fishery Law Enforcement departments (渔业执法部门), which can conduct inspections, including random vessel and landings inspections, and enforce regulations.

In addition to the Fisheries Bureau, two other bureaus are involved in enforcement of fishery regulations: the China Maritime Supervision Corps (CMS; 中国海监总队) and the China Maritime Police (CMP; 中国海警). The CMS has four levels of maritime surveillance agencies at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels. Their main function to conduct surveillance at sea in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and investigate and handle violations of marine rights, illegal use of sea areas, damage to the marine environment and resources, and destruction of marine facilities. The CMP are paramilitary and fall under the leadership of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force.

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In Putian, the regional Fisheries Bureau bodies include the Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries (福建省海洋与渔业局) and the Putian City Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries (莆田市海洋与渔业局). In Donggang, they include the Liaoning Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries (辽宁省海洋与渔业厅) and the Donggang City Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries (东港市海洋与渔业局).

In the Putian region, the Putian Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) tasks the regional fisheries administrative body (Putian Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries) to regulate aquaculture operations and implement science- based management (Putian Aquaculture Plan, Chapter 5). The department is responsible for overseeing farming practices, product quality and safety management, as well as law enforcement relating to use of veterinary drugs (Section 14). They are also supposed to control aquaculture density based on scientifically- determined carrying capacity, and minimize pollution risks through waste management and monitoring of aquaculture pollution (Section 15). The Putian Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries is also responsible for managing wild capture fisheries, presumably including the subtidal fishery for wild Manila clam.

In the Donggang region, the Donggang Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) states that the local fishery administration body (Donggang City Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries) is responsible for supervision and enforcement of laws relating to the usage and quality of seedlings, medicines, and feed in aquaculture production (Section 14). This enforcement role includes handling violations that negatively affect the interests of farmers and fishermen. The people’s government at the regional level has the authority to shut down or relocate aquaculture areas based on pollution and other factors that affect zoning (Section 17, Article 1). Aquaculture production shall comply with the relevant requirements of “Aquaculture Quality and Safety Management Regulations” (Section 17, Article 2). Where employed, breeding density shall be scientifically determined, feed provided at appropriate levels, and drugs used properly to avoid polluting the waters (Section 17, Article 2).

Academic and scientific research institutes conduct research and make scientific recommendations to government departments. These institutes include the Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering and Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute. For example, the Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering collaborated with the Fujian Provincial Department of Marine and Fisheries to develop the ‘Manila Clam Comprehensive Standards’ (Zeng 2018), which provides technical recommendations for seedling and clam production.

Industry associations inform and advise fishermen about fisheries technology, policies, and regulations. CAPPMA, which falls under the Ministry of Agriculture, is an industry association that essentially serves as a bridge between government and industry. For example, if industry stakeholders have issues or questions, CAPPMA will organize and write letters to the Bureau of Fisheries (CAPPMA, pers. comm., March 2020). When the government develops fisheries policies, they will ask for suggestions from CAPPMA, and CAPPMA communicates the policies back to the industry. CAPPMA actively participates in fishery improvement projects (FIPs) and has teams of fishery and aquaculture technical experts.

Regional associations receive guidance from local governments and assist with enforcement of regulations. For example, associations have the jurisdiction to conduct random inspections of fishing vessels (Ms. Yao,

150 pers. comm., April 2020). Relevant associations for the UoA include the Putian Clam Association, Donggang Fishery Association and Donggang Yellow Sea Marine Products Association. Association members are required to meet certain obligations, such as the following described in the Donggang Yellow Sea Marine Products Association Rules (Article 11, p. 4):

“Members of the aquaculture industry should use approved seedlings and take necessary genetic and disease management measures to avoid environmental and ecological risks. They should regularly monitor the quality of the substrate in culture area to ensure that it remains healthy, report and take appropriate action when signs of degradation of benthic habitats appears, avoid capturing other unnecessary species, and report and take appropriate action when unnecessary bycatch occurs.”

Industry association members who commit serious violations of rules may lose their memberships.

7.6.1.2 Fishery-Specific Management

Objectives for the Fishery

China relies heavily on global fishery resources for food, jobs, and economic support and has actively prioritized development of its fishing and aquaculture industries. The Fisheries Bureau, on behalf of the State Council, sets overarching fisheries goals and objectives every five years within the Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. Currently, the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016 to 2020)4 is in place. Following a negotiation and consultation process, local governments take on relevant portions of the plan to implement. Local regions, including Putian City and Donggang City, have their own five-year plans, which reflect guidance and language within the central government’s Five-Year Plan. The five-year plans are used to inform local fisheries and aquaculture development plans, such as the Putian and Donggang aquaculture plans.

The national and regional Five-Year Plans describe broad objectives relating to environmental, economic, and social sustainability, including development of a strong marine economy. For fisheries specifically, there are objectives to consolidate and upgrade modern fisheries and develop marine aquaculture (13th Five Year Plan 2016, Chapter 41). The Chinese government subsidizes projects within these priorities, with the Fisheries Bureau being the main subsidy administrator. As their name implies, five-year plans are revised every five years.

Some fishery-specific management objectives are contained within the Putian and Donggang aquaculture plans. These objectives include consideration of relevant laws such as the Fisheries Law and the Law on Marine Environment Protection, as well as policies such as the Marine Functional Zoning documents for each province (Donggang Aquaculture Plan 2018, Section 4, Article 1).

4 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf

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The objectives for the Putian Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) are as follows (Chapter 1, Section 3, p. 3): • Define the functional areas of aquaculture waters and tidal flats, and scientifically demarcate the forbidden areas, limited areas and cultivation areas. Adjust and plan the layout of aquaculture production, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. • Control the scale and density of aquaculture, promote ecological farming, and protect and improve the ecological environment of aquaculture waters. • Set the baseline for development, safeguard the rights and interests of fishermen and their households, and improve the management system of aquaculture. Ensure environmental and ecological safety, product quality and safety, efficiency, green development, and wealthy fishermen. • Develop ecological fisheries, recreational fisheries, and commercial fisheries. Improve industry competitiveness and establish modern farming and fisheries through new patterns.

The objectives for the Donggang Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) are similar to those for the Putian plan, and are described as follows (Chapter 1, Section 3, p. 6): • Make clear the scope of functional areas of aquaculture waters and tidal flats, and guide the arrangements of aquaculture production. • Make reasonable planning of arrangements for aquaculture production in waters and tidal flats and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. • Improve the aquaculture management system, effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of culturists, and protect important aquaculture waters and resources according to law. • Control the scale of aquaculture, promote healthy and ecological farming models, and protect the ecological environment of waters. • Adjust the composition of aquacultured species, develop a carbon-sink fishery, and give priority to breeding of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta), Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), Chinese mactra clam (Mactra chinensis) and other native species.

The reference to a carbon-sink fishery in the fifth objective relates to scientific findings that bivalve culture may act as a carbon sink and help mitigate eutrophication in coastal waters (Qi et al. 2012).

In summary, objectives are explicitly described at multiple levels of management, and they cover economic, social, and environmental areas. In terms of fishery-specific management objectives relating to harvest of Manila clams from the wild stocks in Putian, these appear to be largely embodied by rules for the Putian Clam Association, namely a catch limit of 10,000 t per year. The wild clam fishery is also subject to the national summer fishing moratorium, which lasts for 4 months between May and September.

Fisheries Regulations to Meet Objectives

Regulations related to zoning and aquaculture

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China has a marine functional zoning (MFZ) system which is defined in the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Sea Areas (2001). Under this system, functional zones for different types of human activities are designated based on geographical and ecological features, natural resources, existing usage, and needs for socioeconomic development. MFZ currently serves as the basis for marine development planning, as well as marine resource protection and management.

Under the MFZ system, users pay to ‘lease’ sea areas for a variety of uses. Leases have a maximum duration depending on the use (Law of the PRC on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas 2001, Article 25):

• 15 years for aquaculture; • 20 years for ship breaking; • 25 years for tourism and recreation; • 30 years for salt and mineral industries; • 40 years for public welfare undertakings; • 50 years for construction projects such as ports and shipyards.

Both Fujian and Liaoning provinces have MFZ documents that specify how sea areas within their jurisdictions are zoned and lay out objectives related to zoning. For example, the Fujian Province MFZ document 2011- 2020 has objectives to improve compliance for industrial enterprises and urban sewage treatment, protect coastal wetlands and marine ecosystems, and carry out remediation and repair of the coastal zone. It also describes a special environmental protection area around Meizhou Bay Island (Articles 19 and 32), which is potentially relevant to the Putian element of the fishery. In Liaoning Province, there is a Yalu River Estuary National Wetland Reserve (Figure 15).

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Figure 15. Yalu River Estuary Wetland Reserve Functional Zoning (adjusted in 2013). Figure from WWF and Panasonic.

Of relevance for clam fisheries, intertidal zones are divided into three categories:

1. Aquaculture prohibited zones (禁养区), where aquaculture activities are prohibited. Examples include first-grade drinking water sources, national marine protected areas, areas relevant to public safety such as ports, and waters where toxic substances exceed specified standards. 2. Aquaculture restricted zones (限养区 ), where some aquaculture is allowed but is subject to additional restrictions compared to aquaculture zones. These may include experimental areas in natural reserves and key public natural waters. Pollution control measures and restrictions on the total area that can be used for aquaculture apply. 3. Aquaculture zones (养殖区), where aquaculture is allowed. These are divided into mariculture and freshwater culture areas. Mariculture areas include tidal flats and offshore culture.

A ‘certificate of tidal flat culture’ is required to use tidal flats for aquaculture (Notice of the Strengthening Work on assuring and Issuing of Tidal Flat Culture Certificate by Office of Donggang Municipal City 2004). Individuals or groups apply to obtain these certificates, and successful applicants must pay a fee to the Oceans and Fisheries Bureau. These state-issued aquaculture certificates serve as legal evidence that the producer uses coastal waters or tidal flats for aquaculture production. Certificate holders may receive benefits relating to investment, taxation, technical services, disease prevention, and training and education (Ministry of Agriculture Notice on the ‘Complete tidal flats aquaculture certificate system pilot project’ 2002).

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If producers lose access to beach sites due to national construction and other projects, or pollution, they can apply for compensation using the aquaculture certificate. Producers must hold an aquaculture certificate to apply for approval of seed production and breeding. Certificate holders shall abide by relevant laws and regulations (Ministry of Agriculture Notice 2002, p. 4). Local people's governments at or above the county level shall give priority to local fishery producers when issuing breeding certificates (PRC Fisheries Law 1986, Chapter II, Article 12).

Additional Regulations for the Putian element

The Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations (2006, amended in 2016) describe measures for managing environmental impacts from marine activities, including fisheries and aquaculture. The regulations also describe specific fines and penalties, which are applied if a violation is not corrected within the time limit specified by the regulatory authority. For example, if an individual does not obtain proper certificates to engage in use of a sea area, they may be fined 5,000 to 30,000 yuan and are liable to provide compensation if losses are incurred by other parties as result (Article 36). If an individual arbitrarily uses a sea area for something other than the designated purpose, they may be fined and lose the right to use that area (Article 37).

Additional Regulations for the Donggang element

The Donggang Aquaculture Plan (2018) describes some measures relating to Manila clam specifically (Sections 15 and 16). Translocated clams, such as those originating from the Putian element, should be raised in the subtidal zone, not in the intertidal zone where local seedlings are raised. Breeding should be conducted according to the planned area for seeding, and areas that are harvested and stocked should be rotated, e.g. by year. Habitats of Manila clam should be surveyed systematically, and measures should be taken to prevent hybridization between local and translocated clams, including evaluation of genetic risks.

Fishing and vessel regulations

Vessels and crew involved in the clam fishery must be licensed and certified. Under China’s licensing system, fishing vessels are classified by size (length and engine power), and fishing areas are roughly categorized by location and management authority (Class A = mobile fishing grounds, Class B = areas managed jointly through bilateral agreements between China and other countries, Class C = areas under China’s jurisdiction, Class D = high seas). Licenses specify the vessel size and area of operation; vessels cannot operate outside of their specified boundaries. Local fishery administrative departments control the quantity and power of fishing vessels within their jurisdictions (Fishing License Management Regulations 2013, Article 20). Crew members need to meet technical competency requirements to obtain certification (Rule on Certification for Crews of Seagoing Fishing Vessels of PRC, 2006).

Marine and inland fishery licenses are issued for five years, and other types of fishing licenses have varying durations of up to 3 years (Fishing License Management Regulations 2013, Article 32). Licenses are subject to review for compliance once per year (every two years for high seas licenses), where MARA authorities check the following (Articles 33 and 34):

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• Validity of the Fishing Vessel Inspection Certificate and Fishing Vessel Registration (Nationality) Certificate; • Fishing gear type and number, operational periods and locations and consistency with license contents; • Fishing logbooks are filled out according to regulations, and any specified quotas or limits are not exceeded; • Any violations associated with the vessel have been resolved; • Required fishery resource protection fees have been paid; • Other conditions are compliant with relevant regulations.

If there are any non-compliance issues identified, the authorities may order the licensee to correct the issue within a specific time limit. If the issues are resolved within the time limit, the license remains valid; otherwise penalties may be applied. These penalties may include confiscation of fishing gear, license revocation, and fines (Fisheries Law, 1986; Chapter V).

In the case of the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery, the medium or large vessels that are used to harvest broodstock and market-sized clams must fish outside the 12 nautical mile zone and have a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) aboard (Cappell 2019). Most of the boats used to harvest seedlings in Putian are small artisanal vessels used within the producers’ leased tidal flats, and do not need licenses to operate. Nevertheless, all vessels within the fishery have licenses and have met crew certification requirements. Compliance is thought to be high, and there is no evidence of systematic non-compliance.

Access Rights

In terms of access, this fishery requires vessel licenses and land leases. The Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations (2006) describe how individuals and groups can apply to use sea areas for fisheries and aquaculture. They submit application materials to the marine administrative department of the local people's government at or above the county level. The materials must include a report on how the area will be used and artificially altered (where applicable), as well as an environmental impact assessment report (Fujian Sea Area Use Regulations 2006, Articles 8 and 10). The marine administrative department notifies the town or village adjacent to the sea area and makes information on the proposed usage public for five days (Fujian Sea Area Use Regulations 2006, Article 14). If there is no objection to the proposed usage within those five days, the application may be approved. If there is any objection to the proposal, the application shall be reviewed.

Applicants must be local, i.e. living within the jurisdiction of the sea area. The right to use a sea area for aquaculture lasts for 15 years, and that right may be legally inherited, transferred, mortgaged or leased during that period (Fujian Sea Area Use Regulations 2006, Articles 24 and 25). Where a sea area falls under the jurisdiction of a coastal rural collective economic organization or village committee, the organization or committee can prioritize contracting rights to its members (Law of the PRC on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas 2001, Article 22). Rights holders are supposed to use the sea area for prescribed purposes, and shall not arbitrarily change the approved sea use type and sea area use, and shall not damage the marine ecological environment (Fujian Sea Area Use Regulations 2006, Article 30). 156

Review and Audit of the Management Plan

The current Putian and Donggang Aquaculture Plans are scheduled to be in effect from 2018 to 2030, indicating periodic revision and review. The plans are developed by each Bureau of Fisheries branch in consultation with other government departments and bureaus. For example, the Putian plan was developed with the Fujian Provincial Department of Oceans and Fisheries, the Provincial Port Authority of Meizhou Bay, the Municipal Land and Resources Bureau, the Urban and Rural Planning Bureau, the Development and Reform Commission, the Environmental Protection Bureau, the Agricultural Bureau, the Water Resources Bureau, the Putian Maritime Safety Administration, the Tourism Bureau, the Science and Technology Bureau, Port and Haiphong Office, the Public Security Frontier Detachment, the Provincial Public Security Frontier Corps Marine Police Second Detachment, and the Municipal Bureau of Aquaculture Planning and Production.

Plan developers also consulted with a technical steering committee, groups aiming to revitalize rural areas, industry associations, and the county and district governments (administrative committees) along with their marine and fishery administrative departments. After feedback from each department is considered and incorporated into the plan, the revised plans are distributed for review. If no objections arise, the Bureau of Fisheries branch submits the plan to the central government, where an executive committee discusses and approves the plan for implementation (Mr. Zhang Jian, pers. comm., 25 April 2020). Discussions were held during the planning process, and feedback considered for plan development. The plans are also subject to a 30 day public comment period during which other stakeholders, including environmental interest groups, can submit feedback.

7.6.1.3 Area of Operation and Relevant Jurisdictions

Putian City, Fujian Province (Putian element)

The area of operation for the Putian element is within the jurisdiction of Putian City, Fujian Province, China. Manila clam seeds are produced from wild broodstock collected from natural sea areas near Putian and Fuqing cities. Broodstock are induced to spawn in culture ponds, locally, where the spat grow from August to November or December to a shell size of 1 to 1.5 mm. The spat (locally called sand seed) are then moved to natural marine rearing areas in Meizhou, Pinghai, and Xinghau bays (see Figure 2 and Figure 3, earlier in the report, and Figure 16, below), in the lower to mid-intertidal zone, where the seed grows to 8-10 mm in size (locally called white seed). Following phytosanitary certification, some of this white seed is transferred by refrigerated truck and cargo ships to Donggang City for grow-out. The remainder is grown out before being collected and returned to the wild broodstock / nursery areas.

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Figure 16. Map of the seed production area (Putian Element). From the FIP Action Plan by Cappell (2018).

Donggang City, Liaoning Province (Donggang element)

The area of operation for Donggang element is within the jurisdiction of Donggang City, a country-level municipality in Liaoning Province, China (Figure 17). Seed originating from Putian is placed in subtidal waters of the Yalu Estuary in the 0-10 m bathymetric zone, and allowed to grow for 24 to 30 months before being harvested.

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Figure 17. The clam production area (Donggang Element).

7.6.1.4 Recognized Interest Groups

Recognized groups with interest in the UoAs include:

Government Relevance to clam fisheries Ocean and Fisheries Bureaus and Departments Management of fisheries and aquaculture, including policy development, monitoring, • Element 1: Fujian Province, Putian and enforcement Municipality • Element 2: Liaoning Province, Donggang Municipality

环境影响评价与排放管理司 (Environmental Impact Environmental risk assessments, protected areas Assessment and Emissions Management Division) • Element 1: Fujian Province • Element 2: Liaoning Province

Industry associations Relevance to clam fisheries The China Aquatic Products Processing and Marketing Represents industry interests at national Alliance (CAPPMA) and international levels, has a Manila clam group Donggang Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Industry association Association Donggang Yellow Sea Marine Products Association Industry association Putian Clam Association Association for clam producers in UoA 1 Environmental stakeholders Relevance to clam fisheries WWF China FIP lead, Yalu River Estuary Coastal Area Ecosystem-Based Management Demonstration Project WWF Japan FIP participant MSC China Local MSC office Academic and research institutes Relevance to clam fisheries Dalian Ocean University Research expertise with Manila clam Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Ocean development and conservation Institute strategy, Yalu River Estuary Coastal Area Ecosystem-Based Management Demonstration Project Fujian Fisheries Research Institute (福建省水产研究 Research relating to aquaculture and fisheries 所) Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering Clam standards development 159

Other stakeholders Relevance to clam fisheries Taihong Group Co. Ltd Client for this assessment Nichirei Buyer of Manila clams

There are reportedly no indigenous peoples or minority groups involved with the UoA’s clam fishing industries. Industry groups and associations work closely with government bodies.

Several of the listed interest groups have been involved in a fishery improvement project (FIP) for this clam fishery, and they plan to continue to support and cooperate with the fishery as it undergoes the MSC Certification process.

7.6.1.5 Arrangements for On-going Consultations

Management regulations and plans are developed through consultation with multiple government departments at multiple levels, as well as other stakeholders. There are 30-day public consulation periods, in which non-governmental stakeholders such as WWF-China can participate. The government may not provide written responses to stakeholder feedback on an individual basis, but follow-up meetings are sometimes held (X. Yu, pers. comm., 14 April 2020).

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7.8 Principle 3 Performance Indicator scores and rationales

PI 3.1.1 – Legal and/or customary framework

PI 3.1.1 The management system exists within an appropriate legal and/or customary framework which ensures that it: - Is capable of delivering sustainability in the UoA(s); - Observes the legal rights created explicitly or established by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood; and - Incorporates an appropriate dispute resolution framework

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Compatibility of laws or standards with effective management

Guide There is an effective national There is an effective national There is an effective national legal system and a framework legal system and organised legal system and binding post for cooperation with other and effective cooperation procedures governing parties, where necessary, to with other parties, where cooperation with other deliver management necessary, to deliver parties which delivers outcomes consistent with management outcomes management outcomes MSC Principles 1 and 2 consistent with MSC consistent with MSC Principles 1 and 2. Principles 1 and 2.

Met? Yes Yes Yes

Rationale

China has actively prioritized development of its fishing and aquaculture industries and has an extensive, complex legal system and framework for fisheries management. At the international level, China is party to multiple agreements and mechanisms for international cooperation relating to fisheries management. China ratified the United National Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1996 and has bilateral fisheries agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam (Huang and He 2019). The country became party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in 1981. China is a member of multiple regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) such as the North Pacific Fisheries Commission.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Its Territorial Seas and Adjacent Zones (1992) provides a legal basis for the country to exercise sovereignty over its territorial seas and some adjacent zones, to safeguard the state's safety and marine rights and interests. The Fisheries Law of the PRC (1986, amended 2004) outlines the hierarchical structure of fisheries management.

The Fisheries Bureau under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC (MARA) is the main body responsible for fisheries management. The Fisheries Bureau develops and implements fishery management policies and strategies, handles foreign fishery disputes, and collects and analyses fishery statistics (MARA 2019). It has multiple divisions, including aquaculture, fishing vessel and ports, ocean fisheries, resource environmental

161 protection, and fisheries administration divisions. The Fisheries Bureau has local (provincial, prefectural, and county) administration bodies operating under its guidance to manage regional fisheries and aquaculture operations (Fisheries Law 1986, Article 7).

The multi-level and multi-division management framework has the capacity and coverage to effectively deliver management outcomes consistent with MSC Principles 1 and 2. There are binding procedures governing cooperation with other parties. SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met. b Resolution of disputes

Guide The management system The management system The management system incorporates or is subject by incorporates or is subject by incorporates or is subject by post law to a mechanism for the law to a transparent law to a transparent resolution of legal disputes mechanism for the resolution mechanism for the resolution arising within the system. of legal disputes which is of legal disputes that is considered to be effective in appropriate to the context of dealing with most issues and the fishery and has been that is appropriate to the tested and proven to be context of the UoA. effective.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

Disputes are generally handled through informal mediation, and local fisheries associations may assist with dispute resolution (X. Yao, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). According to the stakeholders we interviewed, the mediation process is generally considered effective, and official legal disputes are rare (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020). If mediation is ineffective, the dispute may be passed to a court and judge to undergo legal proceedings. Cases handled by People’s Government courts are published online (http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/website/wenshu/181029CR4M5A62CH/index.html). China also has courts that specifically handle maritime cases, and information on some cases are published (Shanghai Maritime Court 2019).

As an example, when a dispute arises between two parties over usage of water areas or tidal flats designated for aquaculture, local people’s governments are supposed to handle the dispute in accordance with prescribed legal procedures (Fisheries Law 1989, Article 13). There are some published examples of these types of cases (Shanghai Maritime Court 2019). However, the transparency of the resolution mechanism is uncertain because it is not clear whether all legal proceedings and their results are made public.

