HISTORICAL REVIEW

rULY 1962 T. H. Benton's "Huck Finn'

Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1959-1962 E. L. DALE, Carthage, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW, Columbia, Second Vice President GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City L. M. WHITE, Mexico Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1962 F. C. BARNHILL, Marshall ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1963 RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1964 WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City JAMES TODD, Moberly ROBERT S. GREEN, Mexico T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The thirty Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Missouri Historical Review

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE JAMES E. MOSS Editor Assistant Editor

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

VOL. LVI JULY 1962 No. 4

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly at 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri. The Review is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year or $20 for a life membership. The Society assumes no respon­ sibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page

WORTHY OF THE STEEL OF OUR BEST. By Elbert B. Smith 315

COATES' TALES. By Janet Loring 319

OLD WOMAN RIVER. By Rudolph J. Gerber 328

BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND LIBRARIES IN PIONEER ST. LOUIS, 1808-1842.

By Eleanora A. Baer 347

FROM JAIL TO HISTORY CENTER. By W. Howard Adams 361

RATIFICATION SPEAKING IN MISSOURI IN 1800. By A. L. Thurman, jr 305

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Members Active in Increasing the Society's Membership 380 New Members in the Historical Society 381 Missouri News 380 Local Historical Societies 391 Anniversaries 398 Honors and Tributes 398 Monuments and Memorials 401 Notes 401 Obituaries 400 Historical Publications 409

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 415

THE DANIEL BOONE HOME Verso Back Cover

THOMAS EWING Back Cover

THE COVER: In 1930 Thomas Hart Benton completed the mural in the State Capitol at Jefferson City depicting the social history of Missouri. The mural contains some 45,000 square feet involving several hundred figures. The reproduc­ tion on the cover entitled "Huck Finn" is taken from a Benton lithograph made from a detail of his mural. The lithograph typifies the artist's interest in the indigenous folk lore of his native Missouri, and shows his distinctive concern for the characteristic anatomy of those who do physical labor. It demonstrates his wit, earthiness and preoccupation with easily communicated symbolism, while at the same time it reveals his knowledge and control of compositional qualities such as his rich use of Renaissance chiaroscuro. Benton's comprehension of the formal elements of art is highly sophisticated and complex, and through it all there emerges a dramatic and poetic quality. A copy from the lithograph now hangs in the State Historical Society of Missouri. (See also page 398.) WORTHY of the STEEL of OUR BEST

Sid Larson Illustration

BY ELBERT B. SMITH* Frank P. Blair

As the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil War is com­ memorated, most Americans remember Generals Grant, Lee, Sheridan, Sherman, and Stonewall Jackson with equal pride as the national heroes of a united people. Indeed, in recent years the leaders of the South have if anything attracted more sentimental and sympathetic interest than their victorious opponents. The brave losers who acquit themselves with honor against great odds have been universally appealing subjects in the dramatic and romantic literature of every age, and the heroes of the fallen South have been no exception. A Union General from Missouri predicted publicly in 1869 that this would be so, but his prophecy at the time brought only a roar of indignant anger and disbelief from his Northern audience. On July 9, 1869, the Stetson Hotel at Long Branch, New Jersey, was the scene of a great banquet for the officers of the Union Army and Navy who had served in the Department of the Gulf. Numer­ ous generals and admirals, both military and political, were among the 125 officers gathered to organize a permanent association and launch their undertaking with a gay dinner. A throng of invited guests, including hundreds of ladies, was also present. At the business meeting Admiral David Farragut was elected president. The numerous vice presidents chosen included Admiral Theodorus Bailey and Generals William T. Sherman, Philip Sheridan, Nathan­ iel Banks, and Benjamin F. Butler.

*Elbert B. Smith, Ph.D., is associate professor of history at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 315 316 Missouri Historical Review

It was a harmonious gathering of heroes and hero worshippers met to enjoy each other. The decorations were colorful; the food, champagne, and cigars excellent. Introductions were punctuated and followed by long and lusty cheers. The evening was destined, however, to produce at least one shocking surprise. As the eating gave way to the popping of champagne corks which signified the beginning of speeches and toasts, General Frank P. Blair, seated next to General Sheridan, slumped nonchalantly with his feet on another chair. He had been invited only at the last second when someone had discovered that he was visiting in the vicinity on other business. As the toastmakers began to unfold their heroic narra­ tives, observers noticed General Blair's cigar puffing at an ever more furious rate. Some remembered later that there was a wild gleam in his eye. Others had been certain all along that he was thoroughly intoxicated. At least one felt that "the overcharged clouds never gave a surer evidence than did the smile on the face of Frank Blair."1 General Blair was no ordinary soldier. Son of the radical editor of President Andrew Jackson's official newspaper, Frank Blair was a firebrand all his life. After eleven weeks at the University of North Carolina he was expelled for a list of offenses which included 32 absences from class, 31 absences from prayers, and three irreverences during the prayers he did attend. His brief career at Yale ended because of unsavory associations and certain broken windows in the rooms of a tutor.2 He finally graduated from Princeton. He was roaming the West with the mountain men when the Mexican War began and served as the first Attorney General of the New Mexico Territory. Then, established in the St. Louis law office of his father's friend, Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Frank Blair turned Missouri politics upside down. As a free-soiler in a slave state lie was shot at in the streets and denounced as a traitor, but he won election to Congress in 1856. There he dramatically urged the South to stop agitating for slave rights in the territories and called for gradual emancipation with repatriation for the slaves to South America or Africa. When the Civil War began, Blair and General Nathaniel Lyon seized the federal arsenal at St. Louis and captured the army camp established by the secessionist Governor, Claiborne Jackson. Frank Blair probably did more than any other person to save Missouri for the Union.

1Neiv York Tribune, July 10, 1809. Collection of clippings from the Tribune, the New York World, the New York Times, and the New York Sun, July 10-14, 1869, in the Blair Collection, New York Public Library. 2Reports from Yale University, January 6, 1838, and the University of North Carolina, June 21, 1831), to Francis P. Blair, Sr., Blair - Lee MSS, Princeton University Library. Worthy of the Steel of Our Best 317

A great favorite of President Abraham Lincoln, Blair played a dual wartime role as major general and legislator. In numerous battles he fought with reckless courage, and both Grant and Sher­ man considered him a military man of the first rank. He also made occasional trips to Washington, where he denounced the President's enemies and rivals in Congress with speeches as withering as the gunfire at Vicksburg. When the war ended, Frank Blair turned away from the political rewards being lavished on heroes willing to cooperate with the vengeful process of radical reconstruction. Fie fought for mercy to the South as he had fought for the destruction of its armies, and on this basis was the Democratic candidate for Vice President in 1868.3 At the heroes' dinner in New Jersey on July 9, 1869, it was at last time for a toast by General Blair. His remarks were brief and to the point: I will speak of the people who were once our enemies, and I know that when I speak of them before soldiers I speak before those who will heartily respond. Those against whom we contended, whom we aspersed as Rebels, and whom we triumphed over as well. They were a great and generous people, they were worthy of the steel of our best. We have heard here tonight only of Farragut and Sheridan; but I tell you in the future we will yet hear of General Lee and Stonewall Jackson.4

A roar of protest and loud cries of 'Traitor" interrupted the toast. Admiral Farragut rose to urge that the General be allowed to finish. Another officer quickly cited by-laws of the organization to the effect that no political speeches were permitted. On this ground General Blair was officially called to order. The glow of the banquet, however, had been extinguished. A few half-hearted efforts to restore the grand spirit were followed by adjournment. Several newspapers portrayed the incident as a mortal insult to those present, and there were wild rumors that even a duel or so might result. Various writers accused Blair of drunkenness, although the Chairman of the Executive Committee informed the New York Tribune that "we did not consider Gen. Blair to be affected in an Andrew Johnsonian manner ... at least not in a degree to make him irresponsible for his ill-timed action."5

3For Blair's over-all career see William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics (New York, 1933), II. *New York Tribune, July 10, 1809, clippings cited in footnote 1. Hbid., July 9, 1869, C T. Christensen to the Editor of the Tribune. 318 Missouri Historical Review

The General himself had a final word. In a card to the press he denied that any insult had been intended and charged his detractors with using his "compliment to our gallant soldiers" as a pretext for "a gross and indecent insult to an invited guest. ... It was a compli­ ment to our army to speak well of those over whom our army had triumphed as 'foemen worthy of our steel.' My intention and meaning could only have been perverted by men who had been taught by such heroes as Butler to relish a different kind of steal"*

6Francis P. Blair, Jr., card to the New York World, July 10, 1869.

OPPORTUNITY! Preface This book was gotten out to teach the inexpe­ rienced how to drive and take care of an Auto­ mobile. With the hun­ dreds of thousands of cars that are now in use and the thousands that are made every year, there will be a demand for more good drivers than is possible to secure and a good man will be able to command a good salary. The vocation is a pleasant one, it is a healthy one, as you are out in the air. You meet good people and your chances of marrying well are increased, as it is the style now for rich girls to marry the chauffers. Coates' Tales

BY JANET LORING*

5f J&h"*v ^" ^*B* Haskell and Fowler, City of the Future Curtain Time at the Coates Opera House

Old timers in Kansas City still talk about the line parties and the gala soirees at the old Coates Opera Mouse, the city's first theatre. It was the thing to do, to go and be seen at the Coates. The magnifi­ cent brick structure was begun in January, 1869, and dedicated October 6, 1870.l It was owned throughout its thirty years existence by one family, that of Colonel Kersey Coates, a leading citizen of the fast growing frontier town. Coates was a prosperous visionary. He helped to bring in the railroad, to erect a bridge, to develop real

*Janet Loring, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of speech at Fresno State College, Fresno, California. iCarrie Westlake Whitney, Kansas City (Chicago, 1908), I, 227. 319 320 Missouri Historical Review

estate on Quality Hill where he built a hotel opposite his theatre. And always with an eye to business, he even operated the kiln that manufactured the bricks for his newest enterprise. He brought in business the way an oiler brings in a well, and culture was his bonus to the city. Before the Coates, the traveling troupes (Mary Gladstone and her English players), the single acts (Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren, the Siamese Twins) gave performances at Lockridge Hall (1858) and Frank's Hall (1857) both near Main and Fifth.2 Acts were given, too, at Long's Hall on Main between Sixth and Seventh Streets and at the second floor variety clubs. They had stages but were not proper theatres, not like the Coates. The original cost of the Opera House was $105,000.3 In 1881, $45,000 was spent on remodeling; in 1891, $17,000 more; and in 1900, $15,000 again for improvements.4 The pillared and frescoed theatre building was ninety-seven by one hundred ten feet with stores occupying the ground floor and the theatre the second. The stage itself, thirty-six by seventy-two feet, was one of the largest in the area. In the extensive remodeling in 1881, the auditorium was lowered and a parquet, a balcony, and a gallery were added. The seating capacity was approximately two thousand,5 barely adequate for a boom town. The population of the city in 1866 was 15,064, by 1870 (the year of the Coates' opening) it had more than doubled to reach 32,286, "In 1873, 40,140. In 1885, 128,474. In 1889, 180,000."° It was a river town, a frontier outpost, a cow town. After 1870, it had culture. Laura Coates Reed in recalling the Kansas City of that early day has said: You must remember that there were no pavements, and no street cars in ... those days and the sidewalks were all of wood. During dry weather the brown dust flew in clouds down the roads of the town. When it rained the men wore rubber boots, and the women wore rubbers and tied them on. And the dust that covered the wooden sidewalks was changed by the rain to a shiny coating and when people walked along on the boards they held out their arms like a performer walk­ ing a slack wire. We had lamp posts, yes, but they were of the sputtering and uncertain variety.7

2Phoebe Peck, "The Theatre in Kansas Citv" (Unpublished master's thesis, University of Kansas City, 1940), 11. 3Whitney, Kansas City, I, 227. 4Peck, "Theatre in Kansas City, " 18. 5Lonise Jean Reitz, "History of the Theatre of Kansas City, Missouri, From the Beginning Until 1900" (Unpublished doctor's dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1939), I, 72. fiPeck, "Theatre in Kansas City," 32. 7Laura Coates Reed, clippings on the Coates family and the Opera House, Kansas City Public Library, Coates' Tales 321

The people were used to hardship, but they did not have to suffer on hard seats at the new Opera House. [There they] sat on benches, instead of slats. These were similar to church pews and were upholstered with leather. The long benches were curved so that a full view of the stage could be had from all parts of the house. . . . [After remodel­ ing, in 1881] the leather benches were discarded and regular opera seats were installed, undoubtedly being the first of that type in Kansas City.8

The opening night was a spectacle in itself. "All the people as they walked into the new Opera house . . . wondered at the new arrangement, and admired the frescoing, the curtain showing a scene of architectural splendor, and the color, and the lights."9 The air was full of excitement; the crowd was so enthusiastic as to applaud after each stanza of the "Star Spangled Banner." Speakers E. H. Allen and T. Dwight Thatcher of Lawrence, Kansas, praised everything about Kansas City including the "magnificent railway systems, the splendid bridge, the vast and beautiful com­ mercial emporiums and the superb public schools."10 Then the name Kersey Coates was mentioned. That was all'the audience needed. They stamped their feet; they whistled; they would not be quieted until Colonel Coates climbed out of his box to the stage and spoke a few words. Then the orchestra played, the house calmed, the curtain symbolically rang up on Money, and the Coates' tradi­ tion had begun. Colonel Coates at first man­ aged the Opera House himself. A stock company was formed and brought in from New York. The players were under the direction of Charles Pope; the stars were Alice Grey and Frank Murdock. A school of acting was also conducted for a time with the Coates' Company hukson ( ounty Historical Society under George Stanislaus Stange. Kersey Coates ^Kansas City Times, January 21, 1950. (Recollections of Louis W. Shouse). 9Reed, Coates family clippings. 10Whitney, Kansas City, I, 227. 322 Missouri Historical Review

The Colonel's first real manager was Charles Lock (1873), who was later a successful manager in San Francisco. Next came Melville Hudson (1875), who took charge of the theatre for Coates and his estate until 1891. He held the lease for the Opera House when it burned in 1901.n According to Austin Latchaw, an early critic in Kansas City, Hudson was a smart theatre man. In addition to managing the Coates, he ran a Music Hall situated on Broadway near Ninth. "Lectures, then very popular because of platform orators such as Talmage, Bucher and Ingersoll," were given there. "It was also used for summer opera, amateur performances and other entertain­ ments." It was at the Coates, however, that Hudson had his greatest moments.12 [His success there] was attributable largely to his deter­ mination to serve the public with the best attractions available, and to the cordial relations he always maintained with producing and booking managers. Early every summer he went to New York to make his bookings for the follow­ ing season.13 Yet Hudson and his theatre had strong competition. When the Coates was first built it had no peer, but Kansas City's bitter rival, St. Joseph, not to be outdone, soon built the Tootle Grand which surpassed in splendor Colonel Coates' cultural bonus. Other theatres moved into Kansas City. "Hank" Clark started the Free and Easy Theatre in the basement of the first Times Building on Fourth Street between Main and Delaware. Melodrama, written by Leonard Grover, was given down on the old Market Square at the Theatre Comique. On September 10, 1883, the second real theatre for the town, the Gillis, opened. On March 14, 1887, Judah and Thomas entertained an appreciative audience in the new Play­ house at Ninth and Main. They gave standard attractions at low prices. Judah, like LIudson, had more than one enterprise. He also ran a Dime Museum on Ninth Street and two cycloramas. The Orpheum Circuit, locally managed by Mr. Lehman, entered Kansas City taking over the Ninth Street Playhouse. Lehman was another theatre-wise entrepreneur who knew advertising and how to build up business.11 He would personally distribute free tickets to his shows at first for alternating rows. When this proved successful,

nPeck, "Theatre in Kansas City," 17, 02. 12Austin D. Latchaw, "The Enchanted Years of the Stage," Kansas City Star, March 31, 1935. nibid. 14Peck, "Theatre in Kansas City," 13, 23-24. Coates' Tales 323

then each third row was free, then each fourth ... he arranged balanced programs, and he gave the town one of its best theatre orchestras under Michael Lenge.15 After much difficulty, a premature opening in a roofless theatre, the Warder Grand was dedicated September 10, 1888, with Booth and Barrett playing Julius Caesar. The name of the theatre was changed to the Auditorium. It burned in 1897 but was rebuilt in 1899. These other theatres were popular and did their share in bringing attractions of all sorts to the Heart of America, but none of them ever captured the hearts of the town as did the Coates Opera House. The Coates House management presented every great theatre name to its public. The lone exception was Sarah Bernhardt who was prevented by the final fire from keeping her engagement there. Her theatrical equipment and personal effects were saved from flames by only thirty-six hours. Yet it was not just the stars who made this theatre the place to go, nor was it Hudson's clever management. It was from its beginning under Colonel Coates the gathering place for Kansas City society.16 It was quite the thing for young men of prominent families to usher at the Coates in those days. This service opened the way to see all the shows. . . . The Coates Theatre throughout its existence was a social center. . . . We went there not only to see operas and plays ... to renew acquain­ tance with famous stars or see for the first time rising favorites; we also went to see our friends. Before the play and between acts there was much visiting and chatter. . . , There was little evening dress except on gala occasions, although the boxes, which were usually filled, were consist­ ently 'dressy.' In the body of the parquet we had many line parties,' mostly young people who had made block reservations across the center section, occupying as many rows as required.17 The Coates' management encouraged all members of Kansas City society to come to the Opera House. Matinees for women and children were inaugurated shortly after the theatre opened and remained a permanent feature.18 The young people of Quality Hill under the leadership of the Coates family and friends became very theatre conscious. They formed in the early seventies the Kemble Club, which put on plays (some of them original) at the Coates when there were no bookings. Popular prices were charged to cover costumes and scenery expenses; the remainder went to charity.

i&Ibid. 16Reed, Coates family clippings. 17Latchaw, Kansas City Star, March 31, 1935. iSRietz, "History of the Theatre of Kansas City," I, 72. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Jackson County Historical Sot' Coates Opera House

The beneficent Colonel gave his hall rent free; it was all one big family then. The Hudson theatrical prestige and the social prestige of the Coates family made the Opera House a local success. A St. Louis reporter covering the burning of the Coates said: Ever since 1871 [1870] until now the Coates Opera- house . . . was the hall-mark of swelldom in a city where swelldom had to make itself and to measure its neighbors by what they paid for their seats. When a year ago Manager Hudson decided to reduce the price of his gallery from 50 cents to a quarter, he received a protest signed by almost a hundred of his regular gallery guests. They feared the invasion of 'cheap' people, and asked to have the old tariff retained. Patrons for the Orpheum have been known to ride a block beyond their destination so as to get off with the Coates house crowd, and quietly make their way back to Manager Lehman's establishment in the dark. It gave them a stamp of approval to ride as far as Broadway on the theatre cars.19 It must really have been a spectacle in itself to see the smartly dressed crowds bustling and chattering their way from the theatre cars to the great doors of the old house. There were dashing men with goldheaded canes, and fashionable ladies with elaborate hats,

