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One Hundred Years of Hampshire Archaeology

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One Hundred Years of Hampshire Archaeology Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc 41, 1985, 21-36. ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF HAMPSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGY By RICHARD WHINNEY INTRODUCTION archaeology in the County, but also happily coincide with the emergence and estab­ This paper is an attempt to review the lishment of the outstanding individual development of the discipline or science of archaeologists already referred to. archaeology in Hampshire over the past It would be presumptuous to attempt, and century. The papers and articles published almost impossible to achieve, a review of the since 1885 in the Proceedings of the Hampshire advances in every major archaeological period Field Club and Archaeological Society are the start­ over the past one hundred years, and so that is ing point for this summary. Whilst these not attempted here. Fortunately, that published works provide the basic information daunting task was largely accomplished a few for much of the following critique and years ago by the relevant experts and appraisal, clearly not all of the significant published as Hampshire Field Club changes in the nature of the subject are Monograph 1 (Shennan and Schadla-Hall reflected in Proceedings. In particular the past 1981). Although further data could now be twenty-five years have seen major upheavals in added, the basic outlines provided at that time the field, many of which were not directly cannot be gainsaid. related to or influenced by the Field Club: therefore other sources have been consulted for this period, and for one or two others, in 1885-1905: THE EARLY YEARS order to present what is hoped to be as The first twenty years of the existence of the complete and as balanced a picture as Field Club owe much to the. energies of T W possible. Shore, who was not only instrumental in the At an early stage in the research for this Club's formation, but was one of its leading paper it became clear that the evolution of lights and a driving force until his death in archaeology in Hampshire since 1885 owes 1905 (Taylor 1985). Through his thorough­ much to a small number of individuals, many going interests in all aspects of man's activities of whom began their careers in the County, in the County, he instilled an enthusiasm and and then went on to achieve not only national, zest for archaeology and local history which but in many cases, international acclaim. continues to the present day. Indeed, his Their contributions to the County have been influence in the promotion of archaeology was highlighted in this paper, as also has reflected in the expansion of the formal title of something of their effects and roles in the the Club in 1898 to 'The Hampshire Field wider archaeological world. Club and Archaeological Society'. Inevitably, with the range and scope of the It is therefore not altogether surprising to subject being so vast, a certain amount of find that Thomas Shore figures prominently as deliberate selection of material has taken a contributor to the early volumes of place, and is obviously something of a personal Proceedings. He wrote papers on a broad choice. Despite this, it is hoped that the overall spectrum of subjects, covering a wide geo­ picture of the general trends, as seen from graphical and chronological range. Some arti­ 1985, is clear. The information so presented cles were very detailed accounts of a single has been divided into broad chronological fairly restricted aspect, whilst others made periods, and so again reflects personal choices. extensive use of his broad knowledge and were However, the periods identified not only County-wide surveys and appraisals on topics reflect the major changes and advances in of general interest. For example, on one level, 22 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY he presented an appraisal of the prehistory of This rather 'antiquarian' outlook of the field the Candovcr valley (Shore 1893); by contrast, meetings - as seen from a modern viewpoint - a few years later he was writing about was also reflected in the general tenor and prehistoric languages, ancient races and place- content of the archaeological papers published names for the whole County (Shore 1898). in Proceedings during these early years. They After his death in 1905, the Field Club were dominated by many studies of standing quickly acknowledged its great debt to Shore buildings, and the appreciation of their with the publication of a memorial volume architectural details (eg Eyre 1888; Nisbett entitled Hampshire Papers (Minns 1911). Many 1890). There were, however, reports on the of his lectures, articles and other writings were significance of chance discoveries that came to reproduced in this single volume which light from time to time during some displayed his wide-ranging interests in all redevelopment scheme. For example, Skelton aspects of Hampshire's archaeology and reported on the finds of Roman coins around history. Southampton (Skelton 1887), Darwin similarly Shore's great friend and close collaborator described Bronze Age metalwork found in in the Society was William Dale, who like similar circumstances (Darwin 1894), and Shore had a wide range of knowledge and Dale outlined the importance of the Anglo- interests (Taylor 1985). His energies and Saxon cemetery found during the construction talents caused him to be involved in many of the Meon valley railway at Droxford (Dale activities. Perhaps the most important of these 1904). The major exception to these generally were the watching briefs on building works he rather small-scale activities was the excavation kept in and around Southampton, and the of the Roman city of Silchester. A collecting of flint implements which now form comprehensive series of investigations were part of Winchester City Museums' collection. carried out by Fox and St John Hope for the Together, he and Shore were responsible for Society of Antiquaries between 1889 and 1909, the establishment of the Field Club as the with the express purpose of elucidating the accepted County society, and in so doing they plan of the city (Fig 1; Archaeologia 52—62). This unstintingly promoted and encouraged the considerable achievement was the largest investigation and exploration of archaeological excavation to be undertaken up to that time, remains, of whatever type. and was an obvious milestone in British archaeology. Similarly, the work on the Much of the research for Shore's and Dale's organic remains recovered was also one of the articles was undertaken as a preliminary to the earliest forays into what has now become a scries of outdoor meetings that the Club held standard aspect of modern archaeological every year. These field trips were an essential methodology. part of the activities of the Society and were usually arranged so that as wide a range of On a more general note, Vdlume 1 of the topics of interest to members - botanical, Victoria History for Hampshire and the Isle of Wight geological, ornithological, architectural, was published in 1900 (Doubleday 1900). A archaeological - could be covered in a single substantial portion was given over to a excursion. At all of these meetings, at venues consideration of the archaeology of the around the County, archaeology figured more County. The summaries there presented or less prominently on the itinerary for the revealed the contemporary ideas about the day. Almost without exception, the members overall development of man's activities from concerned themselves with the appreciation of prehistoric times up to the Norman conquest. visible earthworks, monuments, standing The main periods — prehistoric, Romano- buildings and the like. There are few reports of British, Anglo-Saxon - were surveyed in excavations underway, for such exercises were general terms by nationally-recognised experts somewhat rare at the end of the nineteenth- (Boyd-Dawkins 1900; Haverfield 1900; Smith century. 1900). The exception to this overall approach WHINNEY: 100 YEARS OF HAMPSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGY 23 CSTl m ' m Fig 1. Part of the plan of Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) as known in 1909. 24 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY was the account of Silchester which was 1915). This book was the first general presented in detail, and provided a summary appraisal of the visible archaeology of of the first ten years work at that town (Fox Hampshire, and remains an indispensible and St John Hope 1900). source to this day. The subject matter is extremely varied and covers a broad 1905-1920 chronological band from the Neolithic period If the first twenty years of the Society may be through to the Civil War. Geographically, the regarded principally as a formative period County is covered by twenty-three separate under the influential, oligarchical gaze of T W itineraries. All the major earthworks in Shore and his contemporaries, then the next Hampshire were surveyed by Williams- fifteen or so years should be viewed as a period Freeman, and the majority of them were of considerable consolidation, both in the illustrated by meticulous plans and sections in internal organisation and in the external role Field Archaeology. His guide to the methodical of the Club. The underlying pattern of both surveying and recording of such monuments meetings and publication of works in shows how it was possible for one person to Proceedings, established by Shore and Dale, carry out what must have been, at least in a continued more or less in the.same vein until good number of cases, a quite daunting after the First World War. The overriding exercise (Williams-Freeman 1915, 329-33). approach to archaeology in the County, as Shortly before his own death in 1943, outlined above and reflected by Proceedings, was Williams-Freeman wrote the obituary for his generally continued, although there was a great friend and contemporary, George gradual increase in detailed field surveys and Hey wood Maunoir Sumner who died in 1940 work, particularly, on the surviving (Williams-Freeman 1941).
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