These mechanisms may be considered effective because unresolved legal disputes appear uncommon. and thus SG60 and SG80 are met. However, the Assessment Team does not have proof of effectiveness so SG 100 is not met. c Respect for rights

Guide The management system has The management system has The management system has a mechanism to generally a mechanism to observe the a mechanism to formally post respect the legal rights legal rights created explicitly commit to the legal rights created explicitly or or established by custom of created explicitly or established by custom of people dependent on fishing established by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood in a people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood in a manner consistent with the for food and livelihood in a 162

manner consistent with the objectives of MSC Principles 1 manner consistent with the objectives of MSC Principles 1 and 2. objectives of MSC Principles and 2. 1 and 2.

Met? Yes Yes Yes

Rationale

The Fisheries Law (1986) explicitly states a mandate to ensure fishery workers’ legal rights and interests. The obligation to safeguard these rights and fisher’s livelihoods are described in multiple management documents, including the Putian and Donggang Aquaculture Plans (Donggang People’s Government 2018, Putian People’s Government 2018). When planning marine functional zones and designating how specific areas will be used, local conditions (natural, economic, social, technological, etc.) are to be considered via consultation of expert groups (MARA 2002, Appendix I). Where a sea area falls under the jurisdiction of a coastal rural collective economic organization or village committee, the organization or committee can prioritize contracting rights to its members (Law of the PRC on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas 2001, Article 22). Rights holders are supposed to use the sea area for prescribed purposes, and shall not arbitrarily change the approved sea use type and sea area use, and shall not damage the marine ecological environment (Fujian Sea Area Use Regulations 2006, Article 30).

Aquaculture certificate holders can receive preferential investment, technical services, disease prevention, training and education, and can apply for compensation if their waters are negatively affected by national construction and other projects, they lose access to beach sites, or by pollution (MARA 2002). Certificates are obtained through an application process, and it is understood that local residents are to be prioritized when local people’s governments issue certificates (Fisheries Law 1986, Chapter II, Article 12).

SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met because the management system has clear mechanisms to observe legal rights of fishers, in a manner consistent with with the objectives of MSC Principles 1 and 2.

References

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

Fisheries Law of the PRC. 1986 (amended 2004). http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/chn23913E.pdf

Huang, S., and He, Y. 2019. Management of China's capture fisheries: Review and prospect. Aquaculture and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.004

MARA. 2002. Notice on the ‘Complete tidal flats aquaculture certificate system pilot project.’ (农业部关于发《完善水域滩涂养殖证制度试行方案》的通知)

MARA. Website accessed 2019. Fisheries Bureau: institutional responsibilities and organization. http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/jgzn/

Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Shanghai Maritime Court. 2019. Shanghai Maritime Court Report on Trials Involving the Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta Region. https://shhsfy.gov.cn/hsfyywwx/hsfyywwx/hsspbps/index.html?name=2019.pdf

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Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on how legal disputes are handled. The assessment team learned more about the dispute resolution process during the site visit, particularly in terms of mediation.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 95

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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PI 3.1.2 – Consultation, roles and responsibilities

PI 3.1.2 The management system has effective consultation processes that are open to interested and affected parties The roles and responsibilities of organisations and individuals who are involved in the management process are clear and understood by all relevant parties

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Roles and responsibilities

Guide Organisations and individuals Organisations and individuals Organisations and individuals involved in the management involved in the management involved in the management post process have been identified. process have been identified. process have been identified. Functions, roles and Functions, roles and Functions, roles and responsibilities are generally responsibilities are explicitly responsibilities are explicitly understood. defined and well understood defined and well understood for key areas of responsibility for all areas of responsibility and interaction. and interaction.

Met? Yes Yes Yes

Rationale

Roles and responsibilities are explicitly defined and well understood. The State Council, also referred to as the Central People’s Government, is the chief administrative authority of the PRC. The State Council oversees ministries and commissions, including MARA. Through MARA and the Fisheries Bureau, the State Council develops plans for how coastal waters and tidal flats will be used, including determination of the areas that can be used for aquaculture (Fisheries Law 1986, Article 11). The council also specifies the measures for issuing aquaculture certificates.

The Fisheries Bureau develops and implements fishery management policies and strategies, handles foreign fishery disputes, and collects and analyzes fishery statistics (MARA 2019). It has multiple divisions, including aquaculture, fishing vessel and ports, ocean fisheries, resource environmental protection, and fisheries administration divisions. The Fisheries Bureau has local (provincial, prefectural, and county) administration bodies operating under its guidance to manage regional fisheries and aquaculture operations (Fisheries Law 1986, Article 7). These regional Ocean and Fishery bureaus and departments are parts of their respective local people’s governments, with their directors selected by local government leaders. They implement management measures and administer fishing licenses within their jurisdictions (Fishing License Management Regulations 2013, Article 5). For aquaculture operations including the clam fisheries, they oversee production practices and enforce regulations (Donggang People’s Government 2018, Section 14; Putian People’s Government 2018, Section 14). The regional bureaus and departments also oversee management of wild capture fisheries.

Some fishery related duties fall under other ministries. For instance, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment is tasked with protecting air, water, and land from pollution, while the Ministry of Transport is responsible for supervising and inspecting fishing vessels (Center for American Progress 2018). The China Maritime Surveillance Corps (中国海监总队) under the Ministry of Natural Resources and the China Maritime Police (中国海警) under the Central Military Commission contribute to enforcement of fishery regulations (China Fishery Law Enforcement).

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Academic and scientific research institutes conduct research and make scientific recommendations to government departments. For the UoAs, these institutes include the Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering and Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute. For example, the Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering collaborated with the Fujian Provincial Department of Marine and Fisheries to develop the ‘Manila Clam Comprehensive Standards’ (Zeng 2018). Scientists participate in government-organized conferences and sometimes hold classes for fishers on fishing techniques and issues. Presentation topics include environmental water quality control, culture density, and broodstock selection (Aquaculture Seminar Notice, October 2019). Government bureaus take advice from scientists on some of the issues they identify (Prof. Huo, pers. comm., 15 April 2020).

Industry associations inform and advise fishermen about fisheries technology, policies, and regulations. CAPPMA, which falls under the Ministry of Agriculture, is a national-level association that essentially serves as a bridge between government and industry. For example, if industry stakeholders have issues or questions, CAPPMA will organize and write letters to the Bureau of Fisheries (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020). When the government develops fisheries policies, they will ask for suggestions from CAPPMA, and CAPPMA communicates the policies back to the industry. CAPPMA actively participates in fishery improvement projects (FIPs) and has teams of fishery and aquaculture technical experts.

Regional industry associations receive guidance from local governments and assist with enforcement of regulations. These associations have formal government recognition and receive guidance from local governments at various levels, including provincial and county levels. Members are required to meet certain obligations, including compliance with rules and legal regulations, and may lose membership if they commit serious violations (see Donggang Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Association, Donggang Yellow Sea Products Industry Association, Putian Clam Association charters).

Organisations and individuals involved in the management process have been clearly identified. Functions, roles and responsibilities are explicitly defined and well understood for all areas of responsibility and interaction. Thus SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met. b Consultation processes

Guide The management system The management system The management system includes consultation includes consultation includes consultation post processes that obtain processes that regularly seek processes that regularly seek relevant information from and accept relevant and accept relevant the main affected parties, information, including local information, including local including local knowledge, to knowledge. The management knowledge. The management inform the management system demonstrates system demonstrates system. consideration of the consideration of the information obtained. information and explains how it is used or not used.

Met? Yes No No

Rationale

Aquaculture management plans are developed in consultation with other government departments and bureaus, and some feedback is sought from other stakeholders. For example, the Putian plan was developed with the Fujian Provincial Department of Oceans and Fisheries, the Putian Maritime Safety Administration, the Tourism Bureau, the

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Science and Technology Bureau, the Public Security Frontier Detachment, and the Municipal Bureau of Aquaculture Planning and Production (Putian People’s Government 2018). The plan developers consulted with a technical steering committee, groups aiming to revitalize rural areas, industry associations, and the county and district governments (administrative committees) along with their marine and fishery administrative departments. Discussions were held during the planning process, and feedback considered for plan development. There are 30- day public consulation periods for the plans during which non-governmental stakeholders, such as environmental interest groups, can provide feedback. The government may not provide written responses to stakeholder feedback on an individual basis, but is willing to schedule or participate in follow-up meetings (X. Yu, pers. comm., 14 April 2020).

The management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek information from stakeholders, so SG60 is met. However, the system does not clearly demonstrate how the information is considered. SG80 is not met. c Participation

Guide The consultation process The consultation process provides opportunity for all provides opportunity and post interested and affected encouragement for all parties to be involved. interested and affected parties to be involved, and facilitates their effective engagement.

Met? Yes No

Rationale

Management documents such as the aquaculture management plans provide opportunity for government and industry stakeholders to be involved in plan development. Non-governmental stakeholders, including environmental interest groups, also have the opportunity to provide feedback on these plans during public consultation periods (X. Yu, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). Outside of management plan development, the Fisheries Bureau also interact directly with. Staff from local branches of the bureau sometimes make field visits (J.S. Lin, pers. comm., 14 April 2020), and fishers can call a dedicated bureau phone line to provide feedback or make complaints. The bureau is required to respond to feedback within a specified time length of time (J. Zhang, pers. comm., 16 April 2020). Industry associations such as the Putian Clam Association are another avenue for fishers to communicate information and concerns to the management system (X. Yao, pers. comm., 14 April 2020).

There are opportunities for consultation for some official decisions, such as sea area leasing decisions. If an individual applies to lease an area for aquaculture or other use, the marine administrative department notifies the town or village adjacent to the sea area and makes information on the proposed usage public for five days (Fujian Provincial People’s Congress 2006, Article 14). If there is no objection to the proposed usage within those five days, the application may be approved. If there is any objection to the proposal, the application shall be reviewed.

SG80 is met because all interested parties can participate in consultation processes. However, there was no evidence that such participation is actively and frequently encouraged, and thus SG100 is not met.

References

167

Aquaculture Seminar Notice. 2019. [In Chinese]. 关于举办基于区域经济发展的水产养殖技术技参提升的培训.

Center for American Progress. 2018. Appendix 2: Overview of China Ocean Governance, Briefing for Participants of Blue Future 2017. https://cdn.americanprogress.org/content/uploads/2018/05/18120801/BlueFuture- Appendix2-5.pdf

Donggang Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Association. Undated. Donggang Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Association Charter.

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

Donggang Yellow Sea Products Industry Association. Undated. Donggang Yellow Sea Products Industry Association Charter.

Fisheries Law of the PRC. 1986 (amended 2004). http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/chn23913E.pdf

Fujian Provincial People’s Congress. 2006. Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations. http://www.fujian.gov.cn/zc/flfg/dfxfg/201604/t20160419_1200350.htm

MARA. Website accessed 2019. Fisheries Bureau: institutional responsibilities and organization. http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/jgzn/

Putian Clam Association. Undated. Putian Clam Association Charter.

Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Song, G.J., Zhang, X., Lun, S., Wang, N.B., and Li, A. 2013. Aquaculture carrying capacity of Ruditapes philippenarum [sic] in shallow sea area of Yalu River Estuary.

Zeng, Z. 2018. The Strategy of Aquaculture (Harvesting) for Manila Clam in Putian, Fujian Province.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the stakeholder consultations processes held with regard to aquaculture management plans and/or production standards. Specifically, are there consultation opportunities for non-governmental stakeholders, including farmers/fishers? Are industry voices conveyed effectively through the industry associations? And how effective and transparent are the feedback processes? The team obtained more information on consultation processes during the remote site visit interviews.

168

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 75

Condition number (if relevant) 8

169

PI 3.1.3 – Long term objectives

PI 3.1.3 The management policy has clear long-term objectives to guide decision-making that are consistent with MSC Fisheries Standard, and incorporates the precautionary approach

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Objectives

Guide Long-term objectives to guide Clear long-term objectives Clear long-term objectives decision-making, consistent that guide decision-making, that guide decision-making, post with the MSC Fisheries consistent with MSC Fisheries consistent with MSC Standard and the Standard and the Fisheries Standard and the precautionary approach, are precautionary approach are precautionary approach, are implicit within management explicit within management explicit within and required policy. policy. by management policy.

Met? Yes Yes Yes

Rationale

The Fisheries Bureau, on behalf of the State Council, sets overarching fisheries goals and objectives every five years within the Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. Currently, the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016 to 2020) is in place. Following a negotiation and consultation process, local governments take on relevant portions of the plan to implement. The portions they implement are described in local Five-Year plans, which reflect guidance and language within the central government’s plan. The Five-Year Plan describes broad objectives relating to environmental, economic, and social sustainability, including development of a strong marine economy, or blue economy, stated as follows (CPC Central Committee 2016, Chapter 41):

“We will pursue coordinated land and marine development, develop the marine economy, effectively develop marine resources, protect marine ecosystems and habitats, and safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests, building China into a strong maritime country.”

The Five-Year plan includes a reference to controlling the intensity of fishing and enforcement of a fishing prohibition period (CPC Central Committee 2016). Other management documents, including the Putian and Donggang Aquaculture plans (Donggang People’s Government 2018, Putian People’s Government 2018), also explicitly state objectives that are consistent with the MSC Fisheries Standard and a precautionary approach.

SG60, SG80 and SG100 are met because official management documents include explicit long-term objectives for guiding decision-making that are consistent with the MSC Fisheries Standard and a precautionary approach.

References

Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. 2016. The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. English translation available at: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

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Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator Information is sufficient to score PI.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 100

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

171

PI 3.2.1 – Fishery-specific objectives

PI 3.2.1 The fishery-specific management system has clear, specific objectives designed to achieve the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Objectives

Guide Objectives, which are Short and long-term Well defined and measurable broadly consistent with objectives, which are short and long-term post achieving the outcomes consistent with achieving the objectives, which are expressed by MSC’s outcomes expressed by demonstrably consistent with Principles 1 and 2, are MSC’s Principles 1 and 2, are achieving the outcomes implicit within the fishery- explicit within the fishery- expressed by MSC’s Principles specific management system. specific management system. 1 and 2, are explicit within the fishery-specific management system.

Met? Yes – Putian element No – Putian element No – Putian element Yes – Donggang element Yes – Donggang element No – Donggang element

Rationale

Clear short and long-term management objectives are contained within the aquaculture plans for Putian and Donggang. These objectives include consideration of relevant laws such as the Fisheries Law and the Law on Marine Environment Protection, as well as policies such as the Marine Functional Zoning documents for the associated province. The plans mention the need to manage resources in an ecologically sustainable manner and are consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2.

The objectives for the Putian Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) are as follows (Putian People’s Government 2018, Chapter 1, Section 3, p. 3):

• Define the functional areas of aquaculture waters and tidal flats, and scientifically demarcate the forbidden areas, limited areas and cultivation areas. Adjust and plan the layout of aquaculture production, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. • Control the scale and density of aquaculture, promote ecological farming, and protect and improve the ecological environment of aquaculture waters. • Set the baseline for development, safeguard the rights and interests of fishermen and their households, and improve the management system of aquaculture. Ensure environmental and ecological safety, product quality and safety, efficiency, green development, and wealthy fishermen. • Develop ecological fisheries, recreational fisheries, and commercial fisheries. Improve industry competitiveness and establish modern farming and fisheries through new patterns.

The objectives for the Donggang Aquaculture Plan (2018-2030) are similar and described as follows (Donggang People’s Government 2018, Chapter 1, Section 3, p. 6):

• Make clear the scope of functional areas of aquaculture waters and tidal flats, and guide the arrangements of aquaculture production.

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• Make reasonable planning of arrangements for aquaculture production in waters and tidal flats and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. • Improve the aquaculture management system, effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of culturists, and protect important aquaculture waters and resources according to law. • Control the scale of aquaculture, promote healthy and ecological farming models, and protect the ecological environment of waters. • Adjust the composition of aquacultured species, develop a carbon-sink fishery, and give priority to breeding of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta), Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), Chinese mactra clam (Mactra chinensis) and other native species.

The Assessment Team was provided with some information relating to fishery-specific management objectives for wild Manila clam stocks in Putian. The Putian Clam Association has recommended a maximum catch of 10,000 tons for wild clams based on approximate estimates of recruitment (X. Yao, pers. comm., 23 April 2020). These objectives were decided in meetings attended by fishers and scientists (Ms. Yao, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). Fisheries bureau branches can suggest that local associations try to avoid overfishing, but have not mandated specific catch limits for wild clams, instead relying on the associations to regulate themselves. There is also the national summer fishing moratorium, which is implemented strictly but applies only to portions of this fishery that take place in deeper water outside of aquaculture zones. The basis for these harvest recommendations was not explicitly linked to objectives for wild clam stocks, although the presence of these recommendations may be considered evidence of implicit objectives that are broadly consistent achieving with MSC Principle 1 and 2 outcomes.

In summary, explicit objectives consistent with MSC Principle 1 and 2 outcomes exist for cultured Manila clam in Putian and Donggang, but there appear to be only implicit objectives for wild Manila clam stocks in Putian. Thus SG60 is met for both the Putian and Donggang elements. SG80 is met for the Donggang element, but not for the Putian element. SG100 is not met for the Donggang element because, while there are short and long-term objectives in the fishery, these are neither well-defined nor measurable.

References

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. 2016. English translation available at: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf

Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-79

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on explicit objectives relating to the harvest and genetic management of the wild broodstock in Putian. We obtained more information on objectives relating to the wild Putian broodstocks, but the ecological basis for the objectives was not very clear.

173

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 70

Condition number (if relevant) 9

174

PI 3.2.2 – Decision-making processes

PI 3.2.2 The fishery-specific management system includes effective decision-making processes that result in measures and strategies to achieve the objectives, and has an appropriate approach to actual disputes in the fishery

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Decision-making processes

Guide There are some decision- There are established making processes in place decision-making processes post that result in measures and that result in measures and strategies to achieve the strategies to achieve the fishery-specific objectives. fishery-specific objectives.

Met? Yes Yes

Rationale

The management system has defined processes to develop measures and strategies for achieving objectives. The Fisheries Law, along with the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC; 1982), the Law of the PRC on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (1984) and the Environmental Protection Law of the PRC (1989), set the legal foundation for protection and management of China’s fishery and aquaculture waters and resources (Huang and He 2019). The Fisheries Law designates the Fisheries Bureau with the authority to make decisions related to fisheries management.

The Fisheries Bureau develops and implements fisheries management policies in a top-down manner. For example, when the Fisheries Bureau releases a new policy, the policy is first implemented by the state government, then by provincial and city governments. This type of top-down management can be effective at meeting broad economic objectives (Cao et al. 2017).

Policy decisions are reflected in marine area usage plans, which describe fishery-specific objectives and details of implementation. Local fisheries administrative bodies collaborate with other government departments, industry associations, and other stakeholders to develop these plans. Plan development includes a 30 day public consultation period (X. Yu, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). For the UoA, the two most relevant marine area usage plans are the ‘Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030)’ and the ‘Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).’

It is apparent that some decision-making processes are in place that result in measures and strategies for achieving fishery objectives; SG60 is met. These processes are established and formalized for the regional marine area usage plans, and thus SG80 is also met.

b Responsiveness of decision-making processes

Guide Decision-making processes Decision-making processes Decision-making processes respond to serious issues respond to serious and other respond to all issues post identified in relevant important issues identified in identified in relevant research, monitoring, relevant research, research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, monitoring, evaluation and evaluation and consultation, 175

in a transparent, timely and consultation, in a in a transparent, timely and adaptive manner and take transparent, timely and adaptive manner and take some account of the wider adaptive manner and take account of the wider implications of decisions. account of the wider implications of decisions. implications of decisions.

Met? Yes No No

Rationale

Decision-making processes are guided by policies and systems as the Five Year Plan, regional aquaculture plans, and the Marine Functional Zoning (MFZ) system. The national Five Year Plan and regional plans are periodically revised and reflect serious issues identified. The MFZ system is used to determine sea area usage based on scientific and economic considerations, and allows for adaptive decision making that can be responsive to research and monitoring. These policies and systems take account of the wider implications of decisions. Some parts of the decision-making process are transparent; for example, aquaculture plans and sea area leasing decisions are subject to a public comment period. Regional administrative bodies, such as the Putian Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries, regularly issue public notices regarding management regulations and decisions (see http://www.putian.gov.cn/zfxxgkzl/bmzfxxgk/pthyyyyj/zfxxgkzl/zfzwgkml/).

Results of decision-making processes outside of these official plans include development of technical guidance such as the ‘Manila Clam Comprehensive Standards’ (MARA 2004). These standards provide technical recommendations for seedling and clam production and were developed collaboratively by the Fujian Normal University Institute of Bioengineering and the Fujian Provincial Department of Marine and Fisheries (Zeng 2018). The Fisheries Bureau organizes conferences (see Aquaculture Seminar Notice, October 2019) and has academic scientists give classes to fishers about fishery issues and technical recommendations (Prof. Huo, pers. comm., 15 April 2020). In terms of decision-making processes for wild clam stocks, the Fisheries Bureau issues guidance, while local industry associations are responsible for implementation details (Ms. Yao, pers. comm., 14 April 2020).

Issues such as ecological carrying capacity are mentioned in management plans (e.g. see Putian People’s Government 2018, Section 15). Additionally, during implementation of the Yalu River Estuary clam FIP, CAPPMA developed a training manual to educate fishers about aspects of ecological sustainability, such as impacts on protected species. Decision-making processes therefore appear to consider serious issues identified in relevant research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, and take some account of the wider implications of decisions. SG60 is met. However, we did not have evidence to suggest that responses are made to all issues identified in research and monitoring in a transparent and timely manner. For example, there was no evidence that decision-making processes have responded to scientific findings that high stocking densities may contribute to clam mortality (Song 2013). SG80 is therefore not met. c Use of precautionary approach

Guide Decision-making processes use the precautionary post approach and are based on best available information.

Met? No

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Rationale

The Putian and Donggang Bureaus of Ocean and Fisheries are understood to control aquaculture density based on scientifically-determined carrying capacity, and minimize pollution risks through waste management and monitoring of aquaculture pollution (Putian People’s Government 2018, Section 15; Donggang People’s Government 2018, Section 17). This suggests that decision-making processes are somewhat information-based. However, we did not find explicit references to the precautionary principle in management documents.

When asked about precautionary management within this specific fishery, stakeholders mentioned the following example. When the presence of shellfish toxins is detected in the environment, the Fisheries Bureau will issue an alert and contact its city branch, which then informs the public and makes recommendations to producers. After a few months, the bureau will re-evaluate the status of the issue and adapt its response as needed (Prof. Qi, pers. comm., 15 April 2020). However, it cannot be said that decision-making processes consistently employ a precautionary approach. At least one scientific paper noted that stocking densities are quite high in the marine areas near the Yalu River estuary, which may contribute to clam mortality and disease (Song 2013). However, no clear evidence that the management system has responded to this finding was presented to the Assessment Team. SG80 is therefore not met. d Accountability and transparency of management system and decision-making process

Guide Some information on the Information on the fishery’s Formal reporting to all fishery’s performance and performance and interested stakeholders post management action is management action is provides comprehensive generally available on request available on request, and information on the fishery’s to stakeholders. explanations are provided for performance and any actions or lack of action management actions and associated with findings and describes how the relevant recommendations management system emerging from research, responded to findings and monitoring, evaluation and relevant recommendations review activity. emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

Met? Yes No No

Rationale

Information on the fishery’s performance and management actions can be requested by industry associations, Chinese citizens, and other legal entities. For example, they can request information from the Putian Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries at this website: http://www.putian.gov.cn/zfxxgkzl/bmzfxxgk/pthyyyyj/zfxxgkzl/ysqgk/. In addition, some general information is available on the Fishery Bureau’s website: http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/zyhb/. SG60 is met.

