Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

Home , Micheldever Wood, Neatham

Excavation Report

for Turley Associates

on behalf of Persimmon Homes (South Coast) and Martin Grant Homes

CA Project: 779015 CA Report: 17120

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

Excavation Report

CA Project: 779015 CA Report: 17120

prepared by Oliver Good, Project Officer

date

checked by Richard Massey, Senior Heritage Consultant

date March 28, 2017

Karen Walker, Principal Post-Excavation Manager approved by 5th April 2017

signed

date

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 1

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 3

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 9

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 10

5. RESULTS - FIELDWORK SUMMARY ...... 13

PHASING ...... 14

GEOLOGY AND SOIL SEQUENCE ...... 15

AREA 1 ...... 16

AREA 2 ...... 25

AREA 3 ...... 30

6. FINDS ...... 40

Worked and burnt flint by Jacky Sommerville 41 Pottery by E.R. McSloy 41 Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey 45 Metalworking Debris by David Starley 46 Fired clay by Katie Marsden 48 Metalwork by Katie Marsden 48 Items of Worked Bone by Katie Marsden and E.R. McSloy 50

7. THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD ...... 51

Animal Bone by Matilda Holmes ...... 51 Charred Plant Remains by Sarah Wyles ...... 53 Mollusc Remains by Sarah Wyles ...... 55 Wood Charcoal by Dana Challinor ...... 56

8. DISCUSSION ...... 57 9. STORAGE AND CURATION ...... 64 10. PUBLICATION ...... 64 Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 64 12. REFERENCES ...... 65

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 73 APPENDIX B: POTTERY ...... 95 APPENDIX C: WORKED STONE ...... 96 APPENDIX D: METALWORKING DEBRIS ...... 98 APPENDIX E; THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD ...... 99 APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 102

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (scale 1:25,000) Fig. 2 Area Location (scale 1:2,000 @ A3) Fig. 3 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 1 (scale 1;300 @ A3) Fig. 4 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 2 (scale 1:100 @ A3) Fig. 5 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 3 (scale 1:200 @ A3) Fig. 6 Photographs (scales 1m and 2m respectively),and section drawings of pit 10041 and ditch 10090 (scale 1:20) Fig. 7 Photograph (scale 0.2m) and section drawings of posthole 1024 and ditch terminal 10048 (1:20) Fig. 8 Photographs (scales 0.3m) and section drawings of pit 20006 and ditch 20040 (1:20) Fig. 9 Profile and section drawings of postholes 30029, 30031, 30035, 30041 and 30043 (1:20) Fig. 10 Photographs (scales 0.5m and 1m respectively), and section drawings of ditches 30123 and 30143 (1:20)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Quantification of Finds Table 2: Objects of Metalwork Table 3: Items of Worked Bone Table 4; Quantification of Biological Record Table 5: Charcoal from the Middle-Late Iron Age Features Table 6: Context Descriptions (Appendix A) Table 7: Pottery: Summary Quantification by Area (Appendix B) Table 8: Worked Stone Catalogue (Appendix C) Table 9: Full listing of Metalworking Debris by Context (Appendix D) Table 10: Condition and Taphonomic Factors affecting the animal bones identified to taxa and /or element (not including teeth) (Appendix E) Table 11: Species Representation by Anatomical Element (Appendix E) Table 12: Charred plant Identifications (Appendix E) Table 13: Mollusc Remains (Appendix E)

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

SUMMARY

Site Name: Cadnam Farm, Location: Alton, Hampshire NGR: SU 72025 41075 Type: Excavation Date: January-February, 2016 Planning Reference: 55488/001 Location of archive: Hampshire Cultural Trust, Accession Number: A2015.66 Site Code: CADF 16

A programme of archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in January and February, 2016, at the request of Persimmon Homes (South Coast), and Martin Grant Homes (the clients), at the Cadnam Farm site. Three individual areas, totalling 0.55ha, were excavated across the proposed development area.

Area 1, within the north-east of the Site, contained a D-shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age date, which contained the remains of a roundhouse, and was associated, on its north-west side, with a ditched drove-way. A number of associated features included refuse pits, a four- post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Pit 10041 in Area 1 produced a mixed assemblage of finds, including bone weaving combs, pottery and items of metalwork, all from a fill, 10043, which has been interpreted as a structured deposit.

Area 2 was situated on the north-east margins of the site, and contained the superimposed foundation gullies of two roundhouses, with a probable third example situated slightly to the south-west. The roundhouses contained internal, concentric post settings, and were of Middle Iron Age date. Area 3 was located close to the north-west boundary of the Site, and contained the remains of a circular-plan, post-built structure in its north-east corner, with an adjacent four-post structure and associated post holes and pits, most of which were undated. A number of paired and single post holes, together with a six-post structure, were located within the north-west corner of Area 3, and a discrete cluster of post holes, further to the south-east, represented a further small structure of indeterminate plan. A number of these features were assigned a Middle Iron Age date on the basis of pottery. Two large boundary ditches extended into Area 3, from its south-west corner, and were interpreted as the funnelled entrance of a drove-way. A number of internal post settings may represent structures associated with livestock handling. Two phases of ditches were evident, but these were principally of late Iron Age/Early Roman date. An article summarising the results of this excavation, will be published in a future volume of the Hampshire county journal.

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 During January and February, 2016, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological excavation at the Cadnam Farm site, centred on NGR: SU 72025 41075 (Fig. 1). The work was undertaken at the request of Persimmon Homes (South Coast), and Martin Grant Homes, in accordance with a brief for archaeological investigation and recording prepared by Neil Adam, Senior Archaeologist, Hampshire County Council, the archaeological advisors to the Local Planning Authority (LPA), and with a subsequent, detailed WSI produced by CA (2016), and approved by the LPA acting on the advice of the curator. The fieldwork also followed Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (CIfA 2014), the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (Historic England 2015a), and accompanying PPN3: Archaeological Excavation (Historic England 2015b). It was monitored by the curator, including site visits made on February 4 and 6, 2016.

1.2 This report presents the results and assessment of the evidence recovered from the excavation, including stratigraphy, finds and biofactual evidence. It considers the evidence collectively, in its local, regional and national context, and provides the basis for a publication article.

The site

1.3 The development Site is c.12.6ha in extent, and is bordered to the south by an area of modern residential development on the north-eastern margins of Alton (Fig. 1). The Site extends across four agricultural fields (Fields 1 – 4, Fig. 2), with the buildings of Cadnam Farm situated outside the Site, to the north, and those of Blanes Farm situated within the Site, and just to the north-west of its southern boundary (Fig. 2). The Site is bounded by open agricultural fields to the north, and west and by a footpath and further fields to the east. It is divided into two approximate halves by Upper Anstey Lane, which runs, on a south-east/north-west alignment, through the centre of the Site. To the south, the Site is bordered by Gilbert White Way and associated residential developments.

1.4 The Site is dominated by an area of higher downland to the north and west, and overlooks the valley of the River Wey, which runs c. 1km to the south-east. The Site lies on a gentle, north-south gradient, extending from an elevation of 146m above

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Ordnance Datum (AOD) in Fields 1 and 2, down to 126m AOD in the south-west corner of Field 1.

1.5 The British Geological Survey Mapping (BGS 2015, online), and the results of an archaeological evaluation (CA 2015), indicate that much of the Site is underlain by New Pit Chalk of the Cretaceous period, with the northern parts of the Site underlain by Lewes Nodular Chalk, or by superficial deposits of Clay-with-Flints.

Planning Context

1.6 Outline conditional planning permission (Ref: 55428/001) has been granted by East Hampshire District Council (EHDC; the local planning authority [LPA]), for the construction of up to 275 residential dwellings, together with associated landscaping, a children’s play area, open space, and associated infrastructure, car parking and roads.

1.7 Following consultation with Neil Adam, Senior Archaeologist at Hampshire County Council, the archaeological advisor to East Hampshire District Council, an evaluation was undertaken in October and November 2015, by Cotswold Archaeology (CA 2015). This comprised the excavation of 86 no. 30m x 2m trial trenches, which represented a 4% sample by area of the 12.6ha Site. The evaluation followed, and was informed by, an earlier desk-based heritage assessment (WSP 2014) and a geophysical survey (PCG 2015).

1.8 The evaluation identified two areas of dispersed Iron Age settlement activity within the north-eastern and central parts of the Site. A summary of the results of evaluation is presented in Section 2 of this report.

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Introduction 2.1 The Cadnam Farm site was the subject of an earlier desk-based assessment (WSP 2014), which was undertaken to support an application for outline planning permission (Ref: 55428/001). The assessment encompassed a 1km-radius Study Area around the Site, to enable it to be considered within its local archaeological and historical context. These results, including those of a geophysical survey (PCG 2015), which were used to inform subsequent evaluation and excavation strategies,

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

are included within the assessment of archaeological background for the Site, which is presented below.

Earlier Prehistoric Periods (c. 10,000 BC to c. 700 BC) 2.2 There are no known heritage assets of earlier Prehistoric date recorded within the Site. There are, however, a number of recorded finds of prehistoric date within the surrounding study area, including a Palaeolithic hand axe (500,000 - 10,000 BC,) and possible Neolithic worked flakes (4000 – 2400 BC) recorded within the Parish of Alton. Bronze Age finds (c.2400 – 700 BC) have also been recovered from within the Study Area, and the Hampshire Historic Environment Record (AHBR) records evidence of later Bronze Age (1100-700 BC), and possibly Early Iron Age (700-400 BC), activity within the environs of Treloar College, c.700m to the east of the Site.

Iron Age (c. 700BC – AD 43) 2.3 The Cadnam Farm site is situated within an area which has hitherto been associated with only limited evidence of Iron Age or earlier prehistoric settlement, and only a small number of recorded sites offer a degree of regional context. Of relatively recent finds, the Alton Hoard, of first-century AD Atrebatic gold staters and items of jewellery, was discovered in 1996, within the vicinity of the town. Recorded settlement sites of Iron Age date within the wider environs of the Site are relatively few, but include St John’s Hill, East Worldham (Scheduled Monument 1020314), which is situated 4.8km to the south-east of Cadnam Farm, and comprises a small univallate enclosure of Middle and Late Iron Age date. The cropmark of a large, D- shaped enclosure of Middle and Late Iron Age date has been recorded to the east of Dickett’s Plantation, Froyle (SU 7232 4345, Fig. 1) (Millett 1981, 49-53), at a location 2.4km to the north-north-east of Cadnam Farm. This has been suggested (ibid.) as a possible Late Iron Age elite settlement, which may have functioned as a precursor of the Roman ‘small town’ at Neatham (Fig. 1). Millett’s small-scale investigation (ibid.) suggested that the enclosure ditches had been recut at the end of the Iron Age. Beyond this example, a number of possibly-contemporary enclosed settlements are located to the north-west of the Site. An earthwork enclosure with associated hollow- way, is located within Humbly Grove, Weston Patrick (Monument number 243847, SU 7032 4595), at a distance of 4.9km from Cadnam Farm, and a sub-rectangular cropmark enclosure is located at Little Wood, Weston Patrick, at a distance of 7.3km. A further earthwork enclosure of probable Iron Age date is known at Weston Common (SU 6944 4460), some 4km to the north-west, and Iron Age pits and evidence of occupation have been recorded within the town of Alton. A possibly 4

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

contemporary Late Iron Age burial has been recorded at Manor Farm, Alton, c. 1km to the east of the Site. The cropmark evidence of a late prehistoric or Roman-period field system around Manor Farm, Alton (monument no. 244121), may provide further context for this period.

Roman (AD 43 - 420) 2.4 No finds or archaeological features of Roman date have been recorded within the Site, although several Roman-period features and findspots have been recorded within the area surrounding Treloar College and Manor Farm, respectively located c. 0.75km and 1km to the east. Antiquarian records of finds from this area include coins, pottery, a lamp and a paved floor. Excavations in the 1980s, at Manor Farm Cottages, Neatham, c. 1.74km to the east of the Site, revealed evidence of Roman- period occupation of the second to fourth centuries AD, possibly associated with contemporary ‘ribbon development’ along the Silchester-Chichester Roman Road (Graham 1990, 17-30).

2.5 The site of a Roman ‘small town’ is located 1km to the south-east of the Site, near Neatham, which is located at a significant junction of Roman roads (Millett and Graham 1986, 2-3) (Fig. 1). This site may be identified with that of Vindomis, a Roman town which is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary of the 3rd century AD, and which apparently lay on the road between Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) and Chichester (Noviomagus) (Rivet and Smith 1979, 82; Clarke 1959, 83-97). Roman material has been recovered close to the medieval Manor House at Neatham, including evidence of ironworking. Evidence of occupation of this date has also been recorded in a number of areas within the town of Alton, notably at the southern end of the High Street, and within the public gardens.

2.6 The earliest occupation within the Roman small town appears to date from the Flavian period of the later first century AD (Millett and Graham 1986, 11, Table 1), which is likely to post-date Period 3 on the Cadnam Farm site. However, the excavations undertaken on the course of the Alton By-Pass in 1969-70, c. 130m to the to the east of the small town site, recorded a small, Early Roman group of rich cremation burials, together with two inhumation burials (Fig. 1). Of the cremation burials, at least two (Burials 1 and 2) appear to date from AD 50-75, and thus appear to demonstrate the presence of an elite social group in the area during a period which is likely to have pre-dated the establishment of the ‘small town’, and

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

which may therefore be contemporary with Period 3 of this Site (Millett and Graham 1986, 61; Millett 1986, 43-87).

Anglo-Saxon (AD 410 – 1066) 2.7 There are no known archaeological remains of Saxon date within the Site. Alton is thought to have origins in the Saxon period, with the town name apparently originating from the Old English Aewielltun, which may be roughly translated as ‘the farmstead near the spring’ (Hopkins 2004). A large Early Saxon cemetery of the 5th or 6th century, has been recorded within the Mount Pleasant area of the town, and was associated with approximately 50 inhumations and a similar number of cremation burials. The Alton Buckle, regarded as one of the finest pieces of contemporary jewellery beyond the major contemporary Royal burial site of Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, was recovered from Grave 16 in this cemetery, which was excavated in 1959-61 (Evison 1988, 75-76). The will of King Alfred included a bequest of land at Awielltun, although it is possible that this reference may actually relate to Alton Priors in Wiltshire (Sawyer, 1968).

Medieval (1066 – 1539) 2.8 There are no known remains or findspots of medieval date within the Site boundary. Within the wider environs of the Site, contemporary records relate to the neighbouring village settlements of Holybourne and Ansty, and the surviving earthworks of a former churchyard boundary. In 1070, King William is recorded as having given an estate at Alton to the Abbey of Saint Peter (i.e. Hyde Abbey in Winchester) (Sawyer 1968).

2.9 A royal estate at Alton is listed in the Domesday Survey as Neatham, and was sufficiently large at that time to accommodate 52 ploughs, 96 people, eight mills and a market (Munby 1982). Holybourne and Anstey were also recorded as royal manors at this time. There has also been a suggestion that a pre-conquest Minster Church stood in close proximity to the Roman road crossroads at Neatham (Hase 1994).

2.10 The presence of a market in Alton during the 11th century is attested in a Domesday entry that describes Aoltone in Odingeton as a valuable market. The two Manors of Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook are recorded as each controlling a fair by the thirteenth century. A Saturday market of some considerable size was operating in

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Alton by 1288, well in advance of the Charter of 1307 from Edward II, which conferred on Alton the right to hold an annual fair.

Post-medieval (1540 – 1800) 2.11 During the Civil War, Alton was occupied by a detachment of the Royalist army, under the command of Sir Ralph Hopton, but, in 1643 the town was taken by Parliamentarian forces under Sir William Waller. In this action, Colonel Bowles was killed at the Church door, and his regiment taken as prisoners. Waller’s forces, numbering some 5,000, advanced along the Basing Road, before turning south towards Alton, thus avoiding sentries posted to watch the main roads (Hopkins 2004).

2.12 A number of breweries were established in Alton during the post-medieval period, together with paper-making, tanning and cloth-making industries, all of which had become established by the 18th century. Timber and saw-mills were in operation from at least the 1890s. There are no known archaeological remains of post- medieval date recorded within the site. The surrounding study area also contains a number of disused chalk pits, some of which are depicted on Ordnance Survey (OS) maps, particularly on the higher ground to the west and north of the Site, and appear to be associated with eighteenth and nineteenth-century land improvements. On recent (2006) OS mapping, a field to the south of Field 4 is labelled as ‘Marlfield’, suggesting that many of these disused chalk pits were quarried for the marling of acidic soils on local farmland.

Geophysical Survey 2.13 A geophysical survey of most of the Cadnam Farm site was undertaken in September, 2015 (PCG 2015), although Field 2 could not be surveyed, due to the presence of a dense crop at that time. With the exception of Enclosure 1.1, whose ditches were readily apparent, no other clear geophysical anomalies were identified within the areas surveyed.

2.14 Within the north-east of Field 1, geophysical survey identified a D-shaped enclosure of probable prehistoric origin (Enclosure 1.1), with a possible entrance at its south- western corner. Evaluation trenches 73 – 77 were targeted on this feature, and were amongst the very few trenches that were directly targeted on geophysical anomalies. In addition, an east/west-aligned weak linear anomaly was recorded in the centre of Field 1, which was thought to be of recent agricultural origin. Trench 59 7

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

evaluated this anomaly, although no archaeological features were observed within it. No other significant geophysical anomalies of possible archaeological significance were recorded by the survey (PCG 2015).

Evaluation (Fig.2) 2.15 An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in October and November, 2015 (CA 2015). Eighty-six evaluation trenches were excavated, representing a 4% sample (by area) of the proposed development area (Fig. 2). A small number of the trenches (Trenches 73 to 77) were targeted on the geophysical anomalies identified by an earlier geophysical survey (PCG 2015), including the ditched enclosure in the north-east of Field 1. The evaluation recorded two areas of dispersed Iron Age settlement activity within the north-east and north of Fields 1 and 2 respectively.

2.16 In Field 1, the evaluation confirmed the presence of a small, D-shaped, ditched enclosure of Middle Iron Age date (Trenches 73 to 77), which had been identified by the geophysical survey. In addition, what appeared to be a small, sub-oval enclosure of possible Middle Iron Age date was identified in the north-east of Field 1 (Trench 84), although this was not apparent in the geophysical survey. Archaeological features, including a small number of pits, postholes and ditches, were also recorded to the north and east of the main enclosure (Fig. 2). While a number of features produced no dateable material, a small assemblage of Middle Iron Age/Iron Age pottery, worked and burnt flint, animal bone, fired clay fragments, a worked bone textile comb and a copper alloy pin, were recorded, most particularly from the fill of a large post pit (7907) in Trench 79. These finds, along with spatial associations between identified features, suggested that most of the evaluated features were broadly contemporary.

2.17 Significant finds were principally associated with two large post pits (7903, 7907), which were situated at the eastern end of Trench 79, to the north-east of Area 1 (Fig. 2). Both pits were near-vertically sided, with flat bases, and measured c.0.8m in maximum diameter by 0.15 – 0.25m in depth. The basal fill, 7904, of post-pit 7903, contained common, large flints, animal bone, fired clay fragments and a Middle/Late Iron Age bone comb (Evaluation Ra. 1). It also displayed a clear post-pipe of 0.27m diameter, of which the fill, 7906, contained a chalky deposit (7905), with relatively common charcoal, but no finds. The single fill 7908 of post pit 7907, contained a near-complete, Middle Iron Age pottery vessel (Evaluation Ra. 2), in addition to 8

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

animal bone (pig) and relatively common charcoal inclusions. It is possible that both the pottery vessel and the bone comb represent specially-placed items, and these are discussed further in Section 8, below.

2.18 Another area of features of mostly Late Iron Age date was recorded in the north of Field 2, within Trenches 14, 16, 25, 26. These also comprised a small number of ditches, pits and postholes (Fig. 2). These features contained assemblages of finds similar to those associated with the features in Field 1, but did also include a very small assemblage of residual Early Iron Age pottery. The Field 2 area of features included two, sub-circular post-built structures which, although undated, possibly represent small stock pens, or windbreaks, of Middle or Late Iron Age date. It also included a single four-post ‘granary’ structure.

2.19 In addition to two post-medieval chalk pits, which were located in the east of both Fields 1 and 2, a large, undated field boundary ditch was recorded, which ran along the east side of Field 1, running parallel with, and possibly representing a precursor to, the present field boundary located immediately to the east.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The aims of the excavation were to establish the character, quality, date, significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within the site. This information will assist the Local Planning Authority in making an informed judgement on the likely impact upon the archaeological resource by the proposed development.

3.2 The objectives of the archaeological excavation were to:

• record the nature of the main stratigraphic units encountered; • assess the overall presence, survival and significance of structural and occupational remains; • assess the overall presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual and ecofactual remains; and • to gain a better understanding, and to clarify the nature, date and chronology of, the archaeological features identified during the geophysical survey and archaeological evaluation.

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

3.3 The specific aims of the excavation were to:

• record any further evidence of prehistoric evidence that may relate to past settlement, funerary activity, industrial activity or other land use; • to define the nature of the evidence for Middle Iron Age and Late Iron Age activity identified during the evaluation; • to characterise the enclosure identified in Trenches 73 to 77, and assess evidence of settlement activity; • to establish and define whether the Late Iron Age evidence identified in Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26 is indicative of domestic occupation, or whether some other form of activity can be identified; • recover artefact evidence to further refine the dating of past settlement that was identified during the evaluation; • sample and analyse environmental remains to create a better understanding of past land-use and economy; and • to date and characterise the large, undated field boundary ditch,.

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Three areas of archaeological strip, map and record excavation (Areas 1-3) were identified on the basis of earlier geophysical survey and evaluation trenching (Fig. 2). These were focused on the principal areas of archaeological interest identified by the trial trench evaluation (CA 2015).

Area 1

4.2 This area measured approximately 45m x 55m (0.25ha), and was focused on the small Middle Iron Age D-shaped enclosure identified by the geophysical survey and by evaluation trenches 73 to 77. Area 1 was also intended to investigate the relationship of the D-shaped enclosure ditch to a north/south-aligned ditch identified in Trench 80 (Ditch 101).

Area 2

4.3 This area measured approximately 25m by 20m (0.05ha), and was focused on a small, sub-circular feature identified within Trench 84. Investigation within this area also sought to further identify, and date, a large, undated field boundary ditch, which

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was identified in trenches 70, 71, 72 and 85 (Fig. 2), which was thought to represent a possible precursor to the present field boundary, immediately to the east.

Area 3

4.4 This area measured approximately 50m by 50m (0.25ha), and was focused on the evidence from Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26, which identified a small number of Middle and Late Iron Age features, including ditches, pits and postholes, which were thought to possibly indicate evidence of settlement.

4.5 Excavation areas were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates, using a Leica GPS, and scanned for live services by trained staff using CAT and Genny equipment, in accordance with the Cotswold Archaeology Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services. Allowance was made for the possible adjustment of the position and size of excavation areas to account for the presence of services and other constraints, with the approval of the HCCPA. The final ‘as dug’ areas were recorded with GPS. Provision was included within the Written Scheme of Investigation for excavation areas to be extended if significant archaeological remains were observed to extend beyond their initial limits.

4.6 Excavation work initially comprised the mechanical removal of archaeologically non- significant soils, under constant archaeological supervision, using a toothless ditching bucket. The generated spoil was monitored in order to recover artefacts. The hand- cleaning of stripped surfaces, to better define any identified archaeological deposits/features, was undertaken where necessary. All machining was conducted under archaeological supervision, and ceased when the first archaeological horizon or natural substrate was revealed, whichever was encountered first. All archaeological features were recorded in plan, using Leica GPS.

4.7 During the course of the stripping, all potential archaeological features and spoil removed was scanned by a metal detector to ensure that any significant features or material were identified/collected at an early stage of the fieldworks.

4.8 The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of archaeological stratigraphy. All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (CA 2013). Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from archaeological sites (CA 2012). All artefacts recovered from the excavation were 11

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retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately after excavation (CA 1995).

4.9 The examination and recording of features concentrated on recovering plans and any structural sequences. Particular emphasis was placed on retrieving a stratigraphic sequence, and on obtaining evidence for the phasing of the site. Provision was made in the Written Scheme of Investigation for all evidence of funerary or ritual activity, and domestic/industrial deposits, to be fully excavated. All discrete features (including post holes and pits) were sampled by hand excavation (average sample unlikely to exceed 50%) unless their common or repetitious nature suggested that they were unlikely to yield significant new information. All linear features (ditches, pathways etc) were sampled to a maximum of 10%. Priority was given to those features which contained sealed assemblages which could be related to the chronological sequence of the site. In the case of deep features, hand-excavation ceased at a maximum depth of 1.2m in the first instance, and feature edges were stepped or shored, as appropriate.

4.10 A full photographic record of the excavation was kept. The primary photographic record was captured on Canon digital SLR equipment. The record included detailed images of archaeological deposits and features, to illustrate their location and context, together with the location and context of the separate working areas of the site. The record included images of the site overall, and working shots which illustrated the general progress of archaeological investigation.

4.11 All artefacts were recovered and retained for processing and analysis, in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation. Material of undoubtedly modern date was not noted or retained. All artefacts were, as a minimum, washed, weighed, counted and identified. Any artefacts requiring conservation, or specific storage conditions, were dealt with immediately, in accordance with the guidance document First Aid for Finds (Leigh, Watkinson and Neal 1998).

4.12 Due care was taken to identify any deposits which were considered to have environmental potential, and while provision for a programme of environmental sampling was detailed within the Written Scheme of Investigation, the general character of deposits and levels of preservation on the Cadnam Farm site limited the scope for environmental sampling, and only seven bulk samples were recovered across the site as a whole.

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

5. RESULTS: FIELDWORK SUMMARY

5.1 This section provides an overview of the results of excavation, including detailed summaries of recorded contexts. Detailed descriptions of finds and environmental samples (biological evidence) are to be found in Sections 6 and 7 of this report, and are summarised in Appendices B to F. Following the completion of fieldwork, an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE), and the Project Manager’s Guide (Historic England 2015a). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence, and a site matrix, was also compiled, and cross-referenced to spot-dating.

5.2 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was limited, with archaeological remains partly surviving as negative features, but frequently truncated by later cultivation. In a number of cases, most notably in the cases of Roundhouses 3 and 4 (Fig. 4), it was possible to interpolate the course of missing sections of ring-gulley to establish a basic plan. Despite a relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most principal features have been assigned a preliminary period on the basis of context dates and/or spatial associations.