195/. Louis Republic, February 3, 1901. Coates1 Tales 325 which were bought for the occasion to be commented on by all. In 1895, however, the comments were not quite the sort the ladies desired. Critic Latchaw decided something must be done. He talked to Hudson, who at first refused to tell his patrons how to behave in his theatre, but then finally the manager saw the wisdom of the critic's arguments. On the fourth of March when the "swells" opened their programs, a notice circumscribed with a line of heavy black mourning met their eyes: To Our Patrons h\ deference to the expressed wishes of many of the regular patrons of the Coates Opera House, including both men and women, the management respectfully asks that ladies remove their hats during performances in this theatre. The request is not made in the spirit of a ruling, but as a favor, which if granted will bring equal benefit to all.20 The hats were removed, and it soon became the custom for all theatres in and around Kansas City. The Associated Press carried to the nation the story of Latchaw's triumph in doffing the hats. While the social aspects of the Coates House helped draw the local crowd, it was the name stars who brought in the people from neighboring towns. Wlien Edwin Forrest at seventy in 1901 played on this stage, trains came from all directions—from the prairies of Kansas and the woods of western Missouri. Nine car loads of people came in on the Fort Scott Road, six from North Missouri. Baxter Springs, which is 160 miles from Kansas City, sent a delegation of forty-four; Columbus, forty-eight; Cherokee, a village of two houses, sent ten; Gerard, thirty-four; Fort Scott, 150; Osage, a town of less than ten houses, sent fourteen; La Cygne, forty-six; Paola, thirty-seven; and Olathe, fifteen. A large excursion party from Liberty was in attendance. Three brass bands came up on the Fort Scott train.21 Tickets on such occasions were at a premium. Speculation reached almost a sensational peak in 1889 when tickets for Edwin Booth's Hamlet, Othello, and Richelieu went for twenty-five dollars. The audience usually got what it paid for.22 They had their favorites, of course. Among them Emma Abbott. [Miss Abbott] did more than any other artist of her time to popularize grand opera. [She] appeared [at the Coates] annually with a repertoire of the standard Italian and French

™lbid. 21Kansas City Times, December 29, 1901. 22Reed, Coates family clippings. 326 Missouri Historical Review

operas of the older school. . . . Her voice was not extra­ ordinary, but beautiful, perfectly placed and unfailingly serviceable. She enriched her presentations with adequate scenery and costumes and enjoyed tremendous vogue and, what must have seemed to her, large profits. Night after night in her engagements she would 'pack' the old Coates. She was almost idolized, was much feted.23 Ticket lines a block long were not uncommon when Emma Abbott was playing. Another favorite was Lotta Crabtree who gave impersonations and "delightful little plays, one of them 'Little Nell' from Dickens." Maggie Mitchell was another perennial "with diverting domestic plays, mostly comedy, the one longest retained in her repertoire being 'Fanchon'." Rosina Vokes, a delightful English actress, who presented one and two-act plays was also an annual visitor. Annie Pixely, too, with her Bret Harte characterizations was most popular.24 Margaret Anglin first broke into the limelight at the Coates. She had been understudy for Virginia Harned, wife of E. H. Sothern. When the couple came to a parting in Chicago, Miss Anglin took over the lead in The Adventures of Lady Ursula in Kansas City on January 13, 1898. The new star was, however, the object of severe criticism by the Coates' society audience. In some of the scenes the young actress had to masquer­ ade in the dress of Lady Ursula's young brother, but Anthony Hope, alluring novelist and expert dramatist, gave this phase of the comedy his characteristic delicacy, and Miss Anglin managed well in bringing the heroine through the masculine assumption without sacrificing the feminine quality. But not without some protest on the part of a few puritanical theatre­ goers, who were unhappy that the fair young Margaret thus should deport herself, even in character. There was enough to the busy criticism to prompt the late Bishop Cameron Mann then rector of Grace Episcopal Church to write a letter to the Star defending Miss Anglin's trousered legs.25 This same stage that witnessed Miss Anglin's first stellar appear­ ance, also was the scene of Maurice Barrymore's last performance. In the second act of his play—was it "The Bells"?—a strange excitement went over the audience. The famous actor was not himself. He mumbled his lines. He ran about the stage in a strange fashion, and then, while the audience sat in tense expectancy of something coming, it was 23Latchaw, Kansas City Star, April 2, 1935. 2iIbid., April 9, 1935. nibid. Coates' Tales 327

announced that the play could not continue; that Mr. Barry- more was ill. . . . He was then taken to his hotel, the Coates across the way, and from there to a New York hospital.26 Yes, the Coates Opera House was an historic theatre; it was the scene of many triumphs and some failures. It saw the best and a little of the worst (like the tobacco-chewing Doge in Miln's produc­ tion of The Merchant of Venice, who in all his regal splendor casually expectorated over his shoulder through the trial scene). Before a final curtain of flame destroyed all but memories of the Coates, there had been only one small blaze on stage which had been easily extinguished, and an almost tragic false alarm. The near tragedy occurred one Sunday when a revivalist, the Reverend Mr. Montgall, was preaching to a large congregation. A man in the gallery interrupted the long sermon with shouts of "Fire! fire." The crowd began to panic. The preacher raised his hands imploringly, assured his hearers the cry was false, and in his manly, Western fashion, roared—fairly roared: "I'd like to knock the teeth down that damned fool's throat." That stopped the stampede, and whatever he might have said from the Bible was less well received than were those words from his heart.27 On the night of January 31, 1901, the alarm was not false. Walker Whiteside and his company had just finished playing Heart and Sword to a packed house. Fifteen minutes after the audience had left, fire started in the basement, the boiler room; and the Coates' tradition came to an end. The theatre was completely destroyed; the Whiteside Company lost all scenery, a $15,000 ward­ robe, and three valuable manuscript plays.28 The town gathered on Quality Hill to watch the fire and mourn the passing of an era that was never to come again. But there was a young girl in the throng who was an individualist. 'I'll tell you what I think,' she said to her companion, in a high soprano voice that could be heard by several hundred, T think any building painted such an ugly green ought to burn up. I just hated to go to the Coates because of the terrible color they painted it.'29 How ironic that the Coates' tradition of entertainment was sustained even in its final act of conflagration.

^Kansas City Times, February G, 1941. 27Reed, Coates family clippings. 2«Whitney, Kansas City, I, 227-228. 29Reed, Coates family clippings. des Pains ^^ A

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Map of the Missouri River (cl720)

"Of all the variable things in creation, the most uncertain of all are the action of a jury, the state of a woman's mind, and the condition of the Missouri River."1 This remark is one of many that flourish along the banks of the Missouri River almost as densely as the sunken hulks of the steamboats that line her bottoms. The remark is not without foundation. Today's townsfolk along the Missouri's banks are not always sure they will be there tomorrow, and farmers in the world's second richest farmland area often harvest catfish and driftwood instead of corn and wheat. Those who know the Missouri well enough to hate or love her claim she is unique among the world's rivers. Because people ordinarily weave its designs, history is usually the story of people, and the history of a river is often the history of the people along its banks. This is not true with the Missouri. In several historic patterns she has been the seamstress. She has long been an active member of the mid-American community, though not always a member in good standing.

*Rudolph J. Gerber, S.J., is a candidate for the Master of Arts degree at St. Louis University. iSioux City (Iowa) Register, 1869, quoted by W. J. MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims," Missouri Historical Review, XXI (January, 1927), 216. 328 OLD WOMAN RIVER

BY RUDOLPH J. GERBER*

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m* 330 Missouri Historical Review

Before the Pleistocene Ice Age of some 50,000 years ago, the Missouri River was a mild-mannered stream flowing eastward into North Dakota, northeast through the Souris River valley, and emptying into Hudson Bay. There was no large stream north of Kansas City to carry southward the waters of any northern rivers. With the advent of the lec Age, geological conditions changed drastically. Bulky glaciers, several thousand feet thick, slid across the Canadian border into the northern United States and dammed up the original Missouri. Her impounded waters were forced to detour from Fort Stevenson, North Dakota, southward into the James River. Eventually, advancing ice also choked off this passage, and the Missouri had no choice but to reroute her tortuous 2546-mile course through cliffs and bluffs eastward across mid- America into the Mississippi. Because of her violent birth, midwifed by mountains and ice, the Missouri acquired a lasting and subtle demeanor. Over the course of centuries she adopted the traits of a cantankerous old woman and flaunted her feminine moods of black and muddy magic on all of nature to avenge her icy humiliation of old. Over the long course of centuries following her traumatic birth, the Old Woman had no competitors; she enjoyed an existence decidedly Epicurean. The year 1634 dawned a mere 26 years after the primitive foundation at Jamestown, Virginia, but already the first white man was penetrating as far west and north as present-day Wisconsin. The French trapper-interpreter Jean Nicolet had heard of a, "hairless people" living beyond a great waterway. To his mind these were the Chinese. He set out across the great lakes in search of the Orient, laden with a grand robe of richly embroidered Chinese damask for bartering with the merchants of Cathay. As he peered westwards from the Straits of Mackinac, he thought the distant shore of Lake Michigan to be China, and he hurried back to civilization with reports of wonderful lands and waterways beyond his trek.2 Early Jesuit missionaries almost immediately dropped what appears to be the first exploratory hint.'3 "It would be a noble undertaking," suggested the Jesuit Relations, "to explore these countries."4 Nearly a half century passed but the country was unchallenged. The morning of July 1, 1673, dawned on the Missouri Valley in no way different from the indistinguished, numberless days preceding

2Walter Havighurst, The Land of Long Horizons (New York, 1960), 19. 3Henrie Harrisse, Notes sur la Cartographic de la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1872), 121. 4Ruben Gold Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations (Cleveland, 1896), XVIII, 237. Confluence of the Missouri (bottom) and Mississippi (top) Rivers it. Toward middays as the Missouri was tumbling her teeming load of wood, ash, sand, and mud into the Mississippi, an unfamiliar sight greeted her flood-bleared eyes. A few yards above the con­ fluence, two white men in a canoe were gaping at the river in wide-eyed amazement. The Jesuit Jacques Marquette had come to Quebec in 1666 pursuing souls rather than lands. The pursuits, however, were inseparable. In 1669 he learned from a Sioux Indian of a "great river" below the Illinois nation. Three years later he set out with the Canadian Joliet to substantiate the glowing rumors of this river and of the three mysterious waters thought to separate New France from the Orient; the "Sea of the North," the "Sea of the South," and the "Sea of the West." The two explorers, sailing peacefully down the Mississippi, heard in the distance a "great roaring." Their encounter with the Missouri was more significant than either party realized in the turbulence of the moment. It was the river's first occasion to behold the most cultured of the Old World's civilization, and that culture's first meeting with the least civilized of the New World's waterways. "I have seen nothing more frightful," wrote Marquette of his first meeting with the Missouri. The confluence churned with "great trees" and "whole floating islands," and the explorers passed by only by subjecting themselves to "great danger." There could be no peaceful co-existence between man and such a river. Yet Marquette 332 Missouri Historical Review hoped that by way of the Missouri he could "make the discovery' of the Vermillion or California Sea."5 The lure of the "Vermillion" or Western Sea was the first of the Missouri's many sirens. According to the scientific thought of New France, the sea curved broadly from the North to the South poles, and lay like a narrow arrow between the valley of Radisson's "Great Forked River" [the Mississippi] and China.6 Well before the end of the seventeenth century, two of its three component seas had been identified. Father Claude Dablon certified the route to the Hudson Bay, and Marquette descended the Mississippi far enough to learn it flowed into the "South Sea," the Gulf of Mexico. "These two seas, then, of the South and of the North, being known," noted the Jesuit Relations of 1660, "there remains only that of the West."7 Robert Cavalier de La Salle wrote the next chapter in the history of the Missouri. La Salle came to the St. Lawrence in 1666 dreaming so realistically of finding an inland route to China that his friends called his estate on the St. Lawrence "La Chine."8 To satisfy his dreams he formed an expedition and descended the Mississippi. On February7 14, 1682, he caught sight of the Missouri's foul mouth. L. V. Jacks has painted the scene well: Just before the sun went down like a great tourmaline seal against the horizon, they saw on the western shore the gaping mouth of a vast river, and the sweeping volume of the Mississippi grew suddenly chocolate brown like a flood of clayey silt hung in solution. Precipitating itself into the larger current, the Missouri, had arrived as a tidal wave, with uprooted trees, torn branches, bleached deadwood, and countless nameless debris swept along, pivoting and pirout- tiiig in the groaning, dusky brown eddies. They ran their canoes ashore, set up camp, and stood watching the dark deluge.9 One question came to their minds as it had to Marquette nine years before, and the Recollect Zenobius Membre recorded the best answer at hand, the word of a 16-year-old Missouri Indian boy. The Indians assured us that this river is formed by many others and that they ascend it to a mountain where they have their source, and that beyond this mountain is the Sea where great ships are seen.10

5Edna Kenton, The Jesuit Relations (New York, 1951), 357. There is little doubt that Mar­ quette and Joliet were the first white men to see the Missouri. Havighurst in his recent book listed above considers the two as the discoverers of the Mississippi as well. "A. C Laut, Pathfinders of the West (New York, 1904), 195. 7Kenton, Jesuit Relations, 308. 8Havighurst, Land of Long Horizons, 19. »L. V. Jacks, La Salle (New York, 1931), 165. 10Le Clercq, First Establishment of the Faith in Neiv France (New York, 1881), 11, 161. Old Woman River 333

Marquette had hoped the Missouri led to the Vermillion Sea; Joliet claimed that by the Missouri "on trouvera passage pour entrer de la Mer Vermeille;"11 and now La Salle's party expected it to be the route to the "Sea where great ships are seen." The challenge was assuming greater import, but La Salle and his party descended to the dreamy, lower Mississippi and passed on the hope of reaching the West Sea via the Missouri. Another nine years drifted unnoticed into the wilderness. Then, in 1691, Desliettes, the Commandant at Illinois, heard from several Indians that the Missouri "comes down from a great lake, which has another outlet on the other side."12 This led Desliettes to believe that the Missouri's other outlet was a river which "flows into the Western Sea." Desliettes' notion of this "River of the West" spread to La Mothe Cadillac at Detroit, who declared simply: "My idea is that by this river one could discover the Western Sea."13 Meanwhile the many aspects of the river's character were giving birth to a number of descriptive names. Marquette had called her Pekitanoui, meaning "muddy water." Henri de Tonti said she was called Missouri because she was "abundant with people."14 Oumis- sourit was applied to the river because of the Indian nation of that name who "plyed the river in canoes" and "lived at the mouth of the waters."15 Others called her Riviere des 0sages because of the predominance of that tribe along her shores.16 The French King, mixing river gender, indicated in 1712 that he wanted her called i'St. Philip."17 The Illinois Indians called her Mi-ni-so-sa, which likely meant "Oh, how muddy!". Other Missouri Indians branded her with the somber Ni-shy-dsi, which signified a place "to be drowned at."18 The bellicose Sioux, apt to recognize their own traits in nature, called the river simply Furious.™ Others addressed her as the Mad River and the Mother of Floods.™ In any case, the true character of the river is clear even if her name and her waters are not. Still other aspects of the Old Woman's personality came to light. The Spaniard Miro struck an ominous note to the Commander of

iiErnest Gagnon, Louis Joliet (Quebec, 1902), 86. 12Transcript from the French Government Archives entitled A la Substitution du Valdec Troche Soleure en Suisse 1725, in the Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. 13Pierre Margry, Decouverles et etablissments des Francais dans I'ouest el dans le sud de VAmerique Septentrionale 1614-1754 (Paris, 1879), I, 125. i4Gilbert Garraghan, Chapters in Frontier History (Milwaukee, 1934), 53. 15Phil. E. Chappell, "A History of the Missouri River," Kansas Historical Collections, IX (1906), 263. "John D. Gilmary Shea, Discovery of the Mississippi Valley (New York, 1852), 58. "J. V. Brower, The Missouri River and Its Utmost Source (St. Paul, 1897), 44. uibid., 47. i9Hiram M. Chittendon and Alfred T. Richardson, Life, Letters, and Travels of Father Pierre DeSmet, S. J., 1801-1873 (New York, 1905), 1355. a>Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1907), XXXII, 204. 334 Missouri Historical Review the Provincias Internas in reporting that the Missouri's channel "changes ever year."21 When Joutel passed by the Missouri's mouth in 1687, he reported that her water "is always thick" and that the Indians, in approaching the river, "did not fail to offer sacrifice."22 Daniel Coxe, an Englishman who owned land in the southeastern United States, called her the "Great Yellow River" and claimed she "discolors the Mississippi even to the Sea."23 The Jesuit Gabriel Marest, writing to Ibarville, the founder of Biloxi and Mobile, described the river as "very beautiful . . . entirely covered with different nations of Indians, and exceedinglyT rapid."24 Another aspect of the river raised questions that were contem­ plated well through the nineteenth century. If the Missouri's current gave the Mississippi its very great swiftness, then which was the major stream, which the tributary? La Salle's expedition claimed that the Missouri was the major stream because of her "depth, breadth, and the volume of her waters, the great number of nations that dwell on her, and the excellence of the country which she waters."25 M. de Remonville, a partner in the Company of the Mississippi, wrote from Paris that "after its confluence with the Missouri, the Mississippi cannot properly be called any more the Mississippi." Linking the Missouri with the cultured, genteel streams of the Old World, he decreed that "as the Marne becomes the Seine at Charenton after the waters have disputed for a long time the supremacy, so has the Mississippi to yield to the Mis- souri."26 Even as late as 1833, Prince Maximillian's touring party observed that the course of the Missouri was more violent than that of the Mississippi and that it would have been "more proper" to call the Missouri the major stream,27 Regardless of what men thought of her the Old Woman beck­ oned, and several early expeditions embarked up the river. In March, 1702, seventeen Frenchmen left Cahokia to ascend the Missouri to establish a fort 200 leagues upstream, somewhere along the present Iowa-Nebraska border. This appears to be the first organized expedition of white men to navigate the Missouri.28 Five ^Governor Estevan Miro to Commander of the Provincias Internas, December 12, 1785, in the Louisiana Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California. 22Margry, Decouvertes, I, 595. Joutel apparently was the first to call the river by its present name, according to Stanley Vestal, The Missouri (New York, 1945), 69. 23Chappell, "History of the Missouri River," 262. 24Marc de Villiers, La Decouverte du Missouri el VHislorie du Fort d'Orleans, 1673-1728 (Paris, 1925), 33-34. 25Margry, Decouvertes, II, 180. 2f,Monsieur de Remonville to New France, August 6, 1702, in the French Government Archives; see Addison E. Sheldon, "The Missouri River Region as Seen By The First White Explorers, Missouri Historical Review, XXII (January, 1928), 178. 27Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XXII, 238. 28Garraghan, Chapters in Frontier History, 62. Details on their fate are obscure. Bergier correspondence, Laval University, Quebec, states that the party was attacked by Indians and defended themselves on an island but does not relate their final fate. Old Woman River 335 years later, the French Commandant Derbanne captained a party of men 400 leagues up the Missouri, claiming to be "the first of the French to have been so far into the interior." Fame had perhaps blinded his sense of direction, for Derbanne also added that "New Mexico is not far from the Missouri."23 In a half-hearted effort to locate the Western Sea, Juchereau de Saint Denis headed up the Missouri in 1714, but wound up on the Red River by mistake; and Spain, who kept a jealous eye on land poachers, seized the French­ man and broke up his expedition. In 1719 Du Tisne led another group of ill-fated hopefuls up the Missouri. This time the Indians interfered, refusing to let the party proceed past Grand River. Two years before Du Tisne's short-lived expedition, the "River of the West" was linked with the Missouri. Sieur Hubert claimed that this western river issued from the "same mountain range where the source of the Missouri is" and led "into the Western Sea." The discovery of such a sea Hubert dreamily added, "would procure the trade with China and Japan." Hubert's dreams had been scarcely put on paper when an anonymity-loving soul, echoing the Nicolet of 83 years previous, boldly declared that the inhabitants of Cali­ fornia "are the Chinese."30

Missouri River at Boonville

^Transcript from the French Government Archives entitled Relation du Poste de Natchitoches: Memorie signe Derbanne aux Natchitoches 12 Juin 1724, 458, in a collection of transcripts in the Newberry Library, Chicago, under the general title Memoires de UAmerique et Opinion des ses Habitans. soMargry, Decouvertes, VI, 189-190, 469. 336 Missouri Historical Review