However, the assessment team received no evidence that explanations are provided for actions or lack of action associated with findings from research and other evaluation activity. In fact, the example of high stocking densities mentioned under scoring issue (c) suggests that explanations may not be regularly provided. SG80 is not met.

177 e Approach to disputes

Guide Although the management The management system The management system or authority or fishery may be or fishery is attempting to fishery acts proactively to post subject to continuing court comply in a timely fashion avoid legal disputes or rapidly challenges, it is not indicating a with judicial decisions implements judicial decisions disrespect or defiance of the law arising from any legal arising from legal challenges. by repeatedly violating the same challenges. law or regulation necessary for the sustainability for the fishery.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

The assessment team has not been provided with any fishery-specific examples of court challenges that can be used to score this issue, but official legal disputes are reportedly rare (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020). Stakeholders may appeal to the court system if they cannot resolve issues by mediation (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020). There do not appear to be continuing court challenges to the fishery management authority, nor indications of repeated legal violations. Thus SG60 is met. Cases handled by People’s Government courts are published online (http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/website/wenshu/181029CR4M5A62CH/index.html). China also has courts that specifically handle maritime cases, and information on some cases are published (Shanghai Maritime Court 2019). This serves as evidence that the management system complies with judicial decisions in a timely manner, so SG80 is met. However SG100 is not met because we obtained no evidence that the management system acts proactively to avoid legal disputes or rapidly implements judicial decisions arising from legal challenges.

References

Aquaculture Seminar Notice. 2019. [In Chinese]. 关于举办基于区域经济发展的水产养殖技术技参提升的培训.

Cao, L., Chen, Y., Dong, S., Hanson, A., Huang, B., Leadbitter, D., ... & Sumaila, U. R. 2017. Opportunity for marine fisheries reform in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(3), 435-442. https://www.pnas.org/content/114/3/435.short

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

Huang, S., and He, Y. 2019. Management of China's capture fisheries: Review and prospect. Aquaculture and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.004

MARA. 2004. Manila clam aquaculture technical standard. NY/T 5289-2004. [In Chinese.] 菲律宾蛤仔养殖技术规范. http://down.foodmate.net/standard/sort/5/7409.html

Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

178

Song, G.J., Zhang, X., Lun, S., Wang, N.B., and Li, A. 2013. Aquaculture carrying capacity of Ruditapes philippenarum [sic] in shallow sea area of Yalu River Estuary.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • How are decision making processes triggered, particularly for the clam fisheries themselves? • Has the management authority or fishery been subject to any court challenges? • Can we find more evidence of a precautionary approach? Such as a case where a management decision was made even though there was not yet clear information indicating a problem? • How much fishery information is made available on request, and who can request information? The team obtained information on decision making processes and court challenges. However, we did not receive clear indication that explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with scientific findings.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 65

Condition number (if relevant) 10

179

PI 3.2.3 – Compliance and enforcement

PI 3.2.3 Monitoring, control and surveillance mechanisms ensure the management measures in the fishery are enforced and complied with

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a MCS implementation

Guide Monitoring, control and A monitoring, control and A comprehensive monitoring, post surveillance mechanisms surveillance system has been control and surveillance exist, and are implemented in implemented in the fishery system has been the fishery and there is a and has demonstrated an implemented in the fishery reasonable expectation that ability to enforce relevant and has demonstrated a they are effective. management measures, consistent ability to enforce strategies and/or rules. relevant management measures, strategies and/or rules.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

MCS mechanisms exist and are implemented by MARA fishery administration departments in cooperation with industry associations. Every year the fishery administration department convenes a fishery regulations and training symposium that all aquaculture companies are required to attend. Department staff conduct inspections throughout the year. During an inspectionn or vessel license review, enforcement staff check items such as the following (Fujian People’s Congress 2006, Articles 33 and 34):

• Fishing vessel documentation and associated certificates ; • Fishing gear type and number, operational periods and locations and consistency with license contents; • Fishing logbooks, to check that they are filled out according to regulations, and any specified quotas or limits are not exceeded; Fishing vessel documentation and associated certificates ; • No outstanding violations or unpaid fishery resource protection fees.

If there are any non-compliances, the authorities may order the licensee to correct the issue within a specific time limit. If the issues are resolved within the time limit, the license remains valid; otherwise penalties may be applied.

As an example of inspection frequency, more than 60 inspections were carried out along the Donggang coast in 2006, 48 illegal sea use cases investigated, and more than 20 warnings issued (Donggang City People’s Government 2006). In terms of farm inspections, staff of the Fisheries Law Enforcement Brigade and the Aquatic Technology Extension Station of Xiuyu District, Putian City, Fujian Province inspected the production records, medication records and sales records of 18 aquatic seedling farms in Nanri Town (Aquaculture Network website 2009). A total of 8 seedling farms were issued with rectification notices, and two other farms were penalized for not rectifying identified non- compliances within the time limit. Xiuyu District authorities conducted 78 seedling-related inspections that year.

Based on this information, the MCS system has demonstrated an ability to enforce relevant rules and management measures, so that SG 80 is met. However, there was no evidence that MCS systems are comprehensive in relation to their coverage, independence, and internal checks and balances. SG 100 is not met.

180 b Sanctions

Guide Sanctions to deal with non- Sanctions to deal with non- Sanctions to deal with non- post compliance exist and there is compliance exist, are compliance exist, are some evidence that they are consistently applied and consistently applied and applied. thought to provide effective demonstrably provide deterrence. effective deterrence.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

Sanctions to deal with non-compliance exist and include fines and loss of access rights. For example, if an individual does not obtain proper certificates to engage in use of a sea area, they may be fined 5,000 to 30,000 yuan and are liable to provide compensation if losses are incurred by other parties as result (Fujian People’s Government 2006, Article 36). If an individual arbitrarily uses a sea area for something other than the designated purpose, they may be fined at a rate based on the size of the area and may lose the right to use that area (Article 37). The summer fishing moratorium is a widely known restriction, which is relatively straightforward to enforce because violations can be directly observed. Fishers are aware of of sanctions for violating the moratorium, including surrender of catch, fines, cancellation of fishing licenses, and even impoundment of fishing vessels in severe cases (X. Yao, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). The Fisheries Bureau reports violations via social media platforms (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020).

There is evidence that inspections and sanctions are applied with some frequency and consistency (Aquaculture Network website 2009, Donggang City People’s Government 2006), so SG60 is met. There is a high level of top-down control within Chinese fisheries management, and such sanctions thought to provide effective deterrence. Thus SG80 is also met. However, there is insufficient evidence to claim that sanctions demonstrably provide effective deterrence; SG100 is not met. c Compliance

Guide Fishers are generally thought Some evidence exists to There is a high degree of post to comply with the demonstrate fishers comply confidence that fishers management system for the with the management system comply with the management fishery under assessment, under assessment, including, system under assessment, including, when required, when required, providing including, providing providing information of information of importance to information of importance to importance to the effective the effective management of the effective management of management of the fishery. the fishery. the fishery.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

Sea areas are mapped and monitored, and usage of these areas is tightly regulated. Fishing vessels carry VMS to help ensure that they operate within their licensed areas. There is substantial incentive for individuals leasing sea areas to protect the areas from unauthorized use by others, and to follow regulations so that they are not at risk of

181 losing their leases. For these reasons, fishers are generally thought to comply with the management system for the fishery under assessment. SG60 is met.

Evidence of vessel registrations and lease information was provided for the Donggang element of the fishery. The Putian Clam Association and its members are required to abide by national laws, regulations and policies, as stated in Article 3 of their charter (Putian Clam Association, undated). Article 3 also states that the association serves as a bridge between the government and its members, which includes providing information important for management purposes, such as catch data. SG80 is also met. SG100 was not met because there was insufficient evidence to claim a high degree of confidence that fishers comply with the management system. d Systematic non-compliance

Guide There is no evidence of post systematic non-compliance.

Met? Yes

Rationale

UoA vessels, crew, and fishers all hold required licenses and certificates. Fishery stakeholders indicated that non- compliance does not regularly occur (X.T. Yu, H.P. Dong, L.L. Zhang; pers. comm., 16 April 2020). SG80 is met.

References

Aquaculture Network. 2009. Two aquatic seedling farms in Xiuyu District, Fujian Province were punished for violation of regulations. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-28383.html

Donggang City People’s Government. 2006. China Marine Supervision Donggang City Brigade . http://www.donggang.gov.cn/Mshtml/2006-7/16677.html

Fujian Provincial People’s Congress. 2006. Fujian Province Sea Area Use Management Regulations. http://www.fujian.gov.cn/zc/flfg/dfxfg/201604/t20160419_1200350.htm

Putian Clam Association. Undated. Charter of the Putian Clam Association. [In Chinese.] 莆田市花蛤行业协会章程.

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range 60-75

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • How frequent are inspections? Is compliance thought to be high in general, not just in the UoA? • Can the Assessment Team see more details on the annual regulations and training symposium?

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• What information do the clam fishers provide to government authorities? For example, do they share logbooks or other data?

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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PI 3.2.4 – Monitoring and management performance evaluation

PI 3.2.4 There is a system of monitoring and evaluating the performance of the fishery-specific management system against its objectives There is effective and timely review of the fishery-specific management system

Scoring Issue SG 60 SG 80 SG 100

a Evaluation coverage

Guide There are mechanisms in There are mechanisms in There are mechanisms in post place to evaluate some parts place to evaluate key parts of place to evaluate all parts of of the fishery-specific the fishery-specific the fishery-specific management system. management system. management system.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

Broad fishery management strategies and goals are described within national and regional Five-Year Plans, while more specific objectives and implementation details are described in local government plans such as the Aquaculture Management Plans for Putian and Donggang cities. The Fisheries Bureau regularly reviews fishery and aquaculture performance against these development plans in consultation with other government departments, industry associations, and other stakeholders (X. Yu, pers. comm., 14 April 2020). Mechanisms to evaluate key parts of the fishery-specific management system exist, and SG60 and SG80 are therefore met. However, mechanisms for evaluating all parts of the fishery-specific management system, such as industry association plans, are not clearly in place. SG100 is not met.

b Internal and/or external review

Guide The fishery-specific The fishery-specific The fishery-specific post management system is management system is management system is subject to occasional internal subject to regular internal subject to regular internal review. and occasional external and external review. review.

Met? Yes Yes No

Rationale

The national Five-Year Plans are revised every five years and are subject to both internal and external review (Cappell 2019). The Aquaculture Management plans are also subject to internal review and external review by multiple government departments, as well as industry associations (Putian People’s Government, 2018). SG 80 is therefore met because the fishery-specific management system is subject to regular internal and occasional external review. However, documented evidence of regular external was not provided, so SG 100 is not met.

References

Donggang People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Donggang City (2018-2030).

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Huang, S., and He, Y. 2019. Management of China's capture fisheries: Review and prospect. Aquaculture and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.004

Cappell, R. 2019. Yalu Estuary Clam MCS Pre-assessment (Revised). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd., 10 February 2019, 100 pp.

Putian People’s Government. 2018. Plan for Aquaculture Waters and Tidal Flats in Putian City (2018-2030).

Draft scoring range and information gap indicator added at Announcement Comment Draft Report

Draft scoring range ≥80

Information gap indicator In particular, more information will be sought during consultation on the following: • How and how often does the Fisheries Bureau review performance against fishery and aquaculture development plans? • Examples of development plans for commercial producers will be sought.

Overall Performance Indicator scores added from Client and Peer Review Draft Report

Overall Performance Indicator score 80

Condition number (if relevant) N/A

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8 Appendices

8.1 Assessment information

8.1.1 Previous assessments

The Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery has not been subject to a previous assessment.

8.1.2 Small-scale fisheries

The information presented is estimated and is subject to change through time, but is understood to be correct at the time of the site visit in April 2020.

Table 17. Small-scale fisheries

Unit of Assessment (UoA) Percentage of vessels with Percentage of fishing activity length <15m completed within 12 nautical miles of shore Putian element 50% (estimated) 100%

Donggang element 100% (estimated) 100%

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8.2 Evaluation processes and techniques

The ACDR was published for a 60 day consultation period on the MSC website on January 6th 2020 (https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/yalu-estuary-manila-clam-fishery/@@assessments). The CPRDR was been written with the benefit of video meetings with the client and stakeholders in April 2020. It is noted that a site visit was not conducted as would be expected normally during a fishery assessment because of travel restrictions due to Covid-19. The Assessment Team undertook meetings with stakeholders as indicated in Table 18, below.

8.2.1 Site visits

Table 18. Offsite meetings held for the fishery assessment (13th April – 24th April 20200.

Meeting Location Attendees Topic Date Dr. Rob Blyth- 13th Remote Skyrme Client Opening Meeting April (Skype) (CAB) • Background to the MSC assessment 2020 Dr. Mikio Moryasu • The assessment process and timeline (CAB) • The plan for the week Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • The UoA and how the fishery operates (CAB) • The assessment and management of wild clam Ms. Shelby Olliver • Broodstock links to the wild stock (CAB) • Genetics information and management Mr. Yulong Gao • Translocation risk management (Client) • Bycatch in the broodstock fishery • Dr. Kun Xing Application of the precautionary approach (Client) • Enforcement and compliance information

Dr. Rob Blyth- WWF Stakeholder meeting 14th Remote Skyrme • Background to the MSC assessment April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu • The assessment process and timeline 2020 Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • The FIP process and WWF involvement • Differences between the pre-assessment and Ms. Xin Yu (WWF) the UoA • Stakeholder input to the management system Mr. Makoto Yoshida (WWF) NB – Question asked subsequently by e-mail about studies of carrying capacity in the Yalu Estuary. Dr. Rob Blyth- 14th Remote Skyrme Putian Clam Association (PCA) and Putian Bureau of Fisheries (BoF) April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu 2020 • Background to the MSC assessment Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • The assessment process and timeline

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Ms. Xia Yao (PCA) • Fishing activity in different seasons • Mr. Lin Jin Shun Assessment and management of the wild (BoF) – not present broodstock for the whole • The wild broodstock fishery meeting. • Stocking density in the ponds, and volumes of Mr. Yulong Gao broodstock needed. • Production of white seed, and markets for the product • Dr. Kun Xing Information collection from the fishery • Translocation and checks for non-native invasive species Dr. Rob Blyth- Fisheries and Marine Environmental Monitoring Station 15th Remote Skyrme (FMEMS), Dalian Ocean University (DOU) and Fishery April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu and Aquaculture Research Institute of Fujian (FARI) 2020 Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • Background to the MSC assessment • The assessment process and timeline Mr. Cong Li • Water quality and farming controls (FMEMS) • Incorporating science in to the management Prof. Zhong Ming process Huo (DOU) • Dr. Qi Jian Fei Dissemination of scientific information to the (FARI) fishing industry • Genetic diversity and genetic management, Mr. Yulong Gao including selective breeding • The broodstock fishery Dr. Kun Xing • Translocation management Dr. Rob Blyth- 16th Remote Skyrme China Aquatic Products Processing nd Marketing April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu Association (CAPPMA) 2020 • Background to the MSC assessment Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • The assessment process and timeline Ms. Xiaotong Yu • CAPPMA’s role with the clam fishery, and in (CAPPMA) wider fisheries management in China Ms. Linlin Zhang • Role of National Technical Expert Teams, and (CAPPMA) CAPPMA’s role in convening them Ms. Hong Pan Dong • Fisheries law and legal disputes (CAPPMA) • Compliance in the fishery Mr. Yulong Gao • How the precautionary approach is implemented Dr. Kun Xing Dr. Rob Blyth- 16th Remote Skyrme Donggang Clam Association (DCA) and Environmental Protection Bureau of Donggang (EPB) April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu 2020 • Background to the MSC assessment Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • The assessment process and timeline Mr. Shouxin Yao • The fishing area and licensing requirements and (DCA) process 188

Mr. Guo Liang Chen • Fishing activity in different seasons (EPB) • The market for the clam product Captain Xiao • Information collection from the fishery (Taihong • Translocation and checks for non-native invasive fisherman) species Mr. Yulong Gao • Illegal fishing and compliance and compliance checking in the fishery Dr. Kun Xing • Stakeholder input to the management system • Dredge efficiency Dr. Rob Blyth- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute 17th Remote Skyrme (LOFSRI) April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu • Background to the MSC assessment 2020 Prof. Lun Song • The assessment process and timeline (LOFSRI) • The Yalu Estuary environment and fishing Mr. Yulong Gao impacts, including published information. • Marine pollution, waste and hypoxia, and the Dr. Kun Xing management of these issues Dr. Rob Blyth- 22nd Remote Skyrme April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu Donggang Seed Bureau (DSB) and the Bureau of 2020 Fisheries (BoF) Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • Background to the MSC assessment Mr. Changru Li • The assessment process and timeline (BoF) • Translocation and checks for non-native invasive Mr. Shou Peng Yu species (DSB) • Wider processes for checking aquatic health and Mr. Yulong Gao assessing risk from fishing activities Dr. Kun Xing Dr. Rob Blyth- Putian Clam Association (PCA) and Putian Fisheries 23rd Remote Skyrme Technology Extension Centre (PFTEC) April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu • Background to the MSC assessment 2020 Dr. Jocelyn Drugan • Assessment and management of the wild broodstock Ms. Xia Yao (PCA) • Other stock assessments for other species Mr. Jian Zhang • Estimating biomass for the wild clam stock (PFTEC) • Catch reporting and data collection Mr. Yulong Gao • Potential for under-reporting • Landing controls and monitoring • Disseminating information on management to industry Dr. Kun Xing • Implementing the precautionary approach • Government response to serious and other important matters

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Dr. Rob Blyth- 24th Remote Skyrme Client Closing Meeting • Key findings April (Skype) Dr. Mikio Moryasu 2020 • Areas where more information was still being Dr. Jocelyn Drugan sought • Agreement on timeline for provision of new Ms. Shelby Olliver information Mr. Yulong Gao • Timeline for the assessment going forward Dr. Kun Xing

8.2.2 Stakeholder Participation:

Apart from meetings as indicated in Table 18, above, no other stakeholder representations have been submitted to the Assessment Team.

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8.2.3 Evaluation techniques

Documentation and Information Gathering

One of the most critical aspects of the MSC certification process is ensuring that the assessment team gets a complete and thorough grounding in all aspects of the fishery under evaluation. In even the smallest fishery, the assessment team typically needs documentation in all areas of the fishery from the status of stocks, to ecosystem impacts, through management processes and procedures.

Under the MSC program, it is the responsibility of the applying organizations or individuals to provide the information required proving the fishery or fisheries comply with the MSC standards. It is also the responsibility of the applicants to ensure that the assessment team has access to any and all scientists, managers, and fishers that the assessment team identifies as necessary to interview in its effort to properly understand the functions associated with the management of the fishery. Last, it is the responsibility of the assessment team to make contact with stakeholders that are known to be interested or actively engaged in issues associated with fisheries in the same geographic location.

For the preparation of the ACDR, only information as presented by the client was used, including the preassessment report (Cappell 2019) and such information as available from the FIP for the fishery (noting that information on the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery is no longer available at www.fisheryprogress.org).

The Client and Peer Review Draft Report (CPRDR) is then informed by the site visit (undertaken remotely in this case due to travel restriction imposed by Covid-19) and subsequent submission of additional documentation, while the Public Comment Draft Report (PCDR), which is subject to stakeholder review, is informed by client comments and the Client Action Plan (CAP) that accompanies any conditions, together with two peer reviews and the Assessment Team’s response to those reviews.

Scoring and Report Development Process

• ACDR: The Announcement Comment Draft Report was completed on 23/10/2019. • Publication of ACDR: 06/01/2020. • (Remote) Site Visit: 13 – 24/04/2020. • Additional Document Submission deadline: 24/05/2020. • Exceeding of 9-months from announcement of fishery to publication of PCDR: the fishery exceeded the 9-month (+6 months due to COVID-19 derogation) deadline from announcement of fishery to publication of the PCDR. As a result, stakeholders were provided a 30-day period to provide updated information to the assessment for consideration. No information was submitted by stakeholders during this time period.

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• Client Draft and Peer Review Draft: The list of peer reviewers was posted by the MSC on April 14, 2021.5 No comments were received regarding this announcement and the report was provided to 3 peer reviewers. From April 24th to end of June the client reviewed the report, drafted the client action plan and gathered letters of support from experts and government officials. The assessment team responded to peer reviewer comments and made changes to the report. No significant changes in scores (e.g. new condition) occurred during this time. • PCDR: The report was published in May 2021 and will be available for stakeholder comment for a period of 30-days. • Stakeholder Comment on PCDR: To be determined.

Scoring Methodology

The assessment team followed guidelines in MSC FCP v2.1 Section 7.10 “Scoring the fishery”. Scoring in the MSC system occurs via an Analytical Hierarchy Process and uses decision rules and weighted averages to produce Principle Level scores. There are 34 Performance Indicators (PIs), each with one or more Scoring Issues (SIs). Each of the scoring issues is considered at the 60, 80, and 100 scoring guidepost levels. The decision rule described in Table 19 determines the Performance Indicator score, which must always be in an increment of 5. If there are multiple ‘elements6’ under consideration (e.g. multiple main primary species), each element is scored individually for each relevant PI, then a single PI score is generated using the same set of decision rules described in Table 19.

Table 19 Decision Rule for Calculating Performance Indicator Scores based on Scoring Issues, and for Calculating Performance Indicator Scores in Cases of Multiple Scoring Elements. (Adapted from MSC FCPV2.1 Table 4)

Score Combination of individual SIs at the PI level, and/or combining multiple element PI scores into a single PI score. <60 Any scoring element/SI within a PI which fails to reach SG60 shall not be assigned a score as this is a pre-condition to certification. 60 All elements (as scored at the PI level) or SIs meet SG60 and only SG60. 65 All elements/SIs meet SG60; a few achieve higher performance, at or exceeding SG80, but most do not meet SG80. 70 All elements/SIs meet SG60; half* achieve higher performance, at or exceeding SG80, but some do not meet SG80 and require intervention action to make sure they get there. 75 All elements/SIs meet SG60; most achieve higher performance, at or exceeding SG80; only a few fail to achieve SG80 and require intervention action. 80 All elements/SIs meet SG80, and only SG80. 85 All elements/SIs meet SG80; a few achieve higher performance, but most do not meet SG100.

5 https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/yalu-estuary-manila-clam-fishery/@@assessments 6 MSC FCPV2.1 7.10.7: In Principle 1 or 2, the team shall score PIs comprised of differing scoring elements (species or habitats) that comprise part of a component affected by the UoA.

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90 All elements/SIs meet SG80; half achieve higher performance at SG100, but some do not. 95 All elements/SIs meet SG80; most achieve higher performance at SG100, and only a few fail to achieve SG100. 100 All elements/SIs meet SG100. *MSC FCPV2.1 uses the word ‘some’ instead of half. SCS considers ‘half’ a clearer description of the methodology utilized.