5.3 The excavations revealed evidence for Middle and Late Iron Age/Early Roman agricultural and domestic activity across the Site. In Area 1, the enclosure identified by geophysical survey and evaluation was revealed as a Middle Iron Age ‘D’-shaped enclosure, which contained the remains of a roundhouse. To the north-east of the enclosure were six pits, one four-post structure, one small, post-built structure, and two parallel ditches comprising an associated drove-way, were also recorded. Area 2 was located c. 50m to the north-east of Area 1, above a hill-slope. It contained one, relatively complete ring-gulley, and five segments of curvilinear gullies, which collectively appear to represent the remains of three individual roundhouses (Roundhouses 3-5, Fig. 4). In addition, Area 2 contained 13 associated post holes, three segmented gullies, and four small pits, most of which appear to represent internal, concentric post settings within respective roundhouses. In the western end of the site, in Area 3, located c. 175m to the south-west of Area 1, the entrance to what appeared to be a large Late Iron Age or Early Roman drove-way, marked by large ditches of sub-rectangular plan, was identified. These ditches appeared to extend beyond the south-east edge of Area 3, on a north-east/south-west alignment.

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Area 3 also revealed 47 individual post holes and five pits, of which the post holes defined at least one four-post, and one six-post structure, together with a further small, post-built roundhouse and a structure of indeterminate plan (Fig. 5).

Phasing

5.4 The assigning of features to periods was principally based on the dating of artefactual evidence, although many features produced no dateable material. Where possible, these have been broadly dated on the basis of spatial relationships with, or similarity to, dateable deposits. On the basis of these criteria, recorded finds and features were assigned to the following provisional periods:-

• Period 1: Mesolithic to Bronze Age (c.10,000 - 700 BC) (Residual worked flint) • Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to 50 BC) • Period 3: Late Iron Age to Early Roman (c.50BC – AD 75) • Undated

5.5 Period 1 is represented only by a single item of worked flint from Area 3, which can be only broadly dated to the Prehistoric period. There was otherwise some chronological distinction evident between different parts of the Site, with Period 3 features almost entirely confined to Area 3 (in the western part of the site), and Period 2 features largely confined to Areas 1 and 2 (in the eastern part of the site). Period 2 was largely defined by the presence of hand-made Middle Iron Age pottery typologies, and was the only period represented in Area 2.

5.6 The Period 2 features evident within all excavated areas suggest a newly-established settlement of Middle Iron Age date, with little evidence of earlier Prehistoric activity, although small quantities of residual Early Iron Age pottery was recorded from pits and ditches within Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26 of the evaluation. The relatively long currency and lack of stylistic differentiation of regional Middle Iron Age pottery typologies permits very little refinement of phasing within this period. While there is some evident inter-cutting of Period 2 features, there is little possibility of placing these within any broader Period 2 sequence across the site. Thus, while all excavated areas contained Period 2 features, it is not possible to demonstrate the extent to which these were contemporary, or to identify any diachronic patterns of Period 2 change across the site as a whole. However, the well-attested character of Middle Iron Age settlement elsewhere across the Hampshire chalklands, including

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Easton Lane (Fasham et. al 1989, 58-7-, Fig. 72) and Winnall Down (Fasham 1985, 18-26), makes it possible to suggest that the Period 2 features across the Cadnam Farm site, and by implication many undated features, relate to a single, coherent phase of settlement by a small social group during Period 2, which may have been of fairly limited duration. On this basis, it is probable that house remains, and possibly contemporary associated structures across the site, are of broadly contemporary date.

5.7 The fill of gulley 106, which extended from Ditch 103 of Enclosure 1.1, was associated with pottery of Late Iron Age type, and has thus been tentatively assigned to Period 3 (Fig. 3). However, this appears to represent the latest dateable feature within Area 1, which thus presumably demonstrates continuity with the Period 2 features which otherwise characterise this Area. This may indicate that Enclosure 1.1, and possibly other Phase 2 features across the site, date from the later part of the Middle Iron Age Period 2 which, on a purely ceramic basis (Brown 1984, inter alia), could theoretically date these features as late as the earlier first century BC. This conforms to McSloy’s opinion (this report) that the pottery evidence supports a distinctly later Middle Iron Age date for Period 2, and thus one which suggests possible continuity with Period 3 in Area 3.

5.8 Throughout this report, clear distinctions have been made between dateable and non-dateable features (Figs. 3-5), except in those few cases where contextual or spatial associations permitted a confident assignment of date. Thus Roundhouse 2 in Area 1 and Roundhouse 6 in Area 3, together with a number of pits and four and six- post structures, remain technically undated, although on the basis of form and comparative dated examples elsewhere, these are most probably of Period 2 date. With the possible exception of Ditch 103 and gulley 106, no Period 2 features also contained Period 3 material, and it is therefore reasonable to assume that occupation within the areas excavated was abandoned at some time towards the end of the Middle Iron Age, to be partly replaced by the layout of ditched boundary features forming the putative drove-way entrance in Area 3. However, the Period 3 ditches contained industrial debris and domestic material of this date in their fills, suggesting that contemporary occupation and activity may have occurred nearby. It is possible that these Period 3 ditches, 301 and 302, were continuous with other features across the Site, although no evidence of these was identified by evaluation or within the immediate environs of Area 3 (Fig. 2).

Geology and soil sequence 15

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5.9 The natural substrate across the majority of the Site was underlain by New Pit Chalk, with northern parts of the Site underlain by Lewes Nodular Chalk, or by superficial deposits of clay-with-flints. Patches of light, greyish-brown silty clay, representing degraded chalk, were observed in Area 3. Both chalk and clay-with- flints substrates were recorded at depths of 0.3 – 0.7m below modern ground level. However, in places, a c. 0.3m-thick colluvial deposit of light to dark reddish-brown clayey silt was recorded, which increased in depth further downslope, and which, on the north-western margins (Trench 14), was cut by archaeological features of Period 3 date.

5.10 Where colluvium was present, the natural chalk or clay-with-flints geology was recorded at a depth of c. 0.7m within the lower parts of the Site. The natural chalk was of fairly good quality, with very common flint inclusions. It was commonly lightly-weathered and fractured, and with very few solution channels and hollows of periglacial origin, although one large solution channel was recorded in evaluation trenches 78, 79 and 82. The clay-with-flints geology comprised mid-red/brown silty clay, with common angular and sub-angular flint inclusions. This was encountered across almost the whole Site, except for within the eastern part of Field 1, and the north of Field 2.

5.11 At the margins between these two component natural geologies of the site, a light brown clay/silty clay, with moderate to common chalk and flint inclusions, was recorded, which appeared to comprise a periglacially or geochemically-weathered interface between the natural chalk and the clay-with-flints deposits.

5.12 Periglacial channels cutting the chalk geology were recorded in a number of locations, particularly in the north of Field 2 (Area 3). However, between Areas 1 and 2, a large, slightly curving, NNW/SSE-aligned solution channel was recorded. This was clearly indicated on the geophysical survey greyscale plot (PCG 2015, Fig. 2) and was subsequently identified by evaluation (Trenches 78, 79 and 82), as a feature c.3-4m wide and c.0.52m deep, and filled with a homogenous and archaeologically sterile red-brown sandy silt (Fig. 2, geological feature).

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Area 1 (Figs. 3, 6 and 7)

Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c. 400BC to AD 25) Ditches 101 and 102 5.13 Parallel ditches 101 and 102 extended beyond the northern edge of Area 1, on a north-west/south-east alignment, and were separated by a distance of 8m. Ditch 101 (sections 10048 and 10076) ran for 23m before terminating, and measured an average of 0.75m in width and 0.51m in depth, with a V-shaped profile. Section 10048 displayed three fills, of which primary fill 10049 was a thin, yellow-brown silty clay layer derived from the weathering of ditch sides (Fig. 7). Secondary fill 10050 was a mid/light-grey/brown silty clay with a slightly humic character, which may reflect the proximity of domestic occupation. The upper secondary fill 10051 was a mid-grey/brown silty clay, which contained limited animal bone and a small quantity of ironworking residue, and had a similarly humic character.

5.14 Ditch 102 was altogether different in size and profile, with moderate to gently- sloping concave sides with a concave base, and measured an average of 2.54m in width, and 0.17m in depth. It was investigated by sections 10052, 10083, 10008 and 10098, and ran for 28m, on a straight, south-easterly alignment, from the northern edge of Area 1, to a point where it met, and was cut by, enclosure Ditch 103. This stratigraphic relationship, which was somewhat diffuse, suggested that either Ditch 102 had gone out of use by the time Ditch 103 was excavated, or that they were broadly contemporary, and Ditch 102 had been cut by a recut of Ditch 103. The location of the terminal of Ditch 101, some 3.5m from the northern edge of Ditch 103, effectively created a small entranceway into what may have been a formal drove-way entrance represented by Ditches 101 and 102, although this does not explain the marked differences in profile between the two ditches. Section 10008 of Ditch 102 displayed a width of 3.66m and a depth of 0.25m, with moderately-sloping sides and an uneven base. It contained a single, secondary fill, 10009, which comprised a mid-grey/brown silty clay, which contained no dateable material.

Enclosure 1.1: Ditch 103

5.15 Located within the southern half of Area 1 was the Late Iron Age ‘D’-shaped Enclosure 1.1. This feature had been identified by the geophysical survey, and the previous evaluation (CA 2015), and was specifically targeted by the excavation of Area 1. The enclosure comprised a single, continuous curvilinear ditch, Ditch 103 17

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(sections 10090, 10098, 10104, 10111, 10125, 10130, 10137, 10139, 10144 and 10149), of uneven dimensions and profile. This did not form a complete enclosure circuit, but continued beyond the south-eastern corner of Area 1 on a north- east/south-west alignment, at which point where it measured only 0.7m in width and 0.34m in depth. Ditch 103 extended 16m from the eastern edge of Area 1, before turning to the west and extending for a further 25m, where it gradually enlarged to a width of 2.57m and a depth of 1m. The ditch then turned to the north, and ran on a curving north-east/south-west alignment round to the north-west, at which point it had a maximum width of 2.6m and a depth of 1.34m. Ditch 103 then turned at 90 degrees some 9m from the eastern edge of Area 1, and ran for a further 20.5m to the south-east, becoming progressively narrower and shallower. It terminated just 2m to the north-west of the southerly length of the ditch, close to the point where it extended beyond the edge of Area 1. At this point, its dimensions had reduced to 0.81m in width and 0.29m in depth.

5.15 Section 10090 was cut on the north-west side of Enclosure 1.1, close to the point of the widest extent of Ditch 103 (Figs. 3 and 6). This section displayed a width of 2.6m and a width of 1.34m, with steeply-sloping, convex sides and a slightly concave base. Of the five fills, 10091 was a primary fill of white-brown silty clay, and 10092 was a second primary fill of similar character. Secondary fill 10093 was a light, grey/brown silty clay, with charcoal and chalk inclusions, and middle secondary fill 10094 was a mid-white/brown silty clay with charcoal, Period 2 pottery and a high inclusion of angular chalk. The uppermost secondary fill, 10095, was a light-grey/brown silty clay, with limited charcoal inclusions, and of slightly humic character, which may indicate long-term silting processes.

5.16 Section 10111 was cut on the north-east side of Ditch 103, just to the south of the right-angled turn to the south-east (Fig. 3). This section displayed a width of 1.45 and depth of 0.75m, with steeply-sloping, convex sides and a sub-rounded base. It contained three fills, of which 10112 was a secondary fill of mid-brown/red silty clay, with slight chalk and flint inclusions and Period 2, Middle Iron Age sherds. Fill 10113 was a light, yellow-brown silty clay, which contained no finds and may represent the partial collapse or slumping of ditch sides. The uppermost, secondary fill, 10114, was a mid-grey/brown silty clay, with angular chalk and flint inclusions, which contained sherds of Period 2, Middle Iron Age pottery, animal bone and fragments of fired clay. It may partly represent a deposit of domestic waste, together with the results of longer-term wind-blown or washed-in sedimentation.

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5.17 Section 10130 was cut on the south-west side of Ditch 103, just to the west of evaluation trench 74. It displayed a symmetrical, V-shaped profile, with steeply- sloping sides, and a narrow, rounded base. At this location, Ditch 103 measured 1.93m in width and 1m in depth, and contained a sequence of four fills. The primary fills 10131 and 10132, comprised a white/brown silty clays, representing weathering deposits. Lower secondary fill 10133 comprised a mid-red/brown silty clay, containing Period 2 pottery and animal bone, together with 21 fragments of burnt or fired clay totalling 600g in weight. The upper secondary fill, 10134, was a mid-red/brown silty clay, with small inclusions of charcoal and chalk, which may represent the result of natural silting.

5.18 The profile of Ditch 103 varied dramatically, from very steep, slightly convex sides with a narrow flat base in the north-west, to a gently sloping, concave profile in the south-east. However, the shallow profile in the south-east appeared to be an anomaly, with Ditch 103 generally found to have steep convex or concave sides, and a flat base of varying depth and width. This notable variation in depth has been attributed to the differential truncation of the enclosure ditch, most probably by post- medieval and modern cultivation, although the variations are so marked as to suggest that the changes in depth were deliberate, and may have had a functional purpose, possibly relating to drainage.

5.19 The stratigraphic relationship between Ditch 102 and Ditch 103 was investigated by section 11098 (Fig. 3) At this junction, Ditch 102 (cut 10109) was a shallow, relatively diffuse feature, which contained a single fill, 10110, of mid-brown silty clay which contained no dateable material. This appeared to be cut by Ditch 103 (cut 10098) at this point, indicating that it was an earlier feature, although it is likely that Ditch 103 had been subject phases of redefinition or recutting.

Ring gullies 104 and 105

5.20 Located centrally within Enclosure 1.1 were discontinuous lengths of two ring gullies, 104 and 105. Ring gulley 104 was positioned 1.5m to the north-east of gulley 105, with both gully lengths positioned concentrically (Fig. 3). Each described an approximate quarter circle. Gulley 104 (sections 10074 and 10135) contained a single secondary fill of red/grey/brown silty clay, containing Period 2 Iron Age pottery. It measured 0.4m in width and 0.18m in depth, and had a moderately- sloping, concave profile. Gulley 105, by contrast, produced no dateable material. This feature displayed very steep, concave sides, with a flat base, and measured

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0.2m in width and 0.16m in depth. Gullies 104 and 105 had clearly been truncated to the south and the west, and most probably represent different elements of the plan of the same roundhouse. The thinner, steep-sided profile of 105 resembled the slot trenches for stake or plank walling evident in the ring-gulley type of Wessex roundhouses of Middle Iron Age date (Harding 2009, 71-76). By contrast, the shallower, wider profile, and a fill of naturally silted character, containing pottery, suggests that the outer gulley, 104, represents a drip or drainage gulley around the perimeter of the roundhouse.

Pit and post hole features within Enclosure 1.1

5.21 Post holes 10070 and 10072, and pits 10087 and 10115, were located to just to the south-west of gullies 104 and 105 (Fig. 3). Although these features did not contain any dateable material, their position within the roundhouse represented by gullies 104 and 105 suggested that these represented internal structural features of probable Period 2 date. Post hole 10070 displayed steep, concave sides and a concave base, and measured 0.47m in length, 0.27m in width and 0.19m in depth. It was located 2.5m to the south-west of ring gully 105, and contained a single fill, 10071, of mid-grey/brown clay silt. Positioned 1m to the west of post hole 10070 was pit 10087, which measured 1.33m in length, 1.16m in width and 0.31m in depth, and had a moderately-sloping, concave profile. Pit 10087 contained two fills, of which 10088 was a yellow/brown clay silt, and 10089 was a secondary fill of similar character, but darker colouration.

5.22 Post hole 10072 was located 1m to the south-west of pit 10087. It had a steep- sided concave profile, and measured 0.3m in diameter and 0.16m in depth, with a single fill, 10073, of mid-grey/brown clay silt. Post hole 10115 was located 5.3m to the south-east of post hole 10070. It measured 0.46m in width and 0.19m in depth, with steep, almost vertical, sides, with a flat base, and contained a single fill, 10116, of mid-grey/brown silty clay.

Features outside Enclosure 1.1

5.23 Pits 10037 and 10107 were respectively located 3m and 7.5m to the north-east of Enclosure 1.1, and were both sub-circular in plan (Fig. 3). Pit 10037 measured 2.77m in length, 2.57m in width and 0.41m in depth, and had moderately-sloping concave sides, with a wide, flat base. It contained three fills, of which the lowest, 10038, was a dark-brown silty clay, with flint and chalk inclusions and Period 2

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pottery, together with fragments (50g) of fired or burnt clay. The second secondary fill, 10039, was a dark-brown and white silty clay, with Period 2 pottery, which represented a dumped deposit of chalk rubble and domestic waste. This fill also contained 34g of fired or burnt clay fragments. The final secondary fill, 10040, was a similar, dark-brown silty clay, with flint, chalk and charcoal inclusions, together with Period 2 pottery and 36g of fired or burnt clay. Pit 10037 was interpreted as a disposal pit for domestic waste from the closely-adjacent settlement associated with Enclosure 1.1.

5.24 Pits 10035 and 10041 were located towards the northern corner of Area 1. They were located on the eastern margin of Area 1 (Fig. 3). Pit 10035 was sub-circular in plan, with steep concave sides and a flat base. It measured 1.26m in length, 1.09m in width and 0.27m in depth. It contained a single fill, 10036, comprising a mid-grey/brown silty clay, with chalk inclusions and flecks of charcoal, together with highly-fragmented Period 2 sherds, and fragments of fired clay and animal bone.

Pit 10041 (Fig. 6)

5.25 Pit 10041 was similar in plan, but had steep, irregular sides and a flat base. It measured 1.26m in diameter and 0.64m in depth, and contained a sequence of four fills (Fig. 6). Primary fill 10042 was a light, grey/brown silty clay which may have derived from the weathering of pit sides. A lower secondary fill, 10043, was a dark, black/brown sandy silt, with sub-angular chalk and flint inclusions, and a high inclusion of charcoal, some of which, together with fragments of coke, or burned coal, and fragments (36g) of fired clay, appeared to represent metalworking or other industrial debris. This context was rich in finds, including two partly-complete Middle Iron Age pots (Ra. 3 and Ra. 4), a small iron knife (Ra 1), a metal bead (Ra. 2), a bone comb (Ra. 5), and an item of worked bone (Ra. 6). Two environmental samples (samples 1 and 2) were taken from this context, which represented a deposit of burnt and domestic waste. These samples were dominated by weed seeds, but contained some cereal grains. In addition, samples 6 and 7 were taken from the contents of pots Ra. 3 and Ra. 4, and were dominated by cereal grains. These principally comprised barley, with some hulled wheat grains identified as emmer or spelt. None of the samples taken from fill 10043 contained chaff elements, or evidence of crop processing waste.

5.26 A further fill of 10041, 10044, was a mid-yellow/brown clay, which represented a partial collapse of the pit sides. The upper secondary fill, 10045, was a deep

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(0.51m) deposit of mid-grey/brown clay silt, with angular flint and chalk inclusions, which contained Middle Iron Age pottery and a piece of sandstone (SF 2), which may represent part of a quern. Although the majority or pits within the north-eastern quadrant of Area 1 contained little or no finds, their spatial relationship to pit 10041, and discrete grouping to the north of Enclosure 1.1, suggests that they may have comprised a zoned area of domestic refuse pits. It is likely that evidence of further pits extends beyond the north-east edge of Area 1.

5.27 Located within the south-eastern corner of Enclosure 1.1, was pit 10096. This was sub-oval in plan, with moderately-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It was located 0.7m to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 103, and measured 2.01m in length, 0.88m in width and 0.42m in depth. It contained a single fill, 10097, of mid- grey/brown clay silt, containing Period 2 Iron Age pottery, chalk nodules and sub- angular flint. This feature may have been associated with the entranceway into Enclosure 1.1 on its eastern side, although its shallow, rounded profile suggests that it was not a post setting.

Period 3: Late Iron Age to Early Roman (c.50BC – AD 75)

Gully 106 5.28 Gully 106 (section 10144) terminated 2m before the south-western edge of Area 1, and close to the southern-western corner of Enclosure 1.1 This feature ran for 12m, on a short, south-west/north-east alignment, on the south side of Ditch 103, before being completely cut by, or incorporated within, Ditch 103. This feature measured an average of 0.37m in width, and 0.41m in depth, and displayed steep, concave sides and a concave base. It contained a single fill, 10124, of yellow-brown clay silt, which included burnt flint, Late Iron Age pottery and animal bone. It is possible that Gully 106 represents a later phase, or the partial re-cutting, of Ditch 103 of Enclosure 1.1. On the basis of the Later Iron Age character of the pottery within fill 10124, this feature has been assigned to Period 3, although it appeared to be integral to an earlier, Period 2 enclosure ditch.

Undated

5.29 Tree-throw hollows 10003 and 10006 were located within the north-western corner of Area 1, and were sub-oval in plan, with irregular sides and base. They measured an average of 2.43m length, 1.15m in width and 0.45m in depth. These hollows were of some interest, as they were the only features identified to the west of Ditch

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102. The absence of archaeological features within this area suggested a distinctly different function across this part of the site, with domestic activity apparently confined to the south-west facing slope to the north-east of Area 1 and Ditch 102, while the western side of Ditch 102 was entirely free of structural features and pits, possibly indicating an open space used for agricultural activity.

5.30 Pit 10107 was positioned between pit 10037 and the eastern edge of Area 1. It measured 1.95m in length, 1.3m in width and 0.25m in depth, and displayed moderately-sloping concave sides, with a flat base. It contained a single fill, 10108, comprising a mid-brown clay silt, with chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable material.

Pits 10046 and 10026

5.31 Pit 10046 was located 5.8m to the north of pit 10037. It was sub-oval in plan, with moderately-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It measured 0.72m in length, 0.68m in width and 0.15m in depth, and contained a single fill, 10047, comprising a mid-grey/brown clay silt, with sub-angular chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable material. Positioned 9m to the north-west of pit 10046, was large pit 10026. This was an irregular sub-oval in plan, and measured 3.7m in length, 1.8m in width and 0.4m in depth. It had moderately-sloping concave and convex sides, with a flat base, and contained two fills. The lower secondary fill, 10027, was a mid-brown clay silt, with sub-angular flint and chalk inclusions, together with small quantities of charcoal and animal bone. The upper secondary fill, 10028, was a light-brown and white silty clay, which represented a deliberate backfilling with natural chalk.

Four-post Structure 1

5.32 Located 1.5m to the east of the north-eastern corner of Enclosure 1.1, was a discrete group of post holes, comprising cuts 10058, 10060, 10062 and 10064, which were arranged in a square configuration (Fig. 3). Together, they comprised clear evidence of a four-post structure. Post hole 10058 was located 1.8m to the east of the north-eastern side of Enclosure 1.1, and measured 0.39m diameter and 0.15m in depth, and displayed vertical sides with a flat base. Positioned 2.5m to the north-east of 10058 was post hole 10060, it measured 0.34m in diameter and 0.27m in depth, with vertical sides and a flat base. Post hole 10062 was located 2.6m to the south-east of 10060, and had steep, convex sides and flat base, and measured 0.36m in diameter and 0.22m in depth. Forming the southern corner of

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the structure was post hole 10064, which was located 2.7m to south-east of 10058 and 2.4m to the south-west of 10062. Post 10064 measured 0.36m in diameter and 0.16m in depth and steep sides with a flat base. The single fills of all four post holes comprised a dark-brown clay silt, with occasional charcoal flecks, but no dateable material.

Post holes 10066 and 10068

5.33 Post holes 10066 and 10068 were located towards the centre of the eastern margins of Area 1. They were respectively positioned 3m to the east and south-east of post hole 10060. Post hole 10066 displayed a vertical northern edge and a moderately-sloping southern edge, and measured 0.43m in diameter and 0.15m in depth. Post hole 10068 was located 1m to the south of post hole 10066, it measured 0.49m in diameter and 0.11m in depth, and displayed a vertical northern edge, a moderately-sloping, concave southern edge and a flat base. The single fills of both features comprised mid-grey/brown silty clay, with moderate chalk inclusions but no dateable material. It appears likely that post holes 10066 and 10068 comprised part of a small, post-built structure, much of which may have extended to the north-east, beyond the excavation area.

Roundhouse 2 (Figs. 3 and 7)

5.34 Located just to the north of pit 10046, was a discrete group of 11 post holes, comprising features 10010, 10012, 10014, 10016, 10018, 10020, 10022, 10024, 10029, 10031 and 10033. Of these, 10031 , 10022, 10020, 10024, 10010, 10012, 10014 and 10016 described an irregular circle of c. 5m diameter, and clearly represented a small, post-built structure of circular plan (Roundhouse 2, Fig. 3, inset). The constituent post holes commonly displayed moderately-sloping concave profiles, and were either sub-oval or sub-circular in plan, measuring an average of 0.28m to 0.36m in maximum width, and 0.13m to 0.08m in depth. The fills of these features commonly comprised mid-grey/brown clay silts, with slight inclusions of chalk, but no dateable material (Fig. 7). The relatively shallow depth of the post holes, and the small internal diameter of the structure thus described, suggest that Roundhouse 2 may not have been a domestic dwelling, and was possibly a relatively transient feature. It is likely to have represented an ancillary structure, possibly associated with agriculture, and similar structures have been suggested to represent roofless animal pens (Harding 2009, 68). None of the post holes produced any dateable material, but it seems likely that Roundhouse 2 is of

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probable Period 2 date, and would therefore have been broadly contemporary with Enclosure 1.1 and the surrounding pits. As Ditch 101 runs just 0.9m to the west of the westernmost post hole, 10014, such close proximity might suggest that the two features were not in use at the same time, although there is equally no indication that they were not. The lack of dating evidence from either Ditch 101 or the post holes, together with an apparent lack of any physical or contextual relationship, precludes any further speculation regarding the relative dates of these features. However, the two post holes, 10014 and 10016, on the west side of Roundhouse 2, are located directly adjacent a small sub-rectangular enlargement of Ditch 101, and may represent an entrance leading directly off the drove-way associated with Enclosure 1.1.

Posthole 7506

5.35 Located towards the northern end of evaluation Trench 75, posthole 7506 was oval in plan, with a maximum diameter of 0.5m and a depth of 0.1m. It contained a single fill, 7507, comprising a mid-red/brown clay silt with sub-angular chalk and flint, but no dateable material.

