Green Building Materials

Determining the True Definition of Green

Cody Fithian and Andrea Sheets

csd Center for Sustainable Development UTSoA - Seminar in Sustainable Architecture

Green Building Materials

Cody Fithian Andrea Sheets

main picture of presentation

Fig. 01 Survey conducted by National Geographic and international polling firm Globescan to 17,000 consumers on a variety of issues measuring their eco-friendliness.

What does “green” really mean? environment, it could be defined as green. However when analyzed “Going Green” seems to be the new more carefully, this same material and popular thing to do. It is an easy could actually be harming the statement to make, but gives very environment more than it is helping. little detail of how one will address Therefore it is extremely important to such a global issue. know who is labeling a material as green. Many labeling organizations There are currently over fifty regional are sponsored by material industries and national green labeling programs and will consequently be lenient throughout the United States. Each in granting those materials green of these have similar yet quite status. This complicates the process different versions of rating systems of determining exactly how green and qualifying characteristics that specific materials are. they look for in a green building. Some focus on only the end results The trouble in identifying the truest and completely overlook what definition of green may be that there happens during the gathering and is no absolute definition. The lack manufacturing of materials. Others of public unity in a definition has look more heavily at issues of caused the meaning to become economics and energy savings convoluted and impossible to while deeming other issues like the distinctly pronounce. However, distance a material travels or the by examining the problems and toxins it could emit into the air as corruption of the green labeling much less important. industry, one can indeed gain an understanding of the complexity As long as a material has at of variables that contribute to the least one positive impact on the greenness of a material and how to

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apply these principles in design and building.

Green Labeling Programs

There are over fifty green labeling programs across the country.1 This is an overly abundant number of organizations who are all in theory supporting and dealing with the same things.

Some common issues that they all take into consideration are: • Construction techniques • Waste reduction/recycling through construction phase • The indoor environment and its use of environmental products • Water-efficient processes • Renewable energy options • Smart growth and sustainable

land development practices Fig. 02 Some of the many Green Labeling Program logos.

However all of the programs weigh likely to choose materials with these the importance of these issues ratings. This is because they want differently and consequently their efforts to be widely recognized, establish their own unique checklists. and they automatically trust these The decision of which matters companies since everyone else are more important to a specific seems to think they are superior. label often stems from the desires of sponsors and investors. If a Four of the largest and most labeling program receives funding recognized green labeling programs from another organization, they are: will unfairly rate that organization’s • LEED products as greener than the really • Energy Star are. • Green Globe • Green Seal Corruption in the green labeling industry makes it difficult to discern Each are administered by different which are the most credible and organizations, have their own rating trustworthy programs. Knowing who criteria and focus most heavily on is behind the labeling is the first step different issues. By looking at all in uncovering truly green materials. four of these, one can begin to see overlaps and shortcomings. One Although there are many green can begin to develop a more holistic labeling programs in America, there approach to defining a true green are really only a handful that are material. well-known. Builders are more

2 Green Building Materials

LEED efficient appliances, fixtures and • education tools they need to fittings inside and water-wise understand what makes their Definition landscaping outside home green • an internationally recognized green building certification Energy and Atmosphere Innovation in Design system • commissioning • provides bonus points for • provides third-party verification • energy use monitoring projects that use new and that a community or building • efficient design and construction innovative technologies and was designed and built using • efficient appliances, systems, strategies to improve a building’s strategies aimed at improving and lighting performance beyond what is performances in energy savings, • use of renewable and clean required by LEED credits or water efficiency, CO2 emissions/ sources of energy, generated on- green building considerations reductions, improved indoor site or off-site that are not specifically environmental quality, and elsewhere in LEED stewardship of resources and Materials and Resources • rewards projects using a LEED sensitivity to their impact • encourages the selection of Accredited Professional to sustainably grown, harvested, ensure a holistic, integrated Developed by the U.S. Green produced, and transported approach to the design and Building Council, LEED provides products and materials construction phase a framework for implementing • promotes reduction of waste as measurable green building design, well as reuse and recycling Regional Priority construction, operations, and • takes into account reduction of • USGBC’s regional councils, maintenance solutions. It works waste at a product’s source chapters and affiliates have throughout the building lifecycle. identified the environmental Certification is achieved through Indoor Environment Quality concerns that are locally most the third-party independent Green • promotes strategies that can important for every region of the Building Certification Institute. improve indoor air as well as country, and six LEED credits providing access to daylight and that address those local priorities Rating System and Criteria views and improving acoustics were selected for each region • a project that earns a regional Sustainable Sites Locations and Linkages priority credit will earn one bonus • discourages development on • encourages homes being built point in addition to any points previously undeveloped land away from environmentally awarded for that credit • minimizes a building’s impact on sensitive areas ecosystems and waterways • instead, being built in infill, LEED Rating Systems • encourages regionally previously developed, and other • New Construction appropriate landscaping sites • Existing Buildings: Operations + • controls stormwater runoff • rewards homes built near Maintenance • rewards smart transportation already-existing infrastructure, • Commercial Interiors choices community resources and transit • Core and Shell • reduces erosion, light • encourages access to open • Schools pollution, heat island effect and space for walking and physical • Retail construction-related pollution activity and time spent outdoors • Healthcare • Homes Water Efficiency Awareness and Education • Neighborhood Development • goal is to encourage smarter use • encourages homeowners and of water inside and out real estate professionals to • water reduction, which is provide homeowners, tenants, typically achieved through more and building managers with