When calculating the Principal Indicator scores based on the results of the Scoring Issues (SI), SCS interprets the terms in Table 19 as follows:

1. Few: Less than half. Ex: if there are a total of three SIs, one SI out of 3 is considered few.

2. Some: Equal to half. Ex: if there are a total of four SIs, two SIs out of 4 is considered some.

3. Most: More than half. Ex: if there are a total of three SIs, two SIs out of 3 is considered most.

8.2.4 Modified assessment tree

The Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery is a hatch-and-catch (HAC) fishery with one UoA but two linked elements. Element 1 in Putian is the seed production phase and includes broodstock selected from the Putian Manila clam fishery (predominately of wild origin, with some hatchery origin broodstock) being spawned in ponds, and with the larvae collected and then ongrown initially from sand seed (≤2 mm) to juvenile size (≤10 mm) in local intertidal areas. The first element then ends when the juveniles are collected and bagged, ready for transport. Element 2 is the grow-out stage, and occurs in Donggang with juvenile Manila clam transported from the Putian region being laid in subtidal beds for growing out to a market size.

Assessing the fishery in this way requires that slightly different assessment trees are used for the fishery, as follows:

The HAC SB assessment tree does not evaluate potential impacts of translocation, but because of the movement of Manila clam from Putian to Donggang, a variation request was applied for and granted on September 13, 2019 to modify the assessment tree such to include consideration of the potential genetic and other impacts that need to be assessed as a result of translocation, as is the default for the CAG assessment when translocation occurs. As such, the modified HAC assessment tree used here included the Translocation PISGs 2.6.1, 2.6.2, and 2.6.3 present in the CAG assessment tree (SB3.1.4).

The variation request was posted on the MSC website (https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/yalu-estuary- manila-clam-fishery/@@assessments) at the same time as the ACDR.

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8.3 Peer Review reports

Table 20 General comments from Peer Reviewer A and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

Question Yes/No Peer Reviewer Justification (as given at initial Peer Review CAB Response to Peer stage). Peer Reviewers should provide brief explanations Reviewer's comments (as for their 'Yes' or 'No' answers in this table, summarising the included in the Public detailed comments made in the PI and RBF tables. Comment Draft Report - PCDR) Is the scoring of the fishery consistent Yes Specially important was the need to use RBF, which was the Thank you. No response with the MSC standard, and clearly right choice. However, the production output in Putian was needed. based on the evidence presented in assumed to come from hatcheries when there was no clear the assessment report? reference for it. It is hard to understand why the production numbers are accounted each year, but there is no identifiable source/citable reference for certantity that the data production is from the hatchery. Enhanced fisheries only: Does the Yes The report investigated the many aspects of the fisheries in Thank you for your review. report clearly evaluate any additional Putian (wild broodstock fisheries and pond seed hatchery) No response needed. impacts that might arise from and Donggang (region of translocation and grow-out). enhancement activities? Genetic considerations and implications to other species and environment were discussed, concerns raised and, in general, considered in the scoring. Optional: General Comments on the NA Comment 1: In 7.2.3 the text where it reads Table 9, is Thank you. This has been Peer Review Draft Report (including actually Table 10. corrected. comments on the adequacy of the background information if necessary). Add extra rows if needed below, including the codes in Columns A-C. Optional: General Comments on the NA It is hard for reviewers and stakeholders to refer to passages Page numbers have been Peer Review Draft Report (including in the text when the report does not have page numbers. As added to the document. comments on the adequacy of the in any other document, page numbers should be added. background information if necessary). Add extra rows if needed below, including the codes in Columns A-C. Optional: General Comments on the NA The report introductory text first states the non-existence of Thank you for identifying Peer Review Draft Report (including an "explicit TAC" for the stock and fisheries. Later however, this issue. There is an comments on the adequacy of the the authors do bring up several times the "TAC" in place explicit TAC for the Putian background information if necessary). (limit of 10,000 tons based on MSY). The text is confusing wild clam fishery and the Add extra rows if needed below, and should be better clarified. previous sentence was including the codes in Columns A-C. deleted from the text.

Table 21 Performance specific comments from Peer Reviewer A and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

UoA UoA gear PI PI PI PI Peer Reviewer CAB Response to Peer CAB Res- stock Information Scoring Condition Justification (as Reviewer's comments (as ponse given at initial included in the Public Code Peer Review Comment Draft Report - stage) PCDR) Putian Propeller 1.1.1 PI scored with RBF. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

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Putian Propeller 1.1.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 1.1.3 Yes No NA It seems Thank you for your review. Accepted & water (material unreasonable to To address the concern (no score jet score consider the raised here, we have change, dredge / reduction farming "highly added text to the change to hand expected to unlikely to change condition for 1.2.6 for rationale) haking & <80) genetic" over genetic information in towed many years milestone year 1 to further net considering that: elaborate on this issue. a) information was Milestone year 1 now asks not provided about the client to 'gather the hatchery-origin available information on stock that remains annual landings of adult in the subtidal area size Manila clam in Putian for grow-out to from the last several years commercial size; b) by fishing area and origin there is return of (i.e. wild fishery vs hatchery-spawned cultivated clam).' We have seed to now added the following broodstock, even if sentence to make explicit minimal; and c) the need to provide possible quantity 'sufficient information to of hatchery raised resolve the remaining seed higher than question of where the wild stock. Using 28,000-38,000t adult the precautionary clams are produced approach, this PI annually in Putian.' would score <80 and require a condition in which more detailed information would be sought. Putian Propeller 1.2.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 1.2.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 1.2.3 Yes No (score Yes A PI with different Thank you. The score for Accepted Donggang & water increase elements is scored 1.2.3 has been increased (score jet expected) according to Table to 70, in accordance with increased) dredge / 4 in MSC FCP v2.1, Table 4 of the FCP 2.1 hand corresponding to (requirements which are haking & Table 19 in this also included in the report, towed report. pg 187, Table 19). net Accordingly, the combined elements score of 60 (Putian) and 80 195

(Donggang) should be 70.

Putian Propeller 1.2.3 Yes No (change Yes Scoring issue (a) in Thank you for your Accepted & water to rationale this PI states the comment. We have added (no score jet expected, need of some fleet information to support change, dredge / not to composition what is available regarding change to hand scoring) information, which fleet composition to rationale) haking & is a weak point in support a score of SG60. towed the explanation of We have clarified the net this rationale. I do vessels numbers (i.e. 2,271 not think the is the maximum vessels in rationale given Putian) but added supports the score, additional information to although "some the rationale regarding information" about fleet composition (i.e. the fishing fleet vessel size, gear details, exists (for catch rates). example: 2,271 vessels in Putian but apparently no exact number of how many vessels are actually engaged in clam fisheries. In a different part of the text 2,296 vessels are mentioned). There is a need for more clarification, in the rationale text, about what information was considered in 'fleet composition" to score 60. Putian Propeller 1.2.4 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 1.2.5 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. Thank you. We note that NA (No & water But even though the condition raised in response jet the strategy to 1.2.6 will address the needed) dredge / reach 80 in 1.1.3 current discrepancies of hand might be in place, the origin of the remaining haking & without holistic clams. towed information about net the hatchery-origin stock in Putian and precautionary considerations of outcomes mentioned in 1.1.3 comment, there Is not certainty the

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80 will be met in 1.1.3.

Putian Propeller 1.2.6 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

Donggang Propelller 1.1.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.1.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.4 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.5 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 1.2.6 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions were response jet for Putian only. needed) dredge

Putian Propeller 2.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.1.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed)

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dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.2.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.2.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 2.3.1 Yes No (non- NA A PI with different Table 4 in FCP 2.1 (and Not Donggang & water material elements is scored Table 19 in this report) accepted jet score according to Table states that, for a PI to (no dredge / reduction 4 in MSC FCP v2.1, score at 90, 'All elements change) hand expected) corresponding to meet SG80; some achieve haking & Table 19 in this higher performance at towed report. SG100, but some do not.' net Accordingly, the We note that both combined elements reach SG100 in elements score of Sia, and only SG80 in Sib. 90 (Putian) and 90 Thus, the requirements for (Donggang) should an overall PI score of 90 be 85. are met. We note SCS's interpretation of the term 'some' which is defined on pg 187 and states that 'Some: Equal to half. Ex: if there are a total of four SIs, two SIs out of 4 is considered some.' Putian Propeller 2.3.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

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Putian Propeller 2.3.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.3.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 2.4.1 Yes No (non- NA A PI with different Table 4 in FCP 2.1 (and Not Donggang & water material elements is scored Table 19 in this report) accepted jet score according to Table states that, for a PI to (no dredge / reduction 4 in MSC FCP v2.1, score at 90, 'All elements change) hand expected) corresponding to meet SG80; some achieve haking & Table 19 in this higher performance at towed report. SG100, but some do not.' net Accordingly, the We note that both combined elements reach SG100 in elements score of Sia, and only SG80 in Sib. 90 (Putian) and 90 Thus, the requirements for (Donggang) should an overall PI score of 90 be 85. are met. We note SCS's interpretation of the term 'some' which is defined on pg 187 and states that 'Some: Equal to half. Ex: if there are a total of four SIs, two SIs out of 4 is considered some.' Putian Propeller 2.4.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.4.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.4.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

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Putian Propeller 2.5.1 Yes No (scoring NA The rationale for Thank you. The rationale Accepted & water implications this PI is not has been revised to (no score jet unknown) sufficient for include information on an change, dredge / explaining this ecological risk assessment change to hand score. Rationale conducted in Putian for rationale) haking & was more like an manila clam, which towed assertion, so concluded that across net justification was multiple risk categories not sufficient and the impact of cultivated clearer clam on wild stocks and information is the wider environment, necessary. the risks were judged to either present almost no danger to low risk. This has also been added to the background. Putian & Propeller 2.5.2 Yes No (non- Yes A PI with different According to Table 4 FCP Not Donggang & water material elements is scored 2.1, a score of 75 is accepted jet score according to Table awarded when 'All (no dredge / reduction 4 in MSC FCP v2.1, elements meet SG60; change) hand expected) corresponding to most achieve higher haking & Table 19 in this performance, at or towed report. exceeding SG80; only a net Accordingly, the few fail to achieve SG80 combined and require intervention elements score of action.' Only the 80 (Putian) and 75 Donggang element at (Donggang) should 2.5.2 b failed to reach be 70. SG80. PI score of 75 adheres to FCP 2.1 scoring requirements. Putian Propeller 2.5.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.5.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.6.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.6.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 2.6.3 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No & water scored) scored) response jet needed) dredge / 200

hand haking & towed net

Donggang Propelller 2.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.1.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.2.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.2.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.3.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge

Donggang Propelller 2.3.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.3.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.4.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.4.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.4.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge

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Donggang Propelller 2.5.1 No (change Yes NA In particular, Thank you. We presume Accepted & water to rationale information about that the reviewer is (no score jet expected, the reason why the referring to the quantities change, dredge not to landings of wild as presented in Table 15 of change to scoring) harvested clams the report. In this case, rationale) have diminished in however, we would not recent years characterize the landings (lower fishing from the wild fishery as effort or stock necessarily showing a decline?) has not decline - although the been cited as part lowest value is in the final of the rationale. It year of the time series, the seems that the maximum value is in the reason for lower middle, and there is a low landings was not value prior to that, also. explained in the Essentially, we believe report. that catches reported from this part of the fishery reflect variations in the economic/commercial situation for fishers and the demand for the clams and/or other fishery products, rather than the status any individual species. Donggang Propelller 2.5.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.5.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.6.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No & water response jet needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.6.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge Donggang Propelller 2.6.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge

Putian & Propeller 3.1.1 No (change Yes NA Rationale agreed, Thank you for your review. Accepted Donggang & water to rationale but there is Information in the (no score jet expected, information left background has been change, dredge / not to out of the added to 3.1.1 c rationale change to hand scoring) rationale that to further elaborate on rationale) haking & makes stronger the management system's towed points for scoring mechanisms for observing net issue c), such as: legal rights. fishermen can apply for compensation if they lose access to beach sites, applicants to access rights must be local, and a coastal rural collective economic 202

organization or a village committee can prioritize contracting of its members in sea areas that fall under their jurisdiction.

Putian & Propeller 3.1.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No Donggang & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 3.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No Donggang & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian Propeller 3.2.1 Yes No (score No All the information Thank you. While there is Not & water increase about the TAC of a TAC in place for the wild accepted jet expected) 10,000 tons was clam fishery in Putian, the (no dredge / considered valid in absence of a clear link change) hand previous PIs. For between harvest haking & Putian the recommendations and towed management objectives in the fishery net system seems as mean that the short/long- explicit as term objectives in the Donggang, fishery are not considered although indeed to be explicit for Putian. none of them can be considered well-defined objectives to meet SG 100. In agreement with my comment, a condition would not be raised. Donggang Propeller 3.2.1 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 3.2.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No Donggang & water Conditions response jet sufficient. needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

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Putian & Propeller 3.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No Donggang & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net Putian & Propeller 3.2.4 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No Donggang & water response jet needed) dredge / hand haking & towed net

Table 22 RBF comments from Peer Reviewer A and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

UoA UoA gear PI RBF RBF Peer Reviewer Justification (as CAB Response to Peer CAB Res- stock Scoring Information given at initial Peer Review Reviewer's comments (as ponse stage) included in the Public Code Comment Draft Report - PCDR) Putian Propeller 1.1.1 Yes No (change Scoring agreed, because when Thank you for your Not & water jet (RBF) to rationale considering the gear type, it is comment. Based on the accepted dredge / expected, not understood that mesh size was responses to the team (no hand to scoring) designed for bigger clams and from the RBF change) haking & the score given applies. However, questionnaire, all towed net it seems inappropriate to state participants stated that it the fact that smaller clams are was very rare that clams returned to nature in the smaller than 30mm are "Selectivity of the Gear Type" caught. Thus, the score of 1 section in Table 41. If clams are for selectivity of the gear is caught and returned that appropriate given that certainly does not make a 'individuals < size at justification point for scoring the maturity are rarely caught.' selectivity of the gear itself as low susceptibility. Putian Propeller 2.1.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response dredge / scored the RBF) needed) hand using haking & the RBF) towed net Putian Propeller 2.2.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response dredge / scored the RBF) needed) hand using haking & the RBF) towed net Putian Propeller 2.3.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response dredge / scored the RBF) needed) hand using haking & the RBF) towed net Putian Propeller 2.4.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response dredge / scored the RBF) needed) hand using haking & the RBF) towed net

204

Putian Propeller 2.5.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response dredge / scored the RBF) needed) hand using haking & the RBF) towed net Donggang Propeller 1.1.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF) Donggang Propeller 2.1.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF) Donggang Propeller 2.2.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF) Donggang Propeller 2.3.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF) Donggang Propeller 2.4.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF) Donggang Propeller 2.5.1 NA (PI NA (PI not NA (No & water jet (RBF) not scored using response scored the RBF) needed) using the RBF)

Table 23 General comments from Peer Reviewer B and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

Is the scoring of the fishery Yes The overall assessment is generally clear with scoring Thank you for your review. No consistent with the MSC standard, consistent with MSC standards and based on the evidence response is needed. and clearly based on the evidence presented presented in the assessment report?

Are the condition(s) raised No Nine of the 10 conditions raised are appropriately written Thank you. Condition 5 text in appropriately written to achieve to achieve SG80. Condition 5 in Section 5.2.3 should be section 5.2.3 has been the SG80 outcome within the revised as it contains scoring issue (a) that has been scored modified and text for scoring specified timeframe? at 80. Condition 5 in Table 23 is correct. issue (a) removed. [Reference: FCP v2.2, 7.18.1 and sub-clauses]

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Is the client action plan clear and Note: Include this row for assessments completed against sufficient to close the conditions FCR v1.3 and v2.0, but not for FCP v2.1/v2.2 (in which the raised? client action plan is only prepared at the same time as the [Reference FCR v2.0, 7.11.2-7.11.3 peer review). Delete this text from the cell for FCR and sub-clauses] v1.3/v2.0 reviews or delete the whole row if FCP v2.1/v2.2.

Enhanced fisheries only: Does the Yes The fishery has a hatch and catch and a catch and grow Thank you for your review. No report clearly evaluate any component in this enhanced bivalve fishery with response is needed. additional impacts that might arise translocation. Report evaluates the impacts arising for the from enhancement activities? enhancement activities.

Optional: General Comments on NA Background information provided was adequate. There are Thank you for identifying these the Peer Review Draft Report some minor editorial issues that need addressing. Page 9: errors. All errors identified (including comments on the Summary of Findings should show that 'in Principle 1, five have been corrected and table adequacy of the background of the eight PIs were scored at 80 or above' including 1.1.3 numbers have been verified information if necessary). Add and 1.2.5 but not 1.2.6. Page 14 'preassessment' rather with several changes/updates extra rows if needed below, than 'reassessment'. Table 8. 2.6.1 should be green. Page made. including the codes in Columns A- 35 Reference to Table 9 should be Table 10. Need to check C. all Table numbers.

Table 24 Performance specific comments from Peer Reviewer B and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

UoA UoA gear PI PI PI PI Peer Reviewer CAB Response to Peer CAB Res- stock Information Scoring Condition Justification (as given Reviewer's comments ponse at initial Peer Review (as included in the Code stage) Public Comment Draft Report - PCDR) Manila Propeller 1.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed RBF NA (No clam & water used response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 1.1.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA NA (No clam & water scored) scored) response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 1.1.3 No (change Yes NA Scoring agreed. There The rationale has been Accepted clam & water to rationale is reference of 2500 t revised to state that (no score jet dredge expected, broodstock with 40 t 'These catch volumes change, and towed not to from cultured subtidal were from 2018, change to net & scoring) flats. However it is not though stakeholders rationale) hand clear whether there is informed the team annual variation in these are these estimates. There representative of is a statement on page annual landings.' 8 saying 'Principle 1 was not scored for The statement on page Donggang element' but 8 has been revised to it has been scored here specify that genetic PIs are still scored for Donggang.

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Manila Propeller 1.2.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 1.2.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 1.2.3 No (non- No (non- Yes The harvest strategy Thank you. The Accepted clam & water material material for Donggang is not rationale has been (non- jet dredge score score scored so it is not clear revised and 1.2.3 a for material and towed reduction reduction why SIa component for Donggang is not scored. score net & expected) expected) Donggang is scored The score for the PI has reduction) hand here been reduced from 70 to 65. The Principle 1 fishery score remains above 80. Manila Propeller 1.2.4 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 1.2.5 No (score No (score NA SIc for Donggang refers Though the external Not clam & water increase increase to an external peer- peer-review literature accepted jet dredge expected) expected) review literature supports the lack of (no change) and towed regarding lack of genetic impact, given net & genetic impact which that there is no ongoing hand could be regarded as collection of evidence 'clear evidence that the to demonstrate this, strategy is being means that there is no implemented clear evidence that the successfully'. strategy is being implemented successfully. SG100 is not met for Donggang. Manila Propeller 1.2.6 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. Thank you. The table Accepted clam & water Rationale reference to numbers referenced (no score jet dredge Tables 11 and 12 have been updated in change, and towed should be to Tables 12 the rationale and change to net & and 13 here and throughout the rest of rationale) hand subsequent sections. the report. Manila Propeller 2.1.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand 207

Manila Propeller 2.2.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.2.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.3.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.3.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.3.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.4.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.4.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.4.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.5.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. Thank you. The table Accepted clam & water Rationale reference to numbers referenced (no score jet dredge Table 14 should be have been updated in change, and towed Table 15. the rationale and change to net & throughout the rest of rationale) hand the report.

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Manila Propeller 2.5.2 Yes Yes No Scoring agreed. Thank you. The table Accepted clam & water Rationale reference to numbers referenced (no score jet dredge Table 14 should be have been updated in change, and towed Table 15. SIa scored 80 the rationale and change to net & so this component throughout the rest of rationale) hand should not be part of the report and the the condition 5 in milestone language has Section 5.2.3. In Table been updated for 25 Condition 5 the Condition 5. score for PI 2.5.2 is shown as 70 (should be 75 for the Score and Expected scores for Milestones Years 1-3 ) Manila Propeller 2.5.3 Yes No (score NA SIc scores 100 and the Thank you. The correct Accepted clam & water increase other SI score 80 so score for this PI is 85, (score jet dredge expected) shouldn't the overall which has been increased) and towed score be 85 rather than updated. net & 80 hand Manila Propeller 2.6.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.6.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 2.6.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.1.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.2.1 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand

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Manila Propeller 3.2.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Manila Propeller 3.2.4 Yes Yes NA Scoring agreed. NA (No clam & water response jet dredge needed) and towed net & hand Table 25 RBF comments from Peer Reviewer B and the assessment team at the CPRDR stage.