Area 2 (Figs. 4 and 8)

5.36 Area 2 contained a complex group of curvilinear gullies and pits which represented the partly-truncated remains of three probable roundhouses of Middle Iron Age, Period 2 date. Gulley 202, together with gullies 205/206, pit 20060 and segmented gulley 20052 represented the incomplete circuit of Roundhouse 3. These features were partly overlain, and cut, by ring gulley 204, which represented a later roundhouse (Roundhouse 4), also of Period 2 date. A number of post holes appeared to describe a sub-circular configuration within gulley 204, and are therefore likely to represent an inner, concentric circle of structural post settings (Fig. 4). Other post holes appear to represent a comparable circular arrangement of internal supports for Roundhouse 3. Ring gulley 204 was also associated with a number of other internal pits and gullies, some of which may have been associated with internal structural divisions. An external feature, Ditch 203, may represent a boundary feature associated with the southern entrance of ring gulley 204. An adjacent length of curvilinear gulley, 201, convincingly represents the remains of a further roundhouse structure (Roundhouse 5), although this feature extended beyond the south-western edge of Area 2. Gulley 207, together with paired post holes, 2066 and 2068, was situated to the north-east of ring gulley 204. 25

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Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to AD 25)

Ring Gulley 201 (Roundhouse 5) 5.37 Ring gulley 201 (section 20072) was partially exposed along the south-western edge of Area 2 (Roundhouse 5, Fig. 4). It extended from the trench edge on an east/west alignment, and curved round to the south-east, before terminating at a distance of 5.8m from the south-western edge of the excavation area. It measured an average of 0.45m in width and 0.17m in depth, and had a moderately-sloping, concave profile. Section 20072 displayed a single fill, 20073, of mid-grey/brown clay silt, which contained small, abraded sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. This fill appeared to represent a long-term accumulation of windblown or washed-in sediments. Gulley 201 was interpreted by the excavator as the eastern end of a ring gulley, which would originally have comprised part of the plan of an Iron Age roundhouse of similar plan and dimensions to that represented by ring gulley 204. However, as gulley 201 was only partly exposed within the excavation area, and no associated features were recorded, such interpretation must remain tentative.

Roundhouse 3

5.38 Located immediately to the east of gulley 201, was gulley 202 (Fig. 4). This comprised a shallow, 9.2m-long curvilinear feature, which ran from a northern terminal and curved round to the east for a distance of 9.2m, where it terminated. It measured an average of 0.54m in width and 0.06m in depth, with a moderately- sloping, concave profile. It was investigated by sections 20024, 20022 and 20020. Section 20020 contained a single secondary fill, 20021, of light, grey/brown clay silt which contained chalk fragments and a small quantity of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. The excavator suggested that the position of gully 202 indicated an earlier phase of the roundhouse represented by 204 to the east (Roundhouse 4), which appears convincing judging by the relationship of gulley 202 to segmented gulley 20052, pit 20060 and gullies 205 and 206, all of which occupy a geometrically circular configuration, with an internal diameter of c. 11.5m. Collectively, these features appear to represent a Middle Iron Age roundhouse (Roundhouse 3), which pre- dated ring gulley 104 (Roundhouse 4), which was partly superimposed upon it.

5.39 Gullies 205 (sections 20036 and 20042) and 206 (sections 20036, 20042 and 20044) were located immediately adjacent to one other, on the northern edge of gulley 204. Both gullies 205 and 206 were clearly cut by gulley 204, and gulley 206 26

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cut gulley 205 in turn. Both gullies appeared to emerge from beneath gulley 204, on a north-west/south-east alignment, before curving round to the west. Gulley 205 ran for 3m before terminating. It had a steep-sided, concave profile, and measured an average of 0.35m in width and 0.15m in depth. Gully 206 had moderately-sloping concave sides, and extended for 2.8m before terminating. It measured an average of 0.35m in width and 0.13m in depth. Section 20036 of Gulley 205 contained a single fill, comprising mid-grey/brown clay silt, with limited charcoal inclusions, but no dateable material. This fill appeared likely to represent wind-blown or washed-in sediments. Gullies 205 and 206 displayed evidence of heavy truncation, and would originally have formed complete ring gullies which would have curved round on a circular course to meet gulley 202 at its current northern terminal. Gulley 205 appeared to cut 206, and may therefore represent a re-cutting, or adjustment, of the ring gulley of Roundhouse 3.

5.40 A number of individual pit or post holes features are situated within an approximately circular configuration, which lies concentrically within the interpolated ring gulley representing Roundhouse 3, and plausibly represented a ring of internal structural supports. These features include post holes 20026, 20012, 20008 and pit 20018, which are also enclosed by ring gulley 204. Conjectural circuits of internal post settings relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4 are shown on Fig. 4. The absence of any comparable post hole features relating to Roundhouse 3 outside the circuit of ring gulley 204 may be attributed to the local effects of truncation, which may also account for the lack of evidence for gulley 202 in this part of Area 2. The pit or post hole features were basically sub-circular in plan, and varied from 0.58m (20018) to 0.29m (20012) in maximum diameter, and from 0.8m (20012) to 0.12m (20008) in depth. Their single secondary fills commonly comprised mid-grey/brown clay silts, with slight charcoal inclusions, but no dateable material. In some cases (i.e. 20008), fills included large, sub-angular flints, which were interpreted as post–packing material. In view of their probable structural association with Roundhouses 3 and 4, these features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

Roundhouse 4

5.41 Ring gulley 204 was located centrally within Area 2, and comprised a semi-circular section of curving gully of c. 23m in length, which ran from one north/south-aligned terminal on the west side, round to a corresponding terminal on the south-east. It displayed a moderately-sloping, concave profile, and measured an average of 0.4m in width and 0.14m in depth. Ring gulley 204 was investigated by sections 20038, 27

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20040, 20004, 20046, 20030 and 20028. The single, secondary fill of 20030, 20031, was a mid-grey/brown clay silt, with inclusions of charcoal and burnt flint, but no dateable material. However, fill 20039 of section 20038 was associated with Period 2 pottery. Other, similar, fills of this feature, including 20041 (of section 20040), also contained small quantities of Middle Iron Age pottery.

5.42 Segmented gulley 20064 (section 20064) appeared to represent an isolated surviving element of the original roundhouse plan principally represented by ring gulley 204. It had a length of 1.2m, a width of 0.48m and a depth of 0.29m, with a moderately-sloping, concave profile. It contained a single fill, 20065, of mid- grey/brown clay silt, which contained burnt flint and Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

5.43 Located within the interior space created by ring gully 204 were a number of post holes, which may represent an internal, concentric ring of structural timber supports relating to Roundhouse 4. These included pit 20048, post holes 20006, 20004 and 20002, together with the post hole 8404, which was recorded within evaluation trench 84. These features were generally sub-circular in plan, and displayed moderate to steeply-sloping, concave profiles, and measured an average of 0.28m in diameter and 0.09m in depth. Their fills commonly comprised grey-brown clay silts, with some chalk inclusions. The fill 20049, of pit 20048, included large, angular flints, which represented post-packing, and partly defined a post pipe within the centre of the feature. In view of their probable structural association with Roundhouse 4, these features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

Non-attributed pits and post holes relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4

5.44 A number of the pits and post holes enclosed within Ring gulley 204 do not fall within the interpolated concentric circuits of internal post-supports relating to both Roundhouses 3 and 4, and may therefore relate to either structure. These include the large, irregular pit features 20062 and 20070, and post hole 20010, which occupied a central position within the projected plan of Roundhouse 3. Post hole 20010 was sub-circular in plan with maximum diameter of 0.18m and depth of 0.07m. It contained a single fill, 20011, of brown/grey clay-silt, which contained no dateable material. Pit 20062, was a shallow, irregular feature of 1.35m in length and 0.57m in width, with a depth of 0.06m. It displayed a gently-rounded, concave profile, and contained a secondary fill, 20063, of mid-grey/brown clay silt with chalk and charcoal inclusions, and highly-fragmented sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. Pit 20070 was sub-rectangular in plan, with a length of 1.53m, a width of 0.94m,

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and depth of 0.15m, with a moderate to gently-sloping, concave profile. It contained a secondary fill, 20071, of light-brown/grey clay silt, with inclusions of chalk and highly-fragmented sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. Given their relatively central position within Roundhouse 3, it is tempting to interpret these two features as the remains of hearths, although the character of their fills effectively precludes this. The excavator speculated that, in view of their shallow nature, they could in fact represent later tree-throw hollows.

Pit 20006 (Fig. 8)

5.45 Pit 20006 was situated immediately to the south of ring gulley 204, but did not appear to conform to either of the two suggested circuits of internal post supports relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4. It was sub-circular in plan, with a maximum diameter of 0.42m and depth of 0,12m, with steep, concave sides and a flat base (Fig. 8). It contained a single fill, 20007, of light, brown-grey clay silt, with an inclusion of large sub-angular flints, which may represent post-packing material, but no dateable finds.

Ditch 203

5.46 Ditch 203 ran for 3.6m out of the southern edge of Area 2, on a broadly east/west alignment, before terminating. It measured 0.6m in width, and 0.29m in depth, and displayed steeply-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It was investigated by sections 20054, 20057, and pit 8404 (within evaluation trench 84). Section 20057 contained two fills, of which the lower, 20058, was a light-brown silty clay, with high chalk inclusions, while the upper fill, 20059, was a secondary fill of mid-brown silty clay, with occasional charcoal and chalk inclusions and Period 2 Iron Age pottery. This feature did not appear to conform to any of the ring gullies or suggested roundhouse plans recorded within Area 2, and may therefore represent a surviving section of contemporary boundary or enclosure ditch.

5.47 Post hole 20068 was located 2m to the north-east of 20066, and was 0.37m in maximum diameter, with a depth of 0.18m. It contained a similar secondary fill, 20069, which included Period 2 Iron Age pottery. Given the closely-comparable dimensions and fills of these two features, it is tempting to consider them as contemporary and thus components of the same structure. Such paired post holes are a common feature of late prehistoric settlements, although their function has not been satisfactorily deduced (Harding 1972, 37-8).

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Undated

5.48 Other non-attributed features included single post hole 20010, paired post holes, 8413 and 8411 (evaluation trench 84), and 20016 and 20014 respectively. These were small, sub-circular features, which presumably related to some form of internal structures within either of the roundhouses. These varied from 0.3m to 0.18m in diameter, and 0.07m to 0.04m in depth, and contained light-brown/grey clay silt fills with no dateable material.

Gulley 207

5.49 Segmented gully 207 (sections 20078 and 20080) was located within the northern corner of Area 2. It displayed moderately-sloping, concave sides with a flat base, and measured 1.7m in length, 0.72m in width and 0.13m in depth. Section 20078 contained a single secondary fill, 20079, of mid-grey/brown silty clay, with sub- angular flint and chalk inclusions, but no dateable material. Although gulley 207 was an isolated, undiagnostic feature, and did not appear to conform to other features within Area 2, its relative proximity to gullies 204, 205 and 206 suggests that it may represent part of a contemporary boundary or enclosure which has been largely removed by plough truncation.

Post holes 20066 and 20068

5.50 The isolated post hole features 20066 and 20068 were respectively located 3m and 5m to the east of ring gulley 204, but displayed no obvious relationship with any of the roundhouse features identified within Area 2. Post hole 20068 was of Period 2 date, as described in 5.45, above. Post hole 20066 was 0.4m in maximum diameter and 0.18m in depth, with steeply-sloping sides. It contained a single secondary fill, 20067, of grey/brown silty clay of slightly humic character, which contained no dateable material.

Pit 20074

5.51 Pit 20074 was located within the space partly enclosed by Gulley 201, and 0.25m from its inner, south-western edge. This was of sub-circular plan, with a length of 1.2m, width of 0.72m and depth of 0.19m. It displayed moderate to steeply-sloping, concave sides, with a sub-rounded base. It contained a single secondary fill, 20075, of mid-grey/brown clay silt with chalk inclusions, but no dateable material.

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Area 3 (Figs. 5, 9 and 10)

5.52 Area 3 included three related ditched boundary features, Ditches 301, 302 and 303, which were difficult to interpret, but appeared to represent part of a funnel-shaped track-way entrance, or livestock handling system. These ditches were loosely associated with a number of apparently unrelated post holes and pits, including one group of nine (Structure 3), which was located towards the western margins of Area 3, and which appeared to define a small post-built structure of indeterminate plan. Evidence of a six-post structure and two sets of paired post holes were situated within the north-west corner of Area 3, while post hole evidence of a circular building, (Roundhouse 6), in addition to a number of possibly associated post holes, pits and a four-post structure, were situated towards the north-east corner of Area 3. Many of these features were undated, although in some cases, spatial associations with confirmed Period 2 features suggested that they were broadly of this date. Ditches 301, 302, and 303 and pit 30050 were of Period 3 date, and may represent a phase of landscape reorganisation within the site, following the abandonment of Period 2 occupation.

Period 1: Mesolithic to Bronze Age (c.10,000 - 700 BC) (Residual worked flint) 5.53 Period 1 is represented solely by a single item of worked flint, comprising a medial fragment from a broken flake, which was recovered as a residual item from the Period 2-dated post hole 30119. This flint is only broadly dateable to the prehistoric period, and may represent transient Neolithic or Bronze Age activity within the environs of the Cadnam Farm site.

Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to AD 25) 5.54 Isolated pit 30093 was located 3m to the west of Ditch 301, towards the southern corner of Area 3 (Fig. 5). It displayed a moderately-sloping, irregular profile and uneven base, and measured 1.26m in length, 0.49m in width and 0.36m in depth. It contained a lower fill, 30094, comprising a thin (0.14m) layer of light-grey/brown silty clay, which included small, sub-angular flints, charcoal, animal bone and Period 2 Iron Age pottery. This was interpreted as a deposit of domestic waste. The upper fill, 30095, was of mid-brown silty clay, which included large flint nodules, charcoal, animal bone and Iron Age pottery, which appeared to represent a successive deposit of domestic waste.

Post hole 30104

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5.55 Post hole 30104 was positioned along the northern edge of, and was truncated by, tree-throw hollow 30102, towards the north-east corner of Area 3. It was circular in plan, with vertical sides and a flat base, and measured 0.6m in diameter and 0.32m in depth. It contained a single fill, 30105, of mid/dark-grey/brown silty clay, which contained charcoal and common angular flint, which appeared to have been used as post-packing material. Two fragments of a sandstone saddle-quern (SF 1) were found within the top of this fill. Post hole 30104 may be broadly assigned to Period 2 on the basis of this quern, which is otherwise of a type which is only diagnostic of a late prehistoric date. Post holes 30037, 30063 and 30104 did not appear to comprise part of any particular structure, but appeared to have some spatial relationship with Roundhouse 6, and may therefore have been contemporary with it.

5.56 Located to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 301, were pit 30119 and post holes 30106 and 30113. Pit 30119 was an elongated oval in plan, with moderately- sloping, concave sides and a flat base, and measured 0.81m in length, 0.26m in width and 0.17m in depth. It contained a single fill, 30120, of mid-grey/brown silty clay, with flint and chalk inclusions, and Period 2 Iron Age Pottery. This fill also contained the single, residual find of worked flint recorded on the site, comprising a medial fragment of a broken flint flake, which could only be broadly dated to the prehistoric period (Sommerville, this report).

Post hole 30151

5.57 Isolated post hole 30151 was located equidistant from Ditches 301 and 302, i.e. 9.5m from each. It was sub-oval in plan, with a moderately-sloping, concave profile, and measured 0.74m in length, 0.51m in width and 0.17m in depth. It contained a single, secondary fill, 30152, of dark-brown/grey silty clay, which included sub- angular flint, charcoal and Iron Age pottery. The humic character of this fill, together with the presence of Period 2 pottery, suggested that 30151 was not a structural feature, but contained a deposit of domestic waste.

Post holes 30156 and 30159

5.58 Located respectively 4.5m and 5.5m south-east of post hole 30151, were post holes 30156 and 30159. They were both sub-circular in plan, with steep, concave profiles. Post hole 30156 measured 0.68m in maximum diameter, and 0.26m in depth. It contained a primary fill, 30157, of mid-yellow clay silt, and a secondary fill, 30158, of mid-grey/brown clay silt, which included small quantities of chalk and charcoal,

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but no dateable material. Post hole 30159 measured 0.53m in maximum diameter and 0.24m in depth, and contained a single fill, 30160, of mid-grey/brown clay silt with inclusions of chalk and Period 2 Iron Age pottery, together with small quantities of vitrified hearth/furnace lining, cinder and fired clay (71g). In view of their close proximity and comparable dimensions and fills, it is possible that post holes 30156 and 30159 are contemporary, and therefore comprised part of the same, unidentified structure. On the basis of the pottery from the fill of 30159, these possibly paired features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

5.59 Pit 30149 had a length of 0.6m and width of 0.35m, with a depth of 0.17m. It contained a single fill, 30150, of mid/dark-grey/brown clay silt, which included burnt flint and Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

Period 3: Late Iron Age – Early Roman (c. 50BC- AD 75) (Figs. 5, 9 and 10)

Pit 30050 5.60 Pit 30050 was located 2m to the west of Ditch 302, and c. 9m to the south of its northern terminal. It was sub-rectangular in plan, with steep, concave sides and a flat base, and measured 1.95m in length, 1.1m in width and 0.65m in depth. It contained three fills, of which 30051 was a primary fill of 0.52m depth, comprising light-yellow/brown chalky clay, with inclusions of sub-rounded flint and Period 3 Late Iron Age/Early Roman pottery. Secondary fill 30052 was a homogenous, mid-brown clay silt, which included fine, sub-rounded flint, charcoal, 13 fragments of fired clay (917g), and ironworking residues which comprised 156g of smithing-hearth bottom. This fill has been interpreted as a deposit of industrial waste. An upper secondary fill, 50053, was cut into the top of fill 30052, and comprised a light/mid-brown clay silt, containing chalk and flint inclusions and Period 3 pottery.

Ditch 301 (Fig. 9)

5.61 Ditches 301 (sections 30123, 30126 and 30146), 302 (sections 30100, 30108, 30140 and 30143) and 303 (sections 30137 and 30153) were located within the southern half of Area 3, and appeared to form elements of a rectilinear-plan drove- way entrance, which terminated towards the centre of Area 3. Ditch 301 extended from the south-western corner of Area 3, on a broad north-south alignment, for 21m, after which it turned to the north-west and ran for a further 8m before terminating. Section 30123 displayed a steep, concave, but symmetrical, profile,

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which measured 0.90m in width and 0.47m in depth (Fig. 9). It contained two secondary fills, of which the lower, 30124, was a mid-red/brown clay silt with chalk inclusions, which contained small quantities of Period 3 pottery and animal bone. The upper fill, 30125, of mid/dark-grey/brown clay silt, with flint and charcoal inclusions, and containing Period 3 pottery and animal bone. Both ditch fills probably represent deposits of domestic waste. Secondary fill 30142, of section 30140 of Ditch 301, contained 75g of undiagnostic ironworking debris, together with two fragments of fired or burnt clay, weighing 44g. Sample 4 from this fill was dominated by barley grains, with a few grains of hulled wheat and seeds of clover/medick. No chaff elements were present in this sample, suggesting that the grain had been cleaned. Elsewhere, there was little evidence of plant remains within the fills of Period 3 ditches. Sample 3, from the secondary fill 30139, of section 30137 of Ditch 303, contained only a single barley grain, and no other plant remains, while sample 5 from the dark, brown/grey secondary fill, 30128, of section 30126 of Ditch 301, contained no plant remains. Further fragments of fired clay (49g), possibly derived from industrial activity, were recovered, along with animal bone, from fill 30110 of section 30108, of Ditch 301.

Ditch 302 (Fig. 9)

5.62 Ditch 302 extended for 11m from the south-eastern edge of Area 3, on a south- west/north-east alignment, before turning to the east and running for a further 8m, after which it turned through a 90° angle to the north-west, and then ran for a further 22m before terminating. Section 30108 displayed a rounded, concave profile, and measured 1.56m in width and 0.44m in depth. Section 30143, by contrast, displayed steeply-sloping sides and a rounded base, and measured 1.11m in width and 0.43m in depth (Fig. 9). Section 30108 contained a primary fill, 30109, of light- grey/brown silty clay, and a secondary fill, 30110, of grey-brown silty clay, which contained animal bone, but no dateable material. Ditch 302 cut an earlier tree-throw hollow (30111) at this point. Section 30140 demonstrated that Ditch 302 also cut, and possibly superseded, the earlier Ditch 303 at this point. In view of its spatial relationship with Ditches 301 and 303, and as clearly part of the same scheme of ditched features, Ditch 302 was assigned a Period 3 date.

Ditch 303

5.63 Ditch 303 was cut by, and extended from, Ditch 302, at a point 6m from the south- eastern edge of Area 3. It then ran for 8m, on a south-west/north-east alignment,

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before terminating. Ditch 303 appeared to represent an earlier phase of Ditch 302. Section 30153 displayed steeply-sloping sides and a rounded base, and measured 0.9m in width and 0.28m in depth. It contained a primary fill, 30154, of light- yellow/red silty clay, and a secondary fill, 30155, of dark, grey-brown silty clay with charcoal and flint inclusions, and containing animal bone and Period 3, Late Iron Age pottery.

Undated

Six-post structure

5.64 Within the north-western corner of Area 3 was located a discrete group of post holes, comprising cut features 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, 30011 and 30014. These were positioned in two parallel lines, each of three post holes, and arranged on south-west/-north-east alignment, thus clearly representing a six-post structure (Fig. 5). The individual post holes were sub-circular in plan, and displayed steep, vertical sides with a concave base, and measured an average of 0.31m in length, 0.2m in diameter and 0.26m in depth. They contained single fills of mid/dark-brown and yellow-brown silty clays, which contained no dateable material.

Area 3 Post holes

5.65 Single post hole 30017 was located 1.8m east of post hole 30014, it was circular in plan, and displayed a steep, concave profile and measured 0.2m in diameter, and 0.1m in depth, with a fill of yellow-brown chalky clay. It contained no dateable material. Positioned 6m to the south-east were paired post holes 30025 and 30027, which were separated by a distance of 0.75m. These features displayed gently- sloping concave sides, with flat bases, and measured 0.32m in maximum diameter, and 0.1m in depth respectively. Their fills comprised dark, brown-black silty clay, which contained a small amount of charcoal, but no dateable material. These post holes are amongst a number of similar, paired features on this site, which appear to represent simple structures of uncertain function (Harding 1972, 37-8).

5.66 Positioned centrally along the northern edge of Area 3, were post holes 30019, 30021 and 30023, of which the latter two appeared to be paired, and separated by a distance of c. 0.75m. Post hole 30021 was positioned to the south-west of 30023, with 30019 located a further 2.2m to the east. These were all sub-circular in plan, with steep, concave profiles, and measured on average 0.24m in length, 0.12m in

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width and 0.20m in depth. They contained mid/dark-brown silty clays, with inclusions of small, angular flints and occasional charcoal, but no dateable material.

Post hole 30069

5.67 Within the north-eastern corner of Area 3 was a discrete group of 23 post holes and two pits. Of these, post hole 30069 was located 3.1m north-west of post hole 30045, it did not appear to relate to any pattern or structure defined by the nearby group. It measured 0.32m in length, 0.2m in width and 0.09m in depth and displayed gently-sloping, concave sides, with an irregular base. Its single fill, 30046, comprised a chalky, yellow-white silty clay, which contained no dateable material.

Roundhouse 6 (Fig. 5)

5.67 To the south-east of post hole 30069, were located post holes 30033, 30035 (Fig. 10), 30039, 30045, 30048, 30054, 30060 and 30079, in addition to the post holes 2606 and 2608, which were identified within Trench 26 of the evaluation. Collectively, these features described a small post-built structure of circular plan, with an internal diameter of c.6m (Roundhouse 6, Fig. 5). The majority of these post holes displayed vertical sides with concave bases, and measured an average of 0.30m in length, 0.18m in width and 0.2m in depth. Their fills comprised silty clays, ranging from dark-brown to light-yellow/brown in colour, with some chalk and flint inclusions but no dateable material. The mode of construction certainly suggests a Period 2 date, and while these features remain technically undated, an adjacent post hole, 30104, contained fragments of saddle quern within its upper fill, suggesting that a Period 2 date could probably be assigned to Roundhouse 6.

5.68 Located within the interior of Roundhouse 6 was post hole 30071. This displayed a maximum diameter of 0.44m and a depth of 0.28m, with steeply-sloping sides and a U-shaped profile. It contained a single fill, 30072, which comprised a pale grey/brown silty clay, with chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable material.

Pit 30073

5.69 Pit 30073 was located 1m west of the eastern edge of Area 3, and 2.8m to the north-east of Roundhouse 6. It was sub-circular in plan, with moderately-sloping sides and a flat base, and measured 1.6m in maximum diameter and 0.3m in depth. It contained a single fill, 30074, of mid-brown silty clay, which contained a very high inclusion, comprising up to 50% of the fill, of large, angular flint nodules, some of

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which had been fire-affected. No charcoal or dateable finds were recorded in this fill. The partly-burnt nature of the flints suggested that this material may have comprised part of a hearth, or some other fire-related structure.

Four-post Structure 2 (Fig. 10)

5.70 Located 0.6m to the south-east of post hole 30039, was post hole 30029 which, along with post holes 30031, 30041 and 30043, formed a four-post structure (Four- post Structure 2, Figs. 5 and 10). Post hole 30029 formed the north-western corner of the structure, and was located 0.8m south-west of post hole 30031, and 1.3m north-west of post hole 30041. The south-eastern corner of the structure was formed by post hole 30043, this was positioned 1.3m south-east of post hole 30031, and 0.9m north-east of post hole 30041. The post holes displayed steep, vertical sides with flat bases, and measured an average of 0.53m in maximum diameter and 0.35m in depth (Fig. 10). Their fills comprised light-grey/brown silty clay, which contained large flints which had been included as post-packing material. Some of this flint had been burnt. The fill, 30042, of post hole 30041, contained small quantities of pottery of broadly late prehistoric date. On this basis, and in view of the established date-range of comparable four-post structures elsewhere, Four-post Structure 2 could be assumed to be of Period 2 date. The large dimensions of these post holes, and the use of post-packing material, suggest that this structure would have been fairly substantial (see Lambrick 2014, 136).

Structure 3

5.71 Structure 3 comprised a tightly-clustered group of nine post holes, comprising features 30091, 30098, 30089, 30085, 30083, 30081, 30087, 30096 and 30130 (Fig. 5). The seven smaller post holes averaged 0.22m in diameter, with shallow depths of between 0.06m and 0.19m, and were generally sub-circular in plan. Their single fills comprised grey-brown silty clays, which contained no dateable material. The irregular configuration of these features does not readily suggest a coherent plan, and the structure, if such it was, would have had a maximum diameter of only 2.5m. It is possible that these features represent more than a single phase of construction, and the distinctly larger size of post holes 30098 and 30130 (respectively 0.40m and 0.38 in width) may suggest that these had a different structural function. Structure 3 is considered likely to represent an agriculturally-related structure, of possible Period 2 date.