When these conjectures, coupled with reports of great amounts of tin, silver, lead and gold along the Missouri, and trader's and trapper's glowing estimates of furs and hides as well as descriptions of plush and verdant valleys, were reported by the commandants in New France to the mother country, Paris became very interested. The reports were subjected to a scientific analysis by an eminent cartographer, Claude Delisle and his son, Guilliame. According to their considered opinion, a vast sea did exist somewhere to the west of the Missouri. It is here that the Missouri's serious and systematic exploratory saga really begins. Etienne Veniard du Bourgmond was privileged to write the first chapter. Commandant at Detroit in 1706, he deserted, perhaps for one of his several Indian mistresses, but later returned to receive pardon and reinstatement from Cadillac. \n 1712 he made his first acquaintance with the Missouri Indians and two years later made his first assault on the Missouri, navigating and charting the river as far as the Platte, but finding neither gold nor the Western Sea. He questioned the need for another expedi­ tion, but a reason was almost immediately forthcoming. Beginning with the French occupancy of Louisiana in 1673, there had been continuous conflict between Spain and France for suprem­ acy in the country west of the Mississippi. Shortly after Bourg- mond's first expedition, the Spaniards resolved to destroy the French-allied Missouri Indians. The Spanish planned to travel to the Osage nation and enlist their aid against the Missouris. For this purpose an expedition of armed men left in 1720 for a meeting with the Osage, who dwelt some 100 miles upstream from the Missouris. En route the Spaniards mistook their way and came instead to the Missouri Indians, whom they further mistook to be the Osage. In glowing terms they disclosed their bloody design to the Mis­ souris. The Missouri chiefs promised cooperation as soon as their warriors were assembled and provided with weapons. When the Spanish obliged, the Missouris immediately fell upon the 59 men massacring the party in minutes. Only a seemingly peaceful priest was allowed to escape, and it was through him that news of the massacre reached French ears.31 The incident awakened France to the necessity for military occupation of the Missouri Valley. France commissioned a second expedition for Bourgmond, on which he was to ingratiate himself even further with the Indian tribes and make an alliance with the Commanches as a buffer against the Spaniards. Both these he successfully accomplished, and he also established 31de Villiers, Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris, XIII, 239-250. Old Woman River 337 what was likely the first fort west of the Mississippi — Fort Orleans— on the north side of the river in Carroll County, Missouri, in November, 1723.32 In the summer of 1725 Bourgmond journeyed to France with a party of Illinois, Osage and Missouri Indians. After being presented to the King, wined, dined, and forced to dance, the Indians declared that the starched and perfumed Parisian aristocrats smelled no better than Missouri River alligators [sic].33 Bourgmond had signalized himself as a great explorer, but he had not answered the vital questions about the existence of precious metals and the Western Sea. The government decided to make a thorough investigation for a possible route to the illusive sea. This time the agent chosen was the Jesuit Francois Charlevoix, who arrived in New France the year the unlucky Spanish caravan was slaughtered. Charlevoix traveled up and down the rivers of New France, fell in love with the land, and declared that the Missouri's confluence with the Mississippi was the "finest confluence in the world."34 From cross-examining Indians, traders and settlers, he concluded that somewhere between the fortieth and fiftieth parallels the western lands bordered on the Western Sea, which, he stated, to avoid all contradictions, would be found to be "perhaps near to, perhaps far from, Louisiana."35 He indicated two ways of making the discovery; either ascend the Missouri River following it to the Sea, or found a mission among the Sioux as a base of operations to expedite a cross-country trip to the coast.36 Since Bourgmond had not established any definite information on the Western Sea during his second trip up the Missouri, the government in 1726 decided to act upon Charlevoix's second suggestion. If it had been worthwhile for Russia's Peter the Great to send Victor Bering through ice- locked waters to search for the Western Sea, then it would, the French government chimed, be "nobler than open war" to discover this "sea of the setting sun."37 Pierre Gaultier de la Varennes de la Verendrye, as gallant as his name, was chosen to establish a camp. Failing after a valiant effort, he was commissioned to try to reach the Western Sea as best he could. Urged on by Bienvielle's assertion in 1741 that the unknown extremities of America "border on China and the Great Tartar,"38

32Chappell, "History of the Missouri River," 258. The fort was certainly the first on the Missouri: Garraghan, Chapters in Frontier History, 91. 33de Villiers, La Decouverte, 113, 125. 34F. X. Charlevoix, A Voyage to North America (Dublin, 1766), II, 1. 35Nellis M. Crouse, La Verendrye, Fur Trader and Explorer (Ithaca, New York, 1956), 12. ^Conjectures sur Vexistence d'une mer dans la partie occidentale du Canada et du Mississippi par G. Del'Isle de VA cademie Royale des Sciences, in a manuscript volume entitled Memoires de Louisiana, 147, Newberry Library, Chicago. 37Laut, Pathfinders of the West, 195. 38Margry, Decourvertes, VI, 469. 338 Missouri Historical Review

La Verendrye and his sons pushed their search into the uppermost reaches of the Missouri River for a quarter of a century. He gave up the search in 1750, beaten and discouraged, one of his sons having been killed by Indians. Neither the Great Tartar nor the Western Sea had revealed themselves to him, and he had seen no Chinese. He knew for certain only that the rumored "River of the West" was nothing else than the lake-like upper Missouri. After La Verendrye's heroic failure, neither France nor Spain made another major attempt to ascend the Missouri to the Western Sea. The question of the Missouri's proximity to the Pacific remained unanswered for another half-century. Finally, in 1804, Lewis and Clark made their historic and heroic trek up the Missouri and found her headwaters in a deceptively meek clear-water spring in Montana, several hundred miles from the Western Sea. "Oh, the joy!"39 exclaimed Clark when the two explorers finally got through to the Pacific and gazed on "this great Pacific Octian [sic] which we have been so long anxious to see." But strain their eyes as they might, there was no sign of China or the Chinese, and no apparent navigable waterway to the Great Tartar. Their expedition exploded all the will o' the wisps raised by the Old Woman —the "Vermillion Sea," the "southwest passage to China," the "great lakes of the West," the "Spanish mines," and Coxe's humbling account of the Rockies as a "ridge of hills passable in half a day." Though the Old Woman's deceits had been uncovered, her power of suggestion still found ready victims. Thirteen years after the Lewis and Clark expedition, Mother Duchesne wrote that because of the Missouri's link with the Pacific, St. Charles, Missouri, would soon be "a great link of commerce between the United States and China."40 The Missouri is a many splendored river. To shatter three nations' dreams of a northwest passage to the Orient did not exhaust her feminine potentiality. Her deceptive beauty, her superficially calm waters and enchanting islands began like epic sirens to lure home-seeking easterners. Lewis and Clark had added their homage to the Old Woman too, but they knew hers was a frantic beauty. They brought back from their trek the somber warning to prospec­ tive travelers that the river was rough, wild, and constantly chang­ ing her course, banks, bottoms and bearings. But "Westward LIO!" was ringing loudly in men's ears and hearts. Ignored were somber thoughts of the dangers to be encountered en route, or of the fact that "the Missouri is probably the most difficult river in the world 39Elliott Coues, Lewis and Clark Original Manuscript Journals (New York, 1892), 702. 40Mother Duchesne to Mother Superior, September 12, 1818, quoted in Louise Callan, Philip­ pine Duchesne (Westminister, 1957), 273. Old Woman River 339 to navigate."41 There was fur and gold and great open lands, prairies as well as mountains, and it was just the place for a family to settle down, untie the cow, and stake out a claim. The great visions of the West often did not include the dangers of the Old Woman. During the half century from 1819 to 1880, the Old Woman swept upon steamboating pioneers in silent moments of swift disaster. She sucked a total of more than 450 vessels worth ten million dollars to watery graves lining her murky bottoms all the way from St. Louis to Fort Benton.42 "Piloting becomes another matter," wrote Mark Twain, "when you apply it... to the Missouri, whose alluvial banks cave and change constantly, whose snags are always hunting up new quarters, whose sand-bars are never at rest, whose channels are forever dodging and shirking, and whose obstruc­ tions must be confronted in all nights and all weathers without the aid of a single lighthouse or a single buoy."43 The Missouri was a strange combination of enchanting beauty and seething thirst for vengence. "All is conflict between life and death," reported Aubudon of the Missouri in 1843. "The banks are falling in and taking thousands of trees, and the current is bearing them away from the places where they have stood and grown for ages. . . . All around was the very perfection of disaster and misfortune."44 With the possible exception of Captain Joseph LaBarge, no one knew the river better than the Jesuit missionary Pierre DeSmet. His life encompassed two hundred thousand miles of travels, and most of that was going up and down the Missouri from her falls to her mouth. Lie has pictured the Old Woman in the most sympathet­ ic and complete detail of the mid-nineteenth century. "Whenever I crossed this magnificent river," he exclaimed, "the sensations I experienced bordered on the sublime." DeSmet did not, however, allow sublimity to efface harsh reality. "Let me remind you," he added, "that steam navigation on the Missouri is one of the most dangerous things a man can undertake."45 The leathery days of the western movement, filled with the fur trade, the gold rush and the civil war, packed the river with hun­ dreds of boats. However, the river provided scarcely anything resembling a welcome mat. A boat that could not hop sandbars, 41MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims," XXI, 216. 42"List of Steamboat Wrecks on the Missouri River to 1897," Annual Report of the Missouri River Commission, 1897, U. S. House of Representatives, 55th Congress, 2nd Session, Doc. No. 2, 3872 ff. Over 300 wrecks are listed. MacDonald, "The Missouri River and Its Victims," XXI, 607, lists 441 to the year 1927. Boatman's Bank (St. Louis) Annual Report for 1958 gives 450 as the total number. 43Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (New York, 1945), 77. 44Donald C. Peattie, Aubudon s America (Boston, 1940), 277. 45Chittendon-Richardson, DeSmet, 161, 867, 1355. 340 Missouri Historical Review

Painting by Churle.> UudrHer Snags in the Missouri

jump snags, and scuddle across cornfields was ready prey for the Old Woman. The best of the Missouri River steamers lasted only five to ten years, and it was not hard to see why. More often than not the surface of the water was covered with wrecks of houses, barns, stables and fences. There were always swarms of trees embedded in the channel, and these alone were responsible for more than half the wrecks. "Gigantic trees stretch their naked and menacing limbs on all sides," said DeSmet of the snags and sawyers. "You see them thrashing in the water, throwing up foam with a furious hissing sound as they struggle against the rapid torrent." Many a Missouri River traveler noted with DeSmet at journey's end that his boat was "little more than a mere wreck." "I fear the sea," admits DeSmet, no stranger to ocean danger, "but all the storms and other unpleasant things I have experienced in four different ocean voyages did not inspire me with so much terror as the navigation of the somber, treacherous, muddy Missouri."lfi The fickle nature of the Old Woman manifests itself in her changing courses. Along both shores from her mouth to the Platte run bluffs averaging 200 feet high and two miles apart. The river runs crookedly between the bluffs meandering at will in the valley. In the same manner the channel runs crookedly through the river.

KIbid., 153, 402. Old Woman River 341

The river changes her course whenever she wants in the valley, just as the channel changes whenever it wills in the river. Farmers plow­ ing their fields occasionally turn up rusty iron rings once used to moor steamboats when the river formerly swept over their farm­ lands. Every year the Old Woman appropriates about 9000 acres of choice farmlands and dumps a backbreaking load of 500 million tons of alluvial soil into the lap of the Mississippi. The Missouri is professional at forming islands and sandbars on short notice. Yesterday's steamboating crewmen and today's towboat captains can tell of islands sighted on their way down river which were not there on the way up. The river first drops sediment around a central core, and on this she deposits a layer of greasy mud. The surface is first slimy, then rubbery before hardening; then it opens, cracks, and curls like old roofing shingles. Its color is first chocolate brown, then moss green. Weeds poke through the surface; thickets of willows sprout; and there is an incipent forest island where only recently was river channel. The current has always been one of the Old Woman's most deceptive charms. Actually there are many intertwining currents. In certain places there are dead spots where water apparently stands perfectly still. Everywhere there are gurgling Charybdis-like whirl­ pools hissing and yawning their defiance. One of the most specta­ cular disasters on the river occurred because of the Old Woman's treacherous current. Captain Francis Belt in 1852 was piloting the Mormon-loaded Saluda upstream in high water. At Lexington the boat could scarcely hold her own against the current. Swearing he would "round the point or blow her to hell," Belt ordered further pressure from the straining boilers and rang up full speed against the surging waters. The engine gave one revolution, the boilers bulged, exploded, and blew the Saluda into the sky, scattering parts of boat and bodies on both shores.47 Even today there are dangers lurk­ ing on the river. The official navigation manual for 1959 warns navigators "to be on guard for strong cross-currents." "Crossings" on the Missouri are not places to cross the river, but places where the current crosses from one shore to the other. The river is never long confined to one bed. Time after time she has left her bed in the dark hours of the night to take another to the surprise of the dawn's early light. In making her changes she often leaves intricate sand formations behind. On Bon Homme Island, for example, she laid out earthworks of sand so intricately patterned that Lewis and

47Chappell, "History of the Missouri River," 288. 342 Missouri Historical Review

Clark thought they were ancient fortifications and mapped them out in minute detail. As the Old Woman builds, she also takes away. When Zebulon Pike ascended the Missouri in 1807, he noted opposite St. Charles a large coal-cliff which he estimated could provide coal "for all Louisiana."4S The river has either washed the coal away or covered it over so thoroughly that no one in the area knows where Louisi­ ana's coal is today. DeSmet tells how in 1823 the river carried away a forest island of a thousand trees in a single night and left on the next morning "not a vestige of tree or soil."4

Explosion of the Saluda

Lloyd's Steamboat Directory 48Zebulon M. Pike, Exploratory Travels (London, 1811), 150. 49Garraghan, The Jesuits of the Middle United States (New York, 1938), I, 101. 50"Cote Sans Dessein Quid Nunc?" Quoted bv the F"ulton Missouri Telegraph, November 23, I860. Old Woman River 343 river in 1840 when the steamboat Naomi sunk near the shore at the site of the town. Several decades later, a farmer digging a well three miles from the river found the Naomi's Bible deep in the ground. Today the river is five miles from the town. Man has met with partial success in his efforts to girdle the Old Woman's expansive free will. Cutting the river channel through the necks of the great meandering ox-bow loops that were char­ acteristic of the Missouri have shortened her total length to 2367.2 miles, 173 miles less than it was when explorers Lewis and Clark traveled upriver. Long protruding dikes stand sentinel-like every half-mile along the Missouri as offensive guards in the campaign against the watery perfidy. Constructed along the convex side of bends opposite stone revetments on the concave bank, the dikes direct the flow of the current away from the diked land into the designated channel, which the scouring action of the current tends to deepen. Over a period of years land accumulates in the dike systems and imprisons the river in deep and narrow boundaries. Complete success, however, is still a goal of the future. Several years ago, shortly after the river was spanned with a two million dollar highway bridge just above St. Joseph the Old Woman adroitly changed her course and left the bridge standing high over dry land. The channel was restored under the bridge only with the help of modern engineering and dredging equipment. Another attribute of the Old Woman has caused Missouri valley denizens to remark that the river's waters were too thick to navigate and too thin to cultivate. "Its muddiness is beyond all description," wrote Horace Greely in 1860; "its color and consistency are those of thick milk porridge; you could not discern an egg in a glass of it."51 In this respect some justice should be extended to the Old Woman, although she has administered little herself. It is true that about 120 tons of silt is suspended in every one million gallons of the river's water, ten times the silt content of the Mississippi. Yet a large percentage of what appears to be mud is volcanic ash from the Yellowstone area, an element entirely different from the silt washed from farmlands. The distinction is clearly illustrated at the conflu­ ence with the Platte, where there is a clear-cut division between the Missouri's light yellow and the Platte's black, with the yellow eventually winning out. The ash content in the Missouri's water becomes apparent when salt is added to a bottle of river water. The ash quickly drops to the bottom to form a semi-solid, while the silt remains in solution. This is a partial explanation for the delta at

51Horace Greeley, An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco, 1860. 344 Missouri Historical Review at the mouth of the Mississippi. When the Missouri's water in the Mississippi meets the salt water of the Gulf, the ash drops to the bottom, forming new lands and extending the Mississippi's mouth further into the Gulf. Bearings at the Mississippi's mouth have revealed that the earth's crust has sunk under the weight of the accumulated sediment.52 One more point of justice can be made. The Missouri is not even as unclean as she is muddy. From the early pioneer days there arose a strong tradition that the Missouri's waters were unusually healthy. As early as 1750, Father Louis Vivier claimed that the Missouri's water was "the best water in the world."53 No one of the early health-enthusiasts, including the Frenchman Vivier, seemed to know why. A century later, when the opinion was even more popular, a woman passenger on a Missouri River steamboat who asked the captain why the water was so healthy received the grunting reply, " 'Cause it scours out your bowels, Ma'am."54 "Health is indeed more generally experienced on the Missouri than on any other of the rivers," wrote Amos Stoddard in 1812, "and perhaps this results from the rapidity of its current and from the cold and lively nature of its water, added to the nitrous and sul­ phureous qualities it contains."55 Though not in accord with perceptible evidence, the assumption that the Missouri's water is healthy is basically valid. The sand held in solution by the mud filters and purifies the water and renders it healthful. In Paris, at the turn of the century, a test was made of waters taken from different parts of the globe to ascertain which would continue pure and wholesome for the longest period of time. (This was important for ships sailing on long voyages at sea.) After a thorough test, the water taken from the Mississippi immediately below the Missouri's confluence—water which assumes the character of the Missouri "even to the sea"—was pronounced the best in the world.56 Fifty years earlier DeSmet had arrived at the same conclusion: "It is this river which gives the Mississippi its current, its color, and its salubrious and beneficial waters."57 The Old Woman, despite her apparent inhospitality, flourishes today as in the past. She has strangely won the hearts of her intimates. Although she interferes in politics, rearranges geography,

^Kansas City Star, June 9, 1933. 53Garraghan, Jesuits of the Middle United States, I, 6. ^Missouri Historical Society Bulletin III (October, 1946), 7-8. 55Amos Stoddard, Sketches, Historical and Descriptive of Louisiana (Philadelphia, 1812). 56Chappell, "History of the Missouri River," 263. "Chittendon-Richardson, DeSmet, 1355. Old Woman River 345 and dabbles in life, death, and real estate, the Old Woman has won devotion. As George Catlin observed after voyaging up the river, ' 'There is a redeeming beauty in the green and carpeted shores, which hem in this huge and terrible deformity of waters."58 Poems have been written about the Missouri hailing the Old Woman as: a romping dark brunette as fickle and gay as any coquette. She glides along by the western plains and changes her bed each time it rains. Walt Whitman included the Old Woman in his love of Americana and honored her in a special poem: Others may praise what they like; But I, from the banks of the running Missouri, praise nothing, in art, or aught else. 'Till it has breathed well the atmosphere of this river. . . . A significant note in the adulation offered the river is the fact that some of her most ardent admirers have been Europeans who could compare her with the best of the Old World's waterways. The Frenchman Charlevoix claimed in 1720 that her meeting with the Mississippi was "the finest confluence of two rivers that, I believe, is to be met with in the world."59 In 1861 Prince Napoleon of France, the cousin of Emperor Napoleon III, toured the United States, and his party had this to say about the confluence: It is impossible to imagine a more wonderful spectacle than the one unfolding in front of us—an emerald-like plain as far as the eye can see, cut here and there by black bunches of huge trees; a wide river filled to the brim, carrying in its muddy waters the wrecks extracted from the ancient forests of the North. Sometimes the trees, intertwined together, form large islands which float downstream to clog the shores. There they are soon covered by a green and luxurious vegetation until they resemble huge baskets delicately floating on the river. What the Old Woman has lost in steamboat traffic she has more than regained in barge tonnage. Today's towboat captains travel through a maze of historic namesites dating back to 1680 when unknown coureurs de bois scattered about the river musical flavors of the Old World: Marais des Cygnes, Creve Coeur, Gasconade, Petit sas Prairie, Marais Temps Clair, Lamine, Bonne Femme, Pomme de Terre, Florissant, Bon Homme, Charbioniere. Modern

58George Catlin, North American Indians, 1841 (London, 1844). 59F. X. Charlevoix, A Voyage to North America, 1. 346 Missouri Historical Review rivermen also pass the spots named by their steamboating pre­ decessors: Cora Bend, where the river formed an island around the sunken hulk of the Cora; Pelican Island, where those grotesque birds made their home; Bushwacker Bend, where the Confederates attacked a Union gunboat; Devil's Race Ground and Crazy Point and Cul de Sac, places which once gave and continue to give boatmen a hard time. As today's towboat pilots churn up the Missouri, they might be reminded of the lines from the Aeneid describing the lands "where the Simois River rolls over the many shields and helmets and strong bodies of brave men snatched beneath its floods." The Missouri, like the Simois, is material for an epic, but the Old Woman has already written it herself. At the mouth of every tributary, at every bend and major island, she tells a story, hidden perhaps in the willows, buried perhaps in several centuries of sand, but an epic nonetheless. Modern rivermen might well grip the wheel tighter when they read the navigation manual's warning to "be on guard" as they sail over the muddy graves below them, mute reminders of the grandeur that was the West and the danger that was, and is, the Missouri.

