Impact Study of Soil Health Card Scheme, National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad-500030, Pp.210
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Citation: Reddy A Amarender (2017) Impact Study of Soil Health Card Scheme, National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad-500030, Pp.210. i ii Acknowledgement The study on “Impact of Soil Health Card Scheme” has been carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, as suggested and sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. We have benefited immensely from various scholars and officials from different government departments while carrying out this study. At the outset, we would like to thank Smt. V Usha Rani, IAS, Director General of our institute as well as Smt. Rani Kumudhini, IAS then Joint Secretary, INM, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India for their constant encouragement and support for undertaking this impact study. We are grateful to Smt. Neerja, IAS, Joint Secretary, INM, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India and Dr. Chaudhary, Additional Commissioner, INM, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and Farmers Welfare for continuous support and guidance. We are grateful to directors and joint directors and other officials from different state department of agriculture for their cooperation during the field survey and later interactions in focus group interactions for sharing their valuable suggestions. We thank Dr. Ratna Reddy, Dr. Padma Raju, ex Vice Chancellor, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Dr. CP Chandrashekar, former dean, PJTSAU for their guidance and active involvement. We thank our colleagues in MANAGE for their support and encouragement while carrying out the study. Especially we thank Dr.VP Sharma, Dr.Renuka Rani, Waheeda for their continuous support. We are thankful to Dr. Ashwini S Darekar , M. Preethi , Ch. Lavanya and Ch. Bala Swamy for their continuous hard work in finishing the report. We are thankful to Miss. Vaishnavi, Mr.Aditya, Mr.Vijay and Miss. Trupti from Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics. Pune who worked on the project as interns. We also thankful to the field supervisors and surveyors for carrying out the field surveys and focus group interactions in different sample states and districts across India. The study would not have reached to this stage without the active co-operation of the sample households, who provided all the required data for the study without any hesitation and expectation. We thank each one of them for their invaluable support. Dr. A. Amarender Reddy iii Abbreviations ASCI Agriculture Skill Council of India CACP Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices DSS Decision Support System EC Electrical conductivity FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FC Forward Class FPCs Farmer Produce Companies GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System ICAR Indian Council for Agricultural Research ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IISS Indian Institute of Soil Science IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISRO Indian Space Research Organization ITPS Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMSA National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture OBC Other Backward Caste OC Organic Carbon PPP Public Private Partnership RAU Rajendra Agricultural University S&MF Small and Marginal farmers SAU State Agriculture University SC Schedule Cast SHC Soil Health Card ST Schedule Tribes STCR Soil Test Based Crop Response STL Soil Testing Labs UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WSC World Soil Charter iv Content Content Page no: Executive Summary xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter II: Soil Health in India - Review of Experience 5 2.1: Soil Health in India 6 2.2: Soil Nutritional Status 7 2.3: Soil Organic Carbon 7 2.4: Soil Health Card to improve soil health 9 Chapter III: Policy interventions over the years: International and National 15 3.1: Global policies 15 3.2: National Policies 17 Chapter IV: Objectives and methodology 19 4.1: Objectives 19 4.2: Methodology 19 4.2.1: Selection of States, Districts & Blocks 20 4.2.2: Structure of Data from farmers 22 4.2.3: Indicators of inputs of Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme 22 4.2.4 : Indicators of activities under SHM 23 4.2.5: Indicators of outputs of the Scheme 23 4.2.6: Indicators of outcomes 23 4.2.7: Indicators of Socio-economic impact 24 4.2.8: Information from key stakeholders & secondary data 24 Chapter V: Soil Health card Scheme: Design , Coverage & Impact 25 5.1: SHC Design and Status (inputs/activities/and outputs) 25 5.2: Status of SHC (Financial and human resource allocation) 37 5.3: Farmers feedback on Design 44 5.4: Design in different states 48 5.5: Needed improvements