Search Search

Home LEED Intro Home LEED Intro

How to achieve certification How to achieve certification

What LEED Is What LEED Measures What LEED delivers What LEED Is What LEED MeasuresHow What to get LEED started delivers How to get started How to achieve certification How to achieve certification

LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, andUTSoA credits are- Seminar weightedLEED pointstoin reflectSustainable are their awarded potential Architectureon a environmental100-point scale, impacts. and credits Additionally, are weighted 10 bonus to reflect their potential environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits are available, four of which address regionally specific environmentalcredits issues. are available, A project four must of satisfywhich addressall prerequisites regionally and specific earn aenvironmental minimum number issues. A project must satisfy all prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to be certified. of points to be certified.

The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) assumes administrationThe of LEEDGreen certification Building Certification for all commercial Institute and (GBCI) institutional assumes administrationprojects registered of LEED certification for all commercial and institutional projects registered under any LEED Rating System. Learn more about the project certificationunder process any LEED» Rating System. Learn more about the project certification process »

Think of it like the nutrition label on a box of crackers: LEED provides theThink same of kindit like of the important nutrition detail label abouton a box the ofgreen crackers: aspects LEED of aprovides building the that, same kind of important detail about the green aspects of a building that, taken together, deliver higher performance. taken together, deliver higher performance.

Buildings account for 71% of

Sign In | Your Account | USGBC Store | DirectoriesAmerica’s electricity use and 38% Sign In | Your Account | USGBC Store | Directories of all greenhouse gas emissions, according to theSearch Department of Search Home LEED Intro Energy. LEED claims to cut those Home LEED Intro numbers by 25-30%. How to achieve certification How to achieve certification While this is an improvement, how What LEED Is What LEED Measures What LEED delivers How to get started What LEED Is What LEED Measures What LEED delivers How to get started does it compare to the 50% target How to achieve certification How to achieve certification adopted by architecture firms that have signed on to the Architecture LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and credits areLEED weighted points areto reflect awarded their on potential a 100-point environmental scale, and impacts.credits are Additionally, weighted 10to bonusreflect their potential environmental impacts.2030 Additionally,initiative. 10 bonus credits are available, four of which address regionally specific environmentalcredits are available, issues. Afour project of which must addresssatisfy all regionally prerequisites specific and environmental earn a minimum issues. number A project must satisfy all prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to be certified. of points to be certified. Furthermore, the limitations of LEED The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) assumes administrationThe Green of Building LEED certification Certification for Instituteall commercial (GBCI) and assumes institutional administration projects registeredof LEED certification for all commercial and institutionalemanate projects from registered its design. The bike under any LEED Rating System. Learn more about the project certificationunder any LEEDprocess Rating » System. Learn more about the project certification process » Figure 03 Figure 04 rack earns you the same amount of Think of it like the nutrition label on a box of crackers: LEED providesThink ofthe it samelike the kind nutrition of important label ondetail a box about of crackers:the green LEED aspe ctsprovides of a building the same that, kind of important detail about the greenpoints aspects of as a building buying that, 50% of your energy taken together, deliver higher performance. taken together, deliver higher performance. from a renewable source, or that there are no regional adjustments; About USGBC | Policies & Guidelines | Frequently Asked Questions | Contact About USGBC | Policies & Guidelines | Frequently Asked Questions | Contact saving water in Seattle earns the Copyright © 2009 U.S. Green Building Council. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2009 U.S. Green Building Council. All Rights Reserved. same point as in Tucson. Until recently, you could certify a building with no energy measures.

