Virginia Demographics, Outcomes, and State Accountability Policies
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Fact Sheet August 2018 English Learners in Virginia Demographics, Outcomes, and State Accountability Policies By Julie Sugarman and Courtney Geary This fact sheet provides an overview of key characteristics of the foreign-born and English Learner (EL) populations in Virginia. It aims to build understanding of the state demographic context, how ELs are performing in K-12 schools, and the basics of state policies for EL education under the federal Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), enacted in December 2015. The transition to ESSA is ongoing, with states slated to update their data reporting systems by December 2018. As a result, the data this fact sheet uses to describe student outcomes No Child Left Behind Act primarilyis implemented reflect will systems improve and the accountability accuracy and policies availability developed of these under data. the (NCLB, in effect from 2002 through 2015). Many of the changes expected as ESSA TheDepartment first section of Education. examines Athe discussion demographics of EL studentof Virginia outcomes using U.S. as measuredCensus Bureau by standardized 2016 Americantests follows, Community and the fact Survey sheet (ACS) concludes data, and with EL a studentsbrief overview as reported of Virginia by the accountability Virginia ACTS mechanisms that affect ELs under ESSA. F I. Demographic Overview of Foreign-Born and EL Populations in Virginia ATION In 2016, approximately 1,031,000 foreign-born individuals resided in Virginia, accounting L population overall (14 percent), as seen in Table 1. The growth rate of the foreign-born U forpopulation 12 percent in Virginia of the state has population—comparableremained relatively constant, to the at immigrant83 percent sharein the of period the U.S. between P 1990 and 2000 and 81 percent between 2000 and 2016. This growth rate is about double O the native-born population. Age group trends in Virginia mirror broader national trends, thatwith of disproportionately the U.S. immigrant smaller population shares more of foreign-born generally, and individuals it far outpaces in the the birth-to-age-17 growth rate of brackets compared to the native born. E L P The share of school-age children with one or more foreign-born parents is slightly smaller 2. Additionally, about 84 percent of children of immigrants in Virginia were native born, incompared Virginia to(23 86 percent) percent thannationwide. in the United In Virginia, States 27 overall percent (26 of percent), children as in shown low-income in Table families had one or more foreign-born parents, which is slightly less than the share of low- income children nationally (32 percent). Table 1. Foreign- and U.S.-Born Populations of Virginia and the United States, 2016 Virginia United States Foreign Born U.S. Born Foreign Born U.S. Born Number 1,031,169 7,380,639 43,739,345 279,388,170 Share of total population 12.3% 87.7% 13.5% 86.5% Population Change over Time % change: 2000-16 80.8% 13.4% 40.6% 11.6% % change: 1990-2000 82.9% 10.8% 57.4% 9.3% Age Group Share under age 5 0.8% 6.7% 0.7% 7.0% Share ages 5-17 5.8% 17.7% 5.1% 18.5% Share ages 18+ 93.4% 75.6% 94.2% 74.5% Source: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) Data Hub, “State Immigration Data Profiles: Demographics & Social,” accessed May 15, 2018, www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/VA/US/. Number of ELs. - percent of Virginia children ages 5 to 17 are ACS data on the Limited English AtLEP. the3 In state contrast, level, theACS most data recentindicate data that from 3 the Proficientcounted as (LEP) those population who speak relyEnglish on self-report less than Virginia Department of Education, from school ing of English proficiency, with LEP individuals- year (SY) 2017–18, indicate ELs represented 12 percent of the state preK-12 student population, “veryare LEP, well.”1 while At the data national the states level, submitted ACS data to indi the or 159,152 students.4 catefederal that government 5 percent of put U.S. the children EL share ages of the5 to total 17 K-12 population at 10 percent in Fall 2015.2 Table 2. Nativity and Low-Income Status of Children in Virginia and the United States, 2016 Virginia United States Share of Share of Number Population Number Population (%) (%) Children between ages 6 and 17 with 1,191,633 100.0 47,090,847 100.0 Only native-born parents 914,591 76.8 34,838,528 74.0 One or more foreign-born parents 277,042 23.2 12,252,319 26.0 Child is native born 231,400 19.4 10,501,024 22.3 Child is foreign born 45,642 3.8 1,751,295 3.7 Children in low-income families 551,378 100.0 28,363,805 100.0 Only native-born parents 400,029 72.6 19,216,957 67.8 One or more foreign-born parents 151,349 27.4 9,146,848 32.2 Note: The definition of children in low-income families includes children under age 18 who resided with at least one parent and in families with annual incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty threshold. Source: MPI Data Hub, “State Immigration Data Profiles: Demographics & Social.” 