OLD HOME REMEDIES

From Granny Gores Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey

"Had lots of cures for colds and pneumonia. One of them was smokin 'em with the cobs. You took and surrounded them with a steamin hot blanket and put smoking corn cobs around them to smoke out the fever. Once't a lady toV a doctor that she had tried smokin' 'em with the cobs, he asked what color she used, and she replied white. lie toV her next time to use the red cobs. Then skunk oil an' mutton later was a good cure, and possum grease. Take a fresh kilt animal and render the grease from him, and rub thoroughly on the patient. Slippery elm bark tea is good. Bile the leaves of a slippery elm or the bark and drink the juices. Coal oil and honey is still used fer cough and pneumonia. BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND LIBRARIES IN PIONEER ST. LOUIS, 1808-1842

BY ELEANORA A. BAER*

St. Louis today, dotted with bookstores and libraries, morning and evening metropolitan newspapers, and dozens of journals and special publications, reflects a literary heritage which had its beginning early in pioneer days. The details are shown in the reading materials in the community a century and a half ago. St. Louis was never a savage village with rough living and wild adventure as were most frontier towns. This was due in some measure to its founders. For while Pierre Laclede Liguest and his Creole stepson, Auguste Chouteau, in 1763 were attracted because of economic reasons to the present site of St. Louis with its favorable location as a fur trading post, the cultural background of the older man and his followers from New Orleans cannot be overlooked. Laclede was a graduate of the University of Toulouse in France. Other Frenchmen from New Orleans, many of whom were also University graduates, soon followed the original 30 settlers.1 They were joined three years later by the French from the British Terri­ tory across the river who came to avoid becoming English subjects. The frontier settlement maintained a French flavor in its early development, and although the term "pioneer" is applied to the harmonious little village of people living in small, neat dwellings on the shores of the Mississippi River in 1800, St. Louisans could be proud of the progress which they had made during the 36 years since the founding of their town. With the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 St. Louis became the cross­ roads of westward expansion, and such notables as James Pursley, Lewis and Clark, Manual Lisa, Auguste Chouteau, and William H. Ashley became prominent in exploration activities. Doctors, law­ yers, surgeons and other professional men arrived, and the cultural tone inaugurated by the French was strengthened. By this time the furry animals had surrendered the shores of the river to a busy riverfront with keel and flat boats bringing in cargo and carrying out such products as tobacco and tanned hides.2 Commerce did not

*Miss Eleanora A. Baer, M.S., is librarian at Clayton High School, Clayton, Missouri. lA list of those who accompanied Chouteau is given in Paul C Schulte, The Catholic Heritage of Saint Louis (St. Louis, 1934), 7. 2Edward J. White, "A Century of Transportation in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, XV (October, 1920), 126-148. 347 348 Missouri Historical Review

lessen the cultural atmosphere of the town, however, and the little community early boasted of mansions with imported furnishings and small personal libraries.3 Children were educated at home by private tutors or were sent to European schools. As early as 1774 Jean Baptiste Trudeau established a private school for boys.4 Visitors, surprised by the high standards of living, remarked in their writings on the elegance in entertainment and the beauty of the ladies. The French enjoyed their balls, winter dances, concerts, art, and, later, opera and ballet. In 1815 the theater was established when a group of ambitious amateurs staged plays in an old log hut at Barn Street (now Third) near Spruce. Commercial exhibitions of art works date from 1819.5 A cross section of early St. Louis society indicates that the city possessed a cosmopolitan atmosphere and a great number of educated citizens who were interested in many of the cultural refinements. A view of the early interest and support of the printing trade, newspapers, books, booksellers and libraries helps to provide an insight into the cultural and intellectual attain­ ments of the pioneer city. The early pioneers of St. Louis followed the European custom of living compactly together on the river front while their farms were remote from the village. News of any importance could be quickly disseminated by word of mouth, thus the establishment of a newspaper was not of paramount importance. St. Louisans had no newspaper and consequently no printing press until territorial officials realized the necessity of publishing territorial laws locally. In 1805 James Wilkinson, Governor of the Missouri Territory, wrote to Secretary of State James Madison asking that the Federal Government send to St. Louis a small press, a type font, and the necessary ink and paper. No action was taken on the Governor's request. More successful were the efforts of Governor Meriwether Lewis, who, in 1808, offered financial backing of $225 to Joseph Charless if he would come to St. Louis and establish a press. Charless, an Irish immigrant, had published the Mifflin Gazette in Lewiston, Pennsylvania, and had worked with the great Philadelphia printer, Matthew Carey. In Kentucky he had published the Lexington Independent Gazetteer, printed tracts, almanacs and books, and,

3John Francis McDermott, Private Libraries in Creole St. Louis (Baltimore, 1938), 23-171. 4John Francis McDermott, "Private Schools in St. Louis, 1809-1821," Mid-America, XXII (April, 1940), 96-120. ^William G. B. Carson, St. Louis Goes to the Opera, 1837-1941 (St. Louis, 1945), The Theatre on the Frontier (Chicago, 1932), and Managers in Distress (St. Louis, 1949); and St. Louis Missouri Gazette, February 22, 1817. Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 349 later, the Louisville Gazetted The offer made to Charless to come from Louisville and establish in St. Louis was motivated by the fact that Governor Lewis was anxious to have the printer available when the new Terri­ torial Legislature met in June, 1808. Charless arrived in St. Louis during the summer of 1808 bringing with him his 24-year- old printer, Jacob Hinkle. Establishing himself in the north room of the Robidoux house on the east side of Main, between Elm and Myrtle, Charless order­ ed a Ramage press brought from Joseph Charless Pennsylvania by keelboat and type from Louisville. Presumably the latter was second-hand since there was no type foundry there. Charless' Ramage Press was wooden with a stone bed and iron frame tympan.7 The ink was applied by patting the printing surface with inked balls. Printing was a slow process requiring a half day to print a small edition containing two inside pages. A printer was probably able to set one and one-half or two columns a day. A scarcity of paper made it necessary to print the first two issues of the Missouri Gazette on 8J^ x 12^ inch foolscap paper procured locally.8 It first appeared on July 12, 1808, but the earliest preserved copy dates from July 26, 1808, and bears the name of Joseph Charless, ''Printer to the Territory."9 It was issued weekly but the arrival of mail determined the day of publication. During sessions of Con­ gress, proceedings, if interesting, were published as a supplement. The first page was dedicated to national and territoral news, and military orders. There were general headings such as " Foreign Intelligence," "London," and "Boston." Obvious news such as war, pestilence, famines, and earthquakes received attention. News items were clipped from Eastern journals and used as "filler" for

6William H. Lyon, "Joseph Charless, Father of Missouri Journalism," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XVII (January, 1961), 133-145. 7Charless* press is extinct but the Ramage press used by the Missouri Intelligencer about 1819 is preserved at the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis. 8It had three columns per page until March 29, 1809. 9Newspaper collection, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 350 Missouri Historical Review the paper. Local news pertained to unclaimed mail, or a runaway horse or slave. Like all pioneer editors, Charless conceived of news as politics, as novelty, and as belles lettres. In the spring of 1808 he circulated a prospectus which illustrates his deep concern for politics. He favored Jeffersonian principles, and sought "to impress upon the mind that next to love of GOD, the love of COUNTRY should be paramount in the human breast." He maintained that if the press flourished in freedom, despotic power trembled for its existence—the liberties of the people and the "invio-

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%4mmK^mm!Shi^m^4m la kotri«*&«, soot la. ., AND JU>iliSlAKA AtlVJ^TISEE i Ii8Pii>$ it&|*$*&s©tii&B5M8ftt |J*f j* *»|$^i*MSBMf <$% , Prospectus deiaGasette da Missouri tj»*U *e pro- : BtJmwn C**fti*»* pose de reserVcr trois coloraue* deso© jwpierjpowr ! * jxiblkr en francai* \t% nouvclles loadles et Etr«i*g~ For the reasons *bo** JM*'*» ©©fjeetre it ger«s j le* Lotx du Terrltoire, et dc«. Et*t$ uitis *>«»ccemrjr to *$fer any thing like professions to dcL^mcrique,aussibienquetausie*E?cnerae»tt the i*ublte»NitratherMllie columns«T the G A- qui demande publkiti. Z£VTE8&wk&#thvmmlim*®0&M jerk* let* *» live or die b# tke character It may acquire, bat l*e Prix est trois Gourde* per annum* et la Oi» in intended Patrons have * Hgii^ilw«e^M^mcd *elt$ sera distribute *me fois par Sememe. »wltlufe*g«madsapoowMet* their ttpprobatiott• is

-T^ extii^iyk jpitjr, a&iraosttte* ami &*&r a *£ 7%* Gmkm v*lt 6*fMte*i*ed fme a wt*M m m ^^klum^aia^ogtlHJj>e^^ **tlit ****** #? ' handmme Tyft* and Papery the dtty of fmMemtitn toleration a*»d equsit ^ov«m«»*at. To impress * nmiihe regulated t>y (he arrival aftht Mail$ during upon t&e nWb J*** msst :H» # fc**b-# * £«f, tke thtmevtton tfGmgrem> shotdd their proceeding* &t loTeorourC^»^*ho«l « mp/iitmentury *ktH *haU humaiJl^^cto»d«>catetb^eati9« whfeh pb- he oecasionulty ifttucd, cedJeSersoiiat the h and far emiy |»f the Gaaette he cmtimmttt Fifty Cent*, tho*e of a greater length «hiS i« iprc^ in *^'***-— e,whkh MIM 1%*Jirst number ef (He Gazette, m& *fl$i**r r , utmm m fin*dMe% the Ttgtfs being <«# ** Leu**- ^tmrreii^t% %#&> My* md tbepr**» expected in tM tmimt #*« ®£ ih« state months from Petmtyivarm. 7%e intended editor idedge* M* repumim^ that thegMmM h* mmmmm* Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 351 lation of the press" lived or died together.10 In the Missouri Gazette, October 12, 1816, he wrote that the editor, unlike the soldier, the mechanic, or the merchant, was a sentinel of the public rights who never sleeps. He, therefore, included in his paper long orations and letters of politicians and statesmen with the object of keeping the enlightened electorate alert. He also promised to entertain his readers with the best offerings of literature using extracts from the contempory literati as "fillers" for his columns when news was scarce. The paper, costing $20 a week to print, had 170 subscribers who paid "Three Dollars a year in advance or Four Dollars in Country Produce." Advertisements not exceeding a one column square cost $1 a week with each continuation costing 50c. The paper changed in page size, and as advertisements became more important the front page was used for that purpose. Pages three and four carried editorial and literary contributions and sub­ scribers' communications. Charless had come to St. Louis primarily to print the laws of the territory and when the project was completed it was a noteworthy achievement considering Charless' equipment. Published under the title The Laws of the Territory of Louisiana, Comprising All Those Which Are Now Actually In Force Within the Same, the book devotes 370 pages to the text, one to the certification of authority, three to the table of contents and 58 to the index. There is some question about the exact printing date of the laws. Meriwether Lewis' Receipt Book has an entry dated July 22, 1808, recording an order on the Secretary of State in favor of Joseph Charless in the amount of $500 to furnish paper and publish 350 copies of the laws, 100 of which were to be in French.11 In the November 16, 1808, and again in the January 4, 1809, issues of his newspaper, Charless assured his subscribers that he would give them full sized royal sheet "so soon as the Laws of the Territory are printed." One author contends that they were published in Decem­ ber, 1808,12 but the certification of authority by the secretary of the Territory on page 373 of the Laws dated April 29, 1809, states that the text was checked and found literally comformable with the original.13 It is probable that the complete book was not published

10An original of the prospectus is on deposit in the archives of the State Historical Society of Missouri. uMeriwether Lewis, "Account Book," Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis. Charless had a font of French type which he used in the Gazette although no French- copy is known to exist. ^Frederick C Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Territorial Days, 1804-1821 (St. Louis, 1888),7. 13Isador Loeb, "Red Letter Books Relating to Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, XXXVII (October, 1942), 80-84. 352 Missouri Historical Review

until sometime later. The title THE page is dated 1808, but this could indicate that the title page was set first. Another circumstance casts OF doubt on the authenticity of the 1808 date. Charless returned to THE TERRITORY OF Kentucky in July, 1808, leaving Hinkle in charge of printing, and LOUISIANA. Samuel Solomon in charge of financial matters. When he COMPRISING returned on November 16, 1808, he found that Hinkle, owing ALL THOSE WHICH ARE NOW $600 from gambling and other debts, had left town. On Janu­ ACTUALLY IN FORCE ary 4, 1809, he advertised for

WITHIN THE SAME. help. It is doubtful that with a shortage of help, he could have printed the Laws in St. Louis PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY, before 1809. One author further proposes that the Laws were not Charless' first publication in St. Louis. ST. LOUIS (L.) He bases his contention on the PRINTED BY JOSBPH CHARLESS, rxurruft TO T«I TIRXITOHV* fact that in Governor Lewis' account book, under the date 1809. of December 26, 1808, there appears an expenditure of $88.75 "for printing certain laws of the territory necessary for immediate distribution." This publication, An Act Regulating the Fiscal Concerns of the Territory, Defining the Duties of Certain Officers Concerned Therewith, and for Other Purposes was advertised for sale in the Missouri Gazette in the December 14 and 21, 1808, issues. It is possible that these laws were printed in an emergency and destroyed when the large volume appeared.14 Charless, who preferred to be called a printer rather than an editor, can be credited with being the first newspaper publisher and the first book printer in Missouri as well as with bringing the first printing press to the state. He was the second printer on the Mississippi River, and one of the first printers to set type for a

14David Kaser, "The First Trans-Mississippi Imprint," Bibliographical Society of America Papers, LII (October, 1958), 30G. Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 353 quarto edition of the Bible in this country.15 His newspaper, the Missouri Gazette, has become a rich source for territorial history, and in some cases it is the only printed record available. Even the advertisements have become a primary source of information for certain facts and dates. Pioneer St. Louis, however, did not offer ideal conditions allow­ ing a printer to prosper or to conduct his business unhampered. A survey of the numerous attempts to start papers, noting the very short existence of some, leads to an admiration of Charless' persist­ ence during the 12 years of his editorship.16 Charless was not without his problems. He was accused of being partisan. Sub­ scribers were slow in paying, and he had to resort to begging for his money through his paper. In addition to printing he kept a board­ ing and lodging house and a livery stable, worked in a drug store, sold printing ink, and for a while was the registrar of the sale of lands and slaves. All of these enterprises were undertaken to supplement the meager income he earned as a printer.17 Attempts to interest the early inhabitants of St. Louis in literary matter through the publication of magazines met with little success before 1840. The Western Examiner issued a specimen number on November 19, 1833, and began a monthly publication of eight pages on January 1, 1834. Later it was issued bi-monthly, edited by an association of free-thinkers and published by John Robb until it ceased publication on December 15, 1834. The Locomotive and Illinois Gazette was a short-lived weekly devoted to internal improvements and politics. The Missouri Saturday News, a creditable literary weekly published by Charles Keemle and Major Alphonse Wetmore, first appeared on January 1, 1838, but ceased publication in less than a year. A few issues of The Western Mirror and Ladies1 Literary Gazette were published in 1837 by James Ruggles. Reflecting the tastes of its readers, despite its short life, its title was changed to The Western Mirror, Literary and Political Gazette. The Translator, a weekly literary and family paper, was issued for a few months during 1838. As might be expected, many of the newspaper printers were also book and pamphlet printers. Among those engaged in both enter­ prises were Charless, Nathaniel Paschall, William Orr and Charles

15Denis Braud was the first printer on the Mississippi River, beginning work at New Orleans in 17G4. "Dorothy Grace Brown, "Early St. Louis Newspapers, 1808-1850," (Unpublished Master's Thesis, Washington Unviersity, St. Louis, 1931). 17Walter B. Stevens, "The Missouri Tavern," Missouri Historical Review, XV (January, 1921), 241-42; and St. Louis Missouri Republican, September 21, 1826. 354 Missouri Historical Review

Keemle.18 A large number of the books and pamphlets printed in Missouri from 1808 to 1840 were concerned with the laws and business of the territory and the state, bearing titles indicative of their nature. A few titles illustrate the utilitarian nature of many of the publications: A Manuel; Or Hand Book, Intended For Conveni­ ence In Practical Surveying {1821), Elements of Arithmetic (1823), Curative Medicine (1830), and Tables of Land Measures Used In The State of Missouri (1837). Also published were a great number of proceedings and reports of fraternal organizations. In 1818 The Gospel, The Power Of God Unto Salvation by Salmon Giddings appeared, and in subsequent years numerous religious tracts and sermons were published.19 Although printing in pioneer St. Louis was limited, many of the early settlers possessed considerable personal libraries. A survey of library holdings taken from records of estates in the French and Spanish Archives of St. Louis and the files of the St. Louis Probate Court shows that at least 56 individuals living in St. Louis between 1764 and 1800 possessed books, and that between 2,000 and 3,000 volumes, not including duplicates, were included in private libraries before the Louisiana Purchase. Several individuals had substantial collections of books. Pierre Laclede's library included many general works but was particularly strong in political theory, especially in regard to commerce and taxation, with a secondary interest in history and philosophy. Pierre Joseph Didier, the parish priest at Florissant, had a predominance of theological works. The library of Antoine Francois Saugrain, surgeon of the military hospital, con­ tained more scientific books than anything else, but the collection also indicates an interest in drama. Dr. Saugrain's interest in books and their publication was heightened when his aunt married Francois Debure, bibliographer and publisher, and his sister married Henri Didot of the famous publishing family. Charles Dehault Delassus, in command of St. Louis at the time of its transfer in 1804, had a general collection with strength in history and literature. Auguste Chouteau's collection indicates an interest in history and free-thinkers. Marie Philippe Leduc, secretary to Delassus, who spent most of his life engaged in public service, had a general collection of 520 books, some of which were given to him by Dalassus. While many early New England libraries were composed of religious books, early St. Louis libraries generally contained works