UoA UoA gear PI RBF RBF Peer Reviewer CAB Response to Peer CAB Res-ponse stock Scoring Information Justification (as given Reviewer's comments (as Code at initial Peer Review included in the Public stage) Comment Draft Report - PCDR) Manila Propeller & 1.1.1 Yes Yes Scoring agreed - Thank you. Rationale now Accepted (no clam water jet dredge (RBF) Rationale should refer refers to section 8.8. score change, and towed net & to section 8.8 not 8.4 change to hand rationale)

Manila Propeller & 2.1.1 NA (No response clam water jet dredge (RBF) needed) and towed net & hand

Manila Propeller & 2.2.1 NA (No response clam water jet dredge (RBF) needed) and towed net & hand

Manila Propeller & 2.3.1 NA (No response clam water jet dredge (RBF) needed) and towed net & hand

Manila Propeller & 2.4.1 NA (No response clam water jet dredge (RBF) needed) and towed net & hand

Manila Propeller & 2.5.1 NA (No response clam water jet dredge (RBF) needed) and towed net & hand

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Table 26 General comments from Peer Reviewer C and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

Question Yes/No Peer Reviewer Justification (as given at initial CAB Response to Peer Reviewer's comments (as Peer Review stage). Peer Reviewers should included in the Public Comment Draft Report - provide brief explanations for their 'Yes' or 'No' PCDR) answers in this table, summarising the detailed comments made in the PI and RBF tables. Is the scoring of the fishery Yes The scoring of the fishery is clearly based on the Thank you for your comments. Initially, the consistent with the MSC substantial amount of evidence presented in the assessment team submitted a variation request standard, and clearly based assessment report, it is generally consistent with to the MSC to consider Putian and Donggang as on the evidence presented the MSC Standard, and there are only a few PIs separate Units of Assessments. This VR was in the assessment report? for which I questioned the scoring. However the submitted prior to beginning the ACDR. The MSC decision by the assessment team to consider a rejected this VR, stating that it violated single UoA with two distinct parts, as opposed to traceability requirements. Instead the two separate UoAs, has major implications for assessment team had to submit another VR as a the conclusions drawn from the assessment. It is linked UoA (rather than separate UoAs) that was interesting to note that section 7.6.1.4 actually accepted in order to ensure full consideration of refers to UoA1 and UoA2 rather than a single all issues. In addition, the team has employed UoA. If the Putian component of the fishery was the element scoring approach, which the MSC scored as a UoA in its own right, then I believe directs assessment teams to use, rather than that the UoA would not achieve an overall taking the lowest score. Principle 1 score of 80, and therefore the assessment team would not be able to Thank you for identifying the issue in 7.6.1.4 and recommend that the fishery is certified. The this has been corrected to specify that there is assessment team therefore needs to make a one UoA, with two elements. robust justification for scoring all the components of the fishery in a single UoA. In We appreciate your consideration regarding the addition as currently presented, the overall PI difficulty of conducting this assessment scores are calculated as the average score for the remotely. It presented many challenges for the two parts when it might be more appropriate to assessment team, client, and stakeholders allocate the lowest score for the two parts. though all parties tried to make the remote assessment as effective as possible. For the issue The nature of the fishery with broodstock of raised in regards to 'white seed which is not Manila clams collected from the wild, seed clams transported to Donggang may be ongrown to produced in local ponds before being on-grown market size, but cannot identify where such on- to juvenile size in adjacent intertidal mud flats, growing occurs' we note that since only white and then ongrown in sublittoral culture areas in seed transported to and grown out in Donggang Donggang before being harvested at commercial is considered within the scope of this size means that it is appropriate to use the assessment, the destination for this other white- enhanced bivalves modification to the default seed is outside the scope of the audit. assessment tree. However throughout the report it is clear that there are a number of components of the culture system and fishery which are not well understood. In particular, the assessment team stress that there is a lack of detailed information on the origin of the reported annual landings of 32,000 to 42,000 tonnes. On page 17, the assessment team notes that white seed which is not transported to Donggang may be ongrown to market size, but cannot identify where such on-growing occurs. I believe that most of the uncertainties would have been resolved if a site visit had been possible and the the Client's response to this version of the assessment report will need to provide further answers to the uncertainties identified by the assessment team. Are the condition(s) raised No For condition 1 on PI 1.2.2 on harvest control Thank you for your comment. We have revised appropriately written to rules, the condition is written in terms of HCRs the Condition 1 text and removed reference to achieve the SG80 outcome that "ensure the exploitation rate is reduced as the PRI and MSY. Instead, the condition now within the specified the PRI is approached and are expected to keep states (revised text): 'By the fourth year timeframe? the stock fluctuating around a target level surveillance audit, the wild brood stock fishery in [Reference: FCP v2.2, consistent with (or above) MSY". However there Putian must have in place well-defined HCRs that 7.18.1 and sub-clauses] are no biologically-based reference points respond to changes in the fishery by reducing defined for this fishery so expressing an HCR the susceptibility of target species when the condition in relation to PRI and MSY would be fishery is not heading in the direction of its difficult to achieve and therefore is not objectives. There should be some indicators that 211

appropriate. When the RBF is used, MSC are monitored to confirm that the HCRs are Fisheries Standard GSA2.5 allows that "In delivering the intended targets for the stock.' informally managed fisheries, CABs should assess the extent to which there are management tools and measures in place that are consistent with ensuring that susceptibility of the target species to removal is no higher than that which would cause the risk to the target species to be above an acceptable risk range. Measures could be spatial, temporal, or changes to gear overlap. Assessments should also consider measures in place to respond to changes in the fishery, for example, by reducing the susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives." Condition 1 could be rewritten with that guidance in mind.

All other conditions are appropriately written to achieve the SG80 outcome within the specified timeframe. Is the client action plan NA NA clear and sufficient to close the conditions raised? [Reference FCR v2.0, 7.11.2-7.11.3 and sub- clauses] Enhanced fisheries only: Yes The report does clearly evaluate any potential N/A no response is required. Does the report clearly impacts that might arise from enhancement evaluate any additional activities, but some of the potential impacts are impacts that might arise not necessarily fully understood because of a lack from enhancement of information, e.g. the origin of the reported activities? annual landings of 32,000 to 42,000 tonnes. In relation to MSC criterion Aiii for enhanced bivalve fisheries - There are natural reproductive components of the stock from which the fishery's catch originates that maintain themselves without having to be restocked every year - it is clear that white seed that is not transported for ongrowing to Donggang may be left to grow in the subtidal areas in Putian and then recycled back to the broodstock areas. This seems to go against GSB 2.1.3 which specifies that the return of hatchery-propagated stock to the hatchery should be avoided. As only 40 tonnes of clams harvested by hand from the intertidal areas are recycled back to be used as broodstock, representing only 2% of the total broodstock in any one year, and the fishers prefer using wild stock anyway, any such genetic risk to the wild stock seems to be avoidable. Optional: General NA This a well written assessment report in which Introductory text/terminology clarification: Comments on the Peer the assessment team has generally succeeded in Thank you for the suggetion. Figure 1 has been Review Draft Report guiding the reader through what is a complex updated to reflect learnings from the assessment (including comments on fishery with different components, and for which team and the terminology in the figure has been the adequacy of the the lack of a site visit has clearly hampered the standardized with that of the assessment. background information if collection of information. The report is copiously Subsequent changes were made to align necessary). Add extra rows referenced, although a few references are terminology of the UoA process throughout the if needed below, including missing in the reference list - e.g. Poppe and report. the codes in Columns A-C. Goto 1993; Zhang et al., 2006; Chen & Yuan 2005; and many references in the scoring tables. Traceability: We have clarified that the fishery certificate extends only up to the point of when Although the report is generally very clearly white seed are harvested in Putian (i.e., up until written, I found some confusion with the point the white seed is put up on the quay in terminologies used in the introductory section Putian for transport to Donggang). Thus, all (5.1.1) and occasionally throughout the rest of transport companies and grow-out operations in the report. Clearly the assessment team had Donggang will require CoC to demonstrate that problems themselves in identifying exactly how adult manila clams harvested in the fishery in 212

the culture system / fishery worked, but the Donggang were from white seed from Putian. report does not use common terminology Traceability will be demonstrated and assessed throughout the report. In particular the text uses annually through CoC audits for all producers in different terms for the various stages to those Donggang in order for the product to be used by Cappell in Figure 1, e.g. the text appears considered as an MSC product. This factor to use the term 'intertidal' for what Figure 1 addresses the comment raised here. Updates to describes as 'shallow sea areas', the text of the the text have been made to clarify start of CoC. report uses the term 'culture ponds', but Figure 3 describes 'cofferdam ponds', and the text defines Glossary: Thank you. The glossary has been 'white seed' as seed of 8-10mm (page 17), but updated with terms relevant in the report. Figure 1 defines white seed as 5-8mm. My recommendation is that to avoid confusion Figure 1 from Cappell (2019) should be deleted and the assessment team replace this with their own figure using their own terminology.

Traceability. One potential risk of substituting non-certified for certified Manila clams is at Donggang where intertidal clam culture is practised and clams from this non-certified aquaculture system could potentially be mixed with UoA clams ongrown in the subtidal. The report states that this risk is considered moderate, and is mitigated through product tracing, although no details are presented. IPI - it would be helpful to provide an evaluation of the likelihood of natural clam settlement in the sub-tidal areas in Donggang. The Glossary is a bit sparse and could be improved by addition of some key acronyms, e.g. CAG, HAC, MSY, BOF, MFZ, RBF, UoC, UoA, VME etc.

Table 27 Performance specific comments from Peer Reviewer C and the assessment teams response at the CPRDR stage.

UoA UoA PI PI PI PI Peer CAB Response to CAB Res- stock gear Information Scoring Condition Reviewer Peer Reviewer's ponse Justification comments (as Code (as given at included in the initial Peer Public Comment Review Draft Report - stage) PCDR) Manila Propeller 1.1.1 Yes Yes NA The Putian NA (No clam / water component is response Putian jet scored with needed) dredge the RBF and or hand scoring and rationales are evaluated under RBF comments. Manila Propeller 1.1.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA As there is no NA (No clam / water scored) scored) interaction response Donggang jet between the needed) dredge subtidal ongrowing beds and the naturally- recruiting intertidal populations, it is appropriate not to score the Donggang 213

component for this PI. Manila Propeller 1.1.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Putian jet needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 1.1.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Donggang jet needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.1.3 Yes Yes NA Whilst I agree Thank you for your Accepted clam / water that the comment. We have (no score Putian jet fishery is added text to the change, dredge highly condition for 1.2.6 change to or hand unlikely to for genetic rationale) impact information in genetic milestone year 1 to structure of further elaborate wild on this issue. populations Milestone year 1 to a point now asks the client where there to 'gather available would be information on serious or annual landings of irreversible adult size Manila harm, there is clam in Putian from some the last several uncertainty years by fishing over where area and origin (i.e. the 30,000+ wild fishery vs tonnes of cultivated clam).' adult clam We have now are produced added the following each year and sentence to make further explicit the need to information provide 'sufficient should be information to requested resolve the from the remaining question Client. of where the 28,000-38,000t adult clams are produced annually in Putian.' The client's action plan is sufficient to address this information need. Manila Propeller 1.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.1 Yes No (scoring NA SIa. More Thank you. Accepted clam / water implications evidence is Rationale has been (no score Putian jet unknown) required to updated to change, dredge demonstrate include/state that additional or hand that the the Putian Clam evidence harvest Association has presented) strategy is planned to conduct responsive to future stock the state of assessments every the stock. other year to evaluate/reconsider the appropriateness of the TAC against the 214

status of the stock. The rationale describes in greater detail how the harvest strategy is responsive to the state of the stock and the elements of the harvest strategy work together towards achieving stock management objectives reflected in PI 1.1.1 SG80. Manila Propeller 1.2.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Donggang jet needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.2 Yes Yes No The condition Thank you. We Accepted clam / water is written in have revised the (no score Putian jet terms of Condition 1 text change, dredge HCRs that and removed change to or hand "ensure the reference to the PRI rationale) exploitation and MSY. Instead, rate is the condition now reduced as states (revised the PRI is text): 'By the fourth approached year surveillance and are audit, the wild expected to brood stock fishery keep the in Putian must have stock in place well- fluctuating defined HCRs that around a respond to changes target level in the fishery by consistent reducing the with (or susceptibility of above) MSY". target species when However the fishery is not there are no heading in the biologically- direction of its based objectives. There reference should be some points indicators that are defined for monitored to this fishery so confirm that the expressing an HCRs are delivering HCR the intended condition in targets for the relation to stock.' PRI and MSY would be difficult to achieve and therefore is not appropriate. When the RBF is used, MSC Fisheries Standard GSA2.5 allows that "In informally managed fisheries, CABs should 215

assess the extent to which there are management tools and measures in place that are consistent with ensuring that susceptibility of the target species to removal is no higher than that which would cause the risk to the target species to be above an acceptable risk range. Measures could be spatial, temporal, or changes to gear overlap. Assessments should also consider measures in place to respond to changes in the fishery, for example, by reducing the susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives." The condition could be rewritten with that guidance in mind. Manila Propeller 1.2.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored. NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Donggang jet needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.3 Yes No (change Yes SIa and SIb. The rationale for SI Accepted clam / water to rationale Scoring and c has been revised (score Putian jet expected, rationale for both Donggang increased) dredge not to agreed. and Putian or hand scoring) SIc. This SI elements to state should be that the fishery scored as now meets SG80 'Yes' and not here, rather than 216

'NA'. There NA. The score for may be no 1.2.3 has increased other to 70 'as half of the removals scoring elements from the now achieve higher stock in other performance, at or fisheries, but exceeding SG80, that does not but some do not mean that meet SG80 and there is not require good intervention action' information (see Table 19 on all other Decision Rule for fishery Calculating removals Performance from the Indicator Scores in stock, so the the report). SG80 is met. Manila Propeller 1.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.4 Yes Yes NA RBF used for NA (No clam / water PI 1.1.1, so response Putian jet this PI scores needed) dredge 80 by default. or hand Manila Propeller 1.2.4 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored. NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Donggang jet needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.5 Yes No (scoring NA SIa. The Thank you. As Accepted clam / water implications assesment identified by the (score Putian jet unknown) team invokes reviewer, condition increased) dredge the 'if 1.2.6 will address or hand necessary' the current clause information gap because the regarding SG80 for PI origin/production 1.1.3 was area of the market met, i.e. it sized clams from was highly Putian. Information unlikely that and evidence the fishery presented by the would impact fishery is sufficient genetic to reach SG80 for structure of 1.2.5. The score for the wild 1.2.6 b has been populations, increased to SG80. and therefore by default there is a partial strategy in place. This approach does not seem to match up with the approach to scoring of PI 1.2.6b where the 'if necessary' clause is not invoked and a 217

condition is raised because there is not sufficient information available to support a partial strategy. Whilst I agree with the precautionary approach taken to the scoring for this PI, greater confidence would be achieved if the assessment team could receive confirmation from the Client of the origin of the reported annual landings of 32,000- 42,000t of market size clams. This issue appears to be addressed within the condition for PI 1.2.6. Manila Propeller 1.2.5 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 1.2.6 Yes Yes Yes For SIb, the Thank you. The Accepted clam / water 'if necessary' rationale has been (score Putian jet clause is not revised using the 'if increased) dredge invoked, necessary' clause or hand which does and the score has not match up been increased to with the SG80 for Sib for scoring of PI Putian. The overall 1.2.5a where score for 1.2.6 has the SG80 is increased to 75. met by default. Manila Propeller 1.2.6 No (change Yes NA SIa. Rationale The rationale has Accepted clam / water to rationale for why the been updated to (no score Donggang jet expected, SG100 is not specify why SG100 change, dredge not to met should not met for change to scoring) be provided Donggang element. rationale) Manila Propeller 2.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed)

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dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.1.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.1.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.2.1 Yes Yes NA The rationale Thank you for the Not clam / water states that suggested revision. accepted Putian jet minor As no main species (no dredge secondary were present in change) or hand species were either element of not assessed the fishery, the using the RBF team has retained for reasons of the original time and rationale for not cost. An using the RBF to alternative assess minor approach species. would be to invoke MSC FCP v2.1, PF4.1.4, which states that "The team may elect to conduct a PSA on “main” species only when evaluating PI 2.1.1 or PI 2.2.1." Manila Propeller 2.2.1 Yes Yes NA The rationale Thank you for the Not clam / water states that suggested revision. accepted Donggang jet minor As no main species (no dredge secondary were present in change) species were either element of not assessed the fishery, the using the RBF team has retained for reasons of the original time and rationale for not cost. An using the RBF to alternative assess minor approach species. would be to invoke MSC FCP v2.1, 219

PF4.1.4, which states that "The team may elect to conduct a PSA on “main” species only when evaluating PI 2.1.1 or PI 2.2.1." Manila Propeller 2.2.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.2.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.2.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.3.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.3.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.3.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.3.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.3.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.3.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.4.1 Yes Yes No Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.4.1 Yes Yes No Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang agreed needed)

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jet dredge Manila Propeller 2.4.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.4.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.4.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.4.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.5.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.5.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.5.2 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.5.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.5.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.5.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.6.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not No PI not scored. NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Putian jet needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.6.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 2.6.2 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Putian jet needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.6.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge

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Manila Propeller 2.6.3 NA (PI not NA (PI not NA PI not scored NA (No clam / water scored) scored) response Putian jet needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 2.6.3 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Donggang jet agreed needed) dredge Manila Propeller 3.1.1 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) and dredge Donggang or hand Manila Propeller 3.1.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) and dredge Donggang or hand Manila Propeller 3.1.3 Yes Yes NA Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) and dredge Donggang or hand Manila Propeller 3.2.1 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) dredge or hand Manila Propeller 3.2.1 No (change Yes NA SIa. Rationale The rationale has Accepted clam / water to rationale for why the been updated to (no score Donggang jet expected, SG100 is not specify why SG100 change, dredge not to met should not met for change to scoring) be provided Donggang element rationale) because 'while there are short and long-term objectives in the fishery, these are neither well-defined nor measurable.' Manila Propeller 3.2.2 Yes Yes Yes Scoring and NA (No clam / water rationale response Putian jet agreed needed) and dredge Donggang or hand Manila Propeller 3.2.3 No (change Yes NA For SIb and During the site visit, Accepted clam / water to rationale SId, the the stakeholders (no score Putian jet expected, justification consulted stated change, and dredge not to for meeting that compliance is change to Donggang or hand scoring) the SG80 high and that rationale) should violations have not include some occurred. Given specific this, the information assessment team on maintains that the infringements SG80 is still met and the however, a sanctions recommendation imposed. In has been added to SIb the the report for the evidence client to provide an cited that annual compliance sanctions are summary update applied is during surveillance from 2006 audits. and 2009, so 222

some more up-to-date information is required. For SIe, some details of infringements in the last 2 or 3 years would provide stronger evidence that there is no systematic non- compliance. Manila Propeller 3.2.4 Yes No (score NA SIb. The Thank you. Not clam / water increase score of 80 However, while the accepted Putian jet expected) seems very fishery was able to (no and dredge harsh. The provide change) Donggang or hand rationale documented states that evidence of regular the national internal reviews, no Five-Year such information Plans and the demonstrating Aquaculture regular external Management reviews was Plans are provided. The subject to assessment team both internal maintains the and external SG100 is not met review, so a for Donggang. score of 100 seems more appropriate.

Table 28 RBF comments for Peer Reviewer C and assessment team responses at the CPRDR stage.

UoA stock UoA gear PI RBF RBF Peer Reviewer CAB Response to Peer Reviewer's CAB Res- Scoring Information Justification (as comments (as included in the ponse given at initial Peer Public Comment Draft Report - Code Review stage) PCDR) Manila Propeller 1.1.1 No (non- Yes In the PSA Thank you. The correct value of 3 Accepted clam / water (RBF) material attributes (Table has been entered into the (non- Putian and jet score 39), density worksheet and the PSA has been material Donggang dredge reduction dependence is recalculated. The PSA score score expected) scored at 3, i.e. declined from 100 to 98, with the reduction) likely to be some overall MSC score of 99. This has depensatory been updated in the rationale and dynamics observed scoring tables. The score for P1 at low stock levels. remains above 80 overall. However the Worksheet results (Table 42) use a value of 1. This is likely to reduce the overall score for the PSA.

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Manila Propeller 1.1.1 No (scoring Yes In Table 41 on The rationale has been revised Accepted clam / water (RBF) implications susceptibility appropriately. The manila clam (no score Putian and jet unknown) attributes, the reaches maturity as small as 5- change, Donggang dredge selectivity attribute 10mm, but most individuals do not change to should be scored in spawn until shell length is at least rationale) relation to size at 20mm (Holland and Chew, 1974). maturity. The dredge net mesh size set at 40 mm (20 x 20 mm square mesh), and it is rare (as stated by stakeholders) that clams smaller than 40mm are captured. However, if they are, all clams smaller than 30mm in shell length are returned to the sea. Given the size at maturity and selectivity of the gear, then a score of 1 is appropriate as individuals < size at maturity can escape gear. Manila Propeller 1.1.1 No (non- Yes In Table 41 on Thank you. The correct value of 3 Accepted clam / water (RBF) material susceptibility has been entered into the (no score Putian and jet score attributes, post- worksheet and the PSA table change, Donggang dredge reduction capture mortality is updated/recalculated. change to expected) scored at medium rationale) risk (2), but as the target species, it should be scored at 3 by default. Manila Propeller 2.1.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not clam / water (RBF) scored using scored using Putian and jet the RBF) the RBF) Donggang dredge Manila Propeller 2.2.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not clam / water (RBF) scored using scored using Putian and jet the RBF) the RBF) Donggang dredge Manila Propeller 2.3.1 NA (PI not No (material clam / water (RBF) scored using score Putian and jet the RBF) reduction Donggang dredge expected to <60) Manila Propeller 2.4.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not clam / water (RBF) scored using scored using Putian and jet the RBF) the RBF) Donggang dredge Manila Propeller 2.5.1 NA (PI not NA (PI not clam / water (RBF) scored using scored using Putian and jet the RBF) the RBF) Donggang dredge

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8.4 Stakeholder input

There have been no specific submissions or representations made to the Assessment Team for this fishery, beyond the meetings held during the (remote) site visit (see Table 18) and the responses made to the RBF questionnaire (see Section 8.8 and Table 43).

8.5 Conditions Table 30. Condition 1

Performance PI 1.2.2 (Scoring issue a) Harvest control rules and tools Indicator

Score 75

Justification As outlined in Section 5.1, generally understood HCRs are available for Putian wild broodstock fishery, which includes regulations on specification of fishing gear (based on catalogue and technical standards for clam fishery), minimum mesh size limit at 4 cm as well as fishing season closure during peak spawning period, and the annual TAC based on the standing biomass estimate for 2018 together with landing information for the 5 recent years, biennial catch rate of Manila clam, and by-catch species. The current fishing practice (annual catch at 4,000 t) shows the exploitation level is well below the tentatively set maximum exploitation amount (10,000 t) by the Putian clam association based on proxy of MSY. Therefore, given the small proportion of the catch by the UoA, the continued practice of broodstock fishery at the current level of exploitation would not be a threat to the sustainability or hinder recovery and rebuilding of the species.

However, given the uncertainty around the biomass estimate of only one season and sustainability of the current biomass level, no clear HCRs nor management action plan described how to control exploitation as the TAC is approached and/or biomass declines over years. Therefore, the HCR for the wild Manila clam broodstock fishery in Putian is not well- defined and does not have explicit management actions, should the stock status worsen (within a given season and over years).

SG80 is not met.

By the fourth year surveillance audit, the wild brood stock fishery in Putian must have in place Condition well-defined HCRs that respond to changes in the fishery by reducing the susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives. There should be some indicators that are monitored to confirm that the HCRs are delivering the intended targets for the stock.

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Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, develop a plan to ensure that there are well-defined HCRs that respond to changes in the fishery by reducing the susceptibility of target species Milestone Year when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives. There should be some 1 indicators that are monitored to confirm that the HCRs are delivering the intended targets for the stock.

Expected score: 75

Activities: 将通过研讨会与科学家、捕捞公司、渔业管理部门、行业协会共同讨论并制定一套满足最佳捕捞量的捕捞控制规则(HCRs)。使用更多资源量评估估计参数，例如自然死亡率、增长率、丰度等来重新评估制定最大可持续渔获量(MSY)，使所制定的 HCRs 与 MSY 保持一致或高于 MSY。同时，持续监控收集捕捞信息。

Putian: A set of Harvest control rules (HCRs) that meet the optimal catching quantities will be discussed and formulated through seminars, scientists, fishing companies, fishery management departments and industry associations. Use more estimation parameters from stock assessment, such as mortality, growth rate, abundance, recruitment etc., to re-evaluate and formulate the maximum sustainable catch (MSY), so that the formulated HCRs are consistent with or higher than Client Action MSY. At the same time, continuous monitoring and collection of fishing Plan landing information.

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

- Draft HCRs

Fishing landing information

Responsible Party/ies:

行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Industry associations, relevant experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, demonstrate progress towards ensuring that there are well-defined HCRs that respond to changes in the fishery by reducing the susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives. Provide Milestone Year evidence of any initial discussions around or consideration of proposed HCRs with relevant 2 managers, scientists and fishers / fisher representatives.

Expected score: 75

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Activities: 通过渔民的航海日志收集渔业捕捞数据，并在港口建立监测点，加强捕捞数据的核实，并组织专家分析相关数据，并与相关管理人员、渔民代表进行讨论，评估和完善第一年制定的捕捞控制规则。

Putian: To collect the fishing data through fisherman’s logbooks, establish monitoring site on port, strengthen the verification of fishing data, organize experts to analyze relevant data, and discuss with pertinent fishing managers and fisher representatives, evaluate and improve the draft HCRs.