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Post holes 30037, 30063 and 30104

5.72 The remaining features within the north-eastern corner of the site comprised post holes 30037, 30063 and 30104 (Fig. 5). Post hole 30037 was circular in plan, with an irregular profile, and measured 0.44m in maximum diameter and 0.12m in depth. It contained a single fill, 30038, of mid-yellow/brown silty clay, with moderate flint inclusions, but no dateable material. Post hole 30063 was positioned 2.5m to the north-east of post hole 30037. It was sub-oval in plan, with concave sides and a flat base, and measured 0.73m in length, 0.34m in width and 0.17m in depth. It contained a single secondary fill, 30064, of mid/dark-brown silty clay, which contained no dateable material.

Individual pits to the west of Ditch 301

5.73 Pits 30134 and 30149 were positioned 1.9m apart, close to the south-western margins of Area 3, and respectively 4.4m and 3.3m south-east of post hole 30130 (Fig. 5). Both pits were sub-oval in plan, and had moderately-sloping, concave profiles. Pit 30134 had a maximum diameter of 0.79m and depth of 0.22m. It contained two fills, of which the lower, 30135, was a mid-grey/brown silty clay, which inclusions of angular chalk, flint and charcoal, but no dateable material. The upper fill, 30136, comprised a dark-grey/brown clay silt of distinctly humic character, which included angular flint and charcoal, but no dateable finds. This was interpreted as a deposit of domestic refuse. Pits 30134 and 30149 appear likely to represent paired features.

5.74 Post holes 30106 and 30113 were positioned 1.5m apart, and appeared to be paired features. They were both oval in plan, with steeply-sloping, concave profiles. and measured an average of 0.44m in length, 0.23m in width and 0.25 in depth. Both contained fills (30107 and 30114 respectively) of mid-grey/brown silty clay, with inclusions of flint and charcoal, but no dateable material.

Pits and post holes located between Ditch 301 and Ditch 302

5.75 A group of four post holes, comprising cut features 30115, 30117, 30161 and 30163, were positioned on a broad east-west alignment, slightly to the east of the terminal of Ditch 301. The closest post hole, 30161, was located 1.8m to the east of this terminal, and post holes 30115, 30117 and 30163 were respectively located 2m, 2.3m and 3.3m to the east of post hole 30161. These features were all sub- circular in plan, with steeply-sloping, concave profiles. They measured an average 38

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of 0.26m in diameter and 0.14m in depth, and contained single clay silt fills, which varied in colour between mid-red/brown and dark-grey/brown. These contained small inclusions of flint, but no dateable material. Their close spatial association and proximity to the terminal of Ditch 103 suggested that they may represent a structure, possibly a gate or fence, associated with the function of Ditches 301 and 302, although such an association was not confirmed by excavation, and these features consequently remain undated.

5.75 Post holes 1607 and 1605 were identified within evaluation trench 26. They were respectively located 6.5m and 2.5m to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 303, of which they appeared to represent some form of westward continuation. Post hole 1607 was of circular plan, with near-vertical, concave sides and a flat base. It measured 0.57m in maximum diameter and 0.08m in depth, and contained a single fill, 1608, of mid-brown clay silt with sub-angular flint inclusions. Post hole 1605 was of oval plan, with gently-sloping, concave sides, and measured 0.73m in length, 0.5m in width and 0.12m in depth. It contained a single fill, 1606, of dark- grey/brown clay silt, with flint, chalk and charcoal inclusions. Neither of these features contained dateable material.

Three-throw hollows

5.76 Area 3 contained three tree-throw or tree-root hollows, all of which were partly cut by archaeological features. Tree-throw hollow 30102 was located 1m to the north- east of post hole 30031. It was sub-oval in shape, and displayed moderately- sloping, irregular concave sides and a concave base, and measured 2.93m in length, 1.7m in width and 0.5m in depth. It contained a bioturbated mid-grey/brown silty clay fill, and was cut on its northern side by Period 2 post hole 30104.

5.77 Tree-throw hollow 30134 was located to the south of, and was truncated by, post hole 30130, it was sub-oval in shape, with a gently-sloping, concave profile, and measured 0.79m in length, 0.69m in width and 0.22m. It contained a mid- grey/brown silty clay fill, and was cut at its northern extremity by undated post hole 30130. Tree-throw hollow 30111 was truncated on its western side by Ditch 302. As excavated, it displayed steep, concave sides, and measured 1m in length, 0.47m in width and 0.2m in depth, with a fill, 30112, of light, grey-brown silty loam. As the tree-throw hollows contained no dateable material, and appeared to be archaeologically sterile, it is probable that they pre-dated Periods 2 and 3.

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Area 3 features recorded by Evaluation

5.78 Three undated post holes were recorded towards the south-west end of Trench 26. These displayed maximum diameters of 0.3m, and were arranged in a short arc, at intervals of c. 0.63m (Fig. 5). It was suggested by the excavator that these might represent a further, small post-built structure of c.3.2m diameter (CA 2015), although no other post holes which would have confirmed a circular plan were evident elsewhere within Trench 26. These post holes contained single fills of mid- red/brown clay silt, but no dateable material.

5.79 Two post holes, 2606 and 2608, were recorded further to the north-east within Trench 26, and these were confirmed by excavation to comprise part of the circuit of post hole features representing Roundhouse 6. These post holes displayed maximum diameters of 0.36m, and depths of 0.30m, and contained single fills of mid-red/brown clay silt, with sparse charcoal inclusions but no dateable material.

6 FINDS

6.1 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate. The finds from the Cadnam Farm Site are quantified in Table 1, below:

Table 1: Quantification of finds

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Type Category Count Weight (g)

Pottery Prehistoric (Middle Iron 486 6090 Age)

Late Iron Age/Early 136 1810 Roman

Total: 622 7900 Flint Worked 1 1

Burnt 77 4741

Fired Clay Fragments 73 2 1971

Metals Iron Bar 1 21

Knife 1 24

Copper alloy Tube 1 19

Ironworking Residues n/a 391

Worked bone Weaving combs 2 n/w

Worked Stone Quern fragments 3 6137

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Worked and burnt flint by Jacky Sommerville

6.2 One worked flint (1g), and a total of at least 77 pieces of burnt, unworked flint (4741g) were recovered from the excavation of 18 separate deposits. The lithic finds are of minimal archaeological significance.

6.3 The worked flint comprises a single medial fragment from a broken flake, which was retrieved from Period 2-dated pit/posthole 30119, in Area 3. This find is only broadly dateable to the prehistoric period, and is a redeposited item within this feature.

6.4 The burnt flint was recorded in pit and ditch/gully fills, all of which were dated to the Iron Age on the basis of associated pottery. The burnt flint is broadly representative of domestic activity, including cooking or water heating.

Pottery by E.R. McSloy

Late Prehistoric pottery (including Late Iron Age/Early Roman ‘transitional’)

6.5 Pottery amounting to 622 sherds (7900g) was hand-recovered from the excavation, from 56 separate deposits. This assemblage includes some 156 sherds (1711g) recorded from the evaluation, and reported on elsewhere. The quantification by area of the pottery (Table 7), together with fabric descriptions, are summarised in Appendix B of this report.

6.6 The pottery has been fully recorded; scanned by context, sorted by fabric and quantified according to sherd count, weight and rim EVEs (estimated vessel equivalents). Where identifiable, vessel form (profile) and rim morphology were also recorded, as were decoration/surface treatment and attributes, including sherd thickness-range, and evidence for use (residues and use wear). Summary fabric descriptions, with codes used for recording, are given in Appendix B of this report.

6.7 The excavated pottery assemblage relates to three areas, with the largest quantities coming from Areas 1 and 3 (Table 7, Appendix B). The majority was recovered from discrete pit/posthole features (326 sherds or 67.1%), including a group of 173 41

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sherds from one feature, Area 1 pit 10037. Pottery recorded from the evaluation was largely derived from areas later targeted for excavation: Trenches 13-14, 16 and 24- 26 (located close to Area 3) produced 67 sherds weighing 608g and Trenches 74-79 and 82-85 (near to Areas 1 and 2) some 52 sherds, weighing 1010g.

6.8 The condition of the pottery assemblage was mixed; surface preservation is frequently poor, particularly amongst the quartz-tempered group, where surfaces are friable/powdery. The mean sherd weight (12.7g) is moderately high for a prehistoric group, and not suggestive of high levels of disturbance. The degree of fragmentation is, however, very variable, with the larger/joining vessel sherds limited to a small number of better-preserved groups, including from Area 1 pits 10037 and 10041. Of particular note is ‘saucepan pot’ no. 6, which recorded from Evaluation Trench 79, posthole 7907, and deposited intact.

Assemblage range

Fabrics 6.9 The composition (fabrics range) of the assemblage is set out in Table 7 by area. The large majority of this group consists of handmade types, among which flint-tempered and quartz-tempered types are strongly dominant, although the quartz-bearing types are markedly less well represented among the Area 3 group (Table 7).

6.10 Both the dominant fabric groupings are representative of common traditions for the period encountered across Hampshire. Typically, as here, flint-tempered fabrics are dominant, although proportions of the main flint and quartz-bearing types are variable from Hampshire sites (Hawkes 1985, 60; Hawkes 1987, 24-25; Rees 1995, 37, fig. 23), and at sites such as Brighton Hill South (Rees 1995, 37), where proportions commonly vary relative to internal site chronology. The use of crushed, burnt flint has pre-Iron Age origins, and continued throughout the Iron Age and into the Early Roman period. In an area of chalk geology, pottery utilising flint-tempering can be expected to be local in origin. Similarly, the sources for the quartz-bearing types might be local, most likely sands within the Reading Beds or the Lower Greensand, both within 10km of the site. The remaining fabrics are similarly representative of types seen from other Iron Age/Early Roman groups from the area. The only non-local type is a shell-tempered fabric recorded from enclosure ditch 10130 (fill 10133). Wheel-thrown fabrics which date to the Late Iron Age/Early

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Roman transition are restricted to a small number of sherds recovered from Area 3 ditch 30123 (fills 30124, 30125).

6.11 The basic range of pottery forms is as follows: Forms

V1 Slack-shouldered forms (probably jars); upright or slightly everted necks with simple or squared rim tops. Size range 160-260mm (diam.). 3 vessels (0.16 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 1.

V2 Globular-bodied vessels (probably jars). Neckless or with short, uprirght or everted neck and simple or bead-like rims. Size range 140-220mm (diam.). 8 vessels (0.39 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 2-4, 9.

V3 Ovoid or barrel-shaped vessels (jars)/’incurving saucepan pots’. Neckless with simple rims. Size range 90-180mm (diam.). 4 vessels (0.32 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 5.

V4 Straight-sided vessels (jars) in Saucepan pot tradition. Neckless, with simple or bead-like rims. Size range 160-180mm (diam.). Decoration as all-over burnish or horizontal burnish lines at base angle. 5 vessels (1.15 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 6-7.

V5 Angular-shouldered vessels (jars or bowls).Neckless, and with bead rims. Size range 120- 160mm (diam.). 2 vessels (0.13 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 10.

V6 Large jars; globular or ovoid-bodied with everted rims. Size range 200-300mm (diam.). 2 vessels (0.24 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 11.

V7 Wheelthrown vessels (necked jars or bowls). Size range 150mm (diam.). 1 vessel (0.12 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 12-13.

6.12 The range of vessel forms is set out for the assemblage above complete. Further vessels, were represented by smaller rim sherds, where the vessel form (profile) was uncertain. Most are almost certainly additional examples of the forms described above, and the assemblage is clearly dominated by jar-proportioned vessels which are likely to have been utilitarian in function. Decorated fineware bowls of the styles seen elsewhere (though rarely) amongst Middle Iron Age groups from Hampshire (Hawkes 1985, 66, fig. 54; Rees 1995, 41-42, figs. 24-25) were not recorded. Instances of decoration are very few (five vessels), and are limited to scored or burnished lines to some ‘saucepan pot’ vessels or overall burnish, also to vessels in this class. One body sherd (deposit 10045) exhibits more elaborate decoration, as burnished line decoration in a crosshatch pattern, and one vessel of form V2 features light scoring/brushing below its shoulder.

Stylistic affinities and dating 43

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6.13 The large majority among this assemblage can be compared with styles characterising pottery of the Middle and later Iron Age in the region, with a very few vessels (from Area 3) suggesting continuity of activity into the mid-1st century AD. The furrowed and other angular bowl styles, or fingertip-decorated vessels, which commonly characterise pottery in the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age transitional period (c. 8th to 5th centuries BC) are absent. The slack-shouldered, globular and neckless vessels (forms V1-V3), the majority from Area 1, are more characteristic of the plainer styles beginning in the earlier Middle Iron Age (4th/3rd centuries BC). These compare, for example, to vessels from Phase 1 (Early–Middle Iron Age) at Brighton Hill South, near Basingstoke (Rees 1995, 41, fig. 24).

6.14 The ‘saucepan pot’ style, which is here confined to vessels from Area 1 (and Evaluation Trench 79), similarly has earlier Middle Iron Age origins, as early as the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, from Danebury, Hampshire, and Gussage All Saints, Dorset. The style may be long-lived, continuing into the 1st century BC (Cunliffe 2005, 627), and there is evidence to suggest that plainer styles, such as those represented at this site, are typical for the later Middle Iron Age. Although difficult to argue from such a small assemblage, it is possible that the plain, straight-sided saucepan pots are representative of later Middle Iron Age activity. The best evidence for this may be their absence from pit group 10037, the pottery from which is most suggestive of an earlier Middle Iron Age date.

6.15 There is a quite clear stylistic separation evident between groups from Areas 1/2 and 3, and differences are also evident in the ranges of fabrics represented (Appendix B, Summary Fabric Descriptions). Although the number of identifiable forms is small, there is an absence of the earlier classes seen from Areas 1/2. The handmade bead rim and large everted-rim jar forms which are present, compare more closely with the Late Iron Age or ‘transitional’ styles represented, for example, among deposits dating to the 1st centuries BC/AD at Silchester (Timby 2000). The small number of vessels from this area occurring in wheel-thrown grog-tempered and sandy fabrics may be contemporary, and suggest a dating-range extending into the middle, or later, 1st century AD.

Discussion 6.16 Stylistically and technologically this small assemblage accords with the established material recorded for the Middle and Later Iron Age across the wider sub-region (Hampshire). Comparisons across the Area 1/2 and 3 groups reveal differences 44

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which reflect differing chronologies, with Area 3 clearly the later. The stylistic differences apparent from the larger context groups from Areas 1 and 2 suggest that activity may have been of sufficiently long duration to encompass a change in ceramic styles.

6.17 A further aspect of the assemblage, which invites comparison with contemporary groups from central-southern England, is the apparent examples of ‘structured deposition’ within the site. Most obvious in this regard is the vessel deposited intact within the small pit/posthole feature 7908 of evaluation trench 79. Material from the Area 1 pit 10041 represents a further probable example, with the pottery from this feature occurring as larger and possibly freshly-broken sherds and in close association with artefacts of a probable domestic origin (an iron knife, worked bone weaving comb fragments and a quantity of birch bark tar), which are otherwise rarely represented at the site. This combination of artefacts within this context must identify pit 10041 as unusual, and comparable to the ‘structured’ pit groups which are a noted feature of Iron Age Wessex, and discussed in greater detail by Hill (1995) inter alia. The ‘selection’ of straight-sided saucepan pots may also be significant; this style being among the few exhibiting any ‘embellishment’ (burnishing).

6.18 The pottery assemblage provides no clear indication of the economic status of the original users. The virtual absence of certainly non-local pottery, or of what might be recognised as ‘finewares’ (i.e. decorated bowls), might suggest an insular community with a limited requirement for ‘non-utilitarian’ pottery. It is the case, however, that decorated or other ‘finewares’, and regionally-traded types, are generally uncommon within Middle Iron Age assemblages from this area, including those from Oram’s Arbour, Winchester, where a degree of elevated status is implied only by the nature of the site (Holmes et. al. 2004).

Items of Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey

6.19 Three fragments from two stone querns were recovered during the excavation. One is a probable quern fragment of coarse gritty sandstone (SF 2), from fill 30072, of post hole 30071. This context suggests that it may have been used as post-packing material. It exhibits one flat, pecked face. The other example comprises two adjoining fragments of a sandstone saddle-quern, which together represent approximately 90% of the original quern (SF 1). This was found within the top of the

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fill, 30105, of post hole 30104, and may represent a deliberately-placed item. It has been used, so that it is of worn, slightly concave form, both across and lengthways. Both querns appear likely to be from a nearby Upper Greensand exposure, though a precise source has not been identified. The items of worked stone are catalogued in Table 8 (Appendix C) of this report.

6.20 The querns have limited potential to add to our understanding of Iron Age domestic activity at the Cadnam Farm site, and may be considered alongside other domestic artefacts, particularly those from pit 10041. The context of the deposition of the saddle quern (SF 1) is of some interest, as this may relate to the life of Roundhouse 6. It is possible, however, that the two fragments were deposited separately within the feature, and that the quern could have been deliberately broken prior to deposition. The stone types used for both querns merit comparison with those from other sites, as relatively little is known about local Greensand sources.

Metalworking Debris by David Starley

Summary 6.21 The very small amount of metalworking debris recovered from excavations at Cadnam Farm, totalled just less than 400g. Visual examination identified the diagnostic material as derived from iron smithing activity. Contextual analysis may indicate whether this activity was linked to the occupation of the site, or merely represents a general off-site distribution of debris from ironworking in the locality. A summary of the metalworking debris, including a quantification by context, is given in Table 9, in Appendix D of this report.

Methodology for assessment of metalworking debris 6.22 A total of 391g of metalworking debris from the Cadnam Farm excavation was visually examined and tested with a streak plate. A magnet was also used to check any fine debris in the bags for hammerscale, and a flame test was used to confirm the identity of coke. The debris having been thoroughly washed, very little fine, loose material was found within the bags. The material was classified into the categories used by the specialist, which are based on those developed by the former English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory. Table 9, Appendix D, presents a summary of these findings, including a full listing, by context.

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Classification of debris (Table 9)

1. Diagnostic - Iron smithing 6.23 A single, relatively small smithing-hearth bottom was identified from the fill (30052) of pit (30050). These fayalitic (iron silicate) plano-convex blocks form in the base of a smithing hearth, as a result of the reaction between iron-scale and a source of silica, either the clay lining or any sand used as flux. They are distinctive, and provide good evidence of iron smithing, but may have been moved some distance from the site of working. Unfortunately, no micro-slags, flake or spheroidal hammerscale, which provide a surer indication of the site of any blacksmithing (Starley 1995), were found within the bulk bags.

2. Non-diagnostic ironworking 6.24 Two contexts, the fill (30142) of a Ditch 301 (30140), and a pit (30159), produced debris of a similar fayalitic composition, but not of distinctive form. These were classed as undiagnostic ironworking slags, as similar material is produced during iron smithing and smelting processes. However, it is more probable that these also derive from iron smithing.

3. Metalworking or other high temperature processes. 6.25 This group included a range of debris associated with the heating of a variety of clay structures, possibly including hearths, furnaces, kilns, domestic ovens, inadvertently- burned daub or other sources. While fired clay is the less severely-heated material, and could possibly derive from a domestic hearth, it should be noted that even metallurgical hearths and furnaces have regions of relatively low temperature. Vitrified hearth lining is clay that has been subjected to severely high temperatures and chemical attack on its outer surface, whilst cinder shows an all-over vitrification of clay that has spalled away from the hearth/furnace wall. The latter two categories, while not diagnostic of ironworking, may well also have resulted from this activity, and it should be noted that both the cinder and hearth/furnace were found in a context that also produced undiagnostic ironworking slag.

4. Fuel 6.26 A single sample from fill 10043 contained a mixture of charcoal and coke, or possibly partially-burned coal. As the use of coke as a fuel is a relatively recent innovation, this link with charcoal was unexpected, whether or not this had any association with metalworking. 47

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Discussion and conclusions 6.27 The debris is not stylistically datable. The examination of a relatively small sample of metallurgical debris from the site indicated that iron smithing was the definite source of one fragment, and the probable origin of much of the other debris. This was either carried out on a very small scale, possibly by an itinerant ironworker, or the debris may have diffused to this site from a larger ironworking operation within in its vicinity. In either case, ironworking does not appear to have been of particular economic importance to the occupants of the site. Any further spatial or chronological analysis of the debris is beyond the scope of this assessment.

6.28 While it was noted that all the metallurgical debris came from Area 3, the distribution of this material within Area 3, and the dating of the features concerned, has not been assessed within this specialist report. No focus for ironworking activity has been identified within Area 3, although it is possible that a number of phases of such activity are represented within the fills of Period 3 features.

Fired Clay by Katie Marsden

6.29 A total of 73 fragments (1971g) of fired clay was recorded from 15 deposits. The majority of fragments occur in a soft, pale buff fabric, some with a dark-grey core. A small proportion (15 fragments, 127g) occurs in a harder-fired, orange fabric. The fragments display no evidence of deliberate ‘tempering’, although sparse limestone inclusions were present amongst the material recorded from pit 10041 (fill 10043). None of the fragments display any features that might indicate an original form and function.

Metalwork by Katie Marsden

6.30 A total of three metal objects, two of iron and one probably of copper alloy, was recorded from deposit 10041 (fill 10043). The metalwork has been recorded to an Access database, and identifications are summarised in Table 2, below. The assemblage has been examined by a specialist conservator (Karen Barker), and items were subjected to x-radiography (X-ray plate K16/232).

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6.31 The extent of corrosion is variable. The ironwork, while characterised by heavy corrosion, is not consistently fragmented, with the knife being complete and the bar broken at each end. All items are currently stored in sealable plastic boxes with desiccating silica gel, and are considered to be stable.

Range and Variety

6.32 All three items of metalwork were recorded from pit fill 10043, a deposit which also contained worked bone weaving combs Ra. 5 and Ra. 6, together with quantities of pottery dateable to the Middle Iron Age, Period 2. The concentration of ‘special’ finds within this context suggests a structured deposit. This is discussed further in Section 8.6, below.

Table 2: Objects of Metalwork

Ra. Wt. Context Material No Type classification Date Ct. (g) Recommendations X-ray 10043 iron 0 bar 1 21 K16/232 10043 iron 0 knife Manning Type 11 IA 1 24 illustration K16/232 10043 copper alloy 0 object tube 1 19 XRF, illustration K16/232

6.33 The iron knife is small, measuring 87mm in length. Its form compares to that of Manning’s type 11, with its blade-back continuing in line from the handle, and is more or less straight (Manning 1985). Knives comparable in form, although larger, are known from Danebury (Sellwood 1984, fig. 7.10, nos. 2.28-30), from Middle or Later Iron Age contexts.

6.34 The iron bar is rectangular in section and form, with a curve to one end. The bar is broken at both ends, thus rendering difficult any formal identification of original form and function.

6.35 The function of the probable copper alloy object is uncertain. It comprises a circular- sectioned tube, measuring c. 20mm in length, with one enclosed end. The enclosed end features decoration as a moulded ring and dot design (one dot enclosed by two concentric rings). Preliminary assessments have been unable to identify convincing Iron Age parallels, although a decorative use, perhaps an end-cap for a tool or implement, is most likely.

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Items of Worked Bone by Katie Marsden & E. R. McSloy

6.36 A total of two items of worked bone (Ra. 5 and Ra. 6) were recorded from pit 10041 (fill 10043). Identifications are summarised in Table 3, below. Both recorded items are fragmentary, and Ra. 6 is also burnt and distorted. The surfaces of Ra. 5 appear weathered, probably as a result of the burial environment. Both worked bone items are identifiable as weaving combs of a well-known Iron Age type, and share characteristics of form and decoration with those from the sizeable Iron Age Danebury group (Sellwood 1984; Cunliffe and Poole 1991). Plain/simple combs of the kind represented by no. 1 made up approximately one third of those from the Danebury Group (Selwood 1984, 372). The square/expanded butt form of no. 3 was also well represented, and there are indications that this is a feature of Late Middle or Late Iron Age combs (Cunliffe and Poole 1991, 357).

6.37 Such items were typically made from cattle or horse long-bones, although the condition of Ra. 5 and Ra. 6 precludes identification of bone to species. Incised decoration similar to that of Ra. 6 also occurs within the Danebury Group (ibid, fig. 7.229, no. 3.37), and with an example from Meare, Somerset (Coles 1987).

Table 3: Items of Worked Bone – Catalogue Descriptions

Ra. Context Description

Six joining fragments from weaving combs. Burnt and distorted. Undecorated and with narrow, undefined butt. Surviving length 138mm; max. width 31mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043).

Three joining fragments from weaving comb. Burnt. Only the central section is represented, the butt end and teeth absent. The back features decoration in a zig- zag pattern executed in incised double lines (cf. Selwood 1984 fig. 7.29, no. 3.37). Surviving length 98mm; max. width 25mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043). 5 10043 Three non-joining fragments from weaving comb. The butt is of enlarged, rectangular form and (Sellwood 1984, 371). This is centrally perforated and decorated with paired, upper and lower marginal grooves. The fragments from the upper portion of the comb indicate that nine teeth were originally present. Width at 6 10043 head 31mm; at butt 34mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043).

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7. THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD

7.1 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. A total of 7 bulk samples were taken for the recovery of environmental remains. The biological record is quantified in Table 4, below;

Table 4: Quantification of Biological Record

Type Category Count

Animal bone Fragments 48

Samples Environmental 7

Animal bone by Matilda Holmes

Introduction 7.2 A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered from Areas 1, 2 and 3 of the Cadnam Farm site, spanning the Middle Iron Age to Early Roman periods. The sample was too small for detailed analysis, although some comments can be made regarding the taxa present. The results of the animal bone assessment are presented in Tables 10 and 11, Appendix E, of this report.

Methodology 7.3 Bones were identified using the author’s reference collection. Due to anatomical similarities between sheep and goat, bones of this type were assigned to the category ‘sheep/goat’, unless a definite identification (Zeder and Lapham 2010; Zeder and Pilaar 2010) could be made. Bones that could not be identified to species were, where possible, categorised according to the relative size of the animal represented (small – cat/ rabbit sized; medium – sheep/ pig/ dog size; or large – cattle/ horse size). Ribs were identified to size category where the head was present, vertebrae were recorded when the vertebral body was present, and maxilla, zygomatic arch and occipital areas of the skull were identified from skull fragments.