The current standard is to beat theASHRAE/IESNA baseline by 14%. Shouldn’t all 10 points in the LEED energy category be required? Which would mean beating the ASHRAE standard by 42%, which isn’t enough to start solving the climate crisis. Developers are tempted to pick and choose sustainable solutions in order to earn Figure 06 Figure 05 points.2

4 Green Building Materials

Energy Star To be rated, you submit data about assembly plants, cement plants, your building. This information and corn refineries Definition includes total square footage, • Municipal Water Treatment • A government backed number of occupants, number Plants organization focusing on of computers, location, etc. A improving energy efficiency computer than takes this data and To determine if a building qualifies to • Administered by the US formulates a figure that would be be Energy Star rated, fifty percent of Environmental Protection the optimal energy spending. This the gross square footage (excluding Agency and the US Department is derived from data gathered garages/parking) must belong to one of Energy by the Department of Energy’s of the above categories.3 • Standards for Energy Star rated Energy Information Administration. buildings are set by the EPA Then your building is evaluated in Problems with Energy Star comparison to this data and ranked Their motto is “Energy-efficiency among its peers. The top twenty Although Energy Star takes a strict comes first”. Founded in 1992, five percent in each building type approach to cutting down on energy Energy Star began as a labeling category receive the Energy Star use therefore reducing greenhouse program that only rated consumer label. gas emissions and saving money, products. Products like household it fails to look at materials in depth. appliances and air conditioning units Currently Energy Star has ratings for They are really only focused on the with the Energy Star label now save the following building types: way that the end product performs between twenty and thirty percent of in relation to energy savings. energy. • Bank/financial institutions, Whatever means needed to be courthouses, hospitals (acute taken to get a product a certain way, Buildings can receive an Energy care and children’s), hotels and even if extremely harmful to the Star Label too. To qualify they motels, K-12 schools, medical environment, would be dismissed must reduce the amount of energy offices, offices, residence by Energy Star. Plus there have needed to operate and cause less halls/dormitories, retail stores, been reports that the organization carbon dioxide emissions than other supermarkets, and warehouses sometimes uses loose and outdated buildings of the same type. (refrigerated and non- standards and lets companies rate refrigerated) their own products.4 Rating System and Criteria • Industrial Facilities: automobile

• Buildings rated on a 1-100 scale in comparison to other buildings of the same type • A score of 75 or above can earn an Energy Star label

Fig. 07 Energy Star Logo Fig. 08 Statewide participation rates in the Energy Star program.

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Green Globe categories: energy, indoor environment, site, water, Definition resources, emissions, project/ • A guidance and assessment environmental management program that offers realistic and • Can earn 1-4 globes for achievable ways to increase achieving at least 350 points the sustainability of commercial buildings After a building has earned at least • Administered by the Green 350 points, third party independent Building Initiative in the U.S. assessors review building documentation and walk through the The most important components of site. The site walk through is very the Green Globe program are: intensive and includes a review of all • Comprehensive environmental construction documentation as well assessment protocol as the physical walk-through. • Software tools that speed and ease online assessment Buildings that earn green globes • Best practices guidance should: for green construction and • use less energy operations • conserve natural resources • Experienced green building • emit fewer pollutants assessors Green Globe does look at the Green Seal uses the International total life cycle assessment of the Organization for Standardization materials in the building. This is (ISO) standards for environmental different from many other labeling labeling programs, ISO 14020 and programs that do not look into the 14024. source of the materials and products. They also separate buildings into Rating System and Criteria “new construction” and “continual • 1000 point scale in multiple improvement of existing buildings”.5

Fig. 09 Green Globe logo Fig. 10 Green Globe’s Rating System.