Client Action Expected outcome: - Data collection records , including landing data, natural mortality, Plan growth rate

- Data evaluation report

- Meeting notes and consideration paper

Improved HCRs

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家，渔业企业

Putian Clam Association, relevant experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, demonstrate progress towards ensuring that there are well-defined HCRs in place that respond to changes in the fishery by reducing the susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives. Provide evidence of any final discussions around or consideration of proposed HCRs with Milestone Year relevant managers, scientists and fishers / fisher representatives. Provide evidence of 3 evaluation of results of the previous three stock assessments (2018, 2020, 2022) with the proposed HCRs and whether changes would have been made to the TAC if the HCRs were implemented.

Expected score: 75

Activities: 根据最新数据调整捕捞控制规则，开展渔业作业，并保持数据收集。

Putian: To evaluate and adjust the proposed HCRs based on the latest Client Action data, carry out fishery operations, and keep on collecting data. Plan

Expected outcome: - Data collection records

- Stock assessment report

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Improved HCRs

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家，渔业企业, 渔民

Putian Clam Association, relevant experts, fisherman and fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance, demonstrate that the wild broodstock fishery in Putian has in place well-defined HCRs that respond to changes in the fishery by reducing the Milestone Year susceptibility of target species when the fishery is not heading in the direction of its objectives. 4

Expected score: 80

Activities: 通过数据的收集与整理，证明目前正在执行的捕捞控制规则的完整性和可行性。

Putian: To prove the completeness and feasibility of the on-going HCRs through the collection and sorting of data.

Client Action Expected outcome: - Data collection records Plan - Evaluation report

Final HCRs

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Industry associations, relevant experts, fishery companies

Letters of support are provided relevant agencies and experts. These are present in 8.5.1 Letters of support. Consultation on condition These letters of support are sufficient to address the conditions and fulfill the actions described across all conditions.

Table 31. Condition 2

Performance PI 1.2.3 (Scoring issue a & b) Range of information and monitoring Indicator

Score 65

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Justification Scoring issue a: For local fishing for large clam from which the broodstock are selected, essential fisheries information is lacking such as historical annual total landings, fishing effort (number of boats fishing adult Manila clam), their geographic distribution and mean size of the catch (for the stock and by fishing zone). These fishery data are important and should be considered together with the biennial clam survey data in order to refine and develop HCRs. All these factors mean that while some pertinent information is available sufficient pertinent information (related to stock structure, stock productivity, as well as fishery performance) is not available to support the harvest strategy.

Scoring issue b: A stock abundance survey has only been conducted in 2018, which resulted in the total standing stock abundance estimate of (33,000t), from which 10,000t was assumed as the MSY. UoA removals are monitored on a weekly basis and catch rate with abundance of by-catch species are also monitored on biennial basis (starting in 2014) by Putian Clam Association. As only one year of stock abundance is available and several aspects of the assessment reduce confidence in the population estimate, including: low sample size and extrapolation of average density from just 19 stations to estimate total population across suitable habitat; no confidence intervals around average density were provided; and the date that the assessment is conducted is unknown. The removals are monitored as well as stock abundance (through the one year survey and biennial catch rate analysis for two samples in the fishery Table 12) and the landings is monitored with sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rule. However, given the issues stated above with the stock abundance estimates, and that these are not regularly monitored, it cannot be said that there is monitoring at a sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rule. SG80 is not met.

By the fourth surveillance audit for the Putian element, the fishery must demonstrate that a) there is sufficient pertinent information related to stock structure, stock productivity, fleet Condition composition, fishing effort distribution and landings to support the harvest strategy, and b) that stock abundance and UoA removals are regularly monitored at a level of accuracy and

coverage consistent with the HCRs, and one or more indicators are available and monitored with sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rules.

Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, review the information, collection process, and frequency of data monitoring that is currently available to inform the fishery management process for the wild Manila clam stocks, in particular, the frequency and accuracy of the in- Milestone Year season monitoring of fishery removals in relation to the HCR/TAC. 1 Identify gaps and develop a plan for timely collection of the data consistent with achieving clear understanding of stock structure, productivity and its geographic distribution, as well as fleet composition and overall fishery removals/landings and by geographic region.

Expected score: 65

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Activities: Putian: 制定计划，评估现有的捕捞数据和数据收集方法，并完善相关信息收集的年度计划，开展实地调查，确保数据收集的准确性和完整性。

Putian: Develop a plan to evaluate the existing fishing data and data collection methods, improve the annual plan for relevant information collection, and conduct on-site investigation to ensure the accuracy and completeness of fishing data.

Client Action

Plan Expected outcome: - Draft plan for data collection and quota reassessment in Putian

- Data collection records in the intertidal and subtidal area

- Weekly collect fishing landing records of Putian clam

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家、渔业企业

Relevant experts, fishery companies, Putian Clam Association, Putian Bureau of Fisheries

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, initiate the process for collecting pertinent data for the wild clam stock and UoA removal. Develop a plan for monitoring with sufficient frequency Milestone Year key stock and UoA removal information at a level of accuracy and coverage consistent with 2 the harvest control rules.

Expected score: 65

Activities: 根据前一年所制定的工作计划，收集和整理野生杂色蛤的资源生物量与捕捞情况。

Putian: To collect and sort the standing biomass and fishing data of the wild clam according to the work plan made in the previous year.

Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Data records on wild stocks, landings, fishing efforts

- Stock reassessment for wild clam

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家、渔业企业

Putian clam association, experts, fishery companies

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Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, continue the process for collecting pertinent data and Milestone Year UoA removal for wild Manila clam stocks in Putian. 3 Expected score: 65

Activities: 继续两年一度的实地调查，收集相关数据，包括莆田野生杂色蛤生物量和捕获量数据。

Putian: To continue the on-site investigation in every 2 years, collect relevant data, including Putian wild clam biomass and fishing effort data.

Client Action Expected outcome: - On-site survey Plan

- Data records on wild stocks, landings and fishing efforts to analysis and evaluate

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家、渔业企业

Putian clam association, experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance, provide evidence that a) there is sufficient pertinent information related to stock structure, stock productivity, fleet composition, fishing effort distribution and landings to support the harvest strategy, and b) that stock abundance and Milestone Year UoA removals are regularly monitored at a level of accuracy and coverage consistent with the 4 HCRs, and one or more indicators are available and monitored with sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rules.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 根据前三次的有效调查数据和其它有用信息，在一致性和准确性上收集足够的数据来制定一项或多项指标，以支持收获控制规则的可行性与有效性，同时提供相关的数据指标及有效调查和监测频次加以证明。

Putian: Based on the previous valid survey data and other useful Client Action information, formulate one or more performance indicators to support Plan the feasibility and effectiveness of the HCRs, and prove it by providing relevant data indicators, effective survey and monitoring frequency.

Expected outcome: - Data records on wild stocks, landings, fishing efforts

- Final harvest and monitoring strategy report, including specific indicators

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Responsible Party/ies:行业协会，相关专家、渔业企业

Putian clam association, experts, fishery companies

Letters of support are provided relevant agencies and experts. These are present in 8.5.1 Consultation Letters of support.These letters of support are sufficient to address the conditions and fulfill on condition the actions described across all conditions.

Table 32. Condition 3

Performance PI 1.2.6 Genetic Information (Scoring issues a and b) Indicator

Score 70

Justification Scoring issue a: There is a series of peer reviewed papers investigating the genetic structure, diversity with morphological and physiological characteristics of different Manila clam population including Donggang and Putian (and impact on wild local stock of moving Putian clams into Donggang). Yu et al. (2011) dealt with genetic diversity of Manila clams through four consecutive generations in Dalian population. Ren et al. (2006), Liu (2007) and Yan et al. (2011) reported the existence of inbreeding in different Manila clam populations. Based on the process of seed production in Putian, it is highly possible that wild and hatchery-origin populations are co-existent in the sea despite that the proportion of these two broodstock populations is unknown. Yan et al. (2011) and Hu et al. (2016) reported a low genetic diversity of the wild Manila clam population in Putian. However, the possible reasons of this finding were not made available/provided to the assessment team. No genetic information on Putian wild clam population assessing the genetic impact of hatchery operation (especially possibility of inbreeding as well as the effect of phenotypic selection of broodstock) on wild clam population in Putian was provided to the assessment team. Extensive interviews with stakeholders during the meetings suggest this information does not exist.

Further information should be made available regarding the possible genetic effect of hatchery operation on the wild population. While some qualitative data is available on the status of the population (above) to broadly understand likely impact of hatchery enhancement, some quantitative information is not available on the genetic structure of the population in Putian to estimate the likely impact of hatchery enhancement, and SG80 is not met.

Scoring issue b

Numerous studies have been published on genetic characteristics/diversity of Manila clam in China including Putian population ( see 1.2.6 a). Though the assessment team thinks that currently available information and technique are adequate to support measures to manage main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, further information is

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necessary to examine short-and long-term impacts of hatchery operation on the wild Manila clam population in Putian. In particular, better information regarding the production volume of white seed clams, and quantity that is grown to market size in Putian is needed to clarify/support production statistics provided to the assessment team. This information is critical to assessment of genetic risk of hatchery operations to wild clam populations in Putian especially as there appears to be a comparable amount of adult hatchery-origin Manila clams from the intertidal to that of the wild population in Putian. Information is not adequate to support a partial strategy to manage the main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, SG80 is not met.

By the fourth surveillance audit for the Putian element, demonstrate that a) qualitative or Condition inferential information and some quantitative information are available on the genetic structure of the population, and information is sufficient to estimate the likely impact of hatchery enhancement, and b) Information is adequate to support a partial strategy to manage the main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, if necessary.

Surveillance 1: Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, a) develop a plan to conduct a genetic risk assessment on the likely impact of hatchery enhancement (inbreeding) as well as phenotypic selection by the fishery on the wild clam population, and b) gather available information on annual landings of adult size Manila clam in Putian from the last several years Milestone Year by fishing area and origin (i.e. wild fishery vs cultivated clam). This includes providing sufficient 1 information to resolve the remaining question of where the 28,000-38,000t adult clams are produced annually in Putian. Provide information on the current process for collecting

landings on the market size cultivated clam, and identify whether the process is sufficient to determine production of market-size cultivated clam.

Expected score: 70

Activities: Putian: 邀请专家参与杂色蛤研讨会，主要讨论针对利用人工孵化苗进行增殖型渔业，对野生杂色蛤进行近亲繁殖风险和遗传多样性进行评估，收集蛤仔苗种渔获量信息并进行分析评估。

Putian:

Invite experts to join the clam fishery workshop

Client Action Collect information annual landings including fishing area and origin Plan Collect information, review the current process of collecting data

Expected outcome: - Clam fishery workshop, focus on inbreeding risk and genetic diversity of wild clams

- Evaluation report on inbreeding risk and diversity for enhanced fishery in Putian

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- Records of location and production of wild clam seeds

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, a) begin the genetic risk assessment for Putian wild Manila clam population, and b) provide pertinent recommendations (e.g. necessity in Milestone Year gathering further scientific information) emerging from evaluation and review of the collected 2 information on the adult Manila clam landings in Putian..

Expected score: 70

Activities: 对莆田野生杂色蛤种群开展遗传风险评估，并进一步收集相关的科学信息数据，对于现有莆田杂色蛤渔获量进行评估并提供建议。

Putian: Identify the specialists for genetic risk to carry out genetic risk assessment of Putian wild clam populations, to evaluate and provide suggestions for the catching quantities of existing Putian clam fishery through collecting relevant scientific information and data. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Evaluation report on genetic risk by specialist(s) on genetics based on the collected data/information in the previous milestone

- Data collection record

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, a) provide results of the genetic risk assessment for Putian wild clam population. Include an explicit evaluation and conclusion of the degree of genetic risk on the wild Manila clam population by fishery and aquaculture activities in Putian, Milestone Year and b)in case any serious and other important issues identified, identify any additional data 3 needed and/or possible management action required based on best available information and by using the precautionary approach.

Expected score: 70

Activities: 提供莆田野生蛤种群遗传风险评估的结果。包括通过莆田 Client Action a) 的渔业和水产养殖活动对杂色蛤野生种群遗传风险程度的 Plan 明确评估和结论；b) 如果发现任何严重和其他重要问题，

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将确定需要的任何数据和/或可能的管理措施，并根据最佳的可用信息制订预防性方法。

Putian:

a)To provide the results of genetic risk assessment of wild clam populations in Putian. Including the clear assessment and conclusion of the impact of fishery and aquaculture activities on genetic risk of wild populations of wild clam in Putian;

b)If any serious and other important problems are found, any data and/or possible management measures required will be determined, and based on the best available information to develop preventive methods

Expected outcome: - Results of genetic risk assessment by specialist(s) on genetics based on the collected data/information in the previous milestone

- Preventive methods

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance audit for the Putian element, demonstrate that a) qualitative or inferential information and some quantitative information are available on the genetic structure of the population, and information is sufficient to estimate the likely impact Milestone Year of hatchery enhancement, and b) Information is adequate to support a partial strategy to 4 manage the main genetic impacts of the enhancement activity on the stock, if necessary..

Expected score: 80

Activities: a) 能提供对莆田渔业有关种群遗传结构的定性或推断信息以及一些定量信息，并且该信息足以估计利用人工孵化苗种进行的增殖型渔业的可能影响；b) 这些信息足够支持必要的部分管理策略，以管理增殖型渔业活动对种群的主要遗传影响。 Client Action Plan Putian:

a) To provide qualitative or inferred information and some quantitative information for the genetic structure of Putian fishery population, and these information are sufficient to estimate the possible impact of artificially hatched on the enhanced clam fisheries;

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b) These information are sufficient to support partial strategies which will be used for the assessment of enhanced fisheries activities’ impact on genetic structure of clam population.

Expected outcome: - Final report on genetic structure evaluation and precautionary measuresby specialist(s) on genetics based on the collected data/information in the previous milestone

- A partial strategic report on genetic biodiversity

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, fishery companies

Table 33. Condition 4

Performance PI 2.3.3 (Scoring issue b) ETP Information Indicator

Score 70

Justification There is contextual information on the likelihood of interaction between the fishery and ETP species for both elements of the fishery, supporting a score of SG60. The strategy in place also include protected areas and license requirements around gear that are well enforced and thus, information on compliance is adequate to support measures to manage impacts on ETP species. In Putian, fishermen are required to report any ETP interactions (along with bycatch data) to the Putian Clam Association. Research and bird surveys are frequently conducted in the Yalu Estuary in Donggang to monitor ETP bird populations (e.g. Feng et al. 2019). This information combined with compliance information on no fishing activity in protected areas is adequate to support measures to manage the impacts on ETP species, meeting SG60. However, without a consistent and ongoing data collection process in place (and evidence provided of such) regarding catch of the fishery it cannot be said that information is adequate to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species in either Putian or Donggang. SG80 is not met.

Condition By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that information is adequate to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species.

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Surveillance 1: Develop a plan to collect information on ETP interactions from both the Donggang and Putian fishery elements to ensure that information is adequate to measure Milestone Year trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species. The plan should specify the 1 approach taken to ensure that the data collected will be representative of the fishery, and that interactions with pertinent ETP species are recorded reliably by fisher.

Expected score: 70

Activities: Putian&Donggang:

协调相关部门，对莆田和东港收集有关当地海洋保护区 ETP 动物的信息制定计划，评估渔业对 ETP 物种的影响。该计划应具体说明所采用的方法，以确保所收集的数据的可靠性，并确保渔民能够可靠地记录杂色蛤渔业生产与相关 ETP 物种之间的相互关联。

Putian & Donggang: Coordinate with relevant departments to formulate plans for the information collection on ETP species in local marine protection zone in Putian and Donggang, to ensure that the sufficient Client Action information collected, assess the impact of fisheries on ETP species. The Plan plan should clarify the methods used to ensure the reliability of the data collection, and to ensure that fishermen can reliably record the correlations between the production of the clam fishery and the relevant ETP species.

Expected outcome: - Plan on the data collection of ETP species

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Clam Association, Putianand Donggang fishery companies.

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, provide evidence of implementation of data collection system to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species. Milestone Year Present the initial data. 2

Expected score: 70

Activities: 根据计划，开展数据收集及整理工作，并制定一个减少杂色蛤渔业对 ETP 物种影响的管理策略。 Client Action Plan Putian and Donggang: According to the plan, carry out data collection and collation, and formulate a management strategy to reduce the impact of clam fishery on ETP species.

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Expected outcome: - Data collection records

- Management strategy for reducing the impact of clam fishery on ETP species

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 3: Continue to provide evidence of implementation of data collection system to measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species. Present the latest Milestone Year data. 3

Expected score: 70

Activities: 继续开展数据收集，以监测 ETP 物种的变化趋势，并完善减少杂色蛤渔业对 ETP 物种影响的的管理策略。

Putian and Donggang: Continue to carry out data collection, monitor the changing trends of ETP species and improve management strategies to reduce the impact of the clam fishery on ETP species. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Date collection records

- Improved management strategy

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance audit, demonstrate that information is adequate to Milestone Year measure trends and support a strategy to manage impacts on ETP species. 4 Expected score: 80

Activities: 分析连续 4 年对于 ETP 物种的监测数据，以评估 ETP 物种变动趋势并最终形成降低杂色蛤拖网渔业捕捞对 ETP 物种影响的管理方案。

Client Action Putian and Donggang: Analyze the monitoring data of ETP species for 4 Plan consecutive years, and finally develop a management plan to reduce the impact of clam trawl fishing on ETP species.

Expected outcome: - Final management strategy

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Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Table 34. Condition 5

Performance PI 2.5.2 (Scoring issue b) Ecosystem management strategy Indicator

Score 70

Management strategy evaluation

For Donggang, the key ecosystem elements are community structure and function of the intertidal (littoral) and shallow subtidal (infralittoral) area. In this regard, zoning, where it is undertaken with consideration for ecological processes, are considered likely to work to Justification constrain activity and impacts on the ecosystem. Growth in production over time provides a plausible argument that the measures should be considered likely to work. However, in the absence of information to show how the concerns raised by Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014 and WWF 2014 have been addressed specifically (e.g., by re-running the carrying capacity analysis to account for the increased area of production), there is not objective basis for confidence that the measures will work – SG80 is not met.

Condition By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that that there is some objective basis for confidence that the measures/ partial strategy will work, based on some information directly about the UoA and/or the ecosystem involved for the Donggang element.

Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, the fishery should collate information on existing measures that are in place in Donggang to constrain impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem, including whether fishermen have formally adopted recommendations/limits on stocking Milestone Year densities. The information should be catalogued and show consideration of how the measures 1 in place achieve the Ecosystem Outcome 80 level of performance.

The client should also plan to evaluate the management strategy as presented in the first part of this condition to determine that the fishery as it exists is operating within the limits of the carrying capacity of the system, building on the work as presented in Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014 and WWF 2014.

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Expected score: 70

Activities: Donggang: 整理信息和评估现有措施，包括渔民是否已正式采用对种群密度的建议/限制，以形成相应的管理战略，以确定现有渔业是否在养殖或者生态承载力之内。邀请专家对于现有的捕捞能力进行

评价，以确保不超过最大捕捞量的范围。

Donggang:

At Donggang, ensure the fisherman operates according to the ecosystem management strategy. Client Action Plan Based on the practice and the information, the strategy will be improved.

Expected outcome: - Capacity building through the workshop or online courses for fisherman

Review and analysis the record provided by fisherman

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Industry associations, experts, fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance audit, the fishery should provide evidence of an evaluation of the management strategy to determine that the fishery as it exists is operating within the limits of the carrying capacity of the system, building on the work as presented in Milestone Year Song et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014 and WWF 2014. Evidence should be provided to show that the 2 analysis is robust and rigorous.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 为评估和管理部分渔业管理策略提供有力和严格的证据，以确定现有渔业在承载力之内。

Donggang: Provide strong and strict evidence for the partial fishery management strategy to determine the existing fishery is within its Client Action carrying capacity. Plan

Expected outcome: Data collection records for existing fishing capacity

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

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experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance audit, the client should provide an update on the stocking densities in use in the Donngang fishery and any further analysis on the aquaculture Milestone Year carrying capacity of the site. 3

Expected score: 70

Activities: 提供证据证明已制定了相应的管理策略并减少捕捞活动对海洋生态系统的影响。

Donggang: Based on previous information and fisherman practice, the new management strategy will be formulated in order to reduce the impact of fishing activities on marine ecosystem. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Workshops to connect fisherman and experts

New management strategy will be formulated

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that there is some objective basis for confidence that the measures/partial strategy will work, based on Milestone Year some information directly about the UoA and/or the ecosystem involved for the Donggang 4 element.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 部分管理策略已落实并表明相关措施和部分管理策略的有效性。

Donggang: Partial management strategies have been implemented and the effectiveness of relevant measures and some management strategies has been demonstrated. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: Final management strategy for carrying capacity

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业、当地渔业部门

experts, Fishery companies, Local Fishery Department

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Table 35 Condition 6

Performance PI 2.6.2 (Scoring issue a, b, c) Translocation management Indicator

Score 60

Translocation management strategy in place

Translocation management strategy evaluation

Stakeholders at the remote visit stated Manila clam was considered low risk – this appears to be confirmed by the results of a recent ecological risk assessment for Putian, which concluded that the industry was low risk for alien species introduction, albeit that there was limited detail on how that conclusion had been reached for that aspect of the risk assessment (Denggao 2019). Song (pers. comm.) also stated that non-native species had not been identified in surveys undertaken in the subtidal area at Donggang, and that the absence of non-native species in the benthic survey could be attributed in part to the significant difference in seawater temperature between Putian and Donggang, which was considered likely to constrain the ability of translocated species to survive.

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Translocation contingency measures

‘Quarantine’ is mentioned by Yan (undated) and referenced in Donggang Marine Fisheries (2008) and the updated legislation in Donggang, but there is no information available to the Assessment Team to confirm that contingency measures are in place in the case of an accidental introduction. Thus, the Donggang element does not meet SG80 here.

By the fourth surveillance audit, there is a partial strategy in place that is expected to protect the surrounding ecosystem from the translocation activity at levels compatible with the SG80 Condition Translocation outcome level of performance (PI 2.6.1). In addition, there is a valid documented risk assessment or equivalent environmental impact assessment and contingency measures

have been agreed in the case of an accidental introduction of diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species due to the translocation.

Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance audit, the fishery should develop a plan to evaluate/ensure that a partial strategy is in place that is expected to protect the surrounding Milestone Year ecosystem at level consistent with SG80 for 2.6.1. The plan should include a commitment to 1 undertake a valid documented risk assessment or equivalent environmental impact assessment per 2.6.2 SIb, and to develop contingency measures per 2.6.2 SIc.

Expected score: 60

Activities: Donggang: 制定计划，以评估现有的管理策略得以实现保护渔业周边的生态系统。计划中将承诺进行风险评价报告以及长期有效的应急措施。

Donggang: Develop a plan to evaluate the existing management strategies to protect the ecosystems surrounding the fishery. The plan Client Action will promise to carry out risk assessment reports and long-term Plan effective emergency measures.

Expected outcome: Draft plan for protection of surrounding ecosystem

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Donggang clam industry association, experts, Fishery companies

Milestone Year Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance audit, the fishery should present a valid documented 2 risk assessment or equivalent environmental impact assessment per 2.6.2 SIb and present the

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first draft of a partial strategy7 that is expected to protect the surrounding ecosystem from the translocation activity at levels compatible with the SG80 Translocation outcome level, taking into account the results of the risk assessment. The partial strategy should be based on the identify what diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species will be tested, how they will be tested, and the level of coverage needed to reach SG80 requirements for 2.6.1.