7.4 Tooth wear and eruption were recorded using guidelines from Grant (1982) and Payne (1973), as were bone fusion, metrical data (von den Driesch 1976), anatomy, side, zone (Serjeantson 1996) and any evidence of pathological changes, butchery (Lauwerier 1988; Sykes 2007) and working. The condition of bones was noted on a scale of 0-5, where 0 is fresh bone and 5, the bone is falling apart (Lyman 1994:

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355). Other taphonomic factors were also recorded, including the incidence of burning, gnawing, recent breakage and refitted fragments. All fragments were recorded, although articulated or associated fragments were entered as a count of 1, so they did not bias the relative frequency of species present. Details of associated bone groups were recorded in a separate table.

7.5 No sieved samples were available at this stage, which may lead to a negative bias in the number and variety of small mammals, fish and bird bones recorded in the assemblage.

Taphonomy and Condition 7.6 Bones were generally in fair to poor condition, with a high incidence of breakage (Table 10, Appendix E), the proportion of fresh breaks and refitted fragments indicating that burial conditions were not conducive to good preservation. The presence of a number of teeth remaining in the mandible, in addition to refitted fragments, further suggested that there had been little post-depositional disturbance. A few butchered and burnt bones reflect the processing of bones, and some gnawed fragments indicate that they were not always buried immediately after disposal, but were available for dogs to chew. A number of calcined bone fragments were recovered from Middle Iron Age (cxts 10045 and 10075) and late Iron Age-early Roman (cxt 30043) features.

The Assemblage 7.7 Because of the small sample size, there was little value in conducting a detailed analysis of the assemblage. Sheep/goat remains were most common in both phases (Table 11, Appendix E), although cattle and equids were also recovered in relatively high numbers. Occasional finds of pig, canid and red deer were also made. Red deer was represented by an antler tine, which may have been collected from shed antler, and therefore not necessarily implying hunting activity. The majority of bones came from head and upper limb bones, which suggests a bias towards meat-bearing parts of the carcase, although the sample is too small to be definite. Neonatal and very young sheep were evident from the mid-late Iron Age assemblage, indicating that they were bred nearby, and the tibia of a juvenile horse, of between two and four years of age, was also recovered.

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Plant Macrofossils and Molluscs by Sarah Wyles

7.8 The charred plant remains from a total of seven bulk soil samples were analysed from a range of features of Period 2 Middle-Late Iron Age date in Areas 1 and 3. Four samples were taken from 10041 in Area 1, and three samples from ditches in Area 3. The mollusc assemblages from these samples were also examined.

7.9 The bulk samples were processed following standard flotation methods, using a 250µm sieve for the recovery of the flot, and a 1mm sieve for the collection of the residue. All identifiable charred plant remains were identified following the nomenclature of Stace (1997) for wild plants, and traditional nomenclature, as provided by Zohary et alet. al (2012), for cereals. The results are recorded in Table 12, Appendix E.

7.10 The nomenclature for the mollusc assemblages follows Anderson (2005), and details of the ecological preferences of the species follow Evans (1972), Kerney (1999) and Davies (2008). The results are recorded in Table 13, Appendix E.

Charred Plant Remains by Sarah Wyles

7.11 The charred plant assemblages from fill 10043 (samples 1 and 2), of pit 10041, were dominated by weed seeds, while cereal remains outnumbered weed seeds in the smaller assemblages associated with pots Ra 3 and Ra 4, from fill 10043 (samples 6 and 7) of pit 10041.

7.12 The cereal remains were predominantly grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare), with some hulled wheat, emmer or spelt (Triticum dicoccum/spelta) grains, within the assemblages. A number of the hulled wheat grains were identifiable as being those of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta). No chaff elements were recorded.

7.13 The weed seed assemblages included seeds of medick (Medicago sp.), clover (Trifolium sp.), cleavers (Galium aparine), meadow grass/cat’s-tails (Poa/Phleum sp.), docks (Rumex sp.), vetch/wild pea (Vicia/Lathyrus sp.), field madder (Sherardia arvensis), oats (Avena sp.), brome grass (Bromus sp.) and scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum).

7.14 These assemblages, with the presence of both the larger seeded/seed head, and smaller-seeded, weed species, appear likely to be representative of debris from an earlier stage of crop processing, namely the stage at which the crops are harvested, threshed and winnowed, and coarse and fine-sieved in preparation for drying, prior to storage as semi-cleaned grain or spikelets (Hillman 1981, 1984). 53

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7.15 The assemblages, particularly those from around Ra 3 and Ra 4, contained quantities of vitrified material. This material appears to have formed under conditions of high heat, and contained a number of plant stem impressions. It is thought that this material probably comprises the remains of birch bark tar.

7.16 The moderate assemblage recovered from ditch 30140 (sample 4) was dominated by barley grains, with a few grains of hulled wheat and seeds of clover/medick. No chaff elements were present. A single barley grain was recorded from ditch 30137 (sample 3), and no plant remains from ditch 30126 (sample 5). The assemblage from ditch 30140 may be representative of cleaned grain.

7.17 Spelt wheat is the dominant wheat species during the Middle-Late Iron Age period in this part of the British Isles (Greig 1991), and is recorded, together with barley, from a number of other deposits of Iron Age date within the wider area, including the major assemblages at Danebury (Jones and Nye 1991), and smaller assemblages from Danebury Road, Hatch Warren (Letts 2005), Brighton Hill South (Fasham et. al 1995) and Viables Farm Basingstoke (Millett and Russell 1984).

7.18 The weed seed species are typical of grassland, field margins and arable environments. The majority of the weed seed species present are those favouring drier, calcareous soils, such as field madder, clover, medick, corn gromwell (Lithospermum arvensis) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata). The few seeds of mallow (Malva sp.), from pit 10041, are indicative of the presence of some damper environments in the vicinity. The presence of low-growing species, such as clover and medick, within the weed assemblages may suggest a low harvesting height by sickle (Hillman 1981).

7.19 Birch bark tar has been confirmed in use as a glue on repaired pottery sherds from a number of Iron Age and Roman sites (Seager Smith forthcoming), although there was no evidence of any residue on the pottery recovered from this site. Fragments of birch tar were recovered from an Iron Age pit at Carshalton (ibid.), and the charred plant assemblages from this pit also included smaller, seeded weed species and barley grains (Wyles forthcoming), as was the case at Cadnam Farm. At Carshalton, a number of the pottery sherds also showed glue repairs (Seager Smith forthcoming).

7.20 Birch bark tar is formed by heating birch bark fragments to temperatures in excess of 300-400˚C (Seager Smith et. al 2011, 125), and this may account for the very high levels of vitrification observed in the charcoal assemblages from this site (see 54

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Challinor, this report). Birch wood may not have been used as the fuel, but if bark was being removed from the tree for tar extraction, it may have been done in a sustainable way, rather than felling the tree (Challinor pers. comm).

7.21 It is possible that the probable birch tar fragments were dumped as old, or spoilt, material, along with domestic waste. The charred plant assemblages from pit 10041 were better preserved than the charcoal, and did not show the same signs of high vitrification. They are therefore unlikely to be directly associated with the probable birch tar fragments.

Summary

7.22 The cereal remains are compatible with the Middle-Late Iron Age date of the pottery assemblages, and these remains may be indicative of an early stage of crop processing taking place nearby. The weed seeds are typical of grassland, field margins and arable environments. The presence of probable birch tar fragments in some of the samples is noteworthy.

Mollusc Remains by Sarah Wyles

7.23 High numbers of mollusc shells were recovered from fill 10043 (samples 1 and 2) of pit 10043, and small numbers associated with pots Ra. 3 and Ra. 4 from the same pit. The assemblages were dominated by shells of the open-country species group, including Helicella itala, Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica and Pupilla muscorum, and the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus. These assemblages may be indicative of a well-established, open landscape, with both arable environments and pasture in the vicinity. The local pasture element may have comprised short-turved grassland. Small assemblages, with a similar composition, were recorded from ditches 30137 (sample 4) and 30140 (sample 4) in Area 3.

7.24 The large assemblage recovered from ditch 30126 (sample 5) was different in composition to the other samples. In this case, the shells of the shade-loving species were predominant, representing over half of the assemblage, and included those of Discus rotundatus, Carychium tridentatum, Aegopinella pura and Aegopinella nitidula. There were also a large number of shells of the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus. The open-country species only formed 14% of this assemblage. Although this ditch was probably situated within a generally well- established, open landscape, there are indications, from the shade-loving element, of the existence of larger-scale, shady environments within the vicinity of the Site, rather than simply niche micro-environments within the ditch itself. Discus 55

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rotundatus is a species which favours leaf-litter and the underside of logs within woodland and hedgerow environments, while Carychium tridentatum, Aegopinella nitidula and Aegopinella pura are all found in leaf-litter and in long, ungrazed grassland. The assemblage may therefore be indicative of the presence of long, unkempt grass, and possibly a hedgerow, near the ditch. There are no species exclusive to woodland within the assemblage.

Summary

7.25 The mollusc assemblages are indicative of a well-established, open landscape, with both arable environments and pasture within the vicinity of the Site. The pasture element may have comprised short-turfed grassland, and there appears to be some indication of long, unkempt grass, and a hedgerow, near ditch 30126.

Wood Charcoal by Dana Challinor

7.26 Six samples from Period 2, Middle to Late Iron Age features were submitted for the examination of charcoal. Four of the samples came from a single pit, 10041, in Area 1, and two from Area 3 ditches 30137 and 30140. The material was extremely sparse, with only a few small fragments present in most samples. All identifiable charcoal was examined, with the exception of two richer samples (3 & 6), from which a representative sample was examined. Standard identification procedures were followed, using identification keys (Hather 2000, Schweingruber 1990), and modern reference material. The limited results of the charcoal assessment are summarised in Table 5, below.

7.27 The condition of the charcoal was poor, with very high levels of vitrification, making it difficult to observe anatomical characteristics. Only one sample, from ditch 30137, produced a reasonable assemblage. This comprised comminuted slivers of Quercus sp. (oak), with some sapwood and roundwood noted. The other taxon positively identified was Prunus sp. (blackthorn/cherry), from the fills of pit 10043. This was probably P. spinosa (blackthorn), as it appeared to have large rays in transverse section, but it was not possible to confirm this in longitudinal sections. The non-oak charcoal originated from roundwood of small diameter. Traces of other non-oak taxa were recorded, but could not be confidently identified (Table 5).

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Table 5: Charcoal from the Period 2: Middle-Late Iron Age features

Area Area 1 Area 3 Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches Feature number 10041 30137 30140 10043, 10043, Context number 10043 10043 30139 30142 RA 3 RA 4 Sample number 1 2 6 7 3 4 Quercus sp. (oak) oak ++ + +++ +

Prunus sp. blackthorn/cherry + +

Prunoideae/Maloideae cherry /hawthorn + groups Indeterminate diffuse +

+=trace; ++=frequent; +++=abundant

7.28 Despite the large quantities of charred material in pit 10041, there was little preserved wood charcoal, and no identifiable bark fragments. If the charred material does represent birch tar (see Wyles, this report, for discussion), the charcoal may have derived from fuel waste from the process of heating the bark to extract the tar. However, there were no identifications of birch wood or bark, and it is possible that the charcoal entered the pit with a dump of general domestic fuel waste, along with the burnt cereal remains. The rich assemblage from ditch 30137 is also likely to represent a deliberate dump of waste fuelwood. The paucity of charcoal at the site prohibits further interpretation, except to say that oak would have been common and was clearly utilised for fuel in the Iron Age, as seen at other local sites of this period, including Danebury Hillfort (Poole 1984), and Dowd’s Farm (Pelling 2012).

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 The Cadnam Farm site appears to represent a newly-established area of scattered Middle Iron Age occupation, comprising a small enclosed settlement, with centrally- positioned house and ancillary features, together with areas of unenclosed settlement and agricultural activity within the vicinity. Unlike many areas of the Hampshire chalk-lands, the wider environs of this site are associated with only limited evidence of Middle and Later Iron Age settlement, and this has been summarised in Section 2.3, above. It is therefore difficult to consider the Cadnam Farm evidence in a sub-regional context, as relatively little investigation has been undertaken in this part of East Hampshire, and there are few local comparator sites. Cunliffe (2005, 252-3) has stated that the Middle Iron Age settlement landscape within central-southern Britain during this period was increasingly filled with farming 57

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settlements which were sited to optimise resources, and relate to central places. The Honeybourne Down enclosure described in Section 2.3 may conceivably have fulfilled the function of such a central place, although examples of contemporary settlements within its hinterland, beyond the few identified, are notably scarce. However, a wider regional conspectus reveals the Middle Iron Age as a period of rapid agricultural and settlement expansion (Haslegrove et. al 2001, 29), not least into previously unsettled and agriculturally less-favourable areas (see Haselgrove 1995, 80-7). Such movements may represent socially-directed migrations from areas of increasing population pressures and possibly degraded downland soils (see Cunliffe 1984, 31; 1995, 96). However, this interpretation may be qualified by the small quantities of residual Early Iron Age pottery which were recovered from pit and ditch fills within evaluation trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26, and may represent some form of earlier Iron Age activity around the Cadnam Farm site. Significantly, the evidence for Middle Iron Age occupation at Cadnam Farm does not appear to extend beyond the end of Period 2, and may have been of limited duration, which, on the basis of roundhouse evidence, possibly extended to no more than two or three generations. However, the deposits of domestic waste and ironworking debris in the fills of Period 3 ditches in Area 3 (sections 30123 and 30140 respectively), suggest that occupation of this date is likely to have continued in the vicinity.

The Period 3 Ditches 8.2 The Period 3 linear ditches 301, 302 and 303 in Area 3 are problematic, in that it is not possible to fully elucidate their form or function. Their location, within Fields 3 and 4 of the Site, precluded their identification by geophysical survey and hence any further interpretation of their form. The photograph in Fig. 5 appears to show soil colouration suggesting a right-angled, north-eastward return of Ditch 301, which might suggest that these ditches represent a ditched enclosure, although the excavator has confirmed that this is purely a photographic effect, and that Ditch 301 extended only as far as its northern terminal, as shown on Fig. 5. These features have therefore been interpreted as the possible opening of a drove-way, a not uncommon feature on the chalk-lands of south-central Britain, where such openings appear to represent the entry, or collection, points of extensive trackway systems. These are generally associated with the movement and handling of livestock, and frequently comprise part of rectilinear field systems (see Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 84, 85, Fig. 3.19; 110, Fig. 4.12). These ditches comprise substantial features (Fig. 5), whose form and layout suggest that they comprised part of a single coherent scheme of landscape reorganisation following the end of Period 2 58

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occupation. In this case, it might be expected that traces of a ditched drove-way might extend southward from these excavated features, although, surprisingly, these were not identified within any of the surrounding evaluation trenches.

Evidence of Industrial Activity

8.3 Small quantities of metalworking debris were recovered from the Cadnam Farm site, and principally from the ditch fills of Period 3 date in Area 3. The small quantities of diagnostic material present indicated smithing activity, although it is possible that other industrial activities may be represented, and the presence of birch bark tar may be significant in this context. There is no evidence of iron smelting activity on, or around, the site. It is possible that at least some of this debris could be residual material of earlier Iron Age date, although evidence of small-scale ironworking is a common aspect of Middle and Late Iron Age sites within the region, and is well represented elsewhere (Cunliffe 2005, 495). However, a number of broadly contemporary sites in Hampshire have produced no evidence of ironworking, including those at Easton Lane and Winnall Down (Fasham 1985; Fasham et. al, 1989), and Oram’s Arbour, Winchester (Qualmann et. al, 2004). Limited evidence suggests that here, as elsewhere, ironworking may have been undertaken on a small-scale, episodic basis, was and designed to meet domestic needs, or as a form of diversification within a predominantly farming economy (Hingley 1997).

Evidence of Roundhouse Structures

8.4 Enclosure 1.1 within Area 1, contained two concentric sections of gulley, which on the basis of respective profiles and fills may be interpreted as an inner ring-gulley (105) and outer drip-gulley (104), representing a circular-plan building of c. 12m internal diameter (fig. 3). Area 2 was associated with two superimposed ring-gullies of comparative diameter, representing Roundhouses 3 and 4, Fig.4), together with a closely-adjacent gulley which, on the basis of form and profile, may represent a third circular-plan building (Roundhouse 5). The limited extent of areas excavated precludes further interpretation of the character of settlement, although geophysical survey (Pre-Construct Geophysics 2015) failed to reveal any traces of these features. It is therefore possible that a more extensive area of settlement features may be associated with the eastern part of the site, between Areas 1 and 2, as possibly suggested by the evidence of evaluation trenches in this area (CA 2015, Fig. 2). On the basis of available evidence, the roundhouses in Area 2 may be of a 59

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date which is only broadly contemporary with that of the enclosed settlement in Area 1, and it is possible that these two areas represent successive phases of Period 2 occupation. The relationship between enclosed and unenclosed settlement appears to have been fairly fluid in the later Middle Iron Age, and it is possible that Roundhouse 1 may pre-date Enclosure 1.1 (see Bowden and McOmish 1987; Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 130-31). Comparative regional evidence, including that from Winnall Down, Hampshire (Fasham 1985), suggests that much open settlement of this period developed with little reference to any earlier, enclosed settlement. In addition, the regional Middle Iron Age record displays considerable variety in terms of relationships between enclosed and unenclosed settlement and the areas enclosed, including approaches adopted to enclosing ancillary features such as pits, four-post structures etc (see Lambrick 2014, 135-6).

Evidence for smaller post-built structures

8.5 A small, post-built structure, of circular plan and c. 4-5m in internal diameter, was situated to the north-west of Enclosure 1.1, in Area 1 (Roundhouse 2, Fig. 3). The component post settings were all undated, although it can be reasonably inferred that Roundhouse 2 was broadly contemporary with Enclosure 1.1, but may pre-date Ditch 101 of the associated drove-way entrance. Within Area 3, Roundhouse 6 (Fig. 5) was of similar stake, or post-built type, and represented a small, approximately circular-plan building of c. 6.5m in internal diameter. In both cases, the shallow surviving depths of the post settings and the small internal dimensions of the building, suggest that these were not substantial, domestic dwellings (Sharples 2010, 193, Fig. 4.4), and may have been relatively transient structures. Harding (2009, 68) has observed that simple, post or stake-built roundhouses of this type rarely attain the same proportions as those of more ‘traditional’ (i.e. ring-gulley) construction, and that it is by no means certain that all such examples were roofed. The small sizes of Roundhouses 2 and 6 on the Cadnam Farm site suggests an alternative interpretation as livestock pens, or the ‘working areas’ associated with a number of contemporary sites (Collard et. al, 2006; Harding 2009, 68; Cunliffe 2005, 271-3), although these examples are otherwise within the size-range of Iron Age domestic structures recorded within the region (Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 141). In this case, a domestic function could be inferred by the remains of a quern recovered from the upper fill of post hole 30104, immediately adjacent to Roundhouse 6. This item may represent a deliberately placed object which may have been connected with the life of the house, and commemorate a particular

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event. The presence of two distinctive roundhouse types across the site may also suggest different contemporary functions, or conversely, different phases of occupation, with the smaller, post-built houses possibly pre-dating the larger ring- gulley types.

8.6 The evidence in Area 2 appears to indicate that Gullies 205, 206, 202, 20052 and pit 20060 all comprised disconnected elements of a single ring-gulley, which would originally have been a continuous feature representing the plan of a single house (Roundhouse 3, Fig. 4). Similarly, ring gulley 204 and segmented gulley 20064 plausibly represent the plan of a later, partly superimposed roundhouse (Roundhouse 4, Fig. 4), of closely comparable size. This evidence appears to be complemented by the circular configurations of internal pits or post holes, which may be interpreted as two respective rings of internal post supports. On the assumption that Roundhouse 4 was a direct successor to Roundhouse 3, it is tempting to speculate on the possible timescales involved. A number of commentators (Brϋck 1991, 149; Brossler and Allen 2004, Figs. 13 and 16) have suggested that the use- life of a prehistoric roundhouse may have been coeval with the life of its principal inhabitant, and such short lifespans may be evident in a number of excavated examples, including at Reading Business Park (Barnes et. al 1997, Fig. 4.14), where numerous superimposed roundhouse plans were recorded, without much evidence for a lengthy period of occupation in each case. At the near-contemporary site of Winklebury, Basingstoke (Smith 1977), a roundhouse appeared to have been reconstructed on almost the same spot on at least three different occasions (cf. Guilbert 1981, 301-2). This may qualify a body of evidence which otherwise suggests that abandoned house sites may have been considered taboo, and not subsequently built upon. Sharples (2010, 228) has suggested that there may have been no direct succession between occupants and their descendants in such cases, and that the reconstruction of a house on, or close to, the location of the original, may simply signify a deliberate act of inheritance by a new generation, possibly involving the re-use of the timbers of the original house. This could conceivably involve an interval in occupation of a generation or more in some cases, although it is not possible to refine any chronological relationship between Roundhouses 3 and 4.

Evidence for Structured Deposition

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8.7 Both evaluation and excavation stages provided possible evidence of structured deposition. Two large post pits, 7903 and 7907, within evaluation trench 79, each contained what appeared to be a specially-placed item within their fills. In the case of post pit 7903, this included a bone comb within primary fill 7904, and in the case of post pit 7907, the single fill, 7908, contained an almost complete pottery vessel of Middle Iron Age date. During the excavation of Area 3, fragments of a sandstone saddle quern (SF 1) were recovered from the top of the fill 30105, of post hole 30104, located immediately to the south-east of Roundhouse 6 (Fig. 5). It is possible to interpret each of these as deliberately-placed items, whose deposition may mark particular events. It is possible that the quern fragments relate to the decommissioning or demolition of Roundhouse 6 (see Hill 1995, 100-1, 108; Bradley 2005, 114, 119). In view of any excavated surrounding context, the significance of the items within the Trench 79 post pits can only be tentatively interpreted, although it is possible that these commemorate similar circumstances relating to domestic occupation in either Area 1 or Area 2.

8.8 Pit 10041 (fill 10043), was located within the north-eastern margins of Area 1, and contained a relatively rich assemblage of partially-complete pots (Ra. 3 and Ra. 4), together with an iron knife (Ra. 1), a metal bead (Ra. 2) and two items of worked bone (Ra. 5 and Ra. 6). The dark, humic, charcoal-rich character of this fill suggests a deposit of domestic waste, although the inclusion of a number of household objects strongly suggests deliberate placement and a possible act of commemoration. The essentially domestic character of these items, and that of the deposit in which they were placed, certainly falls within the definition of structured deposition described by Hill (1995, 39-40), in which certain exceptional items, in addition to a differentiated sequence of fills of different character, may be readily distinguished from deposits of mixed and relatively homogenous character. It is possible to speculate on the possible relationship of pit 10041 to the occupation of the adjacent Enclosure 1.1, and to specific events in the life of this settlement. In observing the spatial relationships of such deposits to later prehistoric settlements and houses, and their role in the commemoration of life-events or domestic practice, Hill (1995, 88-9) has suggested that these are essentially of an infrequent, episodic nature (cf. Sharples 2010, 236). Lambrick and Robinson (2009, 286) observe that such deposits mark significant episodes of change, which in this case may mark the death, or departure from the community, of a specific individual. Equally possible in this context may be the closure or abandonment of the settlement itself (cf. Gerritsen 2003, 102-4; Bradley 2005, 79-80), which may only represent a single, short-lived 62

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phase of occupation which was coeval with the lifetime of its principal inhabitant (Sharples 2010, 222-3). While fill 10043 contained no structural material, including daub, its high charcoal content may partly represent the destruction of Roundhouse 1 (Brϋck 1999, 151-2).

Evidence for Farming Regimes

8.9 Conditions on the Cadnam Farm site were not particularly conducive to the survival of organic remains, and only tentative conclusions can be drawn regarding the nature of the Middle Iron Age farming economy. Limited samples of cereal grains were dominated by barley, with some emmer or spelt wheat. This is broadly typical for the period, although no other cultivated species were present. Significantly, none of the seven samples taken contained any evidence of chaff or crop processing. This may simply mean that the grain in question had been cleaned and, in the case of pit 10041, was derived from purely domestic contexts, and that crop processing may have taken place elsewhere on site. Wyles (this report) has suggested that weed seed component of the samples obtained may be indicative of an early stage of crop processing, which may have been undertaken prior to storage. None of the pits investigated were of a size and profile which suggested an original use for agricultural storage. The limited sample of poorly-preserved animal bone was broadly typical of the period in terms of species composition, but possibly with a slight preponderance of cattle. It is possible that this settlement was principally pastoral in its economic outlook, and relied upon imports of cleaned and processed grain from elsewhere, although this would be quite untypical of Hampshire Middle Iron Age sites as whole. Significantly, Wyles (this report) has assessed the mollusc assemblages from this site as representative of a well-established, open landscape, with both arable cultivation and pasture land within the vicinity. This supports interpretations of an integrated, mixed farming economy on the site during Period 2 (Cunliffe 2005, 418-19).

Two-post structures

8.10 The three excavation areas have provided evidence for a variety of post-built structures, in addition to a number of circular-plan buildings (Roundhouses 1-6, Figs. 3-5). Four-post structures of conventional Iron Age type are recorded in Area 1 and 3, with a six-post structure recorded in the north-west corner of Area 3. These are common features of late prehistoric sites across southern Britain (cf. Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 97-101, 104-5; Cunliffe 2005, 411-12), where they are generally 63

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associated with aspects of food storage. There are also a number of what appear to be paired post holes in Areas 1 and 3, which may also represent simple post-built structures, Area 3 is associated with some seven examples, with paired post holes of comparable dimensions and fills separated by distances of between one and two metres. Such paired post holes are not commonly described in the excavation literature for the period, but were originally interpreted by Bersu and others on an ethnographic basis, i.e. as free-standing racks used for the drying of fodder or other materials (Harding 1972, 37-8). This interpretation was tested experimentally at Butser by Reynolds (Reynolds 1999, 156-62), but remains otherwise unconfirmed, due not least to the large number of possible alternative interpretations, and a general lack of supporting archaeological evidence.

9. STORAGE AND CURATION

9.1 The archive is currently held at the CA Andover office, while post-excavation work proceeds. Upon completion of the project, and with the agreement of the legal landowners, the site archive and artefactual collection will be deposited with the Hampshire Cultural Trust (accession number: A2015.66), which has agreed in principle to accept the complete archive upon completion of the project.

