Untersuchungen Zur Dynamisierung Des Prozessorientierten Waldwachstumsmodells FORMIX 3-Q Für Den Einsatz in Der Forstbetrieblichen Planung Im Tropischen Feuchtwald

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Untersuchungen Zur Dynamisierung Des Prozessorientierten Waldwachstumsmodells FORMIX 3-Q Für Den Einsatz in Der Forstbetrieblichen Planung Im Tropischen Feuchtwald Untersuchungen zur Dynamisierung des prozessorientierten Waldwachstumsmodells FORMIX 3-Q für den Einsatz in der forstbetrieblichen Planung im tropischen Feuchtwald Dargestellt am Beispiel der Modell-Parametrisierung für die Deramakot Forstreserve in Sabah (Ost-Malaysia) DISSERTATION Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) im Department Biologie der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Hans-Joachim Droste aus Langenberg (Westfalen) HAMBURG, 2010 2 Danksagung Allen voran danke ich sehr herzlich meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Jochen Heuveldop, der sich trotz seines wohlverdienten Ruhestandes dazu bereit erklärt hat, diese Arbeit anzuleiten und mit konstruktivem Rat zu begleiten. Für sein Verständnis für meine berufliche Situation möchte ich mich ebenfalls bedanken. Dr. habil. Andreas Huth möchte ich für die Bereitstellung und wunschgemäßen Modifikationen des Waldwachstumsmodells FORMIX 3-Q sowie seiner Bereitschaft zur Begutachtung dieser Arbeit ebenfalls sehr herzlich danken. Danken möchte ich auch allen beteiligten ehemaligen Kollegen von der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft (heute Johann Heinrich von Thünen- Institut) in Hamburg, allen voran Dr. Wolf-Ulrich Kriebitzsch, sowie den zahlreichen ungenannten Helfern der Partner in Sabah, die mit ihrer Unterstützung der Feldarbeiten die Erhebung der Daten für diese Arbeit ermöglicht haben. Ein besonderer Dank gebührt meinem ehemaligen Arbeitskollegen Dr. Reinhold Glauner für die fortlaufende Unterstützung und fachlichen Ratschläge. Die Bearbeitung des Themas erfolgte über einen längeren Zeitraum berufsbegleitend zu meiner Tätigkeit für den Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Mein tiefer Dank gilt daher meiner Familie, vor allem meiner Ehefrau Elke, für ihre Geduld und Unterstützung. Das Projekt wurde in Teilen von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) gefördert. Die Feldarbeiten in Sabah wurden von der Landesforstverwaltung Sabah und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) unterstützt. Dafür gilt den genannten Institutionen mein Dank. 3 4 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Einführung und Problemstellung ................................................................................. 9 1.2 Zielsetzung und Hypothesen ...................................................................................... 12 2 RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN UND HINTERGRUNDINFORMATIONEN ................... 18 2.1 Institutionelle Einbindung dieser Arbeit .................................................................... 18 2.2 Die nachhaltige Entwicklung des tropischen Feuchtwaldes ...................................... 18 2.2.1 Entwicklungspolitisches Leitbild ....................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Elemente der nachhaltigen Entwicklung auf Betriebsebene .............................. 19 2.3 Der Einsatz von Modellen in der Forstwirtschaft ...................................................... 26 2.3.1 Hintergrund und Entwicklung ............................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Computergestützte Modelle zur Simulation des Waldwachstums ..................... 27 2.3.3 Waldwachstumsmodelle für tropische Feuchtwälder ......................................... 29 2.4 FORMIX 3-Q ............................................................................................................. 34 2.4.1 Zielsetzung ......................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Zustandsvariablen und Skalen ............................................................................ 35 2.4.3 Übersicht über Prozesse und ihre Abfolge ......................................................... 37 2.4.4 Design-Konzepte ................................................................................................ 37 2.4.5 Initialisierung ...................................................................................................... 39 2.4.6 Externer Input ..................................................................................................... 39 2.4.7 Teilmodelle ......................................................................................................... 40 3 MATERIAL UND METHODEN .................................................................................... 43 3.1 Das Untersuchungsgebiet .......................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Auswahlkriterien ................................................................................................ 43 3.1.2 Lage und Klima .................................................................................................. 44 3.1.3 Die Waldressource .............................................................................................. 44 3.1.4 Topographie und Boden ..................................................................................... 44 3.1.5 Vegetation und Waldtyp ..................................................................................... 46 3.1.6 Entwicklung der Waldnutzung in Sabah und Deramakot .................................. 46 3.1.7 Der Modellforstbetrieb 'Deramakot' ................................................................... 50 3.2 Feldaufnahmen ........................................................................................................... 55 3.3 Datenauswertung ....................................................................................................... 58 3.3.1 Mathematisch-Statistische Auswertungen .......................................................... 58 5 3.3.2 Bestimmung des Bestandesvolumens ................................................................ 60 3.3.3 Verfahren zur Überprüfung der Assoziationssignifikanz .................................. 61 3.4 Literaturrecherche ..................................................................................................... 62 3.5 Computersimulation und Simulationsszenarien ........................................................ 64 4 ERGEBNISSE UND DYNAMISIERUNGSOPTIONEN ............................................... 69 4.1 Verjüngungsprozesse im tropischen Feuchtwald ...................................................... 69 4.1.1 Ergebnisse der Literaturauswertung................................................................... 69 4.1.2 Ergebnisse der Felduntersuchungen................................................................... 85 4.1.3 Optionen zur Dynamisierung des Verjüngungsmodells .................................. 106 4.2 Standort-Leistung-Bezug im tropischen Feuchtwald .............................................. 114 4.2.1 Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche ................................................................... 114 4.2.2 Ergebnisse der Felduntersuchungen................................................................. 117 4.2.3 Optionen zur Dynamisierung des Standort-Leistung-Bezugs .......................... 130 4.3 Durchforstungsmodell für FORMIX 3-Q................................................................ 132 4.3.1 Ergebnisse der Literaturauswertung................................................................. 132 4.3.2 Formulierung des Durchforstungsmodells ....................................................... 152 4.3.3 Verifizierung des Durchforstungsmodells ....................................................... 158 4.3.4 Validierung des Durchforstungsmodells .......................................................... 200 4.3.5 Optionen zur Dynamisierung durch ein Durchforstungsmodell ...................... 213 5 DISKUSSION UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN ...................................................... 215 5.1 Modellhafte Abbildung der Verjüngungsprozesse .................................................. 215 5.2 Berücksichtigung kleinflächiger Standort-Leistung-Beziehungen ......................... 221 5.3 Modellhafte Abbildung von Durchforstungseingriffen ........................................... 223 5.4 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick ........................................................................... 226 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................................... 228 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ....................................................................................... 231 8 ANHANG ...................................................................................................................... 267 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AAC Annual Allowable Cut (jährlicher planmäßiger Hiebssatz) ANOVA Analysis of Variation (Varianzanalyse) BHD Brusthöhendurchmesser = Durchmesser eines Baumes in 1,3 m Höhe BMZ (Deutsches) Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung DIPSIM Dipterocarp Growth and Yield Simulation Model (Waldwachstumsmodell für Dipterocarpaceenwäldern) FMU Forest Management Unit (Waldbewirtschaftungseinheit) FORMIX MIXed FORests (Waldwachstumsmodell für tropische Feuchtwälder) F.R. Forest Reserve (Forstreserve) FRIM Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (Forstliches Forschungsinstitut von Malaysia) FSC Forest Stewardship Council (Weltforstrat) GhK Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel GIS Geographisches Informationssystem GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit mbH ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization M.A.I. Mean Annual Increment
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