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Green Seal Green Seal Environmental materials that are claimed to be the Standards “greenest” are missing at least one of Definition • Construction Materials, these attributes. Here are just a few • a non-profit, third party certifier Equipment and Systems of such cases: and standards development • Facility Operations, Maintenance party and Services Bamboo • the largest U.S.-based • Hospitality, Lodging and Food ecolabelling organization Service Usually used as flooring, this is • the U.S. member of GEN (Global • Home Products and Services the material that all architects Ecolabelling Network), which • Office Products and seem to turn to for a quick addition consists of 26 of the world’s Communications of sustainability to their designs. leading ecolabelling programs • Personal Care and Consumer However, bamboo is not always the • develops standards from green Packaged Goods greenest choice. Although it is a cleaning products to lodging rapidly renewable product, the forest that it comes from is sometimes not. Conditionally Green Materials Green Seal uses life cycle In order to ensure this materials assessment, evaluating products The majority of available green green credibility, it needs to come 7 from raw materials extraction to products have one or more from a FSC source. manufacturing and use to disposal or of the following health and/or In general, a better and greener recycling. If a product meets Green environmental attributes: flooring material would be rammed Seal standards, it will be awarded • Promote good indoor air quality earth. It is just as strong and durable the Green Seal. This organization (typically through reduced as concrete and its source can be works with the marketplace in an emissions of VOCs) at the immediate site. It has ninety effort to create a “more sustainable • Durable and require little 6 percent less embodied energy than world”. maintenance concrete also.8 • Incorporate recycled content (post-consumer and/or post- Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF) industrial) • Have been recycled from These are stackable blocks of existing or demolished buildings expandable polystyrene which • Are made using renewable are filled with concrete and re-bar resources as needed. They are strong and • Have low embodied energy extremely well insulated cutting • Do not contain down on energy costs greatly. Chlorofluorocarbons, They also get rid of the necessary Hydrochloroflurocarbons or other wood formwork traditionally used in ozone depleting substances poured concrete forms. However, • Obtained from local resources the polystyrene is a fossil fuel based and manufacturers product and could contain VOCs. • For wood or bio-based products, These are extremely harmful to a they employ sustainable Fig. 11 Green Seal Logo. person’s health. There is an ICF harvesting practices made from recycled wood chips • Recyclable called “Durisol”, and this would be • Biodegradable the best choice for an ICF wall.9 However not many, maybe even none at all, carry all of these characteristics. Even some

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Low VOC Paint Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPS)

The name says it all. Low VOC These are wall panels comprised is better for the environment and of rigid foam insulation sandwiched everyone’s health. However this between two pieces of oriented label is misleading. In order to be strand board. They can have considered “Low VOC”, the paint insulative values up to R-60. This must contain less than 250 grams high value saves energy and per liter of the compound. However money. However, they are usually many companies count the grams not made of green materials. Some per liter before the pigment is added, companies are now using bio-based which has a large amount of VOC in materials, but others still used it as well. So these really aren’t what expanded polystyrene, which as they claim to be. The best option for in ICF can contain VOCs and be a paint is a Zero VOC paint.10 health and environmental hazard.12

Recycled Denim Insulation

This material is 100% recycled. So what couldn’t be green about that? First, the insulation value is extremely poor (about equal to that of fiberglass). Second, it causes vapor barrier issues. Third, mice love to live inside of it. Finally, in most cases the blue jeans used for the insulation are shipped all over the country, wasting fuel and negating the “greeness” of the product.11

Fig. 12 Insulated Concrete Forms. Fig. 13 Recycled Denim Insulation. Fig. 14 Structurally Insulated Panels.