10. PUBLICATION

10.1 The results from the investigations at Cadnam Farm are of sub-regional significance, and merit publication. The site is a locally-rare example of Middle Iron Age enclosed and unenclosed settlement, and may be illustrative of a period of settlement expansion and social formation within an otherwise sparsely inhabited area to the north of the Wey valley. It contains evidence of a number of examples of circular-plan houses of different modes of construction, together with other post-built structures. Connected with these may be some interesting examples of structured deposition, together with evidence of possible landscape change and reorganisation in the Late Iron Age period. It is therefore proposed that a short excavation report is published in due course, in the Hampshire county journal, Hampshire Studies.

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

11.1 The evaluation and excavation stages of the project were managed for Cotswold Archaeology by Damian de Rosa, and were undertaken by Oliver Good, assisted by Jeremy Clutterbuck, Tim Street, Jack Marten-Jones, Natasha Djukic, Emily Stynes, Steve Bush, Nida Bhunnoo and Amber O’Hara. The pottery assessment and 64

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reporting was undertaken by Ed McSloy (CA), and the lithics report by Jacky Sommerville (CA). Reporting and assessment of fired clay and metal work was by Katie Marsden (CA), who also assisted Ed McSloy in the assessment of items of worked bone. The metalworking debris was assessed by David Starley, and the Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey. The plant remains, and molluscs were assessed and reported by Sarah Wyles (CA), and the wood charcoal by Dana Challinor. The animal bone was assessed and reported by Matilda Holmes. Report illustrations were prepared by Leo Heatley and Aleksandra Osinka (CA). Finds supervision was undertaken by Andy Donald. The post-excavation project was managed by Richard Massey, who also contributed to this report. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Turley Associates throughout the excavation and post-excavation phases of the project, and the advice received from Neil Adam and David Hopkins, respectively the Senior Archaeologist and the Senior Historic Environment Officer (SHEO) for Hampshire County Council.

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Coles, S. M. 1987 The Excavation of A. Bulleid and H. St. George Gray 1932-1956, Somerset Levels Papers, vol. 13.

Collard, M, Darvill, T. and Watts, M. 2006 ‘Ironworking in the Bronze Age ? Evidence from the 10th Century BC Settlement at Hartshill Copse, Upper Bucklebury, West Berkshire’, Proc.Prehist.Soc. 72, 367-422.

Cunliffe, B. 1984a Danebury: An Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire. Volume 2: The excavations, 1969-1978: the finds. CBA Research Report No 52. London. Council for British Archaeology.

Cunliffe, B.W. 1984b ‘Iron Age Wessex: Continuity and Change’, in, Cunliffe, B.W. and Miles, D. (eds) Aspects of the Iron Age in Central-Southern Britain, Oxford, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 2, 12-45. 66

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Table 6: Context Descriptions

Context Group Spot Context type Fill_of Ctx_Description date Area 1/ Irregular in plan, rounded and concave sides CADF16 10003 cut which are steep. Tree-throw hollow. u/d Light greyish-brown, silty clay which is Area 1/ compact. < 50% 70mm, or less, angular chalk. < CADF16 10004 fill 10003 5% 50mm or less angular flint. Dark, greyish- brown clayey silt, which is Area 1/ friable. <10% 50mm or less angular chalk. <1% CADF16 10005 fill 10003 50mm or less angular flint. Irregular in plan, with rounded corners. Area 1/ Gradual breaks of slope, with steep and CADF16 10006 cut concave sides. Tree-throw hollow. u/d Area 1/ Light yellowish-brown clayey silt, which is CADF16 10007 fill 10006 friable but firm, c. 30% chalk. Linear, NW-SE alignment, with parallel sides. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate-shallow sides Area 1/ which are concave. Gradual breaks of slope. Ditch CADF16 10008 cut Irregular base. Possible lynchet. 102 2 Mid greyish-brown silty clay, which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk nodules Area 1/ and flecking (<30mm). Moderate amount of CADF16 10009 fill 10008 sub-angular flint throughout (<40mm). Circular in plan. Moderately-steep sides, which Area 1/ are rounded/concave. Rounded base. Small CADF16 10010 cut posthole. R/h 2 u/d Mid greyish-brown clayey silt, which is friable. Area 1/ <10mm sub-angular chalk, <20mm angular CADF16 10011 fill 10010 flint. Area 1/ Oval in plan. Moderate and concave/rounded CADF16 10012 cut sides. Flat base. Large posthole. R/h 2 u/d Mid greyish-brown clayey silt, which is friable. Area 1/ <5% 10mm or less sub-angular flint. <1% CADF16 10013 fill 10012 50mm or less sub-rounded flint. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope, concave gentle slope. Sub- Area 1/ rounded base, tapered rounded point. CADF16 10014 cut Posthole. R/h 2 u/d Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable Area 1/ and firm. <5% chalk rubble, <5% sub-angular CADF16 10015 fill 10014 flint. Sub-oval in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Moderate-steep sides which Area 1/ are concave. Sub-rounded base, tapered CADF16 10016 cut rounded point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d Area 1/ Mid greyish-brown clayey silt which is friable CADF16 10017 fill 10016 and firm. <5% chalk rubble. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual Area 1/ breaks of slope. Gentle slope which are CADF16 10018 cut concave. Tapered rounded point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d Area 1/ Mid greyish-brown silty clay which is friable CADF16 10019 fill 10018 and firm. <5% chalk rubble. 73

Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Sharp Area 1/ breaks of slope. Steep and concave. Tapered CADF16 10020 cut round point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d Mid brownish grey clayey silt which is friable Area 1/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) CADF16 10021 fill 10020 fill. Sub-circular in plan, rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Moderate and concave sides. Area 1/ Tapered rounded point. Posthole, possibly part CADF16 10022 cut of roundhouse. Rh 2 u/d Mid brownish grey clayey silt which is friable Area 1/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) CADF16 10023 fill 10022 fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Straight-moderate slope which Area 1/ are concave. Flat base. Posthole, possibly part CADF16 10024 cut of roundhouse. Rh 2 u/d Mid greyish-brown clayey silt which is friable Area 1/ and firm. Chalk rubble <5%. Single(secondary) CADF16 10025 fill 10024 fill. Oval. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate slope, slightly irregular with Area 1/ moderate break of slope. Flattish base. Refuse Pit CADF16 10026 cut pit. 10026 u/d Area 1/ Mid brown clayey silt which is firm throughout. CADF16 10027 fill 10026 10% 100mm or less sub-angular flint and chalk. Area 1/ Very light brown and white silty clay and chalk. CADF16 10028 fill 10026 Compact. Re-deposited natural. Circular in plan. Moderate-steep sides which Area 1/ are rounded and concave. Rounded/concave Pit CADF16 10029 cut base. Posthole. 10026 u/d Area 1/ CADF16 10000 layer Topsoil - Dark greyish brown clayey silt. Area 1/ CADF16 10001 layer Subsoil - Light yellowish brown silty clay. Area 1/ CADF16 10002 layer Natural - Chalk. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <5% 30mm or less sub-angular chalk. <1% Area 1/ 30mm or less sub-angular flint. CADF16 10030 fill 10029 Single(secondary) fill. Circular in plan. Rounded and concave sides which are moderately sloped. Area 1/ Rounded/concave base. Posthole, possibly CADF16 10031 cut forms an IA roundhouse. R/h 2 u/d Area 1/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 10032 fill 10031 <5% 10mm or less angular chalk. Oval. Sharp and concave. East side is vertical into moderate. West side is rounded/concave, Area 1/ moderate slope. Base is irregular. Large Pit CADF16 10033 cut posthole. 10026 u/d Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and soft. <40% 120mm or less angular flint. Area 1/ <10% 30mm or less angular chalk. CADF16 10034 fill 10033 Single(secondary) fill. Sub-rectangular, NW-SE alignment. Rounded Area 1/ corners. Sharp breaks of slope. Steep and Posthole CADF16 10035 cut concave sides. Sub-rounded base. Pit. 10035 2 Mid greyish-brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ but firm. Chalk rubble c.20%; charcoal flecking CADF16 10036 fill 10035 <5%. Single (secondary) fill. Area 1/ 10037 cut Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides Pit 2 74

CADF16 with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. 10037 Waste pit. Dark brown silty clay which is firm throughout. 10% 70mm or less sub-angular flint and chalk. Area 1/ Occasional charcoal flecks. Dumped deposition CADF16 10038 fill 10037 intermixed with secondary deposition. Dark brown and white silty clay with 40% chalk Area 1/ inclusions. 10% 200 mm or less sub-angular CADF16 10039 fill 10037 flint and occasional charcoal. Dumped fill. Dark brown with white flecks silty clay. Firm throughout. 5% 60mm or less sub-rounded Area 1/ flints and chalk. Occasional charcoal flecks. CADF16 10040 fill 10037 Secondary fill. Circular in plan. Imperceptible sides. Concave/irregular on northern side. Undercut Area 1/ mainly on southern side. Steep on both sides. Pit CADF16 10041 cut Base is imperceptible/flat. IA pit. 10041 2 Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 1/ <1% 10mm or less sub-rounded chalk. Primary CADF16 10042 fill 10041 fill. Dark blackish brown sandy silt which is friable and soft. <1% 70mm or less aub-angular chalk. <1% 50mm or less aub-angular flint. <50% 30mm or less charcoal flecks. Dump of burnt Area 1/ material. Registered artefacts 1 to 6 were CADF16 10043 fill 10041 found within this fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Gradual slopes, steeper on SE P/h CADF16 30037 cut edge. Irregular/uneven base. Posthole. 30037 u/d Area 3/ Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is CADF16 30038 fill 30037 friable. Moderate amount of flint. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Vertical side on SW edge, Very CADF16 30039 cut steep on NE edge. Flat base. Posthole. R/h 6 u/d Area 3/ Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Gravel CADF16 30040 fill 30039 and chalk inclusions. Single fill. Circular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Gently concaved base. Posthole, likely Area 3/ associated with 30029, 30031 and 30043. CADF16 30041 cut Possibly forms a 4-post structure. F-PS 2 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate-compact. 90% flint (<200mm). CADF16 30042 fill 30041 Packing fill. Circular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat base. Posthole, likely associated with Area 3/ 30029, 30031 and 30041. Possibly forms a 4- CADF16 30043 cut post structure. F-P S 2 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate-compact. 90% flint (<200mm). CADF16 30044 fill 30043 Packing fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical Area 3/ sides. Concave base. Posthole, likely associated CADF16 30045 cut with 30033, 30035, 30048 and 30071. R/h 6 u/d Light yellowish white silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate in compaction and sticky. Chalk and CADF16 30046 fill 30045 flint inclusions. Single (secondary) fill. Area 3/ Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare CADF16 30047 fill 30045 amount of (small) stone. Packing fill (?). Circular plan. Very steep sides. Gently Area 3/ concaved base. Posthole, likely associated with CADF16 30048 cut 30033, 30035, 30045 and 30071. R/h 6 u/d Light whitish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate in compaction and sticky. Some CADF16 30049 fill 30048 chalk and flint. Single fill. 75

Rectangular in plan. NE-SW alignment. Sub- Area 3/ rounded corners. Very steep sides with sharp Pit CADF16 30050 cut breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit (refuse?). 30050 3 Light yellowish brown and white. Chalky clay Area 3/ which is friable. 1% sub-rounded flint CADF16 30051 fill 30050 (120mm); pottery. Primary fill. Mid brown homegenous clayey silt which is moderate - friable. 5% sub-rounded flint Area 3/ (<100mm): charcoal flecks; fired clay; slag; CADF16 30052 fill 30050 worked flint. Dumped fill. Light-mid brown clayey silt which moderate in Area 3/ compaction. 1% sub-rounded flint and chalk CADF16 30053 fill 30050 (<40mm). Dump fill (redeposited natural). Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave base. P/h CADF16 30054 cut Posthole. 30054 u/d Light greyish brown silty clau which is friable Area 3/ and sticky. Some (small) flint, chalk and stone. CADF16 30055 fill 30054 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides. Flat, slighty P/h CADF16 30056 cut concave base. Posthole. 30056 u/d Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Common Area 3/ amount of moderately sized sub-angular flint. CADF16 30057 fill 30056 Single fill. Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual Area 3/ breaks of slope. Narrow and concave base. P/h CADF16 30058 cut Posthole. 30058 u/d Area 3/ Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30059 fill 30058 Some (small) round flint. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Very steep sides, almost P/h CADF16 30060 cut vertical. Narrow and concave base. Posthole. 30060 R/h 6 Area 3/ Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Primary CADF16 30061 fill 30060 fill (?). Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Common amount of (small) flint and chalk. CADF16 30062 fill 30060 Secondary fill. Area 3/ Oval in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of P/h CADF16 30063 cut slope. Unevenly flat. Pit. 30063 u/d Area 3/ Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30064 fill 30063 Some flint. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual P/h CADF16 30065 cut breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole. 30065 u/d Area 3/ Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30066 fill 30065 Rare amount of flint. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual P/h CADF16 30067 cut breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole. 30067 u/d Area 3/ Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30068 fill 30067 Rare amount of flint. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Gradual slopes. Very shallow. P/h CADF16 30069 cut Uneven, flat base. 30069 u/d Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable- Area 3/ moderate in compaction. Some chalk. Single CADF16 30070 fill 30069 fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Very steep sides. Concave CADF16 30071 cut base. U-shaped posthole. R/h 6 u/d Pale greyish brown silty clay which is moderate Area 3/ in compaction. Moderate amount of chalk, flint CADF16 30072 fill 30071 and stone. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate CADF16 30073 cut slope with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit u/d 76

Waste pit. 30073 Area 3/ Mid brown silty clay which is loose. 50% sub- CADF16 30074 fill 30073 angular flint (<120mm). Dumped fill. Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ friable. Sparse amount of (small) stones. CADF16 30075 fill 30029 Deliberate backfill (?). Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ friable. Sparse amount of (small) stones. CADF16 30076 fill 30031 Deliberate backfill (?). Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ friable. Sparse amount of (small) stones. CADF16 30077 fill 30041 Deliberate backfill (?). Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ friable. Sparse amount of (small) stones. CADF16 30078 fill 30043 Deliberate backfill (?). Area 2/ Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20011 fill 20010 Single(secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Moderate and concave sides. Concave base. CADF16 20012 cut Posthole. Pit 2012 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20013 fill 20012 Chalk rubble c.10%. Single(secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks P/h CADF16 20014 cut of slope. Flat base. Posthole. 20014 u/d Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20015 fill 20014 Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks P/h CADF16 20016 cut of slope. Concave base. Posthole. 20016 u/d Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20017 fill 20016 Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) fill. Sub-oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and Area 2/ straight sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit CADF16 20018 cut Posthole. 20018 2 Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable.Large sub-angular flint <5%; chalk Area 2/ rubble <5%; charcoal flecking <5%. CADF16 20019 fill 20018 Single(secondary) fill. Linear. SE-NW alignment. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of Gulley CADF16 20020 cut slope. Flat base. Gulley terminus. 202 2 Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable Area 2/ but firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. Single(secondary) CADF16 20021 fill 20020 fill. Linear, curved. SE-NW alignment. Gentle and Area 2/ concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat Gulley CADF16 20022 cut base. Shallow gulley. 202 2 Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable Area 2/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. CADF16 20023 fill 20022 Single(secondary) fill. Linear, curved. SE-NW alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp Area 2/ breaks of slope. Flat base. Gulley terminus. Gulley CADF16 20024 cut Associated with 20020 and 20022. 202 2 Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable Area 2/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. CADF16 20025 fill 20024 Single(secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. P/h CADF16 20026 cut Concave base. Posthole. 20026 2

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ Chalk rubble c.20%; charcoal flecking <5%. CADF16 20027 fill 20026 Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Moderate-steep and concave sides. Rounded Area 2/ breaks of slope. Concave base. Gulley Gulley CADF16 20028 cut terminus. 204 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20029 fill 20028 <10% sub-angular flint (<40mm). Linear, curved. N-S alignment. Moderate-steep Area 2/ and convex. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat. Gulley CADF16 20030 cut Gulley of possible IA roundhouse. 204 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ <1% charcoal flecks (<10mm). Single CADF16 20031 fill 20030 (secondary) fill. Linear. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Steep and concave sides. Rounded breaks of Gulley CADF16 20032 cut slope. Concave base. Gulley terminus. 206 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20033 fill 20032 Chalk rubble c.20%. Single (secondary) fill. Linear. NW-SE alignment. Gentle and concave Area 2/ sides. Concave base. Gulley, next to other Gulley CADF16 20034 cut gulley 20032. 205 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20035 fill 20034 Chalk rubble c.30%. Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). NW-SE alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Area 2/ Flat base. Gulley terminus, possibly used for Gulley CADF16 20036 cut drainage. Associated with 20034. 205 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20037 fill 20036 Chalk rubble c.40%. Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). N-S alignment. Shallow- Area 2/ moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of Gulley CADF16 20038 cut slope. Flattish base. 204 2 Light-mid greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 2/ friable but firm. Very common amount of chalk CADF16 20039 fill 20038 (<50mm). Single (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. NE- SW alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave Area 2/ sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Gulley CADF16 20040 cut base. Gulley. 204 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<40mm); Area 2/ sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm). CADF16 20041 fill 20040 Single (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Shallow-moderate and Area 2/ concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub- Gulley CADF16 20042 cut rounded base. Gulley. 205 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk Area 2/ (<30mm); rare amount of charcoal flecking CADF16 20043 fill 20042 (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave Area 2/ sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Gulley CADF16 20044 cut base. Gulley. 206 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm); sparse amount of charcoal flecking Area 2/ (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single CADF16 20045 fill 20044 (secondary) fill. 78

Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Area 2/ Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley CADF16 20046 cut Gulley. 204 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<50mm); Area 2/ sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<50mm). CADF16 20047 fill 20046 Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. NE-SW alignment. Rounded Area 2/ corners. Very steep sides. Sharp breaks of Pit CADF16 20048 cut slope. Concave base. Posthole. 20048 2 Light greyish brown chalky silty clay which is Area 2/ firm throughout. 2% sub-angular flint CADF16 20049 fill 20048 (<100mm). Packing fill. Light greyish brown chalky silty clay which is Area 2/ firm throughout. 2% sub-angular flint CADF16 20050 fill 20048 (<100mm). Packing fill. Area 2/ Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. CADF16 20051 fill 20048 5% chalk. Deliberate backfill. Linear. NE-SW alignment. Very shallow, Area 2/ impercetible breaks of slope. Flat base. Gulley CADF16 20052 cut Remnants of truncated ditch (?). 20052 2 Light brown and white silt clay with chalk Area 2/ rubble. Firm throughout. 25% chalk (<90mm). CADF16 20053 fill 20052 Occasional charcoal flecking. Secondary fill. Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual Area 3/ breaks of slope. Flat, slightly concave base. CADF16 30079 cut Posthole. R/h 6 u/d Mid greyish brown silty chalky clay which is Area 3/ friable. Moderate amount of chalk and flint. CADF16 30080 fill 30079 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep and slightly concave CADF16 30081 cut sides. Narrow and flat base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Moderate amount of flint; charcoal flecks. CADF16 30082 fill 30081 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. CADF16 30083 cut Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Moderate amount of flint; charcoal flecks. CADF16 30084 fill 30083 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides, almost vertical on CADF16 30085 cut NE edge. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Moderate amount of flint; charcoal flecks. CADF16 30086 fill 30085 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. CADF16 30087 cut Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Moderate amount of flint; charcoal flecks. CADF16 30088 fill 30087 Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides. Very shallow. CADF16 30089 cut Narrow and concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Mid brown clayey silt which is moderate in Area 3/ compaction. Small flint inclusions, charcoal CADF16 30090 fill 30089 flecks. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides, gradual breaks of CADF16 30091 cut slope. Flat and uneven base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable- Area 3/ loose. Rare (small) flint, charcoal flecks. Single CADF16 30092 fill 30091 fill.

Area 3/ Sub-oval in plan. Gradual slopes, sharp breaks Pit CADF16 30093 cut of slope. Uneven and irregular base. Pit. 30093 2 Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 3/ and sticky. Small sub-angular flint and charcoal CADF16 30094 fill 30093 patches. Bottom (secondary) fill. Mid brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction. Large sub-angular flint and chalk Area 3/ throughout; charcoal chunks. Top (secondary) CADF16 30095 fill 30093 fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave base. U- CADF16 30096 cut shaped posthole. Struct 3 u/d Area 3/ Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30097 fill 30096 Rare charcoal flecking. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Gradual and concave sides. CADF16 30098 cut Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Light-mid brown silty clay which is friable- Area 3/ moderate sides. Very common sub-angular CADF16 30099 fill 30098 flint; charcoal flecks. Curvilinear ditch terminus. NE-SW alignment. Steep sides. Graduals breaks of slope. Flat base. Slightly greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 3/ friable. Slightly chalk; some sub-angular flint. Ditch CADF16 30100 cut Single fill. 302 3 Slightly greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 3/ friable. Slightly chalk; some sub-angular flint. CADF16 30101 fill 30100 Single fill. Sub-oval plan. Steep and irregular sides. Area 3/ Gradual breaks of slope. Undulating/irregular T-T CADF16 30102 cut base. Tree throw. 30102 u/d Area 3/ Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30103 fill 30102 Common flint and chalk; some charcoal flecks. Area 3/ Not visible in plan. E-side almost vertical, W- P/h CADF16 30104 cut side gradual slope. Flat base. Posthole. 30104 2 Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable but firm. Very common sub-angular flint Area 3/ throughout. Single fill. Possible saddle quern CADF16 30105 fill 30104 found, registered artefact number 7. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. P/h CADF16 30106 cut Concave base. Posthole. 30106 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Charcoal chunks; small flint inclusions. Single CADF16 30107 fill 30106 fill. Linear. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Area 3/ Gradual and concave sides. Concave base. Ditch CADF16 30108 cut Demarkation ditch (?). 302 3 Light greyish brown silty chalky clay which is Area 3/ moderate and firm. Sticky. Bottom (primary) CADF16 30109 fill 30108 fill. Slightly greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Sub-angular flint throughout. Top (secondary) CADF16 30110 fill 30108 fill). Not visible in plan. Steep and concave sides Area 3/ with gradual breaks of slope. Concave base. Ditch CADF16 30111 cut Three throw. 302 3 Area 3/ Light greyish brown silty loam which is friable CADF16 30112 fill 30111 but firm. Single fill, bioturbated. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Steep and irregular sides. P/h CADF16 30113 cut Impercetible breaks of slope. Concave base. 30113 2 Area 3/ Pale greyish brown clayey silt which is friable CADF16 30114 fill 30113 and sticky. Sub-angular (small) flint

throughout. Single fill.

