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Non-Tree Carbon Stocks in Mixed Dipterocarp Forests Sarawak

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Non-Tree Carbon Stocks in Mixed Dipterocarp Forests Sarawak Non-Tree Carbon Stocks in Mixed Dipterocarp Forests Sarawak Malaysia A method towards better carbon stock estimations based on canopy cover and basal area in logged dipterocarp forests Submitted by Casper Brinkhoff Final thesis Forest and Nature Management Tropical Forestry Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences Client Van Hall Larenstein and Sarawak Forestry Corporation for the Sarawak Forest Geospatial project phase II Supervisor Peter van der Meer Malcom Demies March 2020 Keywords: Sarawak, Malaysia, Mixed Dipterocarp forest, Biomass, Non-tree Carbon stock, , Liana carbon stock, Canopy cover 2 International Forest and Nature Management Final Thesis March 2020 3 Non-Tree Carbon Stocks in Mixed Dipterocarp Forests Sarawak Malaysia A method towards better carbon stock estimations based on canopy cover and basal area in logged dipterocarp forests Author: Casper Brinkhoff Student number: 000008803 Bachelor Final Thesis Study program: Forest and Nature Management Major: Tropical Forestry Supervisor: Peter van der Meer (VHL) Malcom Demies (SFC) University: Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences Larensteinselaan 26-A, 6882 CT Velp, The Netherlands +3126 369 5695 Hosting organisation: Sarawak Forestry Corporation Lot 218, Kcld, Jalan Sungai Tapang, Kota Sentosa, 93250 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Submitted: March 2020 International Forest and Nature Management Final Thesis March 2020 4 ABSTRACT The project, during the second phase of the geospatial assessment of the forest resources of Sarawak, anticipates working on the inventory of biomass and carbons stocks in the permanent forest estate (PFE) of Sarawak and some selected forest management units (FMUs), as well as Sarawak’s totally protected areas (TPAs) and areas licensed for planted forests (LPFs). The Geospatial project is to determine carbon stocks of all forested areas in Sarawak based on remote sensing and field verification. In addition to the ‘’Sarawak Forest Geospatial project phase II’’ conducted by VHL for SFC, this research is set up to be able to make better estimations of non-tree carbon mass in mixed dipterocarp forest based on the basal area of trees and the canopy density. The non-tree carbon mass contains all living and dead organic floral biomass besides trees that is present in the forest. During this research carbon pools such as litter, understory vegetation, lianas and dead wood have been measured as well as trees and canopy cover. With all this data gathered form the sample plots and additional literature studies, the carbon content in dipterocarp forest per basal area class and canopy cover index has been quantified. Keywords: Sarawak, Malaysia, Mixed Dipterocarp forest, Biomass, Non-tree Carbon stock, Liana carbon stock, Canopy cover International Forest and Nature Management Final Thesis March 2020 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my supervisor Peter van der Meer for guiding me through the whole process of this thesis report, for feedback on my research and facilitating the contact with Sarawak Forestry Corporation. I want to thank Malcom Demies for giving me the opportunity and helping me professionally to conduct research at Sarawak Forestry Corporation. I want to thank the fieldwork staff for their help in gathering the data and giving feedback about how to set up a research that is most efficient in the field. Without all this help it would not have been possible to complete this research. International Forest and Nature Management Final Thesis March 2020 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Malaysian state Sarawak is coping with forest loss and forest degradation. The main reasons are due to unsustainable logging and conversion to oil palm plantations. Forest degradation and conversion leads to a of loss of stored carbon in the forest which increases the effect of global warming. Therefore, it is important determine the amount of carbon each forest type holds, and what the effect of logging is on the carbon stocks. Carbon measurements of both trees and non-tree mass can improve accuracy of estimated forest carbon stocks. Followed by remote sensing tools and canopy cover measurements it can contribute to better conservation and restoration of those forests. Those forests are high in carbon and considered valuable in flora and fauna richness and could help programs like REDD+, that aims to offset carbon emissions and preserve nature, by selecting areas that are considered of high conservation values. Mixed dipterocarp forest, the most abundant forest type, was assessed on non-tree carbon mass and canopy cover. Non-tree carbon mass are all other carbon pools present in the forest besides trees (lianas, understory vegetation, litter, dead wood and palms). The goal of this research can be divided in two. The first was to investigate the impact of logging on the non-tree carbon mass in mixed dipterocarp forest. Assumed, this would increase when logging occurred. This was done by surveying biomass of lianas and palms. All lianas in each subplot were measured and carbon content was calculated. As well, litter sampling, understory sampling and measurement of dead trees in the forest was done. Litter and understory samples, five quadrats per plot were measured, and wet-to-dry ratio was calculated. Standing dead trees were measured throughout the plot. Fallen dead wood was measured on a transect along de centreline. All this data was later converted from biomass to carbon mass using the corresponding species-specific data when possible and previously developed allometric equations that were available. The second goal was to find out whether the canopy cover percentage can predict the amount of carbon stored inside these forests. The average canopy cover was used to calculate the canopy cover per plot. The average non-tree carbon mass in mixed dipterocarp forest consists 10% (17 tC/ha) of the total carbon stock in the forest (dead trees included in NTCM). However, in forests with basal area between 10-30 m2/ha, NTCM can shift up to 17%. In forests with higher basal area the non-tree carbon mass reduces to 5% where basal area is 40-50 m2/ha. A correlation between basal area of the trees and the liana carbon stocks showed that the number of lianas as well as the carbon stock of lianas increase with higher basal area of trees. For the other carbon pools and total NTCM there was no significant correlation with the tree basal area. For palms there is no relationship of carbon stocks with tree basal area or canopy cover. Understory vegetation carbon mass showed almost no change between different basal area classes. However, litter carbon mass increases slightly when BA increases as well. Canopy cover index showed the strongest correlation with lianas. No significant correlations could be found for the canopy cover and NTCM, total carbon stocks. Therefore, it is uncertain whether GLAMA is suitable in tropical forests. International Forest and Nature Management Final Thesis March 2020 7 Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ....................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. 9 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Problem analysis ................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Objective and research questions .......................................................................................... 12 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Plot set-up ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Measuring biomass ............................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Living trees ................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Palms ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.3 Lianas ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.4 Understory ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Dead trees ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.6 Litter .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.7 Below ground biomass .................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Biomass to carbon ................................................................................................................
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