Facetas Núm. 4. Vol. 5, 1972

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Facetas Núm. 4. Vol. 5, 1972 FACETAS ES UNA PUBLICACIÓN TRIMESTRAL DE CRITICA Y ANÁLISIS DE TEMAS INTELECTUALES Y CULTURALES DE INTERÉS ACTUAL EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS. LAS OPINIONES EXPRESADAS EN SUS PAGINAS SON LAS DE LOS AUTORES, Y NO NECESARIAMENTE REFLEJAN EL PUNTO DE VISTA O LA POLITICA DEL GOBIERNO NORTEAMERICANO. Editor: Nathan Glick Editor Asociado: John Corr Directo de Arte: Joseph D. Hockersmith Asistentes Editoriales: Katherine Montgomery y Mary A. Igal Oficina Editorial: Agencia de Información de los EE. UU., 1776 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C, 20547 Nota sobre derechos: El material tomado de otras publicaciones no puede reproducirse sin permiso. Toda solicitud de reproducción de­ berá dirigirse directamente a tales publica­ ciones, o al Servicio de Información de la Embajada de los EE.UU. para su trámite. 1972 FACETAS Vol.5 No.4 sección especial: APRENDER Y ENSEÑAR Charles E. Silberman 3 Crisis en el Aula Pablo Latapi 13 La Reforma Educativa en la América Latina Peter Spackman 23 ¿Son Necesarias las Escuelas? Eleanor Horwitz y 34 Un Experimento de Televisión Educativa Jane O'Connor David Hawkins 44 John Dewey: Maestro de Maestros Peter F. Drucker 52 La Nueva Forma de la Educación Declaración en una 59 Nuevas Direcciones de la Educación Latinoamericana Conferencia de la UNESCO John Diebold 63 La Administración y la Tecnología Roberto de Oliveira Campos 72 La Empresa Multinacional y la América Latina A. E. Claeyssens 78 James Agee: La Fusión de la Vida y el Arte Eli Ginzberg 89 Las Técnicas del Desarrollo La Liberación Femenina: Dos Puntos de Vista Isa Kapp 97 1. El Nuevo Feminismo Joseph Adelson 108 2. Una Crítica al Movimiento de Liberación Femenina LIBROS Benjamin DeMott 118 La Conmovedora Realidad Jon R. Waltz 119 El Derecho y el Público NOTA AL LECTOR F A J1 estadista francés Georges Clemenceau observó una véz que la gue­ rra era una cosa demasiado grave para dejarla en manos de los generales. El reciente auge de libros y artículos en que se critica a las escuelas, en los Estados Unidos, parece indicar que la educación es una cosa demasiado seria para dejarla en manos de los educadores. Y, en realidad, las escuelas del mundo entero constituyen, cada vez más, el umbral por donde se debe pasar al avance económico y social. Así como, antaño, la mayoría de los jóvenes podían ingresar en el mundo laboral adulto mediante alguna forma de trabajo de aprendiz, hoy el diploma escolar resulta casi indispensable para el joven —o la joven— con ambiciones. En respuesta a esta necesidad, cada vez más países han avanzado hacia el objetivo de la educación para todos. Los Estados Unidos han avanzado más que otros en esta dirección, con el resultado paradójico de que la crítica a las escuelas se ha acentuado notablemente. Aunque sus críticos parecen ha­ ber salido de su educación intactos y elocuentes, las escuelas tradicionales les parecen sombrías, aburridas, pasivas, inefectivas y hostiles a la natura­ leza espontánea de los niños. Nuestra sección especial de este número docu­ menta estas críticas y examina diversas proposiciones y experimentos con que se ha intentado mejorar o reemplazar el sistema educativo. Charles Silberman tiene esperanzas en el aula "abierta" o "no-formal". Peter Spackman sopesa los argumentos de aquellos críticos que quisieran "descolarizar" a la sociedad, pasando fuera de la escuela una parte mayor de la responsabilidad de la educación. David Hawkins hace un nuevo exa­ men de las ideas de John Dewey, quien a principios de este siglo se anticipó a muchas de las críticas de los actuales reformadores escolares. Eleanor Hor- witz y Jane O'Connor nos informan del esfuerzo más extraordinario y exito­ so por aplicar la televisión a la educación de los niños, apelando —por una vez— a la capacidad intelectual superior, y no a la inferior, de su público. Y Peter F. Drucker sugiere los cambios necesarios para que la educación satisfaga la demanda de la sociedad industrial. % % »¡í Bien puede ser que no haya respuestas sencillas a los dilemas de la edu­ cación, así como no las hay en el continuo debate acerca del papel de la mujer, al cual volvemos en este número con artículos de Isa Kapp y Joseph Adelson. Pero esperamos que la presentación franca y documentada de opi­ niones opuestas aclarará las cosas y allanará el camino para unas mejores soluciones en el futuro. N. G. sección especial: Aprender y Enseñar CRISIS EN EL AULA Por Charles E. Silberman En la última década, ningún libro sobre educa­ ción ha sido tan elogiado ni ha provocado tantas polémicas sobre el tema como Crisis in the Class­ room: The Remaking of American Education (Crisis en el Aula: La Reforma de la Educación Norteamericana), de Charles E. Silberman. El libro es producto de un estudio de tres años y medio, efectuado por el autor y su equipo de investigadores, patrocinado por la Fundación Carnegie. El señor Silberman