Potential contingency measures should also be presented, with an assessment of the efficacy of any options.

Expected score: 65

Activities: 提交有效的书面环境风险评估文件，即对相关疾病，病虫害，病原体和非本地物种的风险评估和适当的测试制度，并提出相关部分策略初稿。

Donggang: Submit a valid EIA (Environmental impact assessment) report, i.e., the risk assessment and appropriate testing regime for relevant diseases, pests, pathogens and non-native species, and Client Action develop the first draft of a partial strategy Plan Expected outcome: - Environmental impact assessment report

Draft partial strategy related with environmental protection

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Donggang clam industry association, experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance audit, the fishery should provide evidence that the partial strategy, including any agreed contingency measures, has been finalized and agreed by Milestone Year relevant parties. 3

Expected score: 65

Activities: 相关方就环境监测以及应急管理措施加以论证，并提供文件等。 Donggang: Related stakeholders formulate proposals for environmental Client Action monitoring and emergency management and provide relevant Plan documents.

Expected outcome: - Environmental monitoring records

7 The partial strategy should consist of a cohesive arrangement which may comprise one or more measures, an understanding of how it/they work to achieve an outcome and an awareness of the need to change the measures should they cease to be effective.

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Emergency measures

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Donggang clam industry associations, experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance audit, demonstrate that there is a partial strategy in place that is expected to protect the surrounding ecosystem from the translocation activity at levels compatible with the SG80 Translocation outcome level of performance (PI 2.6.1). In addition, demonstrate there is a valid documented risk assessment or equivalent Milestone Year environmental impact assessment, and that contingency measures have been agreed in the 4 case of an accidental introduction of diseases, pests, pathogens, or non-native species due to the translocation.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 汇总有效数据以证明异地养殖对于环境无影响的结论，并证明部分战略已经到位，应急措施已经商定。

Donggang: Summarize valid data to prove the conclusion that translocation fishery has no significant impact on the environment, and demonstrated that the partial strategy is in place, and that contingency measures have been agreed..

Client Action Expected outcome: - Data collection records Plan - Evaluation report for translocation

Partial strategy and contingency measures

Responsible Party/ies:行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, Donggang clam industry association, experts, Fishery companies

Table 36 Condition 7

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Performance PI 2.6.3 (Scoring issue a) Translocation information Indicator

Score 60

Justification Together with information from benthic surveys undertaken in both Putian and Donggang (Song, pers. comm.; Feng et al. 2019), and from current translocation testing procedures for other aquatic species (DCOFB & DCHAPIA (2018)), the newly established quarantine procedures and the laboratory results provided by the client show that information is available on the presence or absence of diseases, pests, pathogens, and non-native species at the source and destination of the translocated stock to guide the management strategy and reduce the risks associated with the translocation. However, the coverage rate and rationale for testing is unknown, and as such, it cannot be said that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and impact assessments required in the SG80 Translocation management level of performance (PI 2.6.2), SG80 is not met here.

Condition By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and impact assessments required in the SG80 Translocation management level of performance (PI 2.6.2).

Surveillance 1: Demonstrate there is a plan in place to address the condition, including through Milestone Year presenting how the assessment of risk for diseases, pests, pathogens, and non-native species 1 will be conducted.

Expected score: 60

Activities: Donggang: 形成评估异地养殖期间疾病、虫害、病原体和非本地物种风险的部分管理策略。

Donggang: Formulate a partial strategy for assessing the risks of diseases, pests, pathogens and non-native species during the translocation fishery. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Draft plan for risk assessment of diseases, pests, pathogens and non-native species

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance audit, identify what information will be provided to Milestone Year demonstrate that the partial strategy is in place and that information is sufficient to 2 adequately inform the risk and impact assessments.

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Expected score: 60

Activities: 确定将为有效的部分管理策略提供哪些信息，并确保这些信息足以为风险影响评估提供充分的信息。

Donggang: Determine what information will be provided for an effective partial management strategy, and ensure that these Client Action information are sufficient for the risk and impact assessment. Plan Expected outcome: - Indicators for risk assessment

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance audit, provide evidence to demonstrate that the partial strategy is in place and that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and Milestone Year impact assessments required in the SG80 Translocation management level of performance (PI 3 2.6.2).

Expected score: 60

Activities: 分析重点部分管理策略的有效性，并且提供足够的信息用于养殖风险和环境影响评估工作。

Donggang: Analyze the effectiveness of key management strategies, and provide enough information for sea farming risk and environmental Client Action impact assessment. Plan Expected outcome: - Data collection records

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业、渔业管理部门

experts, Fishery companies，Local Fishery Management Department

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that information is sufficient to adequately inform the risk and impact assessments required in the SG80 Milestone Year Translocation management level of performance (PI 2.6.2). 4

Expected score: 80

Activities: 汇总相关监测数据以评估异地养殖风险及其环境影响。

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Donggang: Collect relevant monitoring data to evaluate the risk of translocation fishery and environmental impact.

Expected outcome: - Monitoring records Client Action Plan - Final evaluation report

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

Table 37 Condition 8

Performance PI 3.1.2 (Scoring issue b) Consultation processes Indicator

Score 75

Justification Aquaculture management plans are developed in consultation with other government departments and bureaus, and some feedback is sought from other stakeholders. Discussions were held during the planning process, and feedback considered for plan development. There are 30-day public consultation periods for the plans during which non-governmental stakeholders, such as environmental interest groups, can provide feedback. The government may not provide written responses to stakeholder feedback on an individual basis, but is willing to schedule or participate in follow-up meetings. However, the system does not clearly demonstrate how the information is considered. SG80 is not met.

By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that the management system Condition includes consultation processes that regularly seek and accept pertinent information, including local knowledge. The management system demonstrates consideration of the

information obtained.

Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, develop a plan to ensure that information from Milestone Year stakeholders is regularly sought and accepted in consultation processes. The plan should also 1 include a method to record responses to stakeholder input, including a description of how the input was considered in making management decisions.

Expected score: 75

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Activities: 组织由政府部门、行业协会、地方学术和科研机构、企业代表等各利益相关方参与的讨论会，针对渔业管理体系机制的建立召开会议，确定在进一步完善渔业管理体系制定中的各方角色和职责；建立反馈及落实机制；与相关政府部门达成一致，制定书面可行性方案；同时确定每年定期召开各利益相关方参与的讨论会，逐步完善渔业管理体系。

Putian & Donggang: Organize seminar involving government departments, industry associations, local academic and scientific research institutions, fishery company representatives and other stakeholders, establish fishery management system mechanisms, and determine the roles and responsibilities of all parties; set up a feedback and implementation mechanism; reach an agreement with relevant Client Action government departments to formulate a written feasibility plan; at the Plan same time, determine to hold a discussion meeting with all stakeholders every year to gradually improve the fishery management system.

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

- Memorandum of stakeholders’ role and responsibilities

- Draft feedback and implementation mechanism

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、地方学术和科研机构、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, clam industry associations, local academic and scientific research institutions, Fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, implement the plan to ensure incorporation of stakeholder input into consultation processes, including provision of documented responses Milestone Year to the input. 1

Expected score: 75

Activities: 执行上述所制定的可行性方案，通过定期会议，征集反馈意见，并执行落实机制，进一步完善渔业管理体系。

Client Action Putian & Donggang: Implement the above feasible plan, collect Plan feedbacks through regular meetings, and implement the mechanism to further improve the fishery management system.

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

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- Improved plan

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、地方学术和科研机构、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, clam industry associations, local academic and scientific research institutions, Fishery companies

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, provide information on progress made to ensure incorporation of stakeholder input into consultation processes, including provision of Milestone Year documented responses to the input. 3

Expected score: 75

Activities: 切实做到由各利益相关方所提出的可行性和反馈意见落实到位，特别是形成有效的与相关职能部门沟通和反馈机制的建立。

Putian and Donggang: Effectively implement the feasibility opinions put forward by various stakeholders, especially the establishment of effective communication and feedback mechanisms with relevant functional departments.

Client Action Expected outcome: - Report for stakeholders input and feedback mechanisms Plan

- Meeting minutes

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、地方学术和科研机构、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, clam industry associations, local academic and scientific research institutions, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance, demonstrate that the management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek and accept pertinent information, including local Milestone Year knowledge, from stakeholders. Provide evidence that the management system considers the 4 information obtained.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 确定渔业管理体系建立和完善流程（书面形式），包括通过由各 Client Action 利益相关方参与的定期会议所确立的有效沟通和落实机制。\ Plan Putian and Donggang: Determine the process of establishing and improving the fishery strategies (on paper), including effective

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communication and implementation mechanisms established through regular meetings involving various stakeholders.

Expected outcome: - Final consultation processing in management strategy

- Meeting minutes

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、地方学术和科研机构、渔业企业

Putian and DonggangBureau of Fisheries, clam industry associations, local academic and scientific research institutions, Fishery companies

Table 38. Condition 9

Performance PI 3.2.1 (Scoring issue a) Short and long-term objectives Indicator

Score 70

Justification Fisheries bureau branches can suggest that local associations try to avoid overfishing, but have not mandated specific catch limits for wild clams, instead relying on the associations to regulate themselves. There is also the national summer fishing moratorium, which is implemented strictly but applies only to portions of this fishery that take place in deeper water outside of aquaculture zones. The basis for these harvest recommendations was not explicitly linked to objectives for wild clam stocks, although the presence of these recommendations may be considered evidence of implicit objectives that are broadly consistent achieving with MSC Principle 1 and 2 outcomes. There appear to be only implicit objectives for wild Manila clam stocks in Putian.

Condition By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that there are explicit short and long-term management objectives for the wild Manila clam fishery in Putian, which are consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2.

Milestone Year Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, identify a process for developing (or clarifying) and 1 making explicit short and long-term management objectives for the wild Manila clam fishery in Putian. Management objectives should be consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2.

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Expected score: 70

Activities: 基于莆田蛤仔协会针对野生蛤仔确定的最大捕捞量(10000 吨)，通过与相关职能部门和专家讨论，在明确捕捞区域的范围内，制定针对野生蛤仔明确的短期和长期捕捞管理限额制度，同时制定监管制度，形成书面文件以供参考执行。

Putian: Based on the maximum fishing effort (10,000 tons)by the Putian Clam Association, identify the scope of clear fishing areas, determine an short-term and long-term fishing management TAC system for Putian wild clam through discussions with relevant functional departments and experts. And at the same time formulate a regulatory system and form Client Action written documents for reference and implementation. Plan

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

- A report of short and long-term management objectives

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、相关专家、渔业企业

Putian Bureau of Fisheries, Putian clam association, experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, initiate the process for developing and incorporating explicit short and long-term management objectives for the wild Manila clam Milestone Year fishery in Putian consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2 2.

Expected score: 70

Activities: 执行上述所制定的捕捞限额制度，同时满足 MSC 原则 1 和 2 所要求的的内容。对于每年的捕捞量要有完整准确的记录留证。

Putian: Implement the above TAC policy while meeting the requirements of MSC P1 and P2. Keep the complete and accurate Client Action records of the annual fishing effort. Plan Expected outcome: - Data collection records for fishing effort

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

experts, Fishery companies

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Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, continue the process for developing or clarifying explicit short and long-term management objectives for the wild Manila clam fishery in Putian Milestone Year consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2. 3

Expected score: 70

Activities: 配合监管制度，继续执行所制定的捕捞管理制度，完整准确记录留证。同时，与相关方评估论证所制定的短期和长期的捕捞管理制度的可行性，如需要，可进行调整。

Putian: Continue to implement the established TAC system, keep complete and accurate fishing records. At the same time, evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of the established short-term and long-term objectives for the fishing management system with related stakeholders, and adjust them if necessary. Client Action Plan Expected outcome: - Data collection records for fishing effort

- Meeting minutes

- Improved management plan

Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业、渔业管理部门、行业协会

experts, Fishery companies, Fishery association, Fishery Management Department

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance, provide evidence that there are explicit short and long-term management objectives for the wild Manila clam fishery in Putian, consistent with Milestone Year achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC’s Principles 1 and 2. 4

Expected score: 80

Activities: 通过以上三年所收集的捕捞数据，最终确定在莆田地区针对野生蛤仔捕捞区域内短期和长期的捕捞管理制度方案。

Putian: Through the fishing data collected in the past three years, the Client Action short-term and long-term fishing management system plan for the wild Plan clam fishing area in the Putian area is finally determined.

Expected outcome: - Final fishing management strategy (with explicit short term and long term objectives)

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Responsible Party/ies:相关专家、渔业企业

Experts, Fishery companies

Table 39. Condition 10

Performance PI 3.2.2 (Scoring issues b, c and d) Decision-making processes Indicator

Score 65

Justification Scoring issue b: Decision-making processes appear to consider serious issues identified in pertinent research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, and take some account of the wider implications of decisions. SG60 is met. However, we did not have evidence to suggest that responses are made to all issues identified in research and monitoring in a transparent and timely manner. For example, there was no evidence that decision-making processes have responded to scientific findings that high stocking densities may contribute to clam mortality (Song 2013). SG80 for is not met.

Scoring issue c: The Putian and Donggang Bureaus of Ocean and Fisheries are understood to control aquaculture density based on scientifically-determined carrying capacity, and minimize pollution risks through waste management and monitoring of aquaculture pollution (Putian People’s Government 2018, Section 15; Donggang People’s Government 2018, Section 17). This suggests that decision-making processes are somewhat information-based. However, we did not find explicit references to the precautionary principle in management documents. In addition, at least one scientific paper noted that stocking densities are quite high in the marine areas near the Yalu River estuary, which may contribute to clam mortality and disease (Song 2013). However, no clear evidence that the management system has responded to this finding was presented to the Assessment Team. SG80 is not met.

Scoring issue d: The assessment team received no evidence that explanations are provided for actions or lack of action associated with findings from research and other evaluation activity. In fact, the high stocking densities suggest that explanations may not be regularly provided. SG80 is not met.

Condition By the fourth surveillance audit, the fishery must demonstrate that b) decision-making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in pertinent research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, in a transparent, timely and adaptive manner and

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take account of the wider implications of decisions, c) that decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information, and d) that information on the fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and that explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and pertinent recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

Surveillance 1: By the first surveillance, develop a plan to demonstrate that: (b) decision- making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in pertinent research in a transparent and timely manner; (c) decision-making processes use the Milestone Year precautionary approach and are based on best available information; and (c) that information 1 on the fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and pertinent recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

Expected score: 65

Activities: 建立一套长期的，透明的，有效的信息沟通联动协作机制方案（书面形式），以确保企业的管理体系能及时有效的应对已经出现的或即将出现（预警机制）的问题。此信息沟通联动机制需由各利益相关方参与，包括政府部门，研究机构，行业专家，相关企业代表等，并且，由专人或部门负责，形成随时或定期（通过会议）获取相关信息的职能。

Putian and Donggang: Establish a long-term, transparent and effective cooperative communication mechanism (on paper) to ensure that the company's management system can respond to current or impending problems (precautionary mechanism) in a timely and effective manner. Client Action This cooperative communication mechanism requires the participation Plan of various stakeholders, including government departments, research institutions, industry experts and relevant fishing company representatives, and it should be responsible by specific persons or departments to form the function of obtaining relevant information at any time or regularly (through meetings).

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

- Draft plan for decision-making and fishery management processes

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、研究机构、行业专家、渔业企业

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Putian and Donggang Clam Association, Putian Fisheries Technology Extension Centre (PFTEC), Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, experts, Fishery companies.

Surveillance 2: By the second surveillance, implement the plan to demonstrate that: (b) decision-making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in pertinent research in a transparent and timely manner; (c) decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information; and (d) that information Milestone Year on the fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and 2 explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and pertinent recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

Expected score: 65

Activities: 执行上述制定的方案，通过发现的问题，来检验此方案的可行性。

Putian and Donggang: Carry out above plan and test the feasibility of this plan through the problem happened.

Expected outcome: - Problem feedback

- Improved plan for decision-making and fishery management Client Action processes Plan - Meeting minutes.

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、研究机构、行业专家、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Clam Association, Putian Fisheries Technology Extension Centre (PFTEC), Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, experts, Fishery companies.

Surveillance 3: By the third surveillance, describe progress on the plan to demonstrate that: (b) decision-making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in pertinent research in a transparent and timely manner; (b) decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information; and (c) that information Milestone Year on the fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and 3 explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and pertinent recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity. Examples demonstrating that the SG80 requirements are being met should be presented if available.

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Expected score: 70

Activities: 不断完善此方案的可行性，并及时记录所应对的问题。

Putian and Donggang: Keep on improving the feasibility of this plan, and make record on problem addressed timely.

Expected outcome: - Meeting minutes

- Improved plan for decision-making and fishery management Client Action processes Plan - Evidence of reactions to the fishermen’s complain.

Responsible Party/ies:渔业管理部门、行业协会、研究机构、行业专家、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Clam Association, Putian Fisheries Technology Extension Centre (PFTEC), Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, experts, Fishery companies

Surveillance 4: By the fourth surveillance, provide evidence that: (1) decision-making processes respond to serious and other important issues identified in pertinent research in a transparent and timely manner; (2) decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information; and (3) that information on the Milestone Year fishery’s performance and management action is available on request, and explanations are 4 provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and pertinent recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity.

Expected score: 80

Activities: 最终完成此方案，使其能切实有效的完善企业管理体系。

Putian and Donggang: Finalize this plan so that to improve the enterprise management system (EMS) effectively.

Client Action Expected outcome: - Final management system for decision making process Plan 渔业管理部门、行业协会、研究机构、行业专家、渔业企业

Putian and Donggang Clam Association, Putian Fisheries Technology Extension Centre (PFTEC), Putian and Donggang Bureau of Fisheries, experts, Fishery companies.

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8.5.1 Letters of support

The section below contains the letters of support (Mandarin and English) from the agencies and experts that will be involved in and support the execution of the client action plan.

8.5.1.1 Letter of support from Donggang City Huanghai Aquatic Products Industry Association

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8.5.1.2 Letter of support form CAPMA

关于持续支持丹东菲律宾蛤仔可持续渔业的函

中国水产流通与加工协会蛤仔分会将继续支持丹东菲律宾蛤仔可持续渔业提升工作。协助丹东泰宏食

品有限公司提升未来的渔业管理水平，实现可持续渔业发展目标。

2021 年 6 月 30 日

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中国水产流通与加工协会

China Aquatic Products Processing and Marketing Alliance

地址：北京市朝阳区麦子店街 40 号富丽华园 A-403 邮编：100125 Add:Room A-403, Fuli Garden Residence, No. 40 Maizidian Street Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China Tel:(86-01 )65062912 Fax:(86-01 )65005270 Http://www.cappma.org [email protected]

Letter of support on sustainable fishery of Dandong Philippine clam

The clam branch of the China Aquatic Products Processing and Marketing Alliance will continue to support

the sustainable fishery improvement of Dandong Philippine clam. Assist Dandong Taihong Food Co., Ltd. to improve

the level of fishery management and achieve the goal of sustainable fishery development.

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8.5.1.3 Letter of support from Professor Lun Song

致相关人员

对丹东 MSC 认证渔业的持续支持

宋伦将继续支持丹东 MSC 菲律宾蛤仔渔业的认证。

宋伦将致力于协助泰宏食品集团以及其与渔业合作伙伴提升未来的渔业管理水平，实现可持续渔业发展目标。

祝好。

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To whom it may concern

Ongoing support for the Dandong MSC-certified fishery

Song lun continues to offer full support for the Dandong MSC Clam fishery certification.

Song lun is committed to assisting the client group, Taihong and its fishery partners in implementing the respective existing and new conditions of certification.

Your sincerely.

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8.5.1.4 Letter of support from Yan Xi Wu

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8.6 Client Action Plan

For Client Action Plan please Section 8.5

8.7 Surveillance The following tables provide information on the expectations with respect to a surveillance programme that would be required if the Yalu Estuary Clam Fishery was certified.

Table 40. Fishery surveillance programme.

Surveillance level Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Level 6 – default surveillance On-site On-site On-site On-site

Table 41. Timing of surveillance audit

Anniversary date of Proposed date of Year Rationale certificate surveillance audit

One year after Following the default schedule as 1 Not known at CPRDR certificaiton detailed in 7.28.8 (MSC 2018b).

Table 42. Surveillance level justification

Surveillance Year Number of auditors Rationale activity

Conditions were set on all three Pronciples, and a site visit for all team members is essential to review progress against conditions in depth. It Three – covering is noted the Team was not able to travel to 1 On-site Principles 1, 2 and 3. China for the assessment site visit due to Covid- 19, and so this was undertaken remotely. However, future audits would benefit greatly from onsite meetings.

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8.8 Risk-Based Framework outputs

The Manila clam qualified for the use of RBF, and the requirements in FCP v2.1 Annex PF were applied. In the absence of quantified data on Manila clam, a Consequence Analysis (CA) and a Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) were conducted in collaboration with main stakeholders though questionnaire (see tables below) to apply toward scoring of PI 1.1.1 Stock Status. The site visit was conducted remotely due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. Stakeholders from government, non-profit, and industry were invited to participate in the RBF process.

Information in the questionnaire was compiled during the ACDR stage. In preparation for the full assessment RBF exercises, information was gathered in accordance with Annex PF 2.2 and shared in the questionnaire (see below for questionnaire). The questionnaire was translated to Mandarin and provided to identified stakeholders during the assessment meetings. The team received responses from 9 main stakeholders composed of 3 industry representatives, 3 BOF officials, 2 academia and 1 NGO. When required, the team followed up on answers during their meetings with stakeholders individually to clarify any questions that remained from the RBF questionnaire and to ensure the team’s understanding was correct. The results from the survey have been compiled and are presented below in Table 43. Responses were anonymized to respect participant identity.

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8.8.1 Risk-based-framework questionnaire for Putian wild Manila clam

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Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery – Principle 1 Risk-Based Framework (RBF) questionnaire Assessment Background

The SCS Assessment Team for the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery is required to undertake a risk- based assessment of the wild Manila clam stock in the Putian region.

• For the target species of the fishery (Manila clam), the risk-based assessment uses two different tools, a ‘consequence analysis’ (CA), and a ‘productivity-susceptibility analysis’ (PSA). These tools are used to determine the likely status of the wild Manila clam stock and are informed by stakeholder input. • We are assessing the wild Manila clam stock, only. ‘Wild’ in this regard means animals that were born in the wild and reproduce naturally within the local area – at this point in the assessment the SCS Assessment Team is not concerned with any animals that have been grown in hatchery ponds.

In the Putian region, the Assessment Team understands that the wild Manila clams may be found in the areas highlighted in red in Figure 1, below.

Xinghau Bay

Meizhou Bay Pinghai Bay

Figure 1. Putian coastal region with wild clam beds marked in red.

The Assessment Team understands that the total biomass of wild Manila clam in the areas marked with red in Figure 1 is estimated currently to be about 33,000 t, and that the commercial fishery for wild Manila clam in these areas is then limited to an annual harvest of no more than 10,000 t. However, we also understand that the total commercial catch of wild Manila clam in these areas has been maintained at about 4,000 t per year in recent years.

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Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery – Principle 1 Risk-Based Framework (RBF) questionnaire Consequence Analysis (CA): Please answer all 8 questions!