2 English Learners in Virginia: Demographics, Outcomes, and State Accountability Policies Fact Sheet Table 3. Nativity of Virginia and U.S. LEP Students, 2012–16 Share of K-12 LEP Children Born in the United States (%) Grades K-5 Grades 6–12 Total Virginia 68.3 45.2 56.8 United States 82.3 56.5 70.6 Note: Analysis based on Limited English Proficient (LEP) children ages 5 and older enrolled in grades K-12. Source: MPI analysis of U.S. Census Bureau pooled 2012–16 American Community Survey (ACS) data, accessed through Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series,” accessed April 25, 2018, https://usa.ipums.org/usa/. Reports submitted by each state to the federal children, they can be used to examine (with due government. Table 4 shows data from SY Althoughcaution) the ACS nativity data seem of ELs, to undercount a variable school EL 2015–16 that indicate Spanish was spoken by data systems do not capture. Table 3 shows that about two-thirds of Virginia ELs, with Arabic, in Virginia, 57 percent of school-aged children who were reported as LEP in census data were Vietnamese, Urdu, and Chinese rounding out the among elementary school children than older topAmong five. Virginia school divisions5 with bornstudents. in the The United rate ofStates, native-born with a larger LEP children share in the largest number of ELs are all in northern at 71 percent. enrollmentVirginia. Table of more 5 also than shows 2,000 that ELs, in the the divisions five with the United States overall was somewhat higher, with the largest numbers of ELs, these students The most recent data available on the top represented between 8 percent (Stafford languages spoken by ELs in Virginia come enrollment. County) and 49 percent (Manassas City) of total from the Consolidated State Performance Table 4. Top Home Languages Spoken by Virginia ELs, SY 2015–16 Share of ELs with a Home Language Number of ELs Other Than English (%) Spanish; Castilian 73,017 67.9 Arabic 6,019 5.6 Vietnamese 2,529 2.4 Urdu 2,500 2.3 Chinese 1,812 1.7 EL = English Learner; SY = School Year. Note: Shares calculated based on 107,547 Limited English Proficient students reported by the state in 2015-16. Source: U.S. Department of Education, “SY 2015-2016 Consolidated State Performance Reports Part I—Virginia,” updated October 18, 2017, www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/account/consolidated/sy15-16part1/index.html. 3 Migration Policy Institute Table 5. Number of ELs and EL Share of Students in Virginia School Divisions with More Than 2,000 ELs, SY 2017–18 EL Share of Students in Division Number of ELs (%) Fairfax County 54,451 28.9 Prince William County 23,646 26.1 Loudoun County 12,753 15.8 Arlington County 8,145 30.2 Alexandria City 6,431 40.7 Chesterfield County 5,437 8.9 Henrico County 5,060 9.8 Manassas City 3,823 48.9 Harrisonburg City 2,811 44.6 Richmond City 2,562 10.2 Stafford County 2,415 8.3 EL = English Learner; SY = School Year. Note: These data include prekindergarten students as well as K-12 students. Sources: Virginia Department of Education, “Fall Membership Reports—2017–2018—Division Totals by Grade All Students,” accessed April 20, 2018, www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/enrollment/fall_membership/report_data. shtml; Virginia Department of Education, “Fall Membership Reports—2017–18—Division Totals by Grade English Learner Students,” accessed April 20, 2018, www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/enrollment/fall_membership/ report_data.shtml. Finally, Table 6 shows that as grade level II. EL Student Outcomes in increases, the population and share of ELs in Virginia K-12 schools generally decrease. Virginia Whereas 15 percent of early-elementary This section examines the outcomes of the EL students were ELs in SY 2017–18, that share subgroup on state standardized assessments. dropped to 8 percent for grades 9 through It is important to note two things about the participation of ELs on these assessments. First, compared to other student subgroups based on 12. This reflects the trend that more students ethnicity, poverty, gender, and special education achieveStates as English adolescents proficiency or remain (and ELs thus beyond exit EL the status, ELs are a much more dynamic population: status) over time than immigrate to the United typical five- to seven-year time frame.