18Douglas C. McMurtrie, Early Missouri Book and Pamphlet Imprints, 1808-1830 (Chicago, 1937), 4-16. 19Historical Records Survey, A Preliminary Check List of Missouri Imprints, 1808-lSoO (Washington, 1937), 5-89. Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 355 on varied topics including such authors as Cicero, Ovid, Cervantes, Francis Bacon, Corneille, Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, Descar­ tes, DeFoe, Fielding, and Mirabeau among many others.20 Collections of books were brought to St. Louis or imported by those individuals interested in maintaining private libraries, but many were procured from sales among local residents. Before Major James Bruff of the United States Army left the territory in Septem­ ber, 1808, he announced that included in the personal property of which he wished to dispose was a small collection of valuable books and pamphlets. Frequently books were given as gifts, or were willed to others when the owner died. Some were auctioned to settle estates.21 A great variety of people sold books in St. Louis. Newspaper editors, who were often book printers as well, advertised for sale not only their own works but also those they had imported. One of the earliest records of book sales is that of the drug firm of Aaron Elliot & Son who announced in the Missouri Gazette that it had a shipment of "Drugs & Medicine & Stationary" and also some "Children's spelling books, first and second part." Elliot was a doctor as well as a druggist and bookseller. In November, 1808, Jacob Philipson announced the receipt of "a seasonable supply of Dry Goods and a General Assortment of Groceries" and with it "a few German and English Bibles, Testaments, Hymn Books, etc." Later in the winter of 1808, the firm of Hunt and Hanikson, in closing out its business, offered among ''cheap bargains" a lot of Webster's Spelling Books. Christian Wilt, a merchant who dealt in large quantities of articles, in writing on August 7, 1813, to his senior partner, Joseph Herzog, stated, "I have more Loves Labour Lost than I shall sell for 50 years in this place." In 1816 two physi­ cians, Simpson and Quarles, advertised "Fresh Drugs & Medicines" and "also a handsome selection of school and miscellaneous Books." The following year an advertisement informed the public that they had "The Columbia Harmonist, a collection of sacred music, on a new and improved plan; $1.25 single, and 1 dollar the dozen." J.J. Lacroze & Co., confectioners and cordial distillers, announced in 1821 that it had "Books to be Raffled For" and listed a number of those that would go on sale.22 One of the most informative of the early book advertisements was that of Thomas F. Riddick who listed the titles of a quantity of 20McDermott, Private Libraries in Creole St. Louis, 21-22. 21Pierre Laclede's estate included a 215-book library which was auctioned for more than 750 livres. 22St. Louis Missouri Gazette, August 31, 1808, November 10, 1808, August 7, 1813, June 29, 1816, October 17, 1817, and April 4, 1821. 356 Missouri Historical Review

books he had received in his auction room, all of which he would sell for cash. Included were such works as Gregory's Encyclopedia or Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, Josephus' Works, Family Bibles, Duane's Military Dictionary, Don Quixote, Pope's Works and the Arabian Nights. Paul and Ingram offered a "large assort­ ment of Rose Blankets and also many Valuable Books, among them which are Fielding's Works in 14 vols, superbly bound, Shake­ speare's Plays, 17 in 6 vols, with Johnson's and Stevens' Notes, Spectator in 8 and 12 vols., Medical Commentaries, 10 vols., Addi­ son's Reports, Cullen's Practice, Murray on the Arteries, Memoirs of Dr. Darwin, Hamilton's Midwifery, Irish Rebellion, Campaign in Russia, War in Spain and France, Life of Bonaparte, American Revolution, Brackenridge's View of Louisiana, Travels in Louisiana (in French) with a variety of other works."23 Book dealers began to list themselves as such as early as 1821 in the St. Louis Directory and Register. S. S. Homans, advertising as a "Bookseller, Stationer and Importer," found it important to also call to the public's attention that he was the agency through which such magazines as Morris & Willis' Home Journal and Putnam's magazines were sold.24 To attempt an analysis of the literary holdings of educational institutions and those made available to the public in pioneer St. Louis is to be confronted with a scarcity of information. There is no basis for assuming that early private schools had even a small collection of books which they might call a library. Evidence in the French archives indicates that Jean Baptiste Trudeau came to St. Louis in 1774 from New Orleans to establish a school for boys in the southern portion of the village. Marie Poyant Pinconneau taught girls as early as 1780 and opened a school in Joseph Main- ville's old log house in 1797. In both schools classes were held in French, but in 1804 the first English School was established by a man identified only as Mr. Rotchford. The evidence does not indicate, however, the existence of libraries for general use in any of the schools. Only James Sawyer's School, established in 1815 to teach Lancasterian methods, hints at a book collection when he announced the acquisition of "a pair of Globes, some elementary classical works. . . ,"25

•xibid., April 5, 1820. ™The St. Louis Directory and Register, 1821 (St. Louis, 1821). 25William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, eds., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899), V, 2011; McDermott, "Private Schools in St. Louis," 96-120; Margaret McMillan and Monia Cook Morris, "Educational Opportunities in Early Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, XXXII (April, 1939), 477-498; St. Louis Missouri Gazette, July 22, December 23, 30, 1815. Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 357

An act of Congress on June 13, 1812, granting land to towns for the purpose of erecting schools, marks the beginning of public schools in St. Louis. A committee met in 1817 to make plans for a school, but it was not until 1836 that two buildings were planned. Two years later the school opened. Here again there is no indication of the existence of a library collection. The nucleus of the present- day St. Louis Public Library collection which was obtained from the public schools in March, 1894, contains books dating back only to the latter 1850s.26 The first school library in St. Louis dates from the founding of St. Louis Academy in 1818 by Right Reverend William DuBourg, Bishop of Louisiana.27 Renamed St. Louis College in 1820, it was conducted for the first nine years by priests associated with St. Louis Cathedral. The college was discontinued in 1826 but revived two years later when Jeremiah Conners donated a lot on Ninth and Christy Streets. Jesuit priests who came to Florissant from Mary­ land in 1823 to organize an Indian School succeeded in opening St. Louis University in 1829. Upon its chartering it became the first university west of the Mississippi River. The first catalogue of the University library dates from 1829 to 1842 with 2,057 of the probable 5,000 books catalogued. The publication dates of the books listed in the catalogue range from 1490 to 1842. There are some 1,373 volumes on religious subjects and the Society of Jesus, 684 volumes of literature (Latin, Greek, English, and German), and 401 volumes on English literature, including the works of standard authors. While a large number of books were brought by the Jesuits from Europe, it is possible that Bishop DuBourg gave some of his personal books to the library.28 In 1832 the University received from the Commission of Public Records of Great Britain 100 folios and several octavo volumes of the public records, including the Domes-Day Book with its index. The Academy of the Sacred Heart founded in 1827 by Mother Philippine Duchesne also began to collect books for its library. The Academy of the Visitation (1832) possessed a small collection as did the Western Academy of Natural Sciences (1837). The Law Library, founded in 1838 and incorporated in 1839 by the St. Louis Bar Association with less than forty members, maintained a refer­ ence library, charging users a $5 admission fee and a $5 quarterly

26Hyde and Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis, III, 1275-1281. 27St. Louis Missouri Gazette, October 23, 1818. 2*The St. Louis Directory and Register for 1821 (n. p.) reports his collection as containing about 8,000 volumes. 358 Missouri Historical Review fee. The first record of books dates from 1842 when the Association owned 640 volumes.29 The book collections of educational institutions and those belonging to individuals and used privately could not fill the need for public reading facilities in pioneer St. Louis. Several individuals and business firms attempted to fill the need by providing public access to printed matter. Charless had allowed reading in his newspaper office. Kimball and Ward carried on this idea when, on May 13, 1818, they announced the opening of a "Reading Room & Punch House" near the Gazette office. Here the newspapers received from various parts of the Union could be shared by interested persons. The Missouri Advocate and St. Louis Enquirer, on Febru­ ary 25, 1826, announced that it had "fitted up a READING ROOM in the Advocate Office, for the accomodation [sic] of OUR PATRONS and the entertainment of STRANGERS: to whom, the room will be at all times accessible," giving the public access to "an extensive exchange with the most valuable public Journals published in the United States." In 1828 H. P. Bradbury established the Post Meridian Reading Room. Three years later Louis Oldenburg announced that Washington Hall, a hotel, would have a Reading Room attached to the establishment, and that he would expect to receive for his guests many valuable literary and political journals of the United States. In addition to these facilities there was also a St. Louis Reading Room, a Franklin Circulating Library, and "The Exchange Room," established by the Missouri Republican in 1838 and opened to readers of the paper and to out-of-town visitors. Although semi-public in nature, use of these establishments were too often limited to the particular business "patron" or to "strangers" or "visitors" to St. Louis, and thus they, like the private libraries and those of educational institutions, failed to provide the type of library facilities worthy of the growing city.30 As early as 1811 a movement was launched to establish a public library when the Louisiana Gazette printed a "card" addressed To the Inhabitants of St. Louis and the Vicinity. The benefits that would result from a PUBLICK LIBRARY in this town, must be obvious to all: therefore a meeting of all such as may feel disposed to contribute something toward its commencement, is requested, on the 16th instant, at the home of Henry Capron; when it may also be taken into consideration, the property of making an arrangement with the Trustees of the Town, so that a room or rooms proper for 29J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), I, 887-902. 30St. Louis Missouri Gazette, May 13, 1818; St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 25, 1828, July 5, 19, and September 13, 1831, and January 1, 1833. Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis 359

the reception and safe keeping of Books, may be finished above the market house; and which may also serve as a Museum for such natural curiosities; as may be offered.31

This proposal failed to result in the establishment of a public library, but in March, 1819, another effort was made, this time by an intellectually inclined group organized as the St. Louis Debating Society. The Society prepared the following resolutions to submit to the citizens: Section 1. The stockholders, or subscribers, and their succes­ sors shall be associated by the name and style of 'The St. Louis Library Company.' Section 2. The amount of stock of the said library shall be $5,000, in two hundred shares of twenty-five dollars each. The undersigned, having been appointed commissioners by the St. Louis Debating Society, inform the public that the books of subscription will be opened on the 10th day of the present month, at 10 o'clock a.m. at the store of Dr. Nelson, and at Mr. Bennet's tavern.32 After expenses were met, the balance was to be used in the purchase of books. As soon as 50 shares were taken, a meeting of shareholders would select five of their number to be managers. All subsequent elections were to be held on the first Monday in June and December. The managers, who would receive no compensation, would appoint a librarian who would give bond for not less than $2,000. Books approved by the managers might be substituted for cash in buying shares. A meeting of stockholders was held on August 21, 1819, and those offering books were asked to meet on the following November 1. The directors met on January 4, 1820, and it appeared that St. Louis would soon have its first public library. In December of that year, however, a dismal notice in the Missouri Gazette announced that the plan for a "Public Library and Reading Room" had been abandoned.33 Three years later, "Franklin," as he called himself in a letter addressed to the citizens of St. Louis, took up the struggle to establish a public library. He proposed that a subscription library be opened, suggesting that $3 from 100 persons would purchase 100 volumes. A subsequent newspaper notice invited interested persons to meet in Mayor William Carr Lane's office on the evening of January 28, 1824. Those who attended the meeting formed a

31St. Louis Louisiana Gazette, February 14, 1811. 32Hyde and Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis, III, 1267. 33St. Louis Missouri Gazette, March 3, 1819 and December 20, 1820. 360 Missouri Historical Review permanent organization to be known as the St. Louis Library Association, and agreed to finance the library by selling shares for $5 to be paid in books or money. They drew up by-laws prescribing in detail the library hours, manner of lending books, duties of the librarian, fines, and penalties, and the required conduct of those using the library.34 Through its vigorous endeavors the library prospered in its early development. On January 18, 1825, the secretary, Josiah Spalding, announced that its collection totaled 1,106 volumes, "labeled, numbered and put on the shelves for use." Beginning in 1832, however, the library experienced a period of great distress. In an attempt to stimulate interest, the Free Press published a lengthy plea for its support, and it was decided to open the library two nights a week for the additional convenience of users. In July, 1833, the evening hours were extended to three nights a week, to better accommodate the ladies, and the public was promised that a catalog of the library's holdings was in the press, soon to be issued. In 1834 the library was moved to new quarters over the bookselling firm of Meech and Dinnies at 33 Pine Street. Efforts to collect money for a library building in 1839 met with little success, and in September of that year the directors announced that the books and furniture of the library would be sold at public auction on October 24 because of lack of funds.35 The St. Louis Lyceum, organized in 1831 for "the intellectual improvement of its members by means of debates, essays and lec­ tures," purchased the collection in 1839. After more than a decade the lyceum determined in 1851 to merge its holdings with the Mercantile Library Association. Thus the collection of the first public library in St. Louis passed over to the Mercantile Library, which first opened its doors to the public in 1846.36 During the years 1808 to 1842 in St. Louis those who endeavored to supply the city's residents with newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets, and libraries were often frustrated. They frequently met with indifference and apathy. Yet the pioneer efforts of Joseph Charless and others of his ilk demonstrate positive accomplishments despite some hesitation in the cultural growth and intellectual attainments of the city.

34St. Louis Missouri Republican, December 24, 1823 and January 26, 1824. &Ibid., July 16, 1833 and October 7, 1839. 36Hyde and Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis, III, 1268; for a detailed account of the Mercantile Library see Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County, I, 887-902 and John Jay- Bailey, "St. Louis Mercantile Library Association," U. S. Department of the Interior, Public Libraries of the United States of America (Washington, 1876), Part I, 977-981. FROM JAIL TO HISTORY CENTER

BY W. HOWARD ADAMS*

During the past few years, the middle part of the country has begun to recognize the importance of its unique heritage and the importance of salvaging those few reminders of its history that still survive in the form of buildings. Although Missouri has a rich history extending back to the French and Spanish empires, it has failed to show much interest in historic preservation. In spite of this indifference, significant examples of 19th century architecture, ranging from early French-Mississippi Valley bungalows in Ste. Genevieve to Louis Sullivan's superb Wainwright building in St. Louis, have survived. In the western part of the state, the newer Kansas City Metro­ polis (c. 1851) has fewer historic buildings which have survived and has evidenced even less interest in preservation than the rest of the state. Settlement in this part of Missouri actually got under way in earnest by the 1830s, and the heavy proportion of southern settlers provided some good examples of Greek revival and late Federal homes. The Civil War was particularly violent along the Kansas border and much of the destruction of pre-war buildings actually took place between 1861-1865. Independence was founded in 1826 as the county seat of Jackson County. Within a few years, it became a "port of embarkation" for

Jackson County Jail (c. 1875)

Jackson County Historical Society *W. Howard Adams, a past president of the Jackson County Historical Society, lives in Blue Springs, Missouri. 362 Missouri Historical Review the Great Migration to the West. The Santa Fe, California and later the Oregon Trails all started in this town. With such a heritage of movement, change and pioneering it is perhaps understandable that few buildings dating from these exciting years survive. In 1957, the local American Legion Post Avas housed in the derelict county Jail, just off the square. It had been abandoned as a jail in the early 1930s and after a checkered career, the Legion had moved in. The general state of disrepair had caused the Legion to announce that it would soon raze the old building, and from its outward appearance, few could object. The Jackson County Historical Society, known locally as the "oldest established permanent, floating" historical society in those parts, having been some 20 years without a home, was willing to consider even the county jail as a permanent home. There had been some earlier talk about salvaging the old building as a museum, but on the whole the community was largely ignorant of the history of the building and its significant role in local history. Before the historical society got too deep into what might have turned out to be a hopeless case, some preliminary research was started. It was found that the building was actually a complex of construction, consisting of the Marshal's house with stone jail attached, and was built in 1859. A utility wing of brick was added around 1900 along with a whole series of shacks and sub-structures in the rear. These later additions tended to confuse and cover up the historic part of the building which had served as the Provost Marshal's headquarters during the Civil War and had many non- paying "guests" including Frank James, the famous outlaw during the post-war period. Mr. Milton Perry, formerly at Williamsburg, Virginia, and later a member of the museum staff at West Point, had recently moved to Independence where he had joined the museum staff of the Truman Library. The Director of the Library, Dr. Philip Brooks, had been instrumental in reviving the wrork of the historical society, and through his encouragement, Mr. Perry devoted some spare time to making the preliminary study of the building and its possible conversion to a local community history center. The board members of the society then proceeded to inform the comhiunity that a rare opportunity and experience lay ahead if it would assist in raising funds for the history center. Speakers were dispatched to service clubs. Newspaper and television coverage began to develop. Former President Harry S. Truman officially opened the drive by making the first call to Mr. Joyce C. Hall, From Jail to History Center 363

Jackson County Historical Society Marshal's Office president of Hallmark Cards. Mr. Hall responded with a check for $1,000. Eventually, over 2,000 people contributed some $30,000 and many suppliers and contractors contributed work and materials. Mr. William Murtagh of the National Trust for Historic Preservation was called in to advise at the very beginning, and a committee of professional people who had experience in the field of preservation was formed to have final authority over restoration policies. Mr. Charles van Ravenswaay, who was then the director of the Missouri Historical Society at St. Louis, served on this committee and gave the local group the kind of professional direction that was sorely needed at this stage. This committee made the policy governing the details of the actual restoration. Independence was fortunate in having a family of builder- contractors whose firm had considerable experience in the field of building rehabilitation. Mr. Irwin Fender of Fender and Associates became the general contractor and with the advice of the restoration committee and an architect, Mr. William Fullerton, the work began. In the beginning, it was assumed that no specifications for the original construction existed. When they were discovered by 364 Missouri Historical Review

chance, much of the guess work was taken out of the project. Photostats of these specifications were made and copies were circulated among the workmen of the construction company. This enabled them to quickly grasp a picture of the desirable end results in a most graphic way. The co-operation and understanding exhibited by the contractor and his workmen contributed materially to the success of the project. This aspect is often over-looked even in large projects where money is no object. When Williamsburg could not tell us how to clean the red paint off the soft and ancient brick, the local car-wash establishment was called in to give advice. Steam jacks used in removing dirt and tar from underneath cars was used to apply a bath of caustic with good results. The motto was repair and clean, rather than restore. This kept the 20th century methods and philosophy out of the project as much as anything. Too often architects and contractors as well as sponsors want to get the job over with at the expense of restora­ tion integrity. The stone cell block, which had several coats of aluminum paint, responded to judicious sand blasting without surface damage. One cell was fitted out with museum cases to tell the history of the build­ ing and its rehabilitation. The nondescript utility wing provided ample space for thirty museum cases. The sheds in the rear were pulled down and a patio of brick laid over the area. The garden club planted hardy examples of 19th century favorites around the edges of the patio and in nice weather community receptions are often held there. Parking facilities have been carved out of the lower part of the site, and trees are now growing in the sidewalk in front of the build­ ing, much as they did in the earliest surviving drawing of the building made around 1875. Some eyebrows in the community were raised over the basic idea of preserving a jailhouse, let alone making it a home for local history. A member of the society, however, pointed out that Nobel Prize winner William Faulkner had already settled the issue about the importance of county jailhouses in a passage in his novel Intrud­ er in the Dust: "It was old, built in a time when people took time to build even jails with grace and care and he remembered how his uncle had said once that not courthouse nor churches but jails were the true record of a county's history"! RATIFICATION SPEAKING IN MISSOURI IN 1860

