Town Study of Khanna, Ludhiana
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CENSUS OF INDIA 197( PUNJAB TOWN STUDY OF KHANNA (Ludhiana District) FIELD INVESTIGATION AND DRAFT BIRESHWAR CHANDER ECONOMlC INVESTIGATOR CHARAN SINGH SENIOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANT Editing G.S. PABLA SENIOR INVESTIGATOR P. C. SHARMA DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS , PUNJAB CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 A-CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS The 1971 Census Reports on Punjab will bear uniformly series No. 17 and will be published in the following parts. Part I -A General Report Part I-B General Report (Detailed analysis of the Demo .. graphic, Social, Cultural and Migration patterns part I-C Subsidiary Tables Part II-A General Population Tables Part II-A General Population Tables (Standard Urban Supplement Areas) Part II-B Economic Tables Part II-C (i) and Distribution of Population by Religion and Part V-A Scheduled Castes Part II-C (ii) Social and Cultural Tables (iIable C.. I, to C-VI and Fertility Tables) Part II-D Migration Tables Part III Establishment Report and Tables Part IV Housing Report and Tables Part V-B Ethnographic notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Part VI-A Town Directory Part VI-B Special Survey Reports on Selected towns Part VI-C Survey Reports on Selected Villages Part VII-A Administrative Report-Enumeration (for official use only) Part VIII-B Administrative Report (for official use only Part IX Census Atlas Part IX-A Administrative ii B-STATE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Part X District Census Hand-book for each district in three Parts Part A Village and Town Directory Part B Villages and Townwise Primary Census Abstract Part C Analytical Report, Administration Statistics and District Census Tables. Note.-Parts A and B of the District Census Handbook have been printed in one volume. CONTENTS CHAPTER Pages List of Maps! v List of Plates VJ FOREWORD viii PREFACE I Introduction I II History of Growth of the town 14 111 Amenities and Services~History of Growth and Present Position 17 IV Economic Life of the Town 44 V Ethnic and Selected Socio-Demographic Characteristics 93 ~ VI Migration and Settlement of Families 122 VII Neighbourhood Pattern 146 VIII Family Life in the town 153 IX Housing and Material Culture 175 X Slums, Blighted and other Areas with Sub- standard Living Condition 192 Xl Organisation of Power and Prestige 199 XlI Leisure and Recreation, Social Participation Social Awareness, Religion and Crime :;.09 XIII Linkage and Continua 232 XIV Conclusion 254 iv LIST OF MAPS No. Description Pages L Existing Land use .. 5 2. Major Ethnic groups .. 12 3. Density of Buildings 76 4. Density of Population 94 v LIST OF PLATES Plate No. Description Facing Pages 1. A panoramic view of Khanna town 1 2. Office of Municipal Committee and Sub-tahsil Office in close vicinity 3. Public Works Department Inspection bungalow \ 4. Government of India Office of Income tax and wealth tax 5. Office of Telephone exchange at G.T. Road 6. Post and Telegraph Office 7. A view of Subash Bazar 42 8. Office building of market committee 9. A view of talab (tank) of Rani .in Uchcha Vehra. Primary school No. 2 functions in the premises 10. A.S. Higher Secondary School at G.T. Road 11. Sri Saraswati Sanskrit College 1.2. A view of bus-stand at G.T. Road I I 13. Water supply scheme. the reservoir at Ram Murti Marg 14. Trucks parked at G.T. Road J 15. Carting the grains to the market-a scene at Samrala Road ] 6. Unloading of cotton and grains in the new grain 1 market . 17. A view of grain market-heaps of groundnut and cotton are visible ~ 92 18. Cotton wool ready for being pressed into bales 19. Packing operation of cotton wool bales by Brama Press inside the factory. Packed bales are visible \, 20. The iron bars are being rolled into girders J vi Facing Page 21. Girders manufactured in Vashista Re-rolling mills 1 22. Extraction of ground nut oil from groundnut seeds after shelling process inside Laxmi Ginning and oil \ mills 23. A view of Calcutta market newly built for sale of cloth 24. Office of State Bank of Patiala in old grain market lr G.T. Road 25. Office of State Bank of India in old grain market 92 G.T. Road 26. A view of timber market at G.T. Road 27. Agricultural implements (spades) being prepared artisans J 28. A modern house at Samad·hi Road 192 29. Sri Qalghidhar Gurdwara Saheb at G.T. Road 230 FOREWORD The Census has become an indispensable instru ment of policy and development planning. It need hardly be stressed that a census is not a mere count ing of heads. It is a kind of stock-taking as it were, of the nation's human wealth. Census aims at pre senting as con1plete a picture of man as may be possi ble in his