decidió examinar las teorías y prácticas de la educación contempo­ ránea; sus limitaciones y fracasos, y los grandes remedios propuestos para transformar tanto la preparación de maestros cuanto la atmósfera del aula. El siguiente artículo es un compendio de su libro, publicado por Random House. Charles E. Silberman ha sido editor de la re­ vista Fortune, y profesor de economía en varias universidades. Actualmente está dirigiendo un estudio de tres años, sobre la justicia y el sistema legal, bajo los auspicios de la Fundación Ford. Entre sus libros se incluyen Crisis in Black and White (Crisis en Blanco y Negro), extenso estudio de las relaciones in­ terraciales, y The Myth of Automation (El Mito de la Automatización). Es uno de esos escritores que pueden combinar las habilidades del erudito con las del periodista, para esclarecer los problemas sociales contemporáneos. studiar la educación norteamericana en este último tercio del siglo xx es enfrentarse a una paradoja. Por una parte, el sistema parece E hallarse en graves dificultades, estando en duda el concepto mismo de la educación pública, bajo críticas de la izquierda y de la derecha. En la mayoría de las grandes ciudades y en muchas de las pequeñas, las es­ cuelas públicas se encuentran en desorden, desgarradas por conflictos por la integración racial, la descentralización y el control de la comunidad, así como por el creciente descontento por la calidad de la educación que ofrecen. Copyright (c) 1970 por Charles Silberman. Se reproduce con automación del autor y él International Editors. Co., Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3 FACETAS Y, sin embargo, desde otra perspectiva, el sistema educativo norteame­ ricano parece notablemente triunfante, casi según cualesquiera normas, obteniendo más éxito que hace 10, 20, 50 ó 100 años. Consideremos el sistema norteamericano de educación superior, que los reformadores de la educación casi en todos los países europeos miran como su modelo. Ha logrado llevar la excelencia intelectual y una sabiduría creadora a un sis­ tema de educación superior de masas. En 1970, cerca de 7.500.000 estu­ diantes •—más del 40% de la población en edad de college— asistían a 2.500 instituciones norteamericanas de educación superior, la mayoría de las cuales habían elevado el nivel de instrucción y de realización econó­ mica de sus estudiantes durante los últimos 20 años. La mejora de la educación elemental y secundaria también ha sido con­ siderable, aunque menos llamativa. A las escuelas públicas están asistien­ do muchachos, en cantidad absoluta y en proporción con la población, más que nunca antes, en proporción mayor que la que cualquier otra sociedad, excepto Japón, ha tratado jamás de educar. Contra la impresión popular, está disminuyendo la "tasa de abandonos" del high school. La proporción de quienes terminan el high school ha aumentado de un 58% en 1955 a un 75% en 1970. Y hay pruebas, aunque reconocidamente fragmentarias, de que los estudiantes de hoy están aprendiendo más que sus predecesores. Las Razones del Descontento Entonces, ¿por qué ese general sentido de crisis?, ¿cómo explicar el he­ cho de que un sistema educativo que parece obtener notables éxitos desde un punto de vista parezca hallarse en graves problemas desde otro ? Una razón es que las mejoras logradas desde las últimas dos décadas genera­ ron esperanzas de mayores perfeccionamientos, de una especie y a un rit­ mo que el sistema fue incapaz de cumplir, o no quiso hacerlo. El descon­ tento social y la rebelión frecuentemente son producto del progreso social, no del estancamiento. Sólo cuando los hombres sienten la posibilidad de una mejora, en rea­ lidad, es cuando se sienten insatisfechos de su situación y se rebelan contra ella. Y "con la rebelión", como dijo Albert Camus, "nace la con­ ciencia" y con la conciencia una impaciencia "que puede extenderse so­ bre casi todo lo que los hombres previamente habían aceptado y que casi siempre es retroactiva". Esta impaciencia retroactiva ante cosas previa­ mente aceptadas, a su vez, hace que los hombres consideren como dete­ rioro lo que en realidad es una mejora de su condición, pues la mejora rara vez se efectúa al ritmo de sus esperanzas. La necesidad del momento, sin duda, no es celebrar nuestros triunfos, sino localizar y remediar las debilidades y fracasos. La prueba para una institución no consiste en ver si está mejorando, aunque sin duda tal prue­ ba también puede aplicarse, sino en ver si es adecuada a las necesidades del presente y del futuro previsible. Nuestras instituciones educativas fa- Crisis en el Aula lian en esa prueba. Entre esas instituciones se incluyen no sólo las escuelas y los colleges, pues educación no es sinónimo de escolaridad. Niños y adultos aprenden fuera de la escuela tan bien como en ella. o quizás mejor. Decir esto no es denigrar las escuelas públicas, que ocupan una po­ sición estratégica como fuerza unificadora de la sociedad norteamericana.
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