BY A. L. THURMAN, JR.*

On the evening of Saturday, July 7, 1860, 12,000 Missourians gathered in front of the Court House in St. Louis. Behind the masses of citizens, the Court House with its great columns rose in silent majesty, its grim walls glaringly outlined by the lights in front, and its huge dome towering in the spectral grandeur of the blackened sky. The fireworks showered in unprecedented brilliance over the scene; the music was unequalled. "But the people had come out from their homes," an eye-witness observed, "to hear their brethern [sic] from the country speak, to give in their adherence to the Constitutional Union cause, to enlist for the campaign, and to pledge their efforts to the work of electing Bell and Everett . . . they did not tolerate any suspension of the regular proceeding for fire­ works or music."1 But what of the more than a million other citizens of Missouri? What were they doing during those summer months of 1860? Without doubt many of them, like their St. Louis brethren, were engaged in private discussion or mass meeting; for the Missourians of 1860 could be described, as justly as other Americans, in the words of the commentator who reported that whenever "there is an argu­ ment about anything everybody . . . listens; nobody is without a reason for his opinions and is ready to tell them upon the smallest possible provocation."2 In 1860 Missourians had reason to talk. The conflict which William Seward thought irrepressible had begun in Missouri as early as 1854. The Kansas-Missouri War, which had followed Douglas' proposal of "popular sovereignty" as a principle to be utilized in determining whether Kansas would become a free or slave state, was none the less real for having been localized. The hatreds engendered, the threats bandied back and forth, and the bloodshed had subsided only into an uneasy truce. An outpost of slavery in free territory, Missouri was bordered on the East by free Illinois, on the North by free Iowa, and on the West by free Nebras­ ka and the debatable ground of Kansas. Although the pro-slavery

*A. L. Thurman, Jr., Ph.D., is an administrative assistant in the Department of American Thought and Language at Michigan State University, East Lansing. xColumbia Missouri Statesman, July 13, 1860. ^Harper's New Monthly Magazine, April, 1861, 708. 365 366 Missouri Historical Review interests maintained their grasp on government and civic functions within the state, their power was on the wane. Notable in St. Louis, aroused and vocal public opinion inveighed against "the peculiar institution" and all its trappings; for Missouri differed from other slave states, particularly those of the deep South, in that the issues of slavery could be and were discussed and debated. In the press, from the pulpit and even from the auction block opinion was agitated against slavery. Until his death in 1858, the great Thomas Hart Benton, a southerner and no Yankee, had not ceased his efforts against the evils of slave-holding. Missourians of whatever opinion would not soon forget his characteristic denunciations of "Calhounism." The new German settlements in St. Louis and along the river solidly opposed slavery and their votes were perhaps not less influential than the discovery by Missouri farmers that one German hired man was more productive than two or three slaves. Yet the spirit of the South was strong in Missouri. Many citizens who had no use for slavery had even less for Yankees or abolitionists, if they bothered to make a distinction. Many of the substantial families in the state traced their forebears not to Massa­ chusetts and Connecticut but to North Carolina and Virginia, perhaps by way of Kentucky and Tennessee. Family ties were reinforced by strong commercial interests between St. Louis mer­ chants and the planters of the South. Furthermore, the vested interest in the ownership of more than 100,000 slaves, the conser­ vative tendency of many Missourians, the power entrenched in state and local government, combined with a certain native suspicion of the federal government in Washington, all served well the energetic minority of actual slave owners and pro-slavery politicians in their endeavors to create sympathy for the South and to alienate loyalty from the Union. From the bitterly divided state that was Missouri in 1860 delegates attended national conventions to nominate candidates for the presidency to succeed the indecisive James Buchanan. As the Democratic national convention assembled in Charleston, South Carolina, April 23, 1860, the disunion among Democratic leaders occasioned a new climax. Three hundred and three delegates, representing every state in the Union were present. At the outset southern cotton states attempted to impose their ideas of national allegiance, but a break came in the adoption of a platform. Although Senator Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois appeared to be the strongest candidate, followers of Alabama's William L. Yancey made up a formidable opposition. Voting 165 to 138 the convention Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 367 adopted a platform that was antagonistic to the Southern interests. Drawing with it a great number of delegates from Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina, the Alabama delegation promptly withdrew. Those who remained found themselves severe­ ly hampered by a previously passed two-thirds rule. Press reports indicated that "Douglas far out-distanced all competitors but 57 ballots showing no choice, the convention adjourned to meet at Baltimore on the 18th of June."3 Meeting there, the Democrats found themselves confronted with the primary question of whether to admit those delegates who had seceded at Charleston. An unsatisfactory settlement of the issue again resulted in the with­ drawal of many delegates. The remaining members completed the nomination of Douglas and chose Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia as the vice presidential candidate. The Baltimore seceders meanwhile organized a separate convention, adopted the slave-holder's plat­ form discarded at Charleston, and nominated Kentucky's John C. Breckinridge for President with Joseph Lane of Oregon as his running mate. The Democrats who had remained in Charleston in May and adjourned to meet in Richmond, Virginia, at the conclu­ sion of the seceder's convention in Baltimore, reassembled June 26th and unanimously ratified the selection of Breckinridge and Lane. The Constitutional Union Party, meeting also in Baltimore during the week of May 18, gave John Bell of Tennessee the nomina­ tion lead on the first ballot and selected him unanimously on the second. By acclamation Massachusetts' Edward Everett was named the vice presidential candidate. The platform, brief and pointed, recognized "no political principle other than the Constitu­ tion of the country, the union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws."4 Many observers insisted that the distinguishing Union­ ist mark was its refusal to commit itself on the great question of the day. The Republicans who gathered in Chicago on May 16 took stock of their situation. Although the Democratic schism was in their favor, the charge of sectionalism leveled at them proved a formid­ able burden. Ideally, their candidate should have been selected from one of the slave states, but no prospect proved strong enough. Missouri's Edward Bates, a former Whig, almost filled the require­ ment, but the general judgement marked him a counselor rather than a leader. Seward, the foremost man in the party, had already created many enemies. Illinois Republicans stepped in with the

8Columbia Missouri Statesman, May 4, 1860. *Ibid. 368 Missouri Historical Review nomination of Abraham Lincoln, whose conservatism and Whig antecendents made him a logical choice. As the national conventions adjourned, Missourians, like other Americans, perceived four strong tickets advanced for the presi­ dency: Bell and Everett for the new Constitutional Union Party; Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin for the combination of free-soilers, old Whigs, abolitionists, and others who made up the Republicans; Breckinridge and Lane for the southern faction of the Democratic party; and Douglas and Johnson for the northern faction. In accordance with the custom of the day, the party leaders, upon returning from the conventions, planned meetings throughout their states at which voters ostensibly ratified or disapproved the decisions of the party convention. The months of May, June, and July, 1860, were thus marked by strenuous activity in Missouri. Perplexing problems faced the citizens. For the last six years they had existed in the midst of turmoil; many had lived in or even instigated a state of war against their neighbors. Now they must make a political decision, a choice among four candidates for the presidency, in full knowledge that their choice would be fateful. Their decision was to be affected by the countless political speeches and vigorous party campaigns throughout the state. The political ratification address was thus an instrument and a source of persua­ sion and of power. Since the first problem for organizers of ratification meetings was to persuade people to attend, announcements of rallies appeared early. To assemble satisfactory audiences, party managers adver­ tised by word-of-mouth, handbills, and notices in the newspapers, The following is typical of the latter method as circulated by adher­ ents to the new Constitutional Union Party. BELL AND EVERETT CLUB! MEETING TONIGHT. A meeting of all those in favor of the election of BELL and EVERETT, will be held this evening, Saturday, July 7th, at Guff's Hall, at 7^ o'clock to form a BELL and EVERETT CLUB. Several speeches may be expected. All favorable to the cause are invited to attend. Organize! organize! to battle for the Constitution, the Union and the enforcement of the Laws. Dowm with Sectionalism —no quarter to dis-unionists. Come up old line Democrats (you have no party now,) and go with us, we will do you good. MANY BELL RINGERS.5

?>La Grange National American, July 7, 1860. Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 369

Late in July the partisan press carried excerpts from handbills that were circulated extensively by the LTnionists. To the Friends and Voters of the Union party of the State of Missouri, and to all who seek the country's peace. . . . Go to work wherever you may be, to rout the factions that are destroying the country's peace. If you have been supine, heretofore, shake off your lethargy now! . . . The fanaticism of the North, the Secession and Disunion tendencies of the South, must be stilled. The blood of the Revolution demands it! The country is sick of agitators. They break our peace, they mar our prosperity, they stain our glory. Friends of the Union—conservative men of every party, who love country more than party—gird on your armor and go to battle and to victory.6 In out-state Missouri much of the travel to meetings was on horseback or on foot but getting to a rally in either Kansas City or St. Louis was no problem. In the country the difficulty of traveling over poor roads made impassable in bad weather caused many rural citizens to miss the meetings. Moreover, farmers and laborers, though often acutely aware of the significance of campaign issues, were not always able to leave their work. Many Missourians, how­ ever, were so eager to hear ratification speeches that they attended rallies in all kinds of weather. In Kansas City, a Douglas ratification meeting called for Saturday, June 30, opened in torrents of rain accompanied by a terrific gale. Nevertheless, the members of a large audience present would not leave until they had heard some­ thing about the national convention and Stephen A. Douglas. A reporter declared that ex-Mayor M. J. Payne, who presided, "delivered a speech replete with political facts and history showing that STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS was standard bearer of the great Democratic party, in accordance with every usage known to the party, and that he stood upon the Democratic platform as enun­ ciated in every contest since 1848." A. W. Jones of Independence also spoke and for an hour enchained the attention of the audience in a most brilliant, logical and effective speech that served to place him in the front rank of political orators in upper Missouri. As Jones concluded, the crowd called for convention delegate N. D. Claiborne, fresh from the scenes of the national convention and filled with the spirit of the occasion. A reporter indicated that his speech carried conviction in sentences of burning and fervid eloquence. Concluding that weather limited adequate attendance,

6Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, July 5, 1860. 370 Missouri Historical Review party organizers chose to label this session an impromptu affair and announced a greater ratification session to be held the following week. However, the impromptu rally proved a proud occasion, and every true Democratic heart beat higher and stronger as the brilliant orator laid bare the history of the convention and the secret workings of the "lower South" disorganizes. By such speechmak- ing, the audience was rewarded for venturing out into a violent storm. The listeners were so effectively aroused that at a later meeting there was little difficulty in gaining acknowledged support for Douglas and his program. Audiences assembled in a variety of places to listen to speakers. Meeting halls, court rooms, and store rooms were often used, but when they proved too small to accommodate large audiences, groves and court house lawns provided adequate space despite the lack of protection against the weather. Legislative chambers and court rooms in the rural districts of out-state Missouri housed some large and effective gatherings. In St. Louis meetings were held around the impressive Court House. Meetings at Monticello and Ironton adjourned to groves just outside of town. In Jefferson City a Bell- Everett rally was held in the Hall of the House of Representatives. At Weston a Breckinridge rally held in the street in front of the St. George Hotel ended as a demonstration for Douglas when a large crowd of Douglasites, who came to interrupt, displaced the small group of Breckinridge supporters and accomplished a successful impromptu rally.7 Audiences differed markedly in size and varied greatly in their responses to speakers. A baker's dozen attended a Breckinridge rally in Weston while approximately 12,000 gathered in St. Louis to hear General George Clark defend Stephen A. Douglas. Some audiences, like the one in Weston, listened in stony silence but others like the group in St. Louis that heard Clark, cheered lustily and demanded that the speaker go on. When the hearers were unim­ pressed they were often indifferent, inattentive, and occasionally disorderly. To such audiences, partisans of the Republicans, the Unionists, the Breckinridge faction, and the Douglasites addressed their appeals in ratification speeches. Unsuccessful in 1856, the Republicans again sought to establish a foothold in Missouri. An initial rally was held in St. Louis on May 22, 1860. Reportedly the session was the largest gathering in Washington Square since the preceding Congressional election. ^Liberty Weekly Tribune, July 13, 1860. Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 371

Delegates from the northern, southern, and western sections of the city arrived early in the evening bringing with them music and transparencies. Chairman F. H. Manter spoke briefly before intro­ ducing Frank P. Blair, Jr., who had been a delegate to the Chicago convention. Blair devoted much of his speech to expressing the disappointment of the Missouri delegates at their failure to obtain the nomination of Edward Bates, beloved native-son, but he also declared that "the Republicans of Missouri have a duty to perform. No matter who may be the standard bearer, it is our duty to sustain him." Throughout the speech he satirized effectively a small group of spectators who attempted to interrupt the meeting with vulgar jeers. In concluding, Blair proudly referred to the rally as the first Republican ratification meeting for President ever held on Missouri soil. As he retired, the platform fell to the ground scattering speakers and reporters. Momentary confusion disrupted the scene but when everyone was found to be uninjured the program com­ mittee divided the audience into two parts and located speakers on either side of the spacious square. From the eastern side, W. C. Jones spoke to an immense gathering for nearly half an hour, being frequently interrupted by bursts of enthusiastic applause. He was followed by Mr. James Peckham and others, whose remarks were well timed and appropriate to the event. On the Western side of the Square, Wm. St. James, Esq., of Ste. Genevieve, mounted the rostrum, and informed the congregation that the citizens of his district would support the Chicago nomination under any and every circumstance. The address of Mr. St. James was forcible, and was received with loud applause.8 Judge Hart and two others, identified only as Mench and Branch, spoke in advocacy of the principles and platform of the Republican party. Their delivery was zealous and earnest, and they were well received. Apparently nothing of lasting significance was accomplished at this first Republican rally. Party leaders failed to offer a concrete program that could be explained logically and reasonably. Instead, speakers attempted to arouse the audience to an emotional recogni­ tion and acceptance of party doctrine whose import was only vaguely implied. The single goal urged was exemplified in Blair's plea for strict party regularity.

»St. Louis Daily Express, May 23, 1860. 372 Missouri Historical Review

Although some support came from St. Joseph and Bethany in northwest Missouri, the Republican movement was not active throughout the state. On Friday, June 1, 1860, Republicans and Free Democrats of St. Joseph held a public meeting at the Court House. Colonel H. B. Branch first explained the object of the meet­ ing as ratification of the nominations of the Chicago convention, and then he apologized for the absence of General Gardenhire, who had been advertised as the main speaker. Speaking as a substitute, Colonel Branch defended the principles of the party and paid such popular tribute to the standard bearers that he was frequently applauded loudly and vociferously. Dr. G. W. Landon, the only other speaker, delivered "an able and telling Republican speech," endorsing the action of the convention in placing before the country two such honest and able defenders of the right. The rally con­ cluded with the passage of a group of resolutions unanimously endorsing Lincoln and Hamlin, and good men of whatever party were invited to join the Republicans.9 Although the Republicans campaigned vigorously their rallies were not well attended, enthusiasm was not manifest, and they found only scattered support throughout the state. Potential voters who sought information concerning the new party failed to hear a clear and cogent presentation of the platform and they turned elsewhere for answers to immediate and urgent problems. Only a few remained to back the campaign of Republican candidates. The Lincoln-for-president movement in Missouri did not take hold and the Republicans remained a weak minority on election day. In contrast to the new Republican movement, the most active group in Missouri was the Constitutional Union Party which held ratification meetings in seventeen towns in Missouri and at uniden­ tified places within Linn County in an effort to gain popular support for candidates Bell and Everett. Referring to the St. Louis rally of July 7, the press declared that no comparable assemblage for political purposes had been held in Missouri since that memorable Saturday night preceding the election in August, 1856, when Thomas Hart Benton spoke in Wash­ ington Square. One city newsman noted that "Even that occasion, while possessing perhaps in nearly an equal degree with the Bell and Everett Ratification Meeting of last Saturday night, the feature of numbers, falls far short in all the elements that give dignity, gravity and significance to popular assemblages."10 He observed

^Saint Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, June 2, 1860. 10Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 13, 1860. Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 373 further that the rally was not a promiscuous congregation of curio­ sity-loving spectators attracted by the music and fireworks, or by a desire to see and hear Sample Orr, the homely but popular guber­ natorial candidate. Instead, the gathering of thousands of Union men appeared eager to hear the presentation of platforms insisting on peace and union. The party managers made no dramatic efforts to attract spec­ tators or to whip up enthusiasm. No procession of children was marshalled in distant wards to march through the principal streets of the city and drawr after them a throng of idle gazers that might increase the number present. A single, horse-drawn car containing a band provided the only theatrical excitement of the evening which interrupted the occasion only for a few moments. General Robert Wilson of Andrew County, the major speaker, referred in his intro­ duction to those Democrats who were continually asking for help to save the Union. The Union, Wilson insisted, had never been in danger and had never needed saving, except from the Democrats. He attacked the Democratic parties as being split asunder and thus incapable of offering the people any guarantee for maintaining the peace and unity of the country. He contended that the Constitu­ tional Union party was the only political group able to accomplish its objectives. Thus the 12,000 potential voters present were urged to enter the party circle and pledge their support. Judge Orr and Judge T. J. C. Fagg were also emphatic in their praise of Bell and Everett as noble, true-hearted patriots who would be faithful to their country's welfare and honest in their efforts to promote its undivided interest. Fagg declared Douglas as politically dead, or at least dying. Seeing no hope for either of the factions of the Demo­ cratic party he predicted: "between the two warring factions of the Democracy, each heading to disaster, the Union party will take the middle course of safety and honor." Of the resolutions proposed and passed by a thundering affirma­ tive, the most significant set forth the feelings of the assembled thousands who were apparently earnest in their devotion to the Union. Resolved, 3. That we renew our pledges of devotion to the Union, in all its parts—of fidelity to the Constitution in all its guarantees and faithful observance of the laws: that we earnestly invite all who consider those subjects worthy of patriotic effort—all who prefer purity in the administration of Public affairs to corruption, economy to profligate extravagance, tranquility to intestine feud, union to disunion, to unite with us in determined efforts to secure the success of 374 Missouri Historical Review

sound statesmen and true patriots, whose action would be the surest guaranty of order, union and prosperity. Great crowds attended many political rallies of the Union party and heard speeches advocating peace and union. However, Bell-Everett spokesmen who stumped Missouri did not readily take a stand on specific issues, nor did they inform Missourians how party objectives could be accomplished. Instead, speakers avoided commitments and harangued in generalities. At the first Union rally in St. Louis, General Wilson referred to the Negro and to slavery in the territories but in his opinion these issues should be disregarded, and immediate attention should be directed to the more enduring interests of the nation. These enduring interests were only vaguely catalogued under the necessity for continued peace within a unified country. Wilson emphasized that all earlier attempts to solve the problem of slavery had led only to corruption, bloodshed and murder. Offering absolutely no solution to the dilemma, he recommended only that the future of the nation be envisioned and that citizens cease to discuss "tweedledum and tweedledee." Wilson's record of convention activity commanded respect and the audience listened attentively. An effective spokesman for the Constitutional Unionists, he and others like him were responsible for the growing popularity of their party. Although Bell-Everett speakers characteristically avoided explaining specifically how their party would operate, they attacked other party spokesmen for failing to elaborate their proposals. Unionists cited existing evils, and filled their addresses with charges of responsibility for them. Their spokesmen told audiences what was wrong and urged the need for a change. They cautioned hearers to accept the Union ticket as the only practicable solution, but they failed to inform listeners of the methods whereby Bell and Everett would administer the complex problems of federal government. Early in July, 1860, the Democracy of Platte County assembled in Weston to hear what could be said about the existing crisis. Sup­ porters of Douglas and Breckinridge met together to decide as Democrats what course should be pursued to sustain the party. The group assembled in Newman Hall to hear a supporter of Douglas, Colonel John Wilson, who was described as an able and eloquent speaker. Declaring that the northern wing candidate was the only man who could save the Union, he elicited little sympathy from the audience, which at the end of two hours had not applauded once and had manifested no interest in his point of view. The next speaker Colonel James N. Burnes, delivered a masterful argument Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 375 for the candidacy of Breckinridge. Speaking as he did to a group of neighbors and friends who had known him from boyhood, Burnes faced no problem of adaptation. The Colonel vindicated Breckin­ ridge, but his greatest triumph was in the clear statement of the principles that divided and distinguished the Breckinridge Demo­ crats from the Douglas supporters. "Principles, not men" was his motto. Burnes was enthusiastically applauded throughout his entire speech, and at times the entire audience joined in the demon­ stration. A rural correspondent for one of the St. Louis dailies described the address as possessing "masterly argument, thrilling eloquence and sparkling wit." When he engaged in state-wide campaigning, Missouri's fiery and irresistible Senator James Green was an effective representative of the Breckinridge wing of the Democratic party. On July 9 at Monticello people came from miles around to hear the state's gifted and distinguished orator. A correspondent, signing himself "O.K." reported the event as evoking emotional memories of the time that Green and Benton had met and debated in the same locale. How­ ever, this July ratification assembly was larger and the audience was present because it wanted information. People came by the thou­ sands to hear the man on whom they could rely because, as the reporter observed, Green was the soul of honor, chivalry and truth. In his address Green satisfied the most skeptical that Douglas was not the regular nominee, and that the squatter sovereignty platform on which he was nominated by fraud and trickery had been condemned by the Supreme Court as sectional and unconstitutional. The correspondent insisted also that "Every­ one was thoroughly convinced, by facts and figures, that with all their fraud in letting in bogus delegates, and keeping out our regular delegates, and imposing unheard of and false rules of organization on the Democratic States that still Judge Douglas lacked many votes of the two-thirds of the electoral college, and therefore could not be the regular nominee according to Democratic usage."11 Listerners were aflame and the talented Green was enthusiastically applauded throughout his address. Senator Green's effectiveness was sometimes aided by an excel­ lent platform manner. Voters seeking knowledge about Breckin­ ridge were charmed by the Senator's fluent discourse and forceful delivery, but no matter how intently they listened they failed to