8 Green Building Materials

Conclusion independent but have solutions: http:// advertisements, especially when you sustainablesources.com Green building materials encompass are hunting for sustainable materials • Green Building Initiative: a non- a vast area of topics and materials. and solutions in your area. profit organization and the U.S. The application and use of these licensor of Green Globes: http:// materials further complicates the Green Products Databases www.thegbi.org subject. • Sustainable Buildings Industry • Eco-structure Magazine: Council: a non-profit organization When researching and learning editorials cover green building that puts together the “Whole about all things green, there are from all angles, providing Building Design Guide” or some things to be aware of and information about rating systems comprehensive applications of watch out for. First, always check the and diverse green building sustainable principles: http:// sponsors for the respective certifying techniques: http://www.eco- www.sbicouncil.org/ organization. You need to be structure.com/ • Green2Green: compares aware of organizations motives • Environmental Design + building materials’ environmental because they are not always as Construction Magazine: source performances: http://www. transparent as bringing the for integrated high-performance green2green.org best green materials to the national buildings: http://www.edcmag. • Always check locally first! stage. Some are more sinister. com/ Asking the question, “Who is • EPA Comprehensive profiting?” can give a strong indicator Procurement Guidlines: of a product or practice’s true level of promotes the use of recycled green value. Green building materials in the manufacture of materials not only need to benefit new products: http://www.epa. the environment, but with the best gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/ possible effort manufacturers can put cpg/index.htm forward. Settling for less undermines • EPA Environmentally Preferable the green effort. Purchasing Program’s Database of Environmental Information Do not look only at the end product. for Products and Services: You must consider the energy used http://yosemite1.epa.gov/oppt/ to manufacture products, the waste eppstand2.nsf generated, and most important, how • GSA Federal Supply Service the product is used over its lifetime. “Environmental Products Perhaps additional consumption is and Services Guide” (2003- required to maintain the use of a 2004): http://www.gsa. product. Also, what happens to the gov/gsa/cm_attachments/ product at the end of its lifetime and GSA_DOCUMENT/2003_4_ how is this method is undertaken? epsg_optB(final%20web%20 Is the product simply disposed of version2)_R2OP1-z_0Z5RDZ- or is there potential to re-use and i34K-pR.pdf repurpose the material components • Guide to Resource Efficient of the product? Building Elements: http://www. crbt.org/hc3.asp The bottom-line is that everything • A Sourcebook for Green is conditional, depending on what and Sustainable Building: a frame a product or practice is being collection of information and analyzed through. Be wary of sources of materials, assistance websites that claim to be and resources in sustainable

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Glossary of Green Terms and harvesting as well as certain naturally produce and no more. This social and economic criteria for provides future generations with the When reading about green materials, workers. assurance of these resources. certain terms appear quite frequently. This is a greatly summarized list of Greenwashing: The practice of Volatile Organic Compound: V.O.C. some of those terms.13 companies disingenuously spinning An organic chemical compounds that their products and policies as have high enough vapor pressures to Carbon Footprint: A measure environmentally friendly. vaporize and enter the atmosphere. of an individual’s impact on the They can come from methane, environment in terms of the amounts Greenway: Undeveloped linear formaldehyde, office equipment of greenhouse gases produced, open space usually set in cities, set measured in units of carbon dioxide. aside and used for recreation or conservation. Greenways can be Recyclable vs Green vs Carbon Sink: A natural or man- used to created connected networks Sustainable Materials made reservoir that accumulates of open space that include traditional and stores some carbon-containing parks and natural areas. Recyclable: A material that can be chemical compound for an indefinite used again. period. Major examples are oceans, Half-life: The time required for a forests and landfills. pollutant to lose half of its effect on Green: A material that has at the environment. least one positive environmental Chlorofluorocarbon: CFC; an organic characteristic. compound that contains carbon, Post-Consumer Recycled Material: chlorine and fluorine. Most widely reclaimed waste product that has Sustainable: A material that meets found in refrigerants and aerosols, already served a purpose to a the needs of the present without when released into the air these consumer, and has been diverted or compromising those of future compounds lead to ozone depletion. separated from waste management generations. collection systems for recycling. Embodied Energy: The available Example: used newspaper that energy that was used in the work is made into cellulose building of making a product. This is an insulation. accounting methodology which aims to find the sum total of the energy Pre-Consumer Recycled Material: necessary for an entire life cycle A material that is removed from process. production processes (including scrap, breakage, or by-products) Forest Stewardship Council: FSC; and reused in an alternative process A non-profit organization which before consumer distribution. promotes responsible management Example: mineral (slag) wool, a of the world’s forests. It sets by-product of the steel blast furnace standards and independently process, used for mineral fiber certifies and labels forest products acoustical ceiling panels.