social, cu~tural and economic setting. Recognising that its role is to serve the needs of the planner, policy n1aker, administrator and the academician the Census Organisation from time to ~time ar.ranges discussions with the main data users and seeks guidance in planning its operations. How ever, for a further and n10re realistic appreciation of the data thrown up by the Census or various aspects of the life of the community, iit. has been realised that more and more empirical studies would have to be undertaken. This requirement was kept in view even while planning the 1961 census. The studies under taken as ancillary to it, and particularly the socio economic survey of five hundred and odd villages throughout the country provided insight into the meaning of the statistical data in terms of real life si tua tions. India is no doubt predominantly rural, but urbani sation has been rapidly occurring. With increasing tempo of economic and· industrial development of the country urbanisation would seem inevitable. Urbani sation has become sine-qua-non of progress. Urban centres are undoubtedly the centres of dissemination of knowledge, new ideas, technical skills and so on. This influences the life around till more and ,more areas get urbanised. India is at this interesting transitional stage and the Census Organisation though it IS fit to undertake studies to get a deeper insight into the growth of small towns which are likely to play ix an important role in the life and economy of the community in the neair future. Under the 1971 Cen sus a sepa;rate Town Directory giving certain basic data pertaining to each town in the country was brough;t out. This is being supplemented by fairly detailed accounts of a few towns selected for study all over the country which may help to bring out the in tensi ty and effect of the socio econom]c forces gene rated by urbanisation as also what impact urbanisation has made on the rural neighbourhood. In consultation with the town planners, anthro pologists, sociologists, geographers, economists, demo graphers, etc., the criteria laid down for selec-tion of towns for special studies were size; demographic features, such as growth rate, density of population and age of town; functional type; locational factors such as topography and natural environment, climate, growth pattern of the region, growth history and dis tance from nearest metropolitan area; nature of re lation with other towns; concentration of ethnic or religious group, caste, or community; and other social and cultural phenomena. Towns with maximum clustering of the different criteria were preferJ:'ed at the time of the selection, on an all India basis, at the same time ensuring that the various characteristics are represented in one town or the other as finally selected for the study. This study covers, among other things, the (a) growth history of towns including the infrastructure of growth and basic and non-basic economy and con comi tant changes in the economic and social relations of the region, (b) growth history of the various servic ing institutions in the towns in response to the differ ent factors of change and'the concomitant changes in the patte:rn of distribution of community . power ,~nd prestige, (c) frequency and pattern of lnter-achon x among the ~iffere~t segments of the population, (d) na ture and In tens} ty of linkages with other towns of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the other, (e) pe:rsistence of the values of traditional society and percolation of technological values of modern civilization in the social complex of the towns, and (f) other ancillary matters. A set of schedules was evolved in connection with the present survey by the Social Studies ,Division of the Office of Registrar General, India, under the guidance of D:r. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General, India (Social Studies). The survey of indivi dual towns has been carried out mainly by the Direc tors of Census Operations in the various States and Union Territories, with the technical advice of the Social Studies ,Division. Qualified reseC\rch person nel have been placed at the disposal of the Directors ofl Census Operations/Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar-General, India, for carrying out the field investigations and coordinating the stu dies of individual towns, etc. It is an encouraging feature that certain individual scholars and academic institutions have come forward to take up the studies of some towns within the framework of the present scheme. I feel conHdent. thanks to the enthusiasm shown by my colleagues in the State Census Offices and the academic world, a corpus of know ledge will be built up which may be useful not only for academic purposes but also fo:r various development activities.