1) Has the SCS Assessment Team understood Figure 1 correctly – the red areas do show the wild Manila clam habitat in the Putian region? Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

2) Are there any other areas in the Putian region where wild Manila clam are present in significant numbers? Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

3) Has the SCS Assessment Team understood correctly that the annual commercial harvest limit for wild Manila clam in the red areas in on the map in Figure 1 is 10,000 t, and that the actual annual harvest has been about 4,000 t? Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

4) Are there any other fisheries that impact the wild Manila clam stock in the Putian region? Not sure / Yes (if yes, which ones and how much is harvested annually?) / No?

5) (Ref: PF3.3) On which of the following four population characteristics is fishing activity having the greatest impact on the wild Manila clam stock in the Putian region (Note, we consider ‘fishing activity’ here to include all fishing activity, including the broodstock fishery, any other commercial fishing, and any other harvest for personal use). Please pick one answer, only: a) Population size, b) Reproductive capacity, c) Age/size/sex structure, or d) Geographic range

6) For your answer to Question 5) – what made you think the greatest impact was on a, b, c or d?

7) Please look at Table 1, below. Which level of impact (i.e., Level 1, 2, 3 or 4) has fishing activity had on that population characteristic that you decided fishing activity had the greatest impact on (i.e., a, b, c or d in Question 5, above)? Please pick one answer, only, and note that the definitions for ‘insignificant change’, ‘possible detectable change’ and ‘detectable change’ are provided underneath the Table: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

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Table 1. CA - Population characteristics and different levels of fishing impact on those characteristics.

Population Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 characteristic Insignificant change to Possible detectable change Higher-risk level a) population size/growth rate (r). in size/growth rate (r) but Full exploitation rate but long- than what is Change is unlikely to be minimal impact on term recruitment dynamics not Population described in detectable against natural population size and none adversely damaged. size Level 3. variability for this population. on dynamics. Detectable change in reproductive Insignificant change in Possible detectable change Higher-risk level b) capacity. Impact on population reproductive capacity. Unlikely in reproductive capacity than what is dynamics at maximum sustainable Reproductive to be detectable against natural but minimal impact on described in level, long-term recruitment capacity variability for this population population dynamics. Level 3. dynamics not adversely affected. Detectable change in age/size/sex Insignificant change in Possible detectable change Higher-risk level c) structure. Impact on population age/size/sex structure. Unlikely in age/size/sex structure than what is dynamics at maximum sustainable Age/size/sex to be detectable against natural but minimal impact on described in level, long-term recruitment structure variability for this population. population dynamics. Level 3. dynamics not adversely affected. Possible detectable change Insignificant change in Detectable change in geographic Higher-risk level d) in geographic range but geographic range. Unlikely to be range up to 10% of original than what is minimal impact on Geographic detectable against natural distribution due to fishing described in population distribution and range variability for this population. activities. Level 3. none on dynamics.

Definitions: • Level 1: “Insignificant change” means that changes in the ‘population characteristic’ (i.e., a, b, c or d in Table 1) are undetectable or if detectable, these are of such a low magnitude that the impact of the fishing activity cannot be differentiated from the natural variability for this population. • Level 2: “Possible detectable change” means that changes in the ‘population characteristic’ are detected and can be reasonably attributable to the fishing activity, but these are of such a low magnitude that the impact of the fishery is considered to be minimal. • Level 3: “Detectable change” means that changes to the ‘population characteristic’ can be attributed to the fishing activity and changes are of such magnitude that cannot be considered as minimal.

8) What evidence or information have you based your choice of Level 1, 2, 3, or 4 on in your response to Question 7?

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Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery – Principle 1 Risk-Based Framework (RBF) questionnaire Productivity-Susceptibility Analysis (PSA): Productivity Attributes Please answer all six questions!

The MSC’s productivity-susceptibility analysis (PSA) is a tool that considers the risk to a population that is posed by fishing. The data required for the PSA are divided in to two sections, one covering ‘productivity’ attributes (which describe the biological attributes of the species), and one covering ‘susceptibility’ attributes (which describe the potential for interaction between the species and fishing activities).

The productivity attributes are specific to the species, and the SCS Assessment Team already has provisional productivity information for Manila clam, as in Table 2, below. However, please check to see if you agree with us or not:

Table 2: Productivity attributes and scores for Manila clam (Table PF4, MSC 2018b).

*1 *2

*3 *4 *5 *6

Please provide the following information:

1) Do you agree with the SCS Assessment Team’s Manila clam ‘Productivity’ scores for the wild Manila clam stock in the Putian region? • *1 – Average age at maturity = 2-4 years (Jurić et al., 2012) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

*2 – Average maximum age = 7-8 years (Ponurovsky 2008; Garaulet et al. 2012) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

*3 – Fecundity = About 1,040,000 (Yan et al. 2005) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

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*4 – Reproductive strategy = Broadcast spawner (Yan et al. 2005) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

*5 – Trophic level = About 2.7 (Libralato et al. 2004) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

*6 – Density dependence = Depensatory dynamics demonstrated or likely (Park et al., 2013) Not sure / Yes / No (If no, why not)?

Productivity-Susceptibility Analysis (PSA): Susceptibility Attributes Please answer all six questions!

The susceptibility attributes of the species reflect the amount of fishing pressure that a population is subjected to. For the Putian region, the SCS Assessment Team was provided with the following map showing fishing areas (Figure 3). This map suggests that the wild clam fishing areas overlap quite closely with the wild clam beds (i.e., those areas marked in red in Figure 1).

Figure 2. Map of Putian showing the utilization of different tidal areas for clam industry. : cofferdam ponds; : subtidal are for wild clam; : intertidal area for white seed production mainly and some white seeds were left for the purpose of stock enhancement. Source: Putian OFB

Other information available to the SCS Assessment Team indicates that there has been a fishery for wild Manila clam in the Putian region for at least 35 years, and that the stock of wild clam currently

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Using the information presented above, and your own knowledge of the fishery for wild Manila clam that occurs in the Putian region, we would like you to answer the six questions below, referencing the susceptibility attributes and scores as shown in Table 3, below.

Table 3: Susceptibility attributes for wild Manila clam in the Putian region (Table PF5, MSC 2018b).

1) For ‘Areal overlap’, how would you score the fishery for wild Manila clam in the Putian region? Please pick one answer only: (Not sure / Low susceptibility / Medium susceptibility / High susceptibility?) 2) Why did you give Areal overlap that score (please provide references if appropriate)? 3) For ‘Selectivity of gear type’, how would you score the (a) part for the fishery for wild Manila clam in the Putian region? Please pick one answer only: (Not sure / Low susceptibility / Medium susceptibility / High susceptibility?) 4) Why did you give the a) part of Selectivity that score (please provide references if possible) 5) For ‘Selectivity of gear type’, how would you score the (b) part for the fishery for wild Manila clam in the Putian region? Please pick one answer only: (Not sure / Low susceptibility / Medium susceptibility / High susceptibility?) 6) Why did you give the b) part of Selectivity that score (please provide references if possible)?

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Yalu Estuary Manila Clam Fishery – Principle 1 Risk-Based Framework (RBF) questionnaire References

Garaulet, L., Chainho, P., Costa, J.L., Silva, G., Azeda, A.C., Medeiros, J.P., Gaspar, M., Costa, M.J. & I. Caçador (2012). Comparative analysis of the population structure of the Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum with its native relative Venerupis decussata and the macrobenthic community in Seixal Bay (Portugal). 7th European Conference on Biological Invasions NEOBIOTA "Halting Biological Invasions in Europe: from Data to Decisions", 12-14 September 2012, Pontevedra, Spain. Jurić, I., Bušelić, I., Ezgeta-Balić, D., Vrgoč, N. & M. Peharda (2012). Age, Growth and Condition Index of Venerupis decussata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Eastern Adriatic Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, V. 12, pp. 613-618. Libralatoa, S., Pranovia, F.,Raicevicha, S., Da Pontea, F., Giovanardib, O., Pastresc, R., Torricellia, P. and Danilo Mainardia, D. (2004). Ecological stages of the Venice Lagoon analysed using landing time series data. J. Marine Systems, 51:331-344. MSC (2018a). MSC Fisheries Standard, version 2.01. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st august 2018, 289 pp. MSC (2018b). MSC Fisheries Certification Process, version 2.1. Marine Stewardship Council, London. 31st August 2018, 189 pp. Park, K-J., Song, J.H., Choi, Y-S. and An K-H. (2013). Changes in density and culture conditions of the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum on the West coast of Korea. Korean J. Malacol. 29(3): 207- 216 Ponurovsky, S.K. (2008). Population structure and growth of the Japanese littleneck clam Venerupis philippinarum in Amursky Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, V. 5, pp. 329- 332. Yan X-W., Zhang G-F., Yang, F., Liang, J. (2005). Biological comparisons between putian population and dal ian population of manila clams Ruditapes philippenarum. Acta Ecologica Acta, 25912):3329-3334.

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Table 43 Responses received to the RBF questionnaire for the Principle 1 assessment of the Putian wild Manila clam stock.

Respondents (nine, anonymised for inclusion in this report) Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Red in figure 1 is wild clam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes habitat? No, because we No, according to have the in site Do other our results there survey - there are 2 areas have No Not sure Not sure are few wild Not sure Not sure Not sure Not sure almost no clams wild clams? clams in other in surrounding areas waters. Harvest limit = 3 10kt, harvest Yes Not sure Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes = 4kt? Do other fisheries 4 impact the Not sure Not sure No? No? No? No? No? No? No? wild clam population? Which Population characteristic Population 5 size / Not Population size Population size Population size Population size Population size Population size Population size is most size sure impacted? Because fecundity, age / size Because wild Anthropogenic impact / gender structure and clam can Because fecundity, age / size / gender is relatively small The fishing effort geographical distribution are reproduce many structure and geographical distribution beside the The situation The situation Fishing on the may be inherent characteristics of Why did you times and survive Because the fishing on are inherent characteristics of the environmental for Putian’s for Putian’s subtidal is low, expanded In the the population, they will not 6 select this for a long time, the wild clam is few population, they will not be changed pollution which has not fishery is fishery is harvest of wild future and affect be changed due to characteristic? fishing effort has currently. due to harvesting, and the stockment been studied. Only unclear unclear clam is low the population harvesting, and the little impact on its will be reduced if the fishing effort is population fluctuation structure. stockment will be reduced if population too heavy. can show the results of the fishing effort is too structure. human impact. heavy. What impact 7 has fishing Not sure Not sure Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 had? The wild stocks about 33,000 t bases on total wild area of 22900 There are few The cost of hectares and the Wild stock used exploitation in fishery on wild density of about 20 What The situation The situation for hatchery is the sea area and clam is high, the Because the fishing on the grains per square The wild stocks used for hatchery is Land-based pollution evidence did for Putian’s for Putian’s about 4,000 t, white seeds are fishing effort is 8 wild clam is very few meter, each grain is about 4,000 t and its impact on the may impact Population you base fishery is fishery is impact on the mainly exported few, and the currently. about 7.25g, it is wild population is small. in the future. answer on? unclear unclear wild population is to other places effect on calculated and recorded small after breeding in population is in the annual report of ponds. small. the clam Association, the total amount =

7.25g (1 grain weight) * Consequence Analysis Consequence

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20 grains (quantity per square meter) * (22900 hectares * 15 mu * 666.66m2) / 1000000 grams = 33204 tons)

Average age 1 at maturity - No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year No - 1 year 2-4 years? Average 2 maximum age Not sure Not sure Yes Not sure Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - 7-8 years? No. Fecundity depends Fecundity - No. Fecundity depends on on different 3 about Not sure Not sure No, fewer Not sure No, fewer different geographical groups No, fewer Not sure geographical groups and 1,040,000? and ages. ages. Reproductive strategy - 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes broadcast spawner? No - No research on the trophic level of Manila clam to my knowledge, but Trophic level - 5 Not sure Yes Not sure based on the Not sure Not sure Not sure Yes Not sure about 2.7? result of Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri, the filter feeder’s trophic

level is <2.

Depensatory dynamics 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not sure demonstrated

or likely ? Productivity Score for areal Low 1 Not sure Not sure Low susceptibility Not sure Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Low susceptibility overlap? susceptibility The planning of Figure 1 The planning of Figure 1 and and Figure 2 are Low susceptibility is Figure 2 are different in the different in the time. Why did you Low effort on Low susceptibility is because of the low because of the low Low effort on wild time. The harvesting and The harvesting and give that wild stocks, and effort on wild stock of clam, and the effort on wild stock of 2 N/a N/a stocks, and fishing N/a developing time in those area developing time in score for Qu. fishing area is fishing area for the wild brooks is also clam, and the fishing area is small according to the figures is not those area according to 1? small small. area for the wild long and the impact is the figures is not long brooks is also small. relatively small. and the impact is

relatively small. Susceptibility

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Selectivity of Low Low 3 Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Not sure Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Low susceptibility gear type (a)? susceptibility susceptibility The Ministry of Agriculture's Minimum trawl The minimum trawling Fishing of Fishing of implementation of the Whay did you net size is 40 mm The minimum trawling net size is net size is 40mm in clams clams Fishing of clams The fishing effort minimum mesh size give that in South China Because the fishing on the 40mm in south China sea, the clams south China sea, the 4 smaller than smaller than smaller than 30 is on the wild stock system for trawling nets score for Qu. Sea, few clams wild clam is very few now. below 3 cm are caught very few in the clams below 3 cm are 3 is very 3 is very very few. is few is 40mm except for 3? <30 mm are fishing boat. caught very few in the few. few. prawns, the proportion caught fishing boat. of small clams fishing is very small. Selectivity of Low 5 Not sure Not sure Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Not sure Low susceptibility Low susceptibility Low susceptibility gear type (b)? susceptibility First of all, The After sorting, fishing of clams Clams smaller than 3cm Clams smaller than After sorting, the small small clams are smaller than 3cm Whay did you No people use cannot be used for hatchery, maturity cannot be used clams are returning returned back to is very few, and After sorting, the small clams are give that the small size but a small number of for hatchery. Therefore, back to the subtidal 6 Not sure Not sure the subtidal as no after sorting, returning back to the subtidal area, no score for Qu. clams in the individuals are still caught fishermen are focusing area, no one in the one in the market clams of small one in the market will buy small clams. 3? market. even if the mesh size is on the clams bigger market will buy small will buy these size are released designed than 3cm. clams. small clams. into the sea again.

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8.8.2 Consequence Analysis (CA)

Table 44. CA Scoring Table

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Table 45 CA scoring template

Principle 1: Stock status Scoring element Consequence Consequence score outcome subcomponents

Population size 100

Reproductive capacity

Age/size/sex structure

Geographic range Rationale for The consequence analysis shall be undertaken only for the subcomponent most vulnerable subcomponent (population size, reproductive capacity, age/size/sex structure or geographic range) on which the team decides that the fishing activity is having the most impact (PF3.3.1). Stakeholder questionnaire responses related to the CA are shown in Error! Reference source not found. in questions 1-8. Population size was considered by all stakeholders as the subcomponent where fishing activity would have the greatest impact (Error! Reference source not found.). Population size was considered the most vulnerable subcomponent by the team because the harvest of wild clams in Putian for their utilization in the hatcheries.

Rationale for Evaluation of information based on stakeholder input via the questionnaire and all consequence information made available to the team prior to and within the allowable score document period following the conclusion of remote meetings: The following evaluation is based on the best data available aligning with the indicators recommended in Table GPF3: Catch, effort and CPUE time-series. All available quantitative information on the fishery was gathered and put into the questionnaire provided to stakeholders. This section evaluates the best available information aligning with recommended indicators to evaluate fishery impacts on population size obtained before, during and after consultations.

Wild clam abundance In the Putian region, stakeholder confirmed that wild Manila clams may be found in the areas highlighted in red in Figure 18, below. An abundance survey using dredges was conducted in 2018 (with biennial surveys planned) estimating the abundance of adult Manila clam in Putian at 33,000 t (Putian Clam Association, 2018). As the dredge catchability was considered as 100%, the abundance estimate is deemed to be at a conservative level. However, several aspects of the assessment

reduce confidence in the population estimate, including: low sample size and extrapolation of average density from just 19 stations to estimate total population across suitable habitat; no confidence intervals around average density were provided; and the date that the assessment is conducted is unknown. However, this is the only available information on abundance proxy of Manila clam in Putian and estimation was done with a conservative manner. Hu et al. (2014) mentioned that the wild stocks of R. philippinarum have been declining dramatically for last decades due to over-exploitation and the deterioration of environmental conditions in China. However, it seems not be occurring in Putian possibly due to a low exploitation rate. Recent biennial catch rate monitoring showed a stable value since 2014.

Figure 18. Putian coastal region with wild clam beds marked in red (Putian Clam Association, 2018).

Exploitation and evaluation against MSY

The Manila clam fishery in Putian is conducted for the purposes of supplying conventional products into the market and to collect broodstock for aquaculture operation. Harvest activity is conducted using a dredge in the subtidal zone, with 2,271 fishing vessels involved in the fishery (Taihong, pers. comm, December 2019). Average annual landings reach 4,000 t in Putian (Putian Clam Association), of which 1,500 is sold to the market and 2,500 t of clam are retained and used as broodstock for the regionally operated hatchery operation. Biennial estimations of CPUE appear stable both within the seasons and across the years of 2014, 2016 and 2018 (Putian Clam Association, 2019, Table 46. There is a 10,000 t TAC in place for this fishery and current harvest level corresponds to 12% of exploitation rate.

Table 46. Catch data for mechanical dredge survey sampling undertaken in 2014, 2016 and 2018 in Putian (fishing time is 5-6 hours). (Source: Taihong, pers. comm., December 2019).

2014 2016 2018 Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample

1 2 1 2 1 2 2,300 kg 1,800 kg 2,700 kg 2,100 kg 2,500 kg 1,600 kg Manila clam (98.9%) (98.9%) (98.4%) (98.2%) (98.8%) (98.4%)

A basic MSY calculation has been made for this fishery based on the type II model, which assumes no mortality (Chen and Yuan, 2004; pers. comm. Yao Xia, April 2020). No further stock assessment reference point available either derived from analytical stock assessment or using empirical approaches to the Putian Manila clam broodstock fishery. The 10,000 t TAC limit was based on the MSY estimate relying upon simplified assumptions of M (natural mortality) and F (fishing mortality) being zero between age 2 and 5 using the type-II model, with multiple reproduction through life time harvested seasonally (Chen and Yuan 2005). Ren et al. (2008) reported natural mortality of enhanced Manila clam at 35% from age 1 to 2 and 47% from age 2 to 3 in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong province. The simplified assumptions in the MSY and lack of reliable data regarding the standing stock estimate (i.e. one year of data) required the RBF to be used.

The following key aspects were used to evaluate the impact of the fishery in relation to population status of Manila clam in Putian: 1: The local fishery has been conducted for more than 35 years in Putian and no apparent problem in stock status has been identified; 2: Manila clam is determined a highly productive and robust species based on the species characteristics, which include: Average age of maturity at 1-2 years in the Chinese waters (Ren et al. 2008); Average maximum age around 7-8 years (Ponurovsky, 2008; Garaulet et al., 2012); Fecundity at 1.04 x 10 6 (Yan et al., 2005); Maximum size at 75mm in shell length (SL) in North America (DFO, 1999); Average size at maturity at 22-44 mm SL (at age 1-3: Wu et al., 1992); Trophic level around 2.7 (Libralato et al., 2004); and that they are broadcast spawners (Yan et al., 2005) and reach sexual maturity as early as Age 1 (Yan et al., 2005; Ren et al., 2008). In addition, because of the highly selective nature of the wild broodstock fishery in Putian (i.e. only clams above 35mm are used as hatchery broodstock), the fishery will be targeting clams that have reached age 1 or age 2, which will have already reproduced and therefore contributed to the population prior to harvest. 3: The standing stock level is estimated at approximately 33,000 t in 2018, of which only 4,000 t are exploited (12% exploitation rate). However, only one year of data is available, so the historic fluctuation of the abundance of adult Manila clam in Putian is unknown.

Summary Because Manila clam is a broadcast spawner with high fecundity with multiple spawnings within a given season, and sexual maturity is reached as early as age 1

(high productivity species), and the degree of harvesting seems to be low (i.e. 4,000 t compared to 33,000 t), it is concluded that that changes in the population due to fishing are of such low magnitude that they cannot be detected against the natural variability of the population. Therefore, a consequence score of 100 is attained.

8.8.3 Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA)

The results from the PSA are presented below, with the productivity scores in Table 21, susceptibility analysis in Error! Reference source not found. and the MSC RBF worksheet results in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 47. PSA productivity attributes and scores (Table PF4)

Table 48. PSA productivity attributes and scores

Performance Indicator

Productivity

Scoring element (species) Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Attribute Rationale Score

Average age at maturity 1 year (Putian) 1

Average maximum age 7-8 years 1

Fecundity Fecundity depends on age, and location, but the maximum fecundity in Putian population is reported to be 1 about 1,040,000 (Yan et al. 2005)

Average maximum size N/A Not scored for invertebrates

Average size at maturity N/A Not scored for invertebrates

Reproductive strategy Broadcast spawner (high fecundity with multiple 1 spawning within a season, maturity at the age 1)

Trophic level Filter feeder and TL less than 2.75 (Libralatoa et al. 2004)) 1

Density dependence Density dependent depensatory dynamics demonstrated or likely (Stakeholders’ comments) 3 Invertebrates only

Table 49. Susceptibility attributes for wild Manila clam in the Putian region (Table PF5, MSC 2018b).

Figure 19. Map of Putian showing the utilization of different tidal areas for clam industry. : cofferdam ponds; : subtidal are for wild clam; : intertidal area for white seed production mainly and some white seeds were left for the purpose of stock enhancement. Source: Putian OFB

Table 50. Susceptibility results for Manila clam

Susceptibility

Fishery Mechanical dredge fishery in subtidal zone

Only where the scoring element is scored cumulatively

Attribute Rationale Score

Areal Overlap Manila clam inhabits from intertidal to subtidal zone up to 30 m in depth (Figure 18). The subtidal wild clam fishery is 1 conducted in subtidal zone between 10 and 20m, which is very small area (Error! Reference source not found.).

Encounterability Manila clam is a sedentary species with almost no movement and fishing gear (dredge with propeller or water 3 jet) dig the surface portion of the bottom sediment.

Selectivity of gear type Manila clam reaches sexual maturity as small as 5-10mm, but most individuals do not spawn until shell length is at least 20mm (Holland and Chew, 1974). All clams smaller than 30mm in shell length are returned to the sea. Usually 1 the smaller clams are avoided by the selectivity of dredge net mesh size set at 40 mm (20 x 20 mm square mesh). Given the size at maturity and selectivity of the gear, then individuals less than size at maturity can escape the gear.

Post capture mortality The majority of Manila clam is retained, as very small quantity of undersized clams are captured and returned to 2 the sea. The discard mortality is expected to be around 50% with mechanical dredge (WWF, 2018).

Catch (weight) Only one fishery considered. N/A

Only where the scoring element is scored cumulatively

Table 51. Productivity Susceptibility analysis MSC RBF worksheet results for Manila Clam.

8.9 Harmonised fishery assessments There are no certified fisheries that overlap with the Yalu Estuary Manila Clam fishery.

8.10 Objection Procedure

To be added at the PCR stage.

9 References

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