in the design of SHC scheme 50 v 5.6: Socio-economic characteristics of the sample farmers 55 5.7: Awareness, utilization and outputs under the SHC scheme 56 5.8: Farmers perception and source of information about SHC 63 5.9: Outcomes(Input use and Cost per hectare) of the SHC scheme 77 5.10: Success stories and potential benefits of the SHC scheme 82 5.11: State wise crop wise fertilizer consumption 85 Chapter VI: Policy Recommendations 90 6.1 Soil sampling related (SHC design) 96 6.2 Soil Health Indicators (SHC design) 98 6.3 Soil Testing Infrastructure 99 6.4 Soil Extension 101 6.5 Policy related 102 References 105 Annexure-1: Feedback from agricultural officers on status of SHC and 106 improvement need Annexure-2: Soil Health & Soil Testing: Some Practical issues 108 Annexure-3: Field Observations compiled across states 113 Appendix-1: Review of the Recent Studies 116 Appendix -2: Regression Analysis: Determinants of performance indicators of SHC 128 scheme (District Level) Appendix-3: Farmers Questionnaire 131 vi List of Tables Sno: Particulars Pg.Nos. Table 1: Consumption of Fertilisers in million tonnes in India 2 Table 2 Soil quality and quantity indicators 18 Table 3 Details of sampling Framework 21 Table 4A Financial Allocations and Expenditure 37 Table 4B Zone wise analysis of funds allocated, released and utilization 38 Table 5: Infrastructure (number of Labs) in 2016-17 39 Table 6A: Samples entered, farmers covered, samples tested and SHCs printed (Cycle-1) 42 Table 6B: Samples entered, farmers covered, samples tested and SHCs printed (Cycle-2) 43 Table 7A: Indicators mentioned in SHCs in different states of USA 46 Table 7B: Indicators mentioned in SHCs in other countries 47 Table 8: Basic Features of the Sample Households (HH) 55 Table 9: Basic Features of the Sample Households (HH) by irrigation status 55 Table 10: Zone wise awareness about SHC 56 Table 11: Farm Size Class wise awareness about SHC 57 Table 12: Social group wise awareness about SHC 58 Table13: Awareness about SHC in developed and less developed states 59 Table 14: Awareness about SHC by irrigation status of the farmers 60 Table 15: Participation of Farmers in SHC Activities across Regions 61 Table 16: Participation of Farmers in SHC Activities across States 62 Table 17: Participation of Farmers in SHC Activities across Size Classes 62 Table 18: Participation of Farmers in SHC Activities across Social Groups 63 Table 19: Participation of Farmers in SHC Activities across irrigated area groups 63 Table 20: Farmers perception about SHC across Regions 65 Table 21: Farmers opinion about SHC across Size Classes 65 Table 22: Farmers opinion about SHC in developed and less developed states 66 Table 23: Farmers opinion about SHC in Irrigated categories 67 Table 24: Number of plot covered in soil testing across Zones 68 Table 25: No. of plot covered in soil testing across size classes. 69 vii Table 26: No. of plot covered in soil testing 69 Table 27: No. of plot covered in Irrigation Groups 70 Table 28: Zone wise source of information about SHC content 71 Table 29: Source of information about SHC content across size classes 72 Table 30: Source of information about SHC content by state groups 72 Table 31: Source of information about SHC content by level of irrigation 72 Table 32: Farmers Perceptions about SHC across zones 73 Table 33: Farmers Perceptions about SHC across Size Classes 74 Table 34: Farmers Perceptions about SHC across Social Categories 75 Table 35: Farmers Perceptions about SHC across States 75 Table 36: Farmers Perceptions about SHC Irrigated Groups 76 Table 37: Impact of SHC on fertilizer use, costs and crop yields 78 Table 38: Impact of SHC on fertilizer use, costs and crop yields by farm size category 80 Table 39: Status according to longevity (period of holding SHC) (cotton) 80 Table 40: Status according to longevity of card (Paddy) 81 Table 41: Status according to longevity of card (soybean) 81 Table 42: Status according to longevity of card (pigeon pea) 81 Table 43: Status according to longevity of card (Wheat) 82 Table 44: Success stories of reduction in fertilizer use 84 Table 45: Analysis of Fertilizer use by crop across states (CACP data) 2013-14 86 Table 46: Fertilizer use (kg/ha) in 2014-15 88 viii List of Maps Sl.No. Particulars Pg.Nos. Map 1: Status of Nitrogen and Zinc availability in Indian soil(Source: Economic Times) 10 Map 2: Status of Phosphorus and Iron availability in Indian soil 11 Map 3: Status of Potassium, Copper and Manganese availability in Indian soil 12 Map 4: State Wise Consumption of Fertilizers 13 Map 5: Changing chemical composition of soils 14 Map 6: Statewise samples collected per 1000 ha. 26 Map 7: Statewise samples collected per 1000 cultivators 26 Map 8: State wise samples tested per 1000 ha 27 Map 9: Statewise samples tested per 1000 cultivators 27 Map 10: Statewise SHC printed per 1000 ha.