nSt. Louis Daily Bulletin, July 12, 1860. The writer concluded that "The indignation of Missourians at this impudent dictation of the haughty Illinois Senator, and his vile attempt to assassinate Green, his successful rival for Senatorial honors, is beginning to be heard like the distant hum of ocean waves breaking on the shore." 376 Missouri Historical Review learn of the presidential candidate's stand on the Union. Instead they heard an effective presentation of his personal biography fol­ lowed by a speech attacking Douglas. Ignoring the opportunity to present significant arguments in persuasive speech, Senator Green invariably resorted to an expository account of the Douglasite activity at Charleston and Baltimore. The power of his delivery gained him the attention of the audiences, but in return the hearers received little more than repetitious accounts of how Breckinridge became the party nominee. For many citizens nothing more was required because the urge to adhere to party principles was strong, and they doubtless heard what they wished to believe. Occasionally Senator Green was not so effective and impressive in his public appearances. At a Weston rally, a boisterous group of the opposition forced him to retire in favor of a Douglas spokes­ man. A large audience gathered in front of the St. George Hotel where the statesman was resting and heard Judge Johnson of Leavenworth deal severe blows to the Breckinridge group. Johnson gave the audience much pleasure with a humorous history of the versatile scholar-politican, Caleb Gushing. Having heard the judge's remarks, Senator Green leaned out of a hotel window and asked permission to reply. He began a vitriolic tirade by calling Judge Johnson an abolitionist. Referring to his own candidacy for office, Green accused the audience of planning to vote abolitionist against him in the election. He vowed that if they did so he would have them placed in the penitentiary. An indignant crowd refused to let him continue and Green was forced to withdraw. Increasing in numbers the audience directed its attention to the candidacy of Douglas, and, as the meeting concluded, unanimously affirmed solid county support.12 The supporters of Douglas managed to arouse considerable enthusiasm throughout the state. Ratification meetings were held in Kansas City, St. Louis, Boonville, Monticello, Palmyra, Weston, and California. On Monday evening, July 2, the firing of Captain Gilliam's guns announced a rally in Kansas City and people began to gather at the court house square. Bonfires illuminating the area made visible numerous flags. The court house was lighted beauti­ fully, and huge transparencies were placed between the windows declaring: "The Cabinet maker vs the Rail Splitter—Douglas and Lincoln will both return to their trades on the 4th of March next; A Man's rights in Missouri, his rights in the Territories; Non-inter­ vention the Keystone of the arch; The Union must be preserved —

12St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, July 23, 1860. Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 377 the Constitution must be maintained inviolate." Separate proces­ sions from each ward converged on the square at intervals. One delegation stopped at Claiborne House where rounds of cheers were accorded Colonel Nat Claiborne, Kansas City delegate to the national convention. He appeared on the balcony and made a "short but feeling and eloquent speech, nearly every sentence of which was greeted with immense applause." Afterwards he was escorted to the front of the parading group and everyone departed for the rally. Following preliminary organization, the first order of business was the report of the committee on resolutions, presided over by Captain Robert Van Horn. A significant resolution declared: Resolved, That the Democracy of Kansas City, renew tonight their fealty to the great union doctrine of 'non­ intervention by Congress with slavery in the Territories'—as announced in the Democratic Convention at Baltimore in 1848, enacted in the compromise measures of 1850, embodied in the Democratic platform at Baltimore in 1852, ratified by the people in the election of Franklin Pierce; again engrafted in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, in 1854; reaffirmed in the Cincinnati platform; endorsed by Mr. Burhanan [sic] in his letter of acceptance; approved again by the people in the Presidential election of 1856; and lastly reaffirmed, for the fourth time, by the Democratic National Convention at Charleston in I860.13 Claiborne spoke to the 2,000 people for over two hours and "enchained the vast assembly with his thrillingly eloquent appeals in behalf of the Democracy and the American Union." Using the Charleston convention as a point of departure, he gave a full history of its detailed activity. If Douglas was not fairly nominated, Claiborne said, then no candidate had ever been nominated fairly. Douglas had received 212 votes in the convention and two thirds of the entire group amounted to only 202. Claiborne's lengthy speech was basically reiteration and restatement of his contention that Douglas was the legitimate Democratic candidate. Following Claiborne, several unidentified speakers took the stand, and the meeting was adjourned with difficulty after eleven o'clock. Music and firing of cannon continued until morning. At one of the sessions in St. Louis, General George Clark was the first speaker to acknowledge objections to the party candidate, however, he emphasized that Douglas was a statesman and a true patriot, interested solely in the preservation and welfare of the whole

13Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, July 5, 1860. 378 Missouri Historical Review country. Spending much of his time in informative address, Clark commented on his own personal action throughout the Charleston convention. He had at first supported another candidate, but for the sake of party unanimity he had transferred his support to Douglas. Clark's conclusion embodied a plea for the audience to discard personal prejudices and adhere to the party in active support of Douglas because he was the only Democratic representative reflecting party interests. The speaking for Senator Douglas centered specifically in St. Louis and Kansas City with Missouri convention delegates Clark and Claiborne in great demand. They spoke readily in advocacy of their candidate. A great amount of their concern, however, was in explanation of convention action and did not deal specifically with major issues. The primary objective was a careful declaration, made concise for understanding, that Douglas was officially nominated as a candidate by the necessary majority of convention delegates. In conclusion it can be said that the Ratification speeches throughout the state exhibited a variety of style, structure, and delivery. Audiences generally appreciated a speech that contained analogies, comparison-contrast, lengthy sentence structure, and content that aroused their attention to immediate problems with an invitation to accept a presented solution. Some speakers con­ centrated on delivering a speech that would be received favorably and acted upon. Some spokesmen of the four contending parties possessed only average forensic ability, who had appeared infre­ quently in public previously and only now felt the necessity of ex­ pressing their opinions orally. The speeches often reflected little organization and were sometimes delivered as simple narrative. Only occasionally did audiences hear speeches of considerable rhetorical sophistication. In lieu of logical argument, arrived at by rational thought processes, some speakers presented ideas intended simply to direct abuse and contempt toward the opposition. The objective was clear; voters were needed for a particular party. Even though the occasion demanded it, speakers often failed to adapt themselves to current issues or to their audiences' primary interests. Speeches were not generally characterized by reason, and even the more competent speakers employed emotional appeals to fear, hate, pride, love and emulation to obtained desired responses. A single recurrent theme was the call for party loyalty and allegiance. Eloquence was sought after but seldom found, and then only from such practiced speakers as Senator James Green. A forceful and somewhat strident delivery was preferred by audiences and occasionally employed by Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860 379 speakers. The political rallies and the addresses themselves were often lengthy affairs. Some sessions presented six or more speakers, each of whom talked for an hour. St. Louis, the major city, served as a hub for the activity of all parties and speakers. All parties except the Republican held meet­ ings in Kansas City and Monticello. The two factions of the Demo­ cratic party called rallies in Palmyra and Weston. Douglas support­ ers met in Boonville and California. Activity of the Constitutional Union Party was reported in Columbia, La Grange, Bowling Green, Iron ton, Savannah, Mexico, Waverly, Georgetown, Cambridge, Canton, Milan, and Jefferson City. A study of ratification speaking in Missouri indicates that it was an important activity that engaged the interest of most Missourians who were vitally concerned in helping to determine future action in the border state. Voting totals in the fall election display a distinct trend toward a conservatism that had not been apparent in the pre­ election campaign. Although not a new practice, the ratification address was of great significance in 1860, and some weight must be given to the effectiveness of speechmaking that was responsible for majority opinions expressed at the polls. In the November election Douglas received 58,801 votes or 35.5% of the total and carried the state. With 35.3% of the total, or 58,372 votes, Bell of the Constitutional Union Party was just 429 votes behind Douglas. Breckinridge received 31,317, or 18.9% of all votes cast, while Lincoln polled 17,028 votes, only 10.3%. These figures demonstrate that an overwhelming majority of Mis­ souri's voters favored the more moderate and conservative plat­ forms of Douglas and Bell. Only a minority favored the southern position represented by Breckinridge that the federal government should protect slavery in the territories. The Republican demand that Congress abolish slavery from all territories also received only minority support. The vote for Douglas in Missouri, the only state carried by the northern faction of the Democratic party, suggests that the majority of Democrats were more conservative than many of their political leaders. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS MEMBERS ACTIVE IN INCREASING THE SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP During the three months of February, March and April, 1962, the following members of the Society have increased its membership as indicated: ONE LIFE MEMBER Berry man, Mrs. Beulah, Plattsburg Saunders, Mrs. Norris E., Long Beach, Calif. Storckman, Clem F., Jefferson City FOURTEEN NEW MEMBERS Finks, Mrs. R. T., Jefferson City EIGHT NEW MEMBERS Rinehart, Rupert L., Kirksville SEVEN NEW MEMBERS Parmenter, Bertha, Wichita, Kan. Powell, Robert E., Creve Coeur SIX NEW MEMBERS Fischer, August, Kansas City Rozier, Leo J., Perry ville FOUR NEW MEMBERS Heytman, John J., Warrensburg Shafer, Victor, Ballwin THREE NEW MEMBERS Attebery, James D., Osceola Mooney, Prentiss, Kansas City Davis, True, St. Joseph Muschany, J. Karl, Chesterfield Dille, G. E., University City Ridge, Searcy, Kansas City Greene County Historical Society Siegismund, W. H., Rockville Hutchins, H. B., Kansas City TWO NEW MEMBERS Carroll, William J., Kansas City Moore, Roscoe D., Perryville Collier, Ervin J., St. James Pyatt, Mrs. Julian D., Trenton Cornue, Charles, Omaha, Neb. Simpson, Lewis A. W., Alton Daniel, Franz E., Glen Echo Smith, Robert B., Roach Drake, Genevieve, North Kansas City Stephenson, Mrs. William, Columbia Hulston, John K., Springfield Williams, Roy D., Boonville Little, E. Margaret, Queen City ONE NEW MEMBER Barbee, Mrs. Walter A., Glendale, Boggess, H. L., Liberty Calif. Bradford, Mrs. Wesley H., Kansas Barnes, Lakenan, Mexico City Bernsen, K. B., St. Louis Breidenthal, Oren W., Sr., Kansas City Birbeck, Robert, Stanberry Brockway, Mrs. Earl, Blackwater Bishop, Asa V., Otterville Brown, J. W., New York, N. Y. Historical Notes and Comments 381

Brown, Norvil L., Kansas City Mantle, Hallie, Linn Capps, Ernest L., Liberty Marshall, W. W., Jr., Jefferson City Dalton, S. P., Jefferson City Martin, Edwin W., Belmont, Mass. Dalton, Walter William, St. Louis Maxwell, A. L., Lexington Darby, Paul H., Boonville Meyer, Ellis, Jefferson City Davis, Mrs. R. F., Gainesville,Ga. Miller, George C, Columbia Dehoney, James L., Kansas City Miller, Mrs. Ray, Hillsboro Denham, Roy, Jr., Harrisonville Mueller, Richard E., St. Louis Dietrich, Benjamin E., Cape Girardeau Murphy, Mrs. E. E., New Haven Dunlap, C. D., Springfield Myers, W. W., Bethany Dunn, Richard M., Holt's Summit Newman, Rex, Joplin Edmonds, A. H., Kansas City Nickel, Russel R., St. Louis Evans, A. G., Kansas City O'Neal, Mrs. E. C, Sweet Springs Fletcher, W. B., Downey, Calif. Pearson, George, Arrow Rock Franklin, A. Faye, Independence Pepper, Henry C, Stone Mountain Fry, James D., Louisiana Ga. Funk, Mrs. William E., Springfield Pippin, Dru L., Waynesville Galbraith, R. Farris, Washington Place, Mrs. P. M., Bethany Gentry, Sue, Independence Price, R. B., Columbia Griffin, Mrs. O. B., Atlanta Priess, A. O., Kansas City Griffis, C. O., Slater Rice, O. L., Columbia Hammon, John W., Springfield Richardson, Mrs. Susan K., Helena, Harmon, Derby, Columbia Mont. Hartwein, G. Harrison, St. Louis Rotty, Oscar J., Kirkwood Heare, Georgia, Collins Scharig, Laura, Kansas City Heid, F. J., Manchester Sheppard, Mrs. A. D., Jefferson City Hoover, H. Lee, Springfield Smith, Mrs. Edith, St. Louis Hornberg, Mrs. E. H., St. Louis Somerville, George W., Chillicothe Houston, K. L., St. Joseph Stone, Mrs. Elizabeth A., Kansas City Ihrig, B. B., Smithton Stohr, Paul E., St. Louis Irwin, Hadley K., Jefferson City Thompson, Mrs. Edmund B., St. Jelley, Mrs. Arthur L., New York, N.Y. Louis Jones, Lois, Monett Trimble, Mrs. James, Kearney Jones, Mrs. Ray D., Prairie Village, Trotter, C. R., Dexter Kan. Turner, Dale O., Cincinnati, Ohio Jones, Robert Nagel, St. Louis Waggoner, W. W., Webb City Lavender, F. M., St. Louis Walthall, Mrs. W. J., San Antonio, Tex. Lembcke, John, Springfield Watson, Mrs. Ralph K., Columbia Lemp, Mrs. John, Alton, 111. Watson, Mrs. Ralph K., St. Charles Leuhrman, Ernest W., St. Louis Livingston, Mrs. H. T., Bristow, Welliver, W. D., Columbia Okla. Williams, Helen T., Bowling Green Long, J. Winchell, Garden City Wiggins, Harold W., Carthage McGuire, E. R., Imperial Wight, Amos, Nevada Mace, Mrs. Irene C, St. Louis Woodruff, W. F., Kansas City

NEW MEMBERS IN THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Three hundred and fifty-five applications for membership were received by the Society during the three months of February, 382 Missouri Historical Review

March and April, 1962. The total annual and life memberships as of May 1, 1962, was 13,103. The new members are: Adams, L. B., Jr., Jefferson City Buhrmeister, Mrs. Mildred, Aldridge, Mrs. C. H., Wichita, Kan. Independence Alford, Mrs. Ida, Springfield Bullard, Frances, Ashland Allen, James B., Pittsburgh, Pa. Burch, Clyde, Fulton Allen, Jess R., Leavenworth, Kan. Burgess, Eveline, Independence Allen, N. C, Kirksville Burns, Henry F., Jr., Cincinnati, Ohio Allen, Mrs. W7illiam H., Asbury Park, Bussen, Helen E., St. Louis N.J. Calhoun, Fred, Queen City Alt, Mrs. Margaret L., Norborne Calvary Lutheran Church School, Anderson, Mrs. Elmer, Walla Walla Kansas City Wash. Carlton, Mr. & Mrs. Dub, Columbia Andrews, Mr. & Mrs. Al J., St. Louis Carr, Charles William, Independence Askins, Mr. & Mrs. Everett, Joplin Carter, Max H., Carthage Atkins, Mrs. C. W., Clinton Carter, Richard B., Higginsville Austermann, R. J., St. Louis Caruthers, Fred, Fredericktown Avis, Margaret, St. Louis Cheswick, Dale E., Florissant Baker, Mrs. Susan R., Asheville, N. C. Clark, Marsh, St. Louis Bare, Jesse, St. Louis Clayton, W. L, Columbia Barnes, Mrs. Donald, Trenton Cline, N. C, Buffalo Barnes, Mrs. Gerald, Liberty Close, Verne D., Annadale, Va. Barton, H. J., Jr., St. Louis Colegrove, Clyde, Enid, Okla. Bassett, Mrs. H. C, Gridley Calif. Collect, Gordon, Kirksville LIFE Beasley, Mrs. J. E., Yuma, Ariz. Colley, Lynn A., Sikeston Bechel, L., St. Louis Collins, Margaret K., North Kansas Behrens, Mr. & Mrs. E. G., Louisiana City Bellmard, Mrs. Theodore, Ponca City, Collins, Peggy Gill, Hayti Okla. Conrad, Loy A., Sedgewickville Bentley, Mrs. R. T., Glasgow Conrad, Roger Lynn, Perryville Berryman, Bobby, Plattsburg LIFE Consley, Jacob, Chesterfield Bilyen, Dewey, Ava Cook, Pete, Columbia Black, Mrs. Mervin H., Joplin Cooley, Hiram, Chicago, III. Bohn, Mrs. Maude W., Wichita, Kan. Courtney, Ralph, Springfield Bom, Herbert, Nashville, Tenn. LIFE Cox, Mr. & Mrs. L. L., Springfield Bosse, Daniel B., Wood River, 111. Cox, Roy, Moberly Bowman, Charles, Larchmont, N. Y. Coy, Roy E., St. Joseph LIFE Breckenridge, Mrs. J. A., Turney Crissman, John, Clinton Brengarth, Virgil, Boonville Crosswhite, Joe, Columbus, Ohio Brenton, Mrs. Joe, North Kansas Currier, Lucille, St. Charles City Dallas, William B., Jefferson City Brisbois, Cliff, Kansas City Dalton, William A., Springfield Brooks, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth, Dame, Mary A., Salt Lake City, Utah University City Davis, Frank E., Center Brown, E. O., Kirksville Davis, Mr. & Mrs. H. A., Harrisonville Brown, L. Frank., Kansas City Davis, Mrs. Thelma, Hokianga, Brown, Robert A., Maryville Northland, New Zealand Brunke, Martin F., Perryville Dawson, Mrs. Carolyn, Independence Brushwood, David, Columbia DeDoyard, Craig, St. Louis Historical Notes and Comments 383