Green Products: Products that Rapidly renewable products: any have been certified through a material that regenerates in ten process of “eco” or “green” labeling, years or less: i.e. Bamboo, cork, which insures that the product was wool and straw. handled, made or grown under conditions that meet standards of Sustainable Harvesting: Harvesting sustained use, pesticide application only what the ecosystem and region

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Notes “LEED”, www.usgbc.org/LEED, accessed October 2009. October 2009. 1. Big Room, Inc., “Who’s Deciding What’s Reference 05 National Institute of Building Green?”, Ecolabelling.org, www.ecolabelling. Figure 06: U.S. Green Building Council, Sciences. Sustainable. Whole Building org, accessed October 2009. “LEED”, www.usgbc.org/LEED, accessed Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/design/ October 2009. sustainable.php. Accessed October 2009. 2. U.S. Green Building Council. LEED. U.S. Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org/ Figure 07: Energy Star, “Energy Star”, U.S. Reference 06 Discovery Communications. DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19. Accessed Environmental Protection Agency, http://www. Green Materials Guide. Planet Green. http:// October 2009. energystar.gov/, accessed October 2009. www.planetgreen.discovery.com. Accessed October 2009. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Figure 08: Discovery, “Tree Hugger”, www. U.S. Department of Energy, “Energy Star”, treehugger.com, accessed October 2009. Reference 07 U.S. Green Building U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http:// Council. LEED. U.S. Green Building www.energystar.gov, accessed October 2009. Figure 09: Green Globe Internation, Inc., Council. http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage. “Green Globe”, www.greenglobe.org, ac- aspx?CategoryID=19. Accessed October 4. American Council for an Energy-Efficient cessed October 2009. 2009. Economy and Consumer Reports, http://www. applianceadvisor.com, accessed October Figure 10: Green Globe International, Inc., Reference 08 Kamenetz, Anya. 2007. The 2009. “Green Globe”, www.greenglobe.org, ac- Green Standard? Fast Company, Issue 119 cessed October 2009. (October), http://www.fastcompany.com/ 5. Green Globe International, Inc., “Green magazine/119/the-green-standard.html. Globe”, www.greenglobe.org, accessed Octo- Figure 11: Environmental Media Association Accessed October 2009. ber 2009. Green Seal Program, “Green Seal”, www. greenseal.org, accessed October 2009. Reference 09 Green Seal and Environmental 6.Green Seal and Environmental Media As- Media Association. Green Seal: The Mark sociation, “Green Seal: The Mark of Enviro- Figure 12: Insulation Concrete FormworkAs- of Environental Responsibility. Green Seal. nental Responsibility”, Green Seal, http://www. sociation, “What is ICF?”, United Kingdom, http://www.greenseal.org. Accessed October greenseal.org, accessed October 2009. www.icfinfo.org.uk, accessed October 2009. 2009.

7.-12. Discovery Communications, “Green Figure 13: Instructables, “Make, How To, Reference 10 Big Room, Inc. Who’s Deciding Materials Guide”, Planet Green, http://www. and DIY”, www.instructables.com, accessed What’s Green? Ecolabelling.org. www. planetgreen.discovery.com, accessed October October 2009. ecolabelling.org. Accessed October 2009. 2009. Figure 14: Sustainable Design Update Blog, Reference 11 Green Globe International, 13. Richard E. Saunier and Richard A. Me- “10 Tips for Building a Sustainable Home”, Inc. Green Globe. www.greenglobe.org. ganck, Dictionary and Introduction to Global www.sustainabledesignupdate.com, accessed Accessed October 2009. Environmental Governance (London: TJ October 2009. International Ltd., 2009). References Figures Reference 01 U.S. Environmental Protection Figure 01: National Geographic and Glob- Agency and Green Power Partnership. eScan, “Greendex: Survey of Sustainable Glossary. U.S. Environmental Protection Consumption”, National Geographic, http:// Ageny. http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/pubs/ www.nationalgeographic.com/greendex/#, ac- glossary.htm. Accessed October 2009. cessed October 2009. Reference 02 Saunier, Richard E., and Figure 02: Big Room, Inc., “Who’s Deciding Richard A. Meganck. 2009. Dictionary What’s Green?”, Ecolabelling.org, www.ecola- and Introduction to Global Environmental belling.org, accessed October 2009. Governance. London: TJ International Ltd.

Figure 03: U.S. Green Building Council, Reference 03 Hands-on-Guide and Building “LEED”, www.usgbc.org/LEED, accessed Intelligence Group. Green Building Dictionary. October 2009. Hands-on-Guide. http://www.green-building- dictionary.com. Accessed October 2009. Figure 04: U.S. Green Building Council, “LEED”, www.usgbc.org/LEED, accessed Reference 04 U.S. Environmental Protection October 2009. Agency and U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Star. U.S. Environmental Protection Figure 05: U.S. Green Building Council, Agency. http://www.energystar.gov. Accessed