Area 3/ Sub-circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. P/h CADF16 30115 cut Concave base. Posthole. 30115 u/d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of chalk flecks; rare amount Area 3/ of sub-angular flint (>0.1m). Single (secondary) CADF16 30116 fill 30115 fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Moderate and concave sides. P/h CADF16 30117 cut Concave base. Posthole. 30117 u/d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of chalk flecks; rare amount Area 3/ of sub-angular flint (>0.1m). Single (secondary) CADF16 30118 fill 30117 fill. Area 3/ Sub-circular in plan. Moderate and concave Pit CADF16 30119 cut sides. Flat base. Pit/ two posthole (?). 30119 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Sparse amount of chalk flecks and sub-angular CADF16 30120 fill 30119 flint (>0.06m). Single (secondary) fill. Area 3/ Oval but irregular in plan. Sub-rounded Pit CADF16 30121 cut corners. Pit. Unexcavated. 30121 u/d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Common amount of sub-angular flint Area 3/ (<0.15m); moderate amount of chalk (<70mm). CADF16 30122 fill 30121 Uppermost fill. Linear, curving. NE-SW alignment, curving towards the N. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and symmetrical sides which have distinct Area 3/ breaks of slope. Slightly irregular, sub-rounded Ditch CADF16 30123 cut base. Enclosure ditch. 301 3 Area 3/ Mid-light reddish brown clayey silt which is CADF16 30124 fill 30123 friable-compact. 5% chalk. Primary fill. Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 3/ friable. 1-5% flint; 1% charcoal chunks. Dump CADF16 30125 fill 30123 fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Area 3/ Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Enclosure Ditch CADF16 30126 cut ditch. 301 3 Light yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk CADF16 30127 fill 30126 (<40mm). Primary fill. Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm) and charcoal (<10mm); Very common Area 3/ amount of sub-angular flint (<0.1m). Secondary CADF16 30128 fill 30126 fill. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<60mm) and charcoal (<10mm); sparse Area 3/ amount of chalk (<30mm); common amount of CADF16 30129 fill 30126 burnt stone (<0.1m). Secondary fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Moderate and concave sides. CADF16 30130 cut Flat base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Sparse amount of chalk (>0.05m) and Area 3/ sub-angular flint (>0.18m). Single (secondary) CADF16 30131 fill 30130 fill. Area 3/ Irregular in plan. Irregular sides and base. Tree T-T CADF16 30132 cut throw. 30132 u/d

Light greyish red silty clay which is friable. Area 3/ Moderate amount of flint (>0.09) and common CADF16 30133 fill 30132 amount of chalk flecks. Fill of tree throw. Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and Area 3/ concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub- Pit CADF16 30134 cut rounded base. Fire pit(?). 30134 u/d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm) and chalk (<30mm). Common Area 3/ amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Dump CADF16 30135 fill 30134 fill. Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable but firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<30mm); Area 3/ common amount of sub-angular flint (<0.1m) CADF16 30136 fill 30134 and charcoal flecking (<10mm). Dump fill. Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment. Area 3/ Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks Ditch CADF16 30137 cut of slope. Flat base. Ditch. 303 2/3 Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is compact. Chalk rubble c.15%; sub-angular flint Area 3/ <5%; chalk <5% and charcoal flecking <5%. CADF16 30138 fill 30137 Bottom (secondary) fill. Dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Sub-angular flint c.5%; chalk rubble Area 3/ c.10% and charcoal flecking c.10%. Secondary CADF16 30139 fill 30137 fill. Linear with parallel sides.E-W alignment. Area 3/ Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks Ditch CADF16 30140 cut of slope. Sub-rounded base. Ditch. 302 3 Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable Area 3/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.25%. Bottom CADF16 30141 fill 30140 (secondary) fill. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. Area 3/ Large sub-angular flint c.10%; chalk rubble CADF16 30142 fill 30140 c.10% and charcoal flecking c.5%. Area 3/ Linear. Steep sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Ditch CADF16 30143 cut Flat base. IA ditch. 302 3 Area 3/ Mid yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 15% CADF16 30144 fill 30143 chalk and flint. Bottom (primary) fill. Area 3/ Mid blackish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30145 fill 30143 10% charcoal; 5% flint. Linear, curving. N-S alignment. Steep and Area 3/ symmetrical sides. Sub-rounded base. Ditch CADF16 30146 cut Enclosure ditch. 301 3 Area 3/ Mid-light reddish brown silty clay which is CADF16 30147 fill 30146 compact. 1% flint; <1% chalk. Primary fill(?). Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 3/ friable. 5% flint; <1% charcoal chunks. Dump CADF16 30148 fill 30146 fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep- Area 3/ moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of Pit CADF16 30149 cut slope. Sub-rounded base. Pit. 30149 u/d Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint Area 3/ (<70mm); sparse amount of chalk (<30mm). CADF16 30150 fill 30149 Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub- Area 3/ rounded base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly P/h CADF16 30151 cut associated with 30156 and 30159. 30151 2

Dark brownish grey silty clay which is friable but firm. Moderate amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<50mm); Area 3/ sparse amount of chalk flecking (<10mm). CADF16 30152 fill 30151 Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Steep and Area 3/ smooth sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat Ditch CADF16 30153 cut base. IA ditch terminus (drainage?). 303 2/3 Area 3/ Light yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 5% CADF16 30154 fill 30153 chalk and flint; 1% charcoal. Primary fill. Area 3/ Dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30155 fill 30153 5% charcoal; 5% flint. Secondary fill. Irregular/circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with distinct breaks of Area 3/ slope. Rounded base. Small pit. Possibly P/h CADF16 30156 cut associated with 30151 and 30159. 30156 2 Area 3/ Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is CADF16 30157 fill 30156 compact. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Slump fill. Area 3/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 30158 fill 30156 <1% charcoal; <1% chalk. Dump/secondary fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. N edge is straight and vertical, S edge is irregular. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Area 3/ Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with P/h CADF16 30159 cut 30151 and 30156. 30159 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable Area 3/ and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; sub-angular flint CADF16 30160 fill 30159 c.5%. Single (secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 3/ and concave sides which have rounded breaks P/h CADF16 30161 cut of slope. Tapered round point. Posthole. 30161 u/d Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable Area 3/ and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; chalk flecking c.5%. CADF16 30162 fill 30161 Single (secondary) fill. Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 3/ friable. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single CADF16 30164 fill 30163 (secondary) fill. Irregular/oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 3/ sides witt sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded P/h CADF16 30163 cut base. Posthole. 30163 u/d Mid yellowish brown clay which is friable. Area 1/ <10% 10mm or less sub-rounded chalk. CADF16 10044 fill 10041 Primary fill from collapse of pit side. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <10% 120mm or less angular flint; <20% 100mm or less aub-angular chalk; <1% 50mm Area 1/ or less sub-angular sandstone; <1% 20mm or CADF16 10045 fill 10041 less charcoal. Secondary fill. Oval in plan, sub-rounded corners. Moderate Area 1/ and concave sides. Slightly irregular base. Small Pit CADF16 10046 cut pit/posthole. 10046 u/d Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of sub-angular Area 1/ flint (<0.1m) and chalk nodules (<40mm). CADF16 10047 fill 10046 Single (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Base is sub-rounded, but Area 1/ flattens out. Ditch terminus, associated with IA Ditch CADF16 10048 cut occupation. 101 2 Area 1/ Light yellowish brown silty clay intermixed with CADF16 10049 fill 10048 chalk rubble. Compact and firm. Very common 83

amount of chalk nodules and chalk flecking (<30mm). Primary fill. Mid-light greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk Area 1/ nodules and flecking throughout (<30mm); CADF16 10050 fill 10048 sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm). Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Common amount of chalk nodules (<60mm) andsub-angular flint (<50mm) throughout. Sparse amount of charcoal Area 1/ flecking (<10mm) throughout. Top fill which is CADF16 10051 fill 10048 most likely a a secondary fill. Linear with parallel sides. SW-NE alignment. Area 1/ Gradual breaks of slope, gentle and concave Ditch CADF16 10052 cut sides. Sub-rounded base. Shallow ditch. 102 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and moist. Chalk rubble c.10%. Single CADF16 10053 fill 10052 (secondary) fill. Area 1/ Linear, slightly curved. NE-SW alignment. Gulley CADF16 10054 cut Shallow-gentle slopes. Concave base. Gulley. 104 2 Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is Area 1/ friable. 25% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single CADF16 10055 fill 10054 (secondary) fill. Circular in plan. Steep sides. Rounded at top and at the base of the feature. Concave base. Area 1/ Possible pit/tree throw cutting into gulley T-T CADF16 10056 cut 10054. 10056 u/d Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is Area 1/ friable. 15% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single CADF16 10057 fill 10056 (secondary) fill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Vertical sides with moderate breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole which is likely associated with Area 1/ 10060, 10062 and 10064, forming a 4-post CADF16 10058 cut structure. F-PS 1 u/d Dark brown with white speckling clayey silt. Soft compaction throughout. 5% chalk; Area 1/ occasional charcoal flecking. Deliberate CADF16 10059 fill 10058 backfill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep (almost vertical) sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole which is likely Area 1/ associated with 10058, 10062 and 10064, CADF16 10060 cut forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d Dark brown with white speckling clayey silt. Soft compaction throughout. 5% chalk; Area 1/ occasional charcoal flecking. Deliberate CADF16 10061 fill 10060 backfill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base which inclines to the SE. Posthole which is Area 1/ likely associated with 10058, 10060 and 10064, CADF16 10062 cut forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d Dark brown with white speckling clayey silt. Soft compaction throughout. 5% chalk; Area 1/ occasional charcoal flecking. Deliberate CADF16 10063 fill 10062 backfill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole Area 1/ which is likely associated with 10058, 10060 CADF16 10064 cut and 10062, forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d

Dark brown with white speckling clayey silt. Soft compaction throughout. 5% chalk; Area 1/ occasional charcoal flecking. Deliberate CADF16 10065 fill 10064 backfill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave on northern edge, moderate and concave on southern edge. Sharp breaks of Area 1/ slope. Tapered point, slightly irregular. Small P/h CADF16 10066 cut pit/posthole. 10066 u.d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and moist. Moderate amount of chalk nodules (<40mm) and chalk flecking (<10mm). Sparse Area 1/ amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single CADF16 10067 fill 10066 (secondary) fill. Circular in plan. Sub-rounded corners.. Steep and concave on northern edge, moderate and Area 1/ concave on southern edge. Sharp breaks of P/h CADF16 10068 cut slope. Irregular base. Small pit/posthole. 10068 u/d Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); Area 1/ chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint CADF16 10069 fill 10068 (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and Area 1/ regular sides, with distinct breaks of slope. P/h CADF16 10070 cut Slightly irregular, but flat base. Small posthole. 10070 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable - Area 1/ compact. 1% chalk and 1% flint inclusions. CADF16 10071 fill 10070 Single (secondary) fill. Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Almost vertical sides which are symmetrical and Area 1/ regular with distinct breaks of slope. Slightly P/h CADF16 10072 cut irregular, but flat base. Small posthole. 10072 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable- Area 1/ compact. 1% chalk and 1% flint inclusions. CADF16 10073 fill 10072 Single (secondary) fill. Linear which is curving. Rounded edge at the Area 1/ top and bottom of the slopes, steep sides. Gulley CADF16 10074 cut Concave base. Gulley, associated with 10054. 15 2 Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is Area 1/ friable. 20% chalk and <1% charcoal. Single CADF16 10075 fill 10074 (secondary) fill. Linear. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Extremely steep sloping, almost vertical v- Area 1/ shaped cut. Slightly concave. Concave and very CADF16 10076 cut narrow base. Ditch. Encl. 1.1 2 Area 1/ Dark brown silty clay which is friable. 5% sub- CADF16 10077 fill 10076 angular flint, chunks of chalk. Primary fill. Light brownish yellow slightly sandy silty clay. Area 1/ Friable-compact. Some very small grit. Slump CADF16 10078 fill 10076 fill. Mid brown silty clay which is friable. 10% Area 1/ angular + sub-angular flint and chalk. CADF16 10079 fill 10076 Secondary fill. Linear, parallel sides. NE-SW alignment. Sub- rounded corners. Steep-moderate sides which are concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Area 1/ Ditch terminus. Runs off from enclosure ditch, Gulley CADF16 10080 cut most likely predating it. 106 3 Mid yellowish brown with a tint of grey. Silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate Area 1/ amount chalk (<30mm) and sub-angular flint CADF16 10081 fill 10080 (<30mm). Common amount of chalk flecking

(<10mm). Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Bottom (secondary) fill.

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of chalk (<50mm) and sub-angular flint (<70mm). Area 1/ Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). CADF16 10082 fill 10080 Top (secondary) fill. Linear. SE-NW alignment. Gentle and concave Area 1/ sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Ditch CADF16 10083 cut base. Shallow ditch/lynchet. 102 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and moist. 10% chalk rubble. Single CADF16 10084 fill 10083 (secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gentle Area 1/ and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Ditch CADF16 10085 cut Flat base. Irregular pit/tree throw. 102 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and moist. 10% chalk rubble. Single CADF16 10086 fill 10085 (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and Area 1/ concave sides, indistinct breaks of slope. Pit CADF16 10087 cut Rounded base, slightly irregular. Pit. 10087 2 Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is Area 1/ friable-compact. 10% chalk inclusions. Bottom CADF16 10088 fill 10087 (secondary) fill. Area 1/ Mid yellowish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 10089 fill 10087 5% chalk inclusions. Top (secondary) fill. Linear. N - S alignment. Very steep sides. Sharp Area 1/ breaks of slope. Flat, slightly concave base. CADF16 10090 cut Enclosure ditch. Encl 1.1 2 Area 1/ Light whitish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 10091 fill 10090 <1% charcoal. Primary fill. Area 1/ Light whitish brown silty clay and chalk which is CADF16 10092 fill 10090 loose. 90% chalk. Primary fill. Area 1/ Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 10093 fill 10090 <5% charcoal; 25% chalk. Secondary fill. Area 1/ Mid whitish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 10094 fill 10090 50% chalk; <1% charcoal. Secondary fill. Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 1/ <5% charcoal; 15% chalk. Final (secondary) fill CADF16 10095 fill 10090 of enclosure ditch 10090. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep- moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of Area 1/ slope. Flattish, slightly irregular base. Refuse Pit CADF16 10096 cut pit(?). 10096 u/d Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<70mm) Area 1/ and sub-angular flint (<0.1m). Single CADF16 10097 fill 10096 (secondary) fill. Linear. NE-SW alignment. Steeply sloping. Area 1/ Interderminate of the base, as not enough was CADF16 10098 cut exposed. Encl 1.1 2 Area 1/ Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Bottom CADF16 10099 fill 10098 (secondary) fill. Area 1/ Light brownish white with a hue of yellow. Silty CADF16 10100 fill 10098 clay intermixed with chalky rubble. Primary fill. Light yellowish brown with a hue of white. Silty clay intermixed with chalk rubble. Loosely Area 1/ compact. 30% small-large flint throughout CADF16 10101 fill 10098 aswell. Secondary fill.

Mid greyish brown with white streaks. Silty clay. Moderate compaction, slightly sticky. Frequent sub-angular + angular flint and chalk Area 1/ chunks. Small amount of charcoal flecks. CADF16 10102 fill 10098 Secondary fill. Mid brown, slightly greyish. Silty clay which is moderate-friable in compaction and slightly Area 1/ sticky. Sub-angular flint throughout. CADF16 10103 fill 10098 Uppermost fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate-steep sides Area 1/ which are concave. Sharp breaks of slope. CADF16 10104 cut Flattish base. Ditch terminus. Encl 1.1 2 Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk Area 1/ (<30mm); chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub- CADF16 10105 fill 10104 angular flint (<30mm). Bottom (secondary) fill. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of chalk (<40mm); Area 1/ chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint CADF16 10106 fill 10104 (<50mm). Top (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. NE-SW. Rounded corners. Area 1/ Moderate-gentle sloping sides. Gradual breaks Pit CADF16 10107 cut of slope. Flat base. Pit. 101076 u/d Area 1/ Mid brown clayey silt which is firm throughout. CADF16 10108 fill 10107 5% chalk and 1% flint (<50mm). Linear. NW-SE alignment. Feature seen in Area 1/ section in relation to ditch cut 10098. Base is Ditch CADF16 10109 cut undulating and uneven. Shallow ditch/lynchet. 102 2 Area 1/ Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Single CADF16 10110 fill 10109 (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. SE-NW alignment. Area 1/ Steep and convex sides. Gradual breaks of CADF16 10111 cut slope. Sub-rounded base. Boundary ditch. Encl 1.1 2 Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and firm. <5% chalk rubble; <5% large sub- CADF16 10112 fill 10111 angular flint. Bottom (secondary) fill. Area 1/ Light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable CADF16 10113 fill 10111 and firm. Chalk rubble c.30%. Slump fill. Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%; large sub-angular CADF16 10114 fill 10111 flint <5%. Secondary fill. Sub-oval in plan. N-S alignment. Rounded Area 1/ corners. Straight and nearly vertical sides. Sub- Pit CADF16 10115 cut rounded base. Small pit. 10115 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and moist. Chalk rubble <5%; large sub-angular CADF16 10116 fill 10115 flint c.5%. Single (secondary) fill. Sub-oval, irregular in plan. Fairly steep sides, Area 1/ imperceptible breaks of slope. T-T CADF16 10117 cut Irregular/uneven base. Probably a tree throw. 10117 u/d Light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable Area 1/ and sticky. Large chalk chunks, loose on CADF16 10118 fill 10117 contact. Some sub-angular flint. Single fill. Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Straight and vertical sides. Area 1/ Flat base. Gulley, likely associated with gulley Gulley CADF16 10119 cut 10121. Possible remnants of a IA roundhouse. 104 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular Area 1/ flint (<40mm) and chalk (<40mm). Single CADF16 10120 fill 10119 (secondary) fill. 87

Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and straight sides. Sub-rounded base. Gulley likely associated Area 1/ with gulley 10119. Probably the remnants of a Gulley CADF16 10121 cut IA roundhouse. 105 2 Dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<50mm) Area 1/ and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single CADF16 10122 fill 10121 (secondary) fill. Linear, slightly curving. E-W alignment. SE side is steep (other side is lost) with a distinct break Area 1/ of slope. Flat base. Small ditch/gulley which Gulley CADF16 10123 cut predates the larger enclosure ditch cut 10125. 106 3 Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is Area 1/ friable. 5% chalk; <1% burnt flint, pottery and CADF16 10124 fill 10123 animal bone. Single (secondary) fill. Linear, curving towards the west. NE-SW alignment. Moderate-steep symmetrical sides Area 1/ with distinct breaks of slope. Flat base. V- CADF16 10125 cut shaped enclosure ditch. Encl 1.1 2 Area 1/ Mid-light greyish brown clayey silt which is CADF16 10126 fill 10125 friable. 50% chalk. Primary fill. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 1/ 10% chalk; 1% burnt flint, pottery and bone. CADF16 10127 fill 10125 Slump fill. Mid-dark brownish grey clayey silt which is Area 1/ friable. 1% pottery and animal bone; 5% burnt CADF16 10128 fill 10125 flint; 1% charcoal; 1% chalk and flint. Dump fill. Mid-light greyish brown clayey silt which is Area 1/ friable. 1% pottery and animal bone; 1% chalk CADF16 10129 fill 10125 and flint. Secondary fill. Linear. E-W alignment. Steep sides with sharp Area 1/ breaks of slope at the base, whilst being CADF16 10130 cut rounded at the top. Flat base. Enclosure ditch. Encl. 1.1 2 Light whitish brown silty clay intermixed with Area 1/ chalk rubble. Loose. 80% chalk; 1% charcoal. CADF16 10131 fill 10130 Primary fill. Light greyish brown silty clay intermixed with Area 1/ chalk rubble. Friable. 25% chalk; 1% charcoal. CADF16 10132 fill 10130 Primary fill. Area 1/ Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 10133 fill 10130 20% chalk; 10% charcoal. Secondary fill. Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 1/ 10% chalk; 5% charcoal. Uppermost CADF16 10134 fill 10130 (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment, curves towards the SE. Rounded corners. Moderate-steep sides which are concave. Area 1/ Flattish base. Cut of same gully 10119. Most Gulley CADF16 10135 cut likely associated with 10054. 105 2 Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm) Area 1/ and chalk flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) CADF16 10136 fill 10135 fill. Linear. NE-SW alignment. Fairly steep sides Area 1/ which are irregular. Sharp breaks of slope. Base CADF16 10137 cut is narrow, concave and uneven. Ditch. Encl. 1.1 2 Light yellowish whitish brown. Silty clay which Area 1/ is friable. Chalk chunks - loose on contact. CADF16 10138 fill 10137 Single fill. Area 1/ Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. CADF16 10139 cut Steep and convex sides, which have rounded Encl 1.1 2

breaks of slope. Flat base. Boundary ditch. Area 1/ Mid whitish brown silty clay which is friable CADF16 10140 fill 10139 and firm. Chalk rubble c.15%. Primary fill. Area 1/ Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable CADF16 10141 fill 10139 and firm. Chalk rubble c.10%. Secondary fill. Linear with parallel sides. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Area 1/ base. Ditch/gulley. Associated with 10080 and Gulley CADF16 10142 cut 10123. Predates the enclosure ditch 10144. 106 3 Mid-dark greyish brown with a tint of yellow. Clayey silt which is compact and firm. Area 1/ Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm) and sub- CADF16 10143 fill 10142 angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. NE-SW alignment, curves towards the NW on the SW side. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Area 1/ Gradual breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped CADF16 10144 cut enclosure ditch. Encl. 1.1 2 Mid yellowish brown intermixed with white speckling. Clayey silt intermixed with chalk Area 1/ rubble. Friable and moist. Common amount of CADF16 10145 fill 10144 chalk (<50mm). Primary fill. Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<40mm) and charcoal flecking (<10mm). Moderate Area 1/ amount of sub-angular flint (<50mm). CADF16 10146 fill 10144 Secondary/slump fill. Dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Very common amount of chalk (<60mm). Common amount of sub-angular flint Area 1/ (<60mm). Moderate amount of charcoal CADF16 10147 fill 10144 flecking (<10mm). Secondary fill. Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm) and sub-angular flint (<40mm). Sparse amount Area 1/ of charcoal flecking (<10mm).Uppermost CADF16 10148 fill 10144 (secondary) fill. Linear with parallel sides. SW-NE alignment. Area 1/ Gentle and concave sides. Gradual breaks of CADF16 10149 cut slope. Irregular base. Shallow ditch. Encl 1.1 2 Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Area 1/ Chalk rubble <5%; large sub-angular chalk CADF16 10150 fill 10149 c.20%. Single (secondary) fill. Area 2/ Topsoil - Light greyish brown clayey silt which CADF16 20000 layer is loose. Gravel c.5%; chalk c.5%. Area 2/ Natural - Light whitish yellow silty clay which is CADF16 20001 layer compact. Chalk c.80%. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and straight sides, rounded breaks of slope. P/h CADF16 20002 cut Concave base. Posthole. 20002 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 20003 fill 20002 Chalk <5%. Single (secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and concave sides, rounded breaks of slope. P/h CADF16 20004 cut Concave base. Posthole. 20004 2 Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ Large sub-angular flint <5%. Single (secondary) CADF16 20005 fill 20004 fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat P/h CADF16 20006 cut base. Posthole. 20006 u/d 89

Light browish grey clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ Large sub-angular flint c.10%. Single CADF16 20007 fill 20006 (secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat P/h CADF16 20008 cut base which inclines to the west. Posthole. 20008 2 Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ Large sub-angular flint c.5%. Single(secondary) CADF16 20009 fill 20008 fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep Area 2/ and straight sides. Sharp breaks of slope. P/h CADF16 20010 cut Concave base. Posthole. 20010 u/d Linear (terminus). E-W alignment. Moderate Area 2/ sides with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. Ditch CADF16 20054 cut V-shaped ditch terminus. 203 2 Light brown and white silt clay with chalk Area 2/ rubble. Firm throughout. 25% chalk (<90mm). CADF16 20055 fill 20054 Occasional charcoal flecking. Secondary fill. Area 2/ Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. CADF16 20056 fill 20054 Occasional charcoal and chalk. Secondary fill. Area 2/ Linear. E-W alignment. Steep sides with sharp Ditch CADF16 20057 cut breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped ditch. 203 2 Light brown and white silt clay with chalk Area 2/ rubble. Firm throughout. 25% chalk (<90mm). CADF16 20058 fill 20057 Occasional charcoal flecking. Secondary fill. Area 2/ Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. CADF16 20059 fill 20057 Occasional charcoal and chalk. Secondary fill. Oval in plan. NE-SW alignment. Moderate and Area 2/ concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Pit CADF16 20060 cut Rounded and uneven base. Pit. 20060 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm). Single CADF16 20061 fill 20060 (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. NW-SE alignment. Gentle and Area 2/ concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Pit CADF16 20062 cut Rounded and uneven base. Pit. 20062 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm); <1% CADF16 20063 fill 20062 charcoal flecks (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. NW-SE alignment. Moderate and Area 2/ concave. Rounded breaks of slope. Rounded Gulley CADF16 20064 cut and uneven base. Pit. 20064 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Area 2/ <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm). Single CADF16 20065 fill 20064 (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep- moderate and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Tapered blunt point, slightly Area 2/ irregular base. Posthole, possibly associated P/h CADF16 20066 cut with 20068. 20066 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is compact Area 2/ and firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<40mm). CADF16 20067 fill 20066 Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Area 2/ Tapered blunt point. Posthole, possibly P/h CADF16 20068 cut associated with 20066. 20068 2 Light greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<40mm); Area 2/ rare amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm). CADF16 20069 fill 20068 Single (secondary) fill.

Sub-rectangular. NE-SW alignment. Rounded Area 2/ corners. Gentle-moderate and concave sides. Pit CADF16 20070 cut Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit. 20070 2 Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable Area 2/ but firm. Chalk rubble c.40%. Single CADF16 20071 fill 20070 (secondary) fill. Linear. NW-SE alignment. Moderate and Area 2/ straight sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub- Gulley CADF16 20072 cut rounded base. 201 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable CADF16 20073 fill 20072 but firm. Chalk c.20%. Single (secondary) fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Area 2/ Moderate-steep and concave sides. Gradual Pit CADF16 20074 cut breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Pit. 20074 u/d Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable CADF16 20075 fill 20074 but firm. Chalk c.20%. Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). N-S alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Gradual Area 2/ breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley Gulley CADF16 20076 cut terminus. 201 2 Area 2/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable CADF16 20077 fill 20076 but firm. Chalk c.20%. Single (secondary) fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and slightly concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Area 2/ Flat and slightly irregular base. Associated with Gulley CADF16 20078 cut 20080. Possibly the remnants of a ditch/gulley. 207 u/d Mid greyish brown with slight yellowish tint. Sily clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); sparse amount of Area 2/ sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) CADF16 20079 fill 20078 fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and slightly concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Area 2/ Flat and slightly irregular base. Associated with Gulley CADF16 20080 cut 20078. Possibly the remnants of a ditch/gulley. 207 u/d Mid greyish brown with slight yellowish tint. Sily clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); sparse amount of Area 2/ sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) CADF16 20081 fill 20080 fill. Topsoil - Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt Area 3/ which is loose. 5% sub-angular flint; occasional CADF16 30000 layer chalk flecking. Colluvium - Mid reddish brown clayey silt Area 3/ which is friable. 5% sub-angular flint CADF16 30001 layer throughout. Area 3/ Natural - Light yellowish brown silty clay CADF16 30002 layer striation which are compact. 70-80% chalk. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, Area 3/ probably associated with 30005, 30007, 30009, CADF16 30003 cut 30011, 30014 and 30017. 6-Ps u/d Area 3/ Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare CADF16 30004 fill 30003 amount of (small) flint and chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat base. Posthole, probably associated Area 3/ with 30003, 30007, 30009, 30011, 30014 and CADF16 30005 cut 30017. 6-PS u/d Area 3/ Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Rare CADF16 30006 fill 30005 amount of (small) flint and chalk. Single fill. Area 3/ Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical CADF16 30007 cut sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, 6-PS u/d

probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30009, 30011, 30014 and 30017. Area 3/ Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare CADF16 30008 fill 30007 amount of (small) chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, Area 3/ probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, CADF16 30009 cut 30011, 30014 and 30017. 6-PS u/d Area 3/ Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare CADF16 30010 fill 30009 amount of (small) chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Narrow and concave base. Posthole, Area 3/ probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, CADF16 30011 cut 30009, 30014 and 30017. 6P-S u/d Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate in compact. Sparse amount of chalk CADF16 30012 fill 30011 and flint. Primary fill. Area 3/ Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable- CADF16 30013 fill 30011 loose. Final fill, possible formed by burrowing. Circular in plan. Gradual and slightly concave sides. Flat and slightly concave base. Posthole, Area 3/ probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, CADF16 30014 cut 30009, 30011 and 30017. 6-PS u/d Mid brown silty clay which is moderate in Area 3/ compaction. Some flint and chalk. Secondary CADF16 30015 fill 30014 fill. Area 3/ Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable- CADF16 30016 fill 30014 loose. Dump fill. Circular in plan. Steep sides. Very narrow and concave base. U-shaped posthole, probably Area 3/ associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, P/h CADF16 30017 cut 30011 and 30014. 30017 u/d Mid yellowish brown silty chalky clay which is Area 3/ moderate in compaction and sticky. Some CADF16 30018 fill 30017 chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave and Area 3/ regular base. Posthole, possibly associated P/h CADF16 30019 cut with postholes 30021 and 30023. 30019 u/d Area 3/ Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30020 fill 30019 Some (small) flint and chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Steep, almost vertical sides. Area 3/ Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly P/h CADF16 30021 cut assocated with 30019 and 30023. 30021 u/d Area 3/ Mid brown with white flecks. Silty clay which is CADF16 30022 fill 30021 friable. Some (small) flint and stone. Single fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vetical sides which are regular. Flat, slightly concave base. Area 3/ Posthole, possibly associated with 30019 and P/h CADF16 30023 cut 30021. 30023 u/d Mid-dark brown silty clay which is moderate- Area 3/ friable in compaction. <1% charcoal flecks; <1% CADF16 30024 fill 30023 stone and flint. Single fill. Circular in plan. Gradual slope. Flat, slightly Area 3/ concave base. Posthole, possibly associated P/h CADF16 30025 cut with posthole 30027. 30025 u/d Dark blackish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate in compaction. <1% charcoal. Single CADF16 30026 fill 30025 fill. Circular in plan. Shallow and gradual slope. Area 3/ Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly P/h CADF16 30027 cut associated with 30025. 30027 u/d

Area 3/ Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable. CADF16 30028 fill 30027 <1% charcoal; <1% stone and flint. Single fill. Oval in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat, slightly uneven base. Posthole, likely Area 3/ associated with 30031, 30041 and 30043. CADF16 30029 cut Possibly part of a 4-post structure. 4-PS 2 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate-compact. 90% flint (<200mm). CADF16 30030 fill 30029 Packing fill. Sub-oval, irregular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat, slightly uneven base. Area 3/ Posthole, likely associated with 30029, 30041 CADF16 30031 cut and 30043. Possibly part of a 4-post structure. 4-PS 2 u/d Light greyish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ moderate-compact. 90% flint (<200mm). CADF16 30032 fill 30031 Packing fill. Circular in plan. Gradual slopes. Flat, slightly Area 3/ concave base. Posthole, likely associated with CADF16 30033 cut 30035, 30045 and 30048. R/h 6 u/d Light-mid yellowish brown silty clay which is Area 3/ friable and sticky. Common amount of flint. CADF16 30034 fill 30033 Some chalk. Single fill. Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical Area 3/ sides. Narrow and flat base. Posthole, likely CADF16 30035 cut associated with 30033, 30045, 30048. R/h 6 u/d Area 3/ Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable CADF16 30036 fill 30035 and sticky. Common amount of flint. Single fill. Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment. Moderate Area 3/ and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat CADF16 30137 cut base. Ditch. Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is compact. Area 3/ Chalk rubble c.15%; sub-angular flint <5%; chalk <5% CADF16 30138 fill 30137 and charcoal flecking <5%. Bottom (secondary) fill. Dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and Area 3/ firm. Sub-angular flint c.5%; chalk rubble c.10% and CADF16 30139 fill 30137 charcoal flecking c.10%. Secondary fill. Linear with parallel sides.E-W alignment. Moderate Area 3/ and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub- CADF16 30140 cut rounded base. Ditch. Area 3/ Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and CADF16 30141 fill 30140 firm. Chalk rubble c.25%. Bottom (secondary) fill. Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. Large Area 3/ sub-angular flint c.10%; chalk rubble c.10% and CADF16 30142 fill 30140 charcoal flecking c.5%. Area 3/ Linear. Steep sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat CADF16 30143 cut base. IA ditch. Area 3/ Mid yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 15% chalk CADF16 30144 fill 30143 and flint. Bottom (primary) fill. Area 3/ Mid blackish brown silty clay which is friable. 10% CADF16 30145 fill 30143 charcoal; 5% flint. Linear, curving. N-S alignment. Steep and Area 3/ symmetrical sides. Sub-rounded base. Enclosure CADF16 30146 cut ditch. Ditch 301 3 Area 3/ Mid-light reddish brown silty clay which is compact. CADF16 30147 fill 30146 1% flint; <1% chalk. Primary fill(?). Area 3/ Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 30148 fill 30146 5% flint; <1% charcoal chunks. Dump fill. Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate Area 3/ and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub- CADF16 30149 cut rounded base. Pit. Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of charcoal flecks Area 3/ (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<70mm); sparse CADF16 30150 fill 30149 amount of chalk (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill. Area 3/ Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and CADF16 30151 cut concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Ph 30151 2 93

base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with 30156 and 30159. Dark brownish grey silty clay which is friable but firm. Moderate amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and Area 3/ sub-angular flint (<50mm); sparse amount of chalk CADF16 30152 fill 30151 flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill. Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Steep and Area 3/ smooth sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. IA CADF16 30153 cut ditch terminus (drainage?). Ditch 303 3 Area 3/ Light yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 5% chalk CADF16 30154 fill 30153 and flint; 1% charcoal. Primary fill. Area 3/ Dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 5% CADF16 30155 fill 30153 charcoal; 5% flint. Secondary fill. Irregular/circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with distinct breaks of slope. Area 3/ Rounded base. Small pit. Possibly associated with CADF16 30156 cut 30151 and 30159. Ph 30156 2 Area 3/ Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is CADF16 30157 fill 30156 compact. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Slump fill. Area 3/ Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <1% CADF16 30158 fill 30156 charcoal; <1% chalk. Dump/secondary fill. Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. N edge is straight and vertical, S edge is irregular. Rounded Area 3/ breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole/small CADF16 30159 cut pit. Possibly associated with 30151 and 30156. Ph 30159 2 Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and Area 3/ firm. Chalk rubble <5%; sub-angular flint c.5%. Single CADF16 30160 fill 30159 (secondary) fill. Ditch 302 3 Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and Area 3/ concave sides which have rounded breaks of slope. CADF16 30161 cut Tapered round point. Posthole. Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Area 3/ Chalk rubble <5%; chalk flecking c.5%. Single CADF16 30162 fill 30161 (secondary) fill. Area 3/ Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. CADF16 30164 fill 30163 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill. Irregular/oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides Area 3/ witt sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. CADF16 30163 cut Posthole. Ph 30163 u/d

APPENDIX B: POTTERY

Table 7: Pottery summary quantification by Area

13. A R 6 Exc. 7 Eval. E 3 1 4 2 5 3 Total Total A >

8 f 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 abric t. t.(g) t. t.(g) t. t.(g) t. t.(g) t. t.(g) 19 F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 T 05 599 9 8 28 269 52 936 10 239 30 Q 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Z 90 790 2 5 0 05 855 9 82 41 Q 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 51 Z/FF 6 48 4 50 52 Q 53 54 55 56 57 58 60 62 Zc 26 59 26 61 63 O 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 RG 6 70 6 72 73 74 S 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 84 H 2 81 2 83 85 V 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 95 ES 0 92 0 94 96 Q 97 98 99 100 101 102 104 106 Zf* 2 103 2 105 107 G 108 109 110 111 112 113 115 T* 9 114 9 116 117 118 T 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 otal 07 490 2 18 47 482 86 090 60 721 * wheelthrown types (LIA/ER transitional)

Summary fabric descriptions

FT Fine/medium flint-tempered. Dark grey throughout or with light brown/red-brown surfaces. Soft with rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains common moderately or well-sorted angular (calcined) flint 0.5-2mm.

FTc Coarser flint-tempered. Dark grey with light brown/red-brown surfaces/margins. Soft with rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains common moderately sorted angular (calcined) flint 1-4mm.

FT Sparsely flint-tempered. Dark grey-brown throughout. Soft with rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains sparse quantities of poorly-sorted angular (calcined) flint 0.5-3mm.

QZ Fine/medium quartz-tempered. Dark grey throughout or with red brown margin. Soft with sandy feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded quartz mostly <0.2mm or rarely up to 0.4mm.

QZc Coarser quartz-tempered. Red brown throughout or with grey core. Soft with sandy feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common rounded or sub-rounded quartz mostly 0.2-0.4mm. May contain sparse small rounded ironstone pebbles up to 4mm and sparse iron oxides 1-2mm.

QZor Fine sandy with organic inclusions. Grey with buff exterior surface/margin. Soft with powdery feel and fine fracture. Contains abundant well-sorted silt-sized quartz (0.1mm) and sparse to common black- edged voids from burnt-out organic material. May contain sparse angular flint or small stones up to 3mm.

QZfl Fine/medium quartz-tempered with flint. Dark grey throughout or with red brown margin. Soft with sandy/rough feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded quartz mostly <0.2mm and common, moderately-sorted angular (calcined) flint (0.5-2mm),

QZf Fine sandy. Dark grey throughout or with brown exterior surface/margin. Soft with powdery feel and fine fracture. Contains common or sparse well-sorted silt-sized quartz (0.1mm).

ORG Organic-tempered. Grey throughout or with buff exterior surface/margin. Soft, with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common or sparse black-edged voids from burnt-out organic material. Micaceous.

SH Shell-tempered. Dark grey-brown throughout. Soft, with slightly rough feel and irregular/laminated fracture. Contains common moderately sorted fossil shell 0.5-2mm.

QZcw Wheelthrown coarse quartz-tempered. Dark grey throughout. Soft with sandy/harsh feel and irregular fracture. Contains abundant moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded (polished) quartz 0.2-0.4mm.

GR Wheelthrown grog-tempered. Dark grey throughout. Soft with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common well-sorted sub-angular grog 0.5-1.5mm.

GRfl Wheelthrown grog-tempered with flint. Grey with light brown surfaces/margins. Soft with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common well-sorted sub-angular grog 0.5-1.5mm and sparse well- sorted angular (calcined) flint (1-1.5mm).

GW1 Wheelthrown sandy (grey-firing). Patchy grey/buff throughout. Soft with sandy/harsh feel and irregular fracture. Contains abundant well-sorted rounded or sub-rounded quartz 0.2-0.4mm.

APPENDIX C: WORKED STONE

Table 8: Worked stone catalogue Ra. no. Context Function Notes Size Wt (g) Lithology - 30072 Possible With one flat pecked Measures 53mm 982 coarse grained q surface. thick gritty u Edges not dark e original. grey r Base is sandsto n covered ne, with with polished f concretions quartz r and rock a fragmen g t grit m

e n t 1 30042 Saddle Two adjoining Measures 160 x 5155 Sandstone. fine to q fragments 310mm medium u making grained e 90% of a moderat r saddle ely well n quern. sorted Quern dark f grinding grey r face is sandsto a roughly ne, g rectangular feldspat m and hic and e measures with n 150 x 310. some t It is slightly quartz s concave grit (not both polished lengthways and across the section. It is pecked all over but there is some linear wear and both long edges and the surviving ends are particularly well worn. The base and sides are rounded and roughly shaped

APPENDIX D: METALWORKING DEBRIS

Table 9: Full listing of metalworking debris by context Site Code Area Context Slag classification Wt (g) Comments

CADF2016 3 10043 Coke/ Burned coal 12 CADF2016 3 10043 Charcoal 10 CADF2016 3 30052 Smithing hearth bottom 156 80x65x30mm Undiagnostic ironworking

CADF2016 3 30142 debris 75 CADF2016 3 30159 Fired Clay 2 CADF2016 3 30159 Vitrified hearth/furnace lining 1 CADF2016 3 30159 Cinder 7

APPENDIX E: THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD

Table 11: Species representation by anatomical element

Mid to Late Iron Age Late Iron Age - Early Roman Element Cattle Sheep/ Pig Equid Canid Red Cattle Sheep/ Sheep Pig Equid Large goat deer goat mammal

Antler 1 Horn core + frontal 1 Maxilla Mandible 3 1 1 2 Loose teeth 3 6 8 1 3 3 Scapula 1 1 Humerus 1 2 Radius 1 1 1 1 1 Ulna 1 1 1 Pelvis 2 3 2 1 Femur 1 1 Tibia 1 6 1 3 1 1 Astragalus 1 Metacarpal 3 1 Metatarsal 1 1 1 Lateral metapodial 1 Total 10 21 1 11 1 1 11 12 1 1 6 2

Table 12: Charred plant Identifications

Area Area 1 Area 3 Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches Cut 10041 30137 30140 30126 10043, 10043, Context 10043 10043 RA 3 RA 4 30139 30142 30128 Sample 1 2 6 7 3 4 5 Vol (L) 25 30 1L 1L 16 19L 16L Flot (ml) 50 150 100 75 60 40 50 Roots (%) 10 3 2 2 15 35 10 Common Cereals Name Hordeum vulgare L. sl (grain) barley 59 79 55 21 1 35 - Triticum spelta L. (grain) spelt wheat 3 2 - - - - - Triticum dicoccum/spelta emmer/spelt (grain) wheat 9 1 3 - - 1 - Cereal indet. (grains) cereal 7 22 12 12 - 7 - Cereal frag. (est. whole grains) cereal 8 15 7 10 - 4 - Other Species Chenopodium album L. fat-hen 2 2 - - - - - Polygonum aviculare L. knotgrass 1 - 1 - - - - Rumex sp. L. docks 9 2 5 3 - - - Malva sp. L. mallow 2 ------Vicia L./Lathyrus sp. L. vetch/wild pea 5 12 6 5 - - - Medicago/Trifolium sp. L. medick/clover 51 75 6 6 - 2 - Medicago sp L. medick 15 15 3 3 - - - Trifolium sp. L clover 20 61 3 2 - - - Torilis sp. Adans hedge-parsley 1 ------Lithospermum arvense L. corn gromwell - - 1 2 - - - Plantago lanceolata L. ribwort plantain - 2 - - - - - Odontites vernus red bartsia 2 ------Sherardia arvensis L. field madder 8 5 - 2 - - - Galium sp. L. bedstraw 10 30 5 6 - - - Galium aparine L. cleavers 9 20 3 4 - - - Tripleurospermum inodorum scentless (L.) Sch. Bip. mayweed 3 10 2 - - - - rye- Lolium/Festuca sp. grass/fescue 1 5 1 - - - - meadow Poa/Phleum sp. L. grass/cat's-tails 14 44 - 3 - - - Avena sp. L. (grain) oat grain 2 6 1 3 - - - Avena L./Bromus L. sp. oat/brome grass 8 4 2 1 - 1 - Bromus sp. L. brome grass 1 - 2 - - - - Vitrified material * *** ** *** - - - Key: *= 1-4, **=5-19, ***=20-49

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Table 13: Mollusc remains

Area Area 1 Area 3 Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches 3012 Feature 10041 10041 10041 10041 30137 30140 6 10043, 10043, 3012 Context 10043 10043 RA 3 RA 4 30139 30142 8 Sample 1 2 6 7 3 4 5 Volume (L) 25 30 1L 1L 16 19L 16L LAND SNAILS Pomatias elegans (Müller) 4 4 - 1 1 + 3 Carychium tridentatum (Risso) 5 1 - - - - 15 Carychium spp. ------25 Cochlicopa lubrica (Müller) 2 4 - - - - 6 Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro) 1 1 - - - - 1 Cochlicopa spp. 6 3 - - - - 24 Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud) 3 4 - - - - 4 Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus) 39 36 1 - 1 1 5 Vallonia costata (Müller) 30 40 1 4 3 11 38 Vallonia excentrica Sterki 23 24 3 5 6 3 33 Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud) - 1 - - - 1 5 Discus rotundatus (Müller) 1 2 - - 2 - 194 Vitrina pellucida (Müller) ------3 Vitrea contracta (Westerlund) 5 7 - - - - 15 Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström) ------5 Aegopinella pura (Alder) ------40 Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud) 4 13 - - - - 46 Oxychilus cellarius (Müller) 2 9 - 1 - - 15 Deroceras/Limax 4 15 - - 1 1 2 Cecilioides acicula (Müller) 245 390 5 6 76 105 145 Cochlodina laminata (Montagu) ------4 Clausilia bidentata (Ström) ------9 Balea perversa (Linnaeus) 1 ------Helicella itala (Linnaeus) 67 62 - - 9 8 16 Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus) 84 44 - 4 7 6 162 Cepaea/Arianta sp. 1 5 - - 1 1 5 Taxa 17 17 3 5 9 9 22 Total 282 275 5 15 31 32 675 14.2 % Open country species 57.45 60.36 100 60 61.29 71.88 2 31.2 % Intermediate species 36.17 28 0 33.33 32.26 28.13 6 54.5 % Shade - loving species 6.38 11.64 0 6.67 6.45 0 2

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APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Cadnam Farm, Alton, Excavation Short description Area 1, within the north-east of the Site, contained a D- shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age date, which contained

the remains of a roundhouse, and was associated on its north-west side by a ditched drove-way. A number of associated features included rubbish pits, a four-post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Pit 10041 in Area 1 produced a rich assemblage of finds from fill 10043, including bone weaving combs, pottery and items of metalwork, which possibly comprised a structured deposit. Area 2 was situated on the north-east margins of the site, and contained the super-imposed foundation gullies of two roundhouses, with a probable third example situated slightly to the south-west. The roundhouses contained internal concentric post settings, and were of Middle Iron Age date. Area 3 was located close to the north-west boundary of the Site, and contained the remains of a circular-plan, post-built structure in its north-east corner, together with a four-post structure and associated post holes and pits, most of which were undated. A number of paired and single post holes, together with a six-post structure, were located within the north-west corner of Area 3, and a discrete cluster of post holes further to the south- east represented a further small structure of indeterminate plan. A number of these features were assigned a Middle Iron Age date on the basis of pottery. Two large boundary ditches extended into Area 3 from its south-west corner, and were interpreted as the funnelled entrance of a drove- way. A number of internal post holes may represent structures associated with livestock handling. Two phases of ditches were evident, but these were mostly of late Iron Age/Early Roman date.

Project dates January/February, 2016 Project type Excavation

Previous work Desk-based Assessment (WSP, 2014) Geophysical Survey (Pre-Construct Geophysics, 2015)

Field evaluation (CA 2015)

Future work n/a PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire Study area (M2/ha) 3km² Site co-ordinates SU 72025 41075

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Hampshire County Council Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Damian de Rosa

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Project Supervisor Oliver Good MONUMENT TYPE Enclosed prehistoric settlement, Unenclosed prehistoric settlement

SIGNIFICANT FINDS Iron Age Bone Combs, Metalwork items, Pottery PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. (museum/Accession no.) pottery, animal bone etc) Hampshire Cultural Trust: Accession number A2015.66 Physical Pottery. Lithics, Fired Clay, metalwork, worked bone, worked stone, animal bone

Paper Context sheets, drawn sections and plans, photographic and sample registers, matrices etc

Digital Database, CAD files of site plans, digital photos etc

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2017Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire : Archaeological Excavation, CA typescript report 17120

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7 70 7 71 7 72 7 74 7 73 0 1 2 4 3

IIronron AAgege D-shapedD-shaped eenclosurenclosure

4433

RomanR Road o m a 4422 n R o a d EarlyEarly RomanRoman cemeterycemetery

NeathamNeatham RomanRoman ssiteite

4411

4400

3399

SUSU Andover 01264 347630 READING N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 WEST BERKSHIRE Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

WOKINGHAM e [email protected] BRACKNELL FOREST PROJECT TITLE SURREY Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

HAMPSHIRE FIGURE TITLE WEST SUSSEX Site location plan

CITY OF 0 1km SOUTHAMPTON FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2015 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with DRAWN BY LJH/AO PROJECT NO. 779015 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller CHECKED BY DJB DATE 19/09/2016 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 0.91m RH 722 720 718 Def N

ED & Ward Bdy

149.6m Upper Ansty Lane T83

T86 Path (um) Area 2 T81 (Fig.4) T82 T80 E Wood T84 pit 7903 Area 1 412 T50 (Fig.3) C C pit 7907 T85 Cadnam T75 T79 Farm T76 ED & Ward Bdy T78 T74 site boundary T77 T72 excavation area 134.4m T46 T48 T49 T67 evaluation trench T73 T66 T44 evaluation trench containing T47 T38 T71 archaeological features T68 Pit T43 T61 (disused) T37 archaeological feature T45 FIELD 1 T70 geological feature T26 T39 T58 T59 T65 T27 T36 tree-throw T14 T62 T52 T69 T40 T56 T63 T64 T28 T51 T13 T25 T35 128.3m T54 T57 T41 T16 T60 Area 3 T29 T53 T24 T15 (Fig.5) T55 FIELD 2 T34 T42 410 T30 T12 T17 T19 T33 126.0m T18 T22 T11 T9 T31 T10 23 T23 22 T21 T32 T8 FIELD 3 T20

Blanes Farm 97 0 100m Gilbert White Way

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission of T6 139.7m Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office

© Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109. 2 T3 FIELD 4 T7 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 T5 1 Exeter 01392 826185 T1 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

2 e [email protected]

T4 PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire T2 1 408 FIGURE TITLE Area locations Marlfield

DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 19/09/2016 SU APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:2000 2 P:\779015 Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm_Alton_Fig.2-5.dwg posthole N 10024 C C posthole 10010 8206 posthole 10020 posthole 10012 posthole posthole T82 10018 10022 posthole 10014 Roundhouse 2

posthole 10016 T80

posthole 10031 excavation area ditch posthole 101 8005 evaluation trench

50 posthole 10029 posthole archaeological 10033 posthole Roundhouse 2 10035 pit feature tree-throw 10026 A B B section location ditch/lynchet pit 10041 102

A Period 2 T79 Period 3 T75 pit Undated inset 10046

10076 pit posthole pit 10026 10107 10052 7506

pit tree-throw tree-throw D 10037 10003 10006 Four-post structure 1 10083 10048 posthole posthole 10060 10058 posthole D 10066 T76 10008 10098 posthole 10068 posthole 10111 posthole 10062 T48 10109 10076 10064 g Enclosure 1.1 10139

ggggggg 10054 ring gully pit ditch 104 7604 103 10074 10135 10104 T77 Roundhouse 1 pit pit 0 15m 10090 10087 10096 10137 ring gully posthole 105 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the B 10070 permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her posthole Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109. B 10072 posthole 10115 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 10130 Exeter 01392 826185 T73 10125 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] .uk 10144 10149 PROJECT TITLE T49 Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire 10123 FIGURE TITLE Plan and aerial photograph of gully T74 Area 1 10142 106

FIGURE NO. P:\779015 Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm_Alton_Fig.2-5.dwg & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA P:\779015 Cadnam DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/03/2017 Southern half of Area 1, looking north-east (2m scales) APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:300 3 P:\779015 Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm_Alton_Fig.2-5.dwg & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA P:\779015 Cadnam N

possible segmented gully 20078 gully 207

gully 20080

20042

gully 205 20032 Roundhouse 3 20036 gully 206

posthole site boundary 20006 20044 excavation area

ring gully evaluation trench 204 posthole E archaeological F E posthole 8413 20046 20004 posthole 20068 feature tree-throw 20040 F posthole B B posthole posthole 20008 section location 20010 8411

posthole Period 2 posthole pit 20018 20066 20016 pit 20062 Undated 20024 pit 20060 Roundhouse 5 posthole posthole gully 201 20002 20014 20030 20038 pit 20070 20072

posthole posthole Roundhouse 4 20026 8404

posthole 20012 segmented gully 20064 segmented pit 20074 gully 20052 20028 pit 20048 20022

gully 202

20057 20020

20054

ditch 203 0 5m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her T84 Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109.

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] .uk PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Plan and aerial photograph of Area 2

DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/03/2017 Area 2, looking north-east (2m scales) APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:100 4 P:\779015 Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm_Alton_Fig.2-5.dwg & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA P:\779015 Cadnam posthole posthole N 30069 30045 pit 30073 posthole posthole 2606 30048

posthole 2608 posthole 30033

posthole 30079 I posthole 30060 posthole 30035 posthole I posthole 30054 30071 posthole 30104

posthole Roundhouse 6 H 30019 H G posthole posthole 30031 posthole posthole 30063 30039 2614 G K tree-throw J posthole posthole 30102 30021 30023 posthole 2616 posthole 30058 posthole 30029 K posthole 30056 J posthole posthole posthole 2612 posthole 30037 posthole 30067 posthole 30043 30065 30041 excavation area Six-post posthole structure T26 Four-post 30003 structure 2 evaluation trench

posthole posthole archaeological 30005 30100 30014 posthole 30017 feature geological feature tree-throw posthole tree-throw 30007 30111 B B posthole section location posthole 30027 posthole 30025 30009 posthole 2 30011 Period 30108 Period 3 Undated pit 30050

posthole T14 30151 posthole 30117 posthole Structure 3 30126 30161

posthole T25 30163 posthole posthole 30081 posthole 30156 posthole pit 30115 posthole 30119 30083 posthole 30087 30085 posthole posthole posthole 30089 30096 30113

posthole posthole posthole 30098 30130 30159 posthole 30091 posthole 0 10m tree-throw 30106 30132 30137 pit 30149 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd ditch 100002109. pit pit 30123 303 30140 30134 30093

Andover 01264 347630 L L 30153 Cirencester 01285 771022 ditch 302 Exeter 01392 826185 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 pit M ditch 301 1605 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] .uk M PROJECT TITLE 30143 Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE 30146 Plan and aerial photograph of posthole 1607 Area 3 T16

DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/03/2017 Area 3, looking north-east (2m scales) APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:200 5 P:\779015 Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm_Alton_Fig.2-5.dwg & PUBL\Illustration\Drafts\779015_Cadnam Farm, Alton PXA P:\779015 Cadnam Section BB

E W Section AA 132.0m AOD

NW SE 10095 135.6m AOD

10094 10045

10044 10093

10043

10042 pit 10041

10092

10091

ditch 10090

01m1:20

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Pit 10041, looking north-east (1m scale) Ditch 10090, looking south-east (2m scale) Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs and section drawings of pit 10041 and ditch 10090

DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 19/09/2016 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A4 1:20 6 N

Section CC Section DD

SE NE NW SW WE 134.05m 135.4m AOD AOD 10025 10051 10051 posthole 10024 10002

10050 10050

10002 ditch terminal 10048

01m1:20

PPostholeosthole 110024,0024, llookingooking nnorhtorht (0.2m(0.2m scale)scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Photograph and section drawings of posthole 10024 and ditch terminal 10048

DRAWN BY TC PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/09/16 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:20 7 N

Section FF Section EE

EW NW SE 139.3m 139.25m AOD AOD 20041 20007

gully 20040 posthole 20006

01m1:20

NNorthorth ffacingacing sectionsection ofof PostPost HoleHole 2000620006 (0.30m(0.30m scale)scale) SSouthouth WWestest ffacingacing ssectionection throughthrough gullygully 2004020040 (0.30m(0.30m scale)scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs and section drawings of pit 20006 and ditch 20040

DRAWN BY TC PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/09/16 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:20 8 Section GG Section HH SN SW NE 137.9m 137.9m AOD AOD

posthole 30029 posthole 30031

Section II Section JJ

SN SN 137.7m 138.1m AOD AOD 30036

posthole posthole 30035 30041

Section KK

SN 137.7m AOD

posthole 30043

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Profile and section drawings of postholes 30029, 30031, 30035, 30041 and 30043 01m1:20 DRAWN BY AO PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 23/09/16 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A4 1:20 9 N

Section LL Section MM

SE NW NW SE 136.4m AOD 135.5m 30125 AOD

30145

30124 ditch 30123 30144 ditch 30143

01m1:20

DDitchitch 330123,0123, lookinglooking south-westsouth-west (0.5m(0.5m scale)scale) DDitchitch 330143,0143, lookinglooking north-eastnorth-east (1m(1m scale)scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs and section drawings of Ditches 30123 and 30143

DRAWN BY TC PROJECT NO. 779015 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/09/16 APPROVED BY RM SCALE@A3 1:20 10

104