DeFord, Mrs. Delia, Wichita, Kan. Griffin, William W., St. Louis DeGolyer Foundation Library, Dallas, Gross, Mrs. Sarah, Beloit, Kan. Tex. Grunzinger, R. E., St. Louis De Priest, Mrs. H. G., Ridgeway Gunn, Mrs. Festus, Moberly Doll, Mrs. P. N., Jefferson City LIFE Guthrie, J. E., Columbia Duff, James, Boonville Hall, Edna, Kirksville Duffy, Mrs. Oliver F., Trenton Haller, A. W., Sedalia Dunbar, Charles E., New York, N. Y. Hardister, Edward L., Boonville Eaton, Mrs. F. D., Freeland, Wash. Harley, Leon, Kansas City Elliston, Mrs. Claude, Montrose Harmon, Mrs. Lydia, Columbia Ellsworth, Willard, Cainsville Harned, Mrs. Dorothy, Wichita, Kan. Emberson, R. M., Huntington, N. Y. Harris, Mrs. Thomas G., Cape Girar­ LIFE deau Erber, Mrs. Charles, Kirkwood Harrison, Mrs. Roy S., Kansas City Erwin, C. C, Downing Hayde, Mrs. Karla S., Raytown Evans, A. G., Kansas City Hedges, Robert B., Excelsior Springs Evans, Mrs. Jean C, Columbia LIFE Evertz, Mr. & Mrs. F. E., St. Louis Henderson, H. D., St. Louis Ewing, Robert L., Nevada Henke, F. W., Ferguson Farnham, Gene, Waynesville Henry, Jack B., Kansas City Fay, Chauncey H., Columbia Hickerson, Mrs. William H., Ferguson, Lucy, Elsberry Independence Feser, Joan, Seattle, Wash. Higgins, Mrs. Dimple, Osceola Fischer, Otto, Follett, Tex. Hillman, Mr. & Mrs. J. W., Nashville, FitzGerald, Edward L., Kansas City Tenn. Flanigan, David C, Mission, Kan. Hilterbrand, Mr. & Mrs. E. E., Houston Flett, J. H., Rolla Hirsch, Oscar, Cape Girardeau Forsee, Mrs. Russell, Fulton Hitchcock, F. R., Kansas City Frane, D. V., St. Joseph Hoag, Steve, Marietta, Ohio Franks, Hardin D., Alton Hollerorth, Raymond, Jefferson City Frazier, Billy L., Maiden Holmgren, Donald F., Kansas City Fredericks, H. L., Kansas City Hoover, C. B., Springfield French, Mrs. Ellis E., Menlo Park, Hoover, Paul, Springfield Calif. Horan, Thomas B., Springfield French, Mr. & Mrs. E. E., Farmington, Hoskins, Mrs. Arthur C, St. Louis Iowa Houston, K. L., St. Joseph Frenzer, Amelia, Kirkwood Huddleston, Mrs. Helena, St. Louis Freund, Mrs. William, Columbia Humphrey, H. G., Eugene, Ore. Fulkerson, Tom K., Kansas City Huston, Mrs. Dorothy C, Marshall Gaines, Mrs. Nannie, Smithville LIFE Gallup, Ben W., Trenton Hyde, Mrs. Ira Ben, Princeton Gayler, George R., Maryville Iorio, Alexander T., Jr., Overland Gerhard, Mrs. Eugene B., St. Louis Ismert, Martin E., Jr., Kansas City LIFE Jackson, Mrs. Ben, St. Louis Gibson, Mr. & Mrs. Neil, Springfield Jelley, Mrs A. L., New York, N. Y. Giesy, Mrs. Wilbur, Parkville Jessup, Mr. & Mrs. S. M., Eldridge Goff, Mrs. John, McFall Johnson, Elmer J., Topeka, Kan. Goldman, Mrs. Edward, St. Charles Johnson, Gilbert, Topeka, Kan. Gray, Mrs. Zelma, Calhoun Johnson, Leonard A., Excelsior Springs Gress, M. A., Brookfield Johnson, Mrs. Milford H., Springfield 384 Missouri Historical Review

Johnston, Mrs. H. J., Sedalia Marsh, Wilbur C, Kirkwood Jones, Mrs. C. E., Wichita, Kan. Mary Reed Library, University of Kansas City Life Insurance Co., Denver, Denver, Colo. Kansas City Matthews, Louis, New Haven Kauzlarich, Mrs. Charles E., Kirksville May, Richard E., Jefferson City Kaye, Ira W., Sumner Meadows, Forrest, Bethany Kaye, Leslie I., Sumner Meyer, Delores, New Bloomfield Keeland, Roy L., Springfield Meyer, William J., Perryville Kennett, C. L., Madison, Wis. Miller, Mrs. C. B., Columbia Kimball, J. L., Salt Lake City, Utah Miller, Charles, St. Louis LIFE Miller, Lawrence, Independence Kirchoff, Ralph, Blackburn LIFE Miller, Mrs. Pauline, University City Kirkendall, Richard S., Columbia Miller, Raymond E., Imperial Koehler, Carol, St. Louis Miner, Mrs. Doyle, St. Anthony, Idaho Kreek, Richard, Oregon Molloy, Thomas J., Joplin Kruse, John Robert, Jefferson City Monroe, G. C, Jr., Harrisonville LIFE Lammers, Ben F., Washington Monroe, John C, Jr., Kansas City Langtry, W. D., New Orleans, La. Montana State University, Missoula, Lanham, Roy U., Columbia Mont. Laudwig, Mrs. Wayne, Greentop Montgomery, Una, Queen City Laughlin, J. R., Perryville Mooney, Betty J., Overland Park, Kan. Laws, Mrs. Ernest E., Kansas City Moore, Mrs. Lillie B., Los Angeles, Lembcke, John H., Jr., Independence Calif. Leonhardt, Mrs. Isobell, Wichita, Kan. Moore, Mrs. Paul Handy, Charleston Lillard, Dorothea J., Canton Murback, B. J., Sikeston Lindauer, Mrs. Robert H., Washington Newell, George G., Rockville Lipscomb, Mr. & Mrs. Jack E., Spring­ Nielson, Edward W., Sr., St. Louis field Norman, E. B., Jr., Ava Lister, Jack A., Columbia O'Brien, E. B., Kansas City Livingston, J. W., Washington, D. C. O'Dell, Ann Louise, Columbia Logan, L. Byrne, St. Joseph O'Neal, Charles M., Marshall Londe, Jim, University City O'Neill, Mrs. Aubrey, San Antonio, Louis, Charles F., St. Louis Tex. Lowell, Mrs. Arthur L., Webster Overbeck, William F., KirkwTood Groves Parmenter, Bertha, Wichita, Kan. Lozier, Lue C, Jefferson City LIFE Peterson, Ralph, St. Paul, Minn. Luehrman, August W., Lexington Pike, L. F., Columbia Lundell, Mrs. O. J., Omaha, Neb. Pott, Mrs. Flora, Florissant Lynch, Paul F., St. Louis Powell, F. F., Eminence Lynly, Mrs. J. F., Springfield Powell, Jean, Kansas City McCarthy, J. Roy, St. Louis Priess, A. O., Kansas City McCloskey, John J., Springfield Reed, Clarke, Greenville, Miss. McDonald, Donna, Ft. Leonard Wood Reed, Lloyd, Kirksville McGavock, Mrs. Claud, New Franklin Reel, Mrs. Wesley Jr., Ft. Worth, Mclntire, Rolla M., Mexico Tex. McMurtrey, T. B., Clearwater, Fla. Reese, Mrs. A. Victor, Glendale McPherrin, William L., Kansas City Rice, Fae Elizabeth, Philadelphia, Pa. Manes, Mrs. Ada D., Olympia, Wash. Rinehart, Charles, Jefferson City LIF^E Mangelsdorf, Ed F., Glendale Ringo, Fredonia Jane, Ironton LIFE Manelshagen, Carl, Atlanta, Ga. Robinson, Mrs. E. B., Bristow, Okla. Historical Notes and Comments 385

Robison, James R., Columbia Thurman, Cleo, St. Charles Rodgers, Parker, Columbia Timmermiere, Mr. & Mrs. M. A., Alton, Romig, Phyllis A., North Kansas City 111. Romine, Natalee June, Kansas City Tolley, Mrs. Daniel R., St. Louis Roper, Mrs. Phillip L., Springfield Trent, John B., St. Louis LIFE Roth, Mrs. Carl F., St. Louis Trimbel, David B., San Antonio, Rynard, James R., Springfield Tex. St. Clair, Charles, Monett Tucker, Fred A., Aurora Schaefer, Alois D., St. Louis Turlington, Howard, St. Louis Scharig, Mrs. Andrew, Clinton Turner, Mrs. Homer, Linn Schoening, Mrs. Helen M., Los Angeles, University of Notre Dame, Notre Calif. Dame, Ind. Schuermann, Richard, St. Louis University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee), Scott, Mrs. Harold, De Soto Milwaukee, Wis. Sels, Bert, Kirksville Updike, Ruth, St. Louis Shearer, Ernest C, Alpine, Tex. Van Buren, Mrs. Wesley, Crestwood Sheets, Mr. & Mrs. Edward, Poplar Vann, Mrs. Ethyl J., Santa Rosa, Calif. Bluff Wallace, David W., Jr., Joplin Sheppard, Margaret C, St. Louis Wallace, Harold, Novinger Shively, Richard Keith, Atwater, Calif. Walser, Mrs. Edward, Springfield Shouse, Mrs. Ruth, Blackwater Walton, D. Hal, Kirkwood Simms, Claude R., Osceola Wander, B. J., Richmond Heights Sipe, W. G., Alton Warren, Mrs. Emma, Galena Sirkus, Morton S., Warrensburg Washington University Law Library, Slater, Herman A., Kansas City St. Louis Sloan, W. D., Kansas City Watson, Raymond E., Jr., Kansas City Smith, Mrs. Barbara, Warrensburg Weary, Mrs. F. G., Richmond Smith, Norman, Stockton, Calif. Wheeler, Lois Vernon, Portland, Ore. Smith, Wendell, Springfield White, J. P., Portageville Spellman, James A., Jr., Kansas City White, Mrs. Mary Jo, Vallejo, Calif. Spiry, Alfred J., Affton Wieseman, H. H., St. Louis Stemme, Howard, Chesterfield Wieth, Louis A., Perryville Stevens, Mrs. E. H., Independence Willening, Mrs. J. R., Wichita, Kan. Stevenson, John B., Palmyra Williams, Mrs. Claud, Cape Girardeau Stewart, Mrs. Charles T., Columbia Williamson, Mrs. J. C, Dexter Stewart, Walker M., St. Louis Wilson, Dorothy, Kansas City Stoenner, Mrs. Arvin, Buckner Wilson, Mrs. Orren, Cape Girardeau Stohr, Fred E., Casey, 111. Wilson, Paul E., Lawrence, Kan. Stone, Philip C, Columbia Wobig, Mrs. D. L., Fremont, Neb. Storckman, Mrs. C. F., Jefferson City Wood, Mrs. George H., Carthage LIFE Wood, Neal S., St. Louis LIFE Stretz, Mrs. Harold J., Boonville Woodland School District R-4, Styles, Thomas A., New York, N. Y. Lutesville Sullivan, Edward P., Warson Woods Pyatt, Robert F., Hobbs, N. M. Sullivan, Leo J., Kansas City Yonkees, William, Kansas City Tallman, Francis J., Kansas City LIFE Yount, Grace C, St. Louis Taylor, O. L., Warrensburg Yount, Wilbur L., Springfield Thach, R. H., St. Louis Zahner, S. J., Perryville Thornton, Rachel, Carthage Zuber, Sandra, Columbia 386 Missouri Historical Review

FORMER GOVERNOR FORREST SMITH DIES Forrest Smith, forty-second Governor of Missouri (1949-1953), died of a heart attack on March 8 in Gulfport, Missis­ sippi, as he and his wife were returning to their Jefferson City home after a Florida vacation. Smith's election as governor in 1948 climaxed a long political career which began forty years earlier in Richmond, Missouri, as deputy county assessor of Ray County. In 1914 he campaigned for election as county clerk, won the post, and served two 4-year terms. During that time he helped organize and served as president of the County Clerk's Forrest Smith Association of Missouri. In 1925 Gover­ nor Sam A. Baker persuaded him to accept a position on the State Tax Commission, and thus Smith embarked upon a career in state politics that was to see him elected four times as state auditor (1932-1948), a record unmatched by any other state office holder. His activities on the Tax Commission afforded distinction for Smith as an authority on taxation and an initiator of the retail sales tax law. In addition, farm land values for taxation purposes were reduced $375,000,000, winning support for Smith among the rural areas of the state and making him the popular choice of his party for the office of state auditor. While state auditor, Smith helped organ­ ize and served as president of the National Association of Tax Administrators. He also served as both secretary and president of the National Association of Auditors, Treasurers and Comptrollers. Smith's widespread popularity throughout the state was evid­ enced in his 1948 election to the governor's office when he received the largest majority ever accorded a gubernatorial candidate in Missouri, carrying 102 of the state's 114 counties. Outstanding among his activities as governor were Smith's campaign for better highways in Missouri which led to an increase in the state gasoline tax, and a 10-year program calling for 12,000 additional miles of farm-to-market routes and rehabilitation of major highways. The state's social security and educational pro­ grams claimed much of Governor Smith's attention and support. During his administration schools received the largest state financial aid ever accorded them in the history of the state. His championing Historical Notes and Comments 387 of the aged and handicapped brought about increased support for those on welfare rolls, the physically handicapped, and the blind. Smith also supported improvement of state mental and penal institutions. State administrative facilities were also benefited during Smith's administration with the construction of the Jefferson Building and the Missouri Division of Employment Security office building in Jefferson City. Proud of his accomplishments in office Smith once wrote: "I welcome the evaluation future historians will make—without prejudice, upon accomplishments, progress, and growth of Missouri during my administration." Governor Smith was born on a farm near Richmond, Ray County, on February 14, 1886. The son of James Patrick and Lillian (Hill) Smith, he was named for the illustrious Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest. He attended Woodson Institute at Richmond and Westminster College at Fulton. After four years as a teacher in Ray County rural schools he became principal of the Richmond grammar school, serving in that capacity for five years. He married Miss Mildred Williams of Richmond on October 12, 1915. Surviving are Mrs. Smith; two daughters, Mrs. Arthur Lynn, Jr., Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and Mrs. Frank Teterus, Chicago; a sister, Mrs. Joseph Watkins, Richmond; and several grandchildren. Interment was in Sunny Slope Cemetery in Richmond.

MARTIN E. ISMERT DIES IN KANSAS CITY Martin E. Ismert, Sr., noted collector of Western Americana, died March 6, at Research Hospital in Kansas City. Mr. Ismert, who was 72, was born in Springfield, Missouri, and resided in Kansas City for 57 years where he maintained a long association with the Ismert-Hinche Milling Company. Mr. Ismert's ancestors were millers in Europe, operating mills in Lorraine, before immigrating to this country in 1820, settling in New York, and acquir- Martin E. Ismert, Sr, m& two m^s near Buffalo. Mr. Ismert's grandfather, John Ismert, was one of the founders of the family's milling enterprises in Kansas City. In addition to his interest in the Ismert-Hincke Milling Com­ pany, Mr. Ismert was a founder and president of the Sun-Ray 388 Missouri Historical Review

Products Company, a manufacturer of cereal products. Following his retirement from the milling business, he worked for the Equitable Life Assurance Society in Kansas City. Mr. Ismert's interest in Western Americana and his collection of historical works pertaining to the Trans-Mississippi West won him wide recognition as an authority in the field. His library is an especially valuable source for western banditry and guerrilla war­ fare in Missouri during the Civil War. His interest in the perserva- tion and perpetuation of Missouri history was evidenced not only in his historical collection but also in his devoted attention to the needs of the State Historical Society of Missouri of which he was a member for 23 years. He was, in addition, a former deputy sheriff of the Westerners, a regional historical society, and a member of the Kansas, Montana and California historical societies. In Kansas City, Mr. Ismert was a member of the Visitation Catholic Church and a former member of the Kansas City Club. He is survived by four sons, Martin E. Ismert, Jr., Theodore J. Ismert, Cornelius M. Ismert, and Gerald R. Ismert, all of Kansas City, Missouri; two brothers, John H. Ismert, Kansas City, Kansas, and Clement A. Ismert, Denver, Colorado; a sister, Miss Irene C. Ismert, Miami, Florida; and 25 grandchildren. Interment was in Highland Park Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas.

ARROW ROCK FINDS A NEW USE FOR AN OLD BUILDING The Arrow Rock Lyceum, located in historic Arrow Rock on the Missouri River, has discovered a new use for an old building. By hitting upon what restorers of historic sites call an "adaptive use," the non-profit Lyceum organization has decorated the old Baptist Church as a typical 19th century American theatre. The original exterior of the building is completely preserved, and while such modern conveniences as air conditioning have been installed, the basic integrity of the interior remains. In this setting the Lyceum opened its second season of repertory summer theatre on June 27 with "The Imaginary Invalid," a satrical farce on hypochondria by Moliere. The 1962 season is made up of four plays with a new play opening each week until the repertoire is complete. As each play is opened, it is performed in rotation with the other plays, and each play has the same number of performances. The season lasts until August 26, and performances are given Wednesday through Sunday at 8:15 p.m. with matinees on Wednesdays and Sundays at 2:30 p.m. Historical Notes and Comments 389

The three other plays to be presented are: "She Stoops to Conquer (or The Mistakes of a Night)," a comedy of mistaken identity and misadventures in matters of the heart, by Oliver Goldsmith; "The Playboy of the Western World," a lyric spoof of the human inclination to believe the romantic, by John M. Synge; and "The Admirable C rich ton," a fantasy of English nobility and class equality brought to test by shipwreck on a desert island, by Sir James M. Barrie. Season, single performance, and group rate tickets are now being sold through the theatre. Out-of-town box offices opened June 15 in Kansas City, Sedalia, Marshall, Boonville and Columbia. A professional acting company, with some new faces and several members of the 1961 company, presents the plays with great energy and finesse. Henry Swanson, head of the Christian College drama department, is resident director and secretary of the Lyceum board of directors. Other officers of the board are: John R. Lawrence, Arrow Rock, president; W. Howard Adams, Blue Springs, vice president; and Mrs. F. C. Argubright, Arrow Rock, treasurer.

DR. BROWNLEE WRITES FEATURE PRESENTATION FOR MISSOURI "BLUE BOOK" An account of the Civil War Battle of Pilot Knob fought in the beautiful Arcadia Valley in Iron County, Missouri, on September 27, 1864, is the featured historical presentation in the 1961-62 "Blue Book," the official manual of the State of Missouri. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, author of the article and director of the State Historical Society, writes that of the "more than a thousand clashes between Union and Confederate forces in Missouri during the great Civil War, the Battle of Pilot Knob reveals per­ fectly the supreme aspects of drama and antique heroism so very common to the Southern and Northern armies of those lost days." Dr. Brownlee succinctly describes the deteriorating Confederate situation in the Trans-Mississippi West during the summer and early fall of 1864, and then with penetrating preciseness he details the vicissitudes of Confederate General Sterling Price and his 12,000 man army as they moved through Arkansas into Southeast Missouri where they encountered General Thomas Ewing's Union force of about 800 men at Pilot Knob. The unequaled devotion to duty by the Confederate and Union soldiers, the problems of logistics and topography faced by Price, the brilliant defense of Fort Davidson by General Ewing's troops, and the desperate Confederate charge 390 Missouri Historical Review over 500 yards of open meadow under murderous artillery and rifle fire are all vividly portrayed by Dr. Brownlee. Here at Pilot Knob the best blood of Missouri was poured out in a few short minutes by men and boys courageously pursuing their divided beliefs.

RESTORATION LEADS STATE PARK BOARD FAR AFIELD The Missouri State Park Board's project of restoring Missouri's first state capitol at St. Charles and equipping it as much as possible with the original furnishings has taken researchers from St. Charles to Bluefield, West Virginia, to Palisades, Colorado. A park board researcher learned from the correspondence file of the St. Charles County Historical Society of the existence of four handmade, black walnut chairs and a cherry table supposed to have been used by the clerk of the House of Representatives in the 1821 legislative sessions. W. E. E. Koepler of Bluefield, West Virginia, had written the St. Charles Society that he owned seven pieces of furniture which were in the room in which the first state legislature had met. The furniture, he wrote, had been transferred to the "Planters Inn" at St. Charles which was operated by his grand­ parents, Frederic and Louisa Heye. It was discovered that Mr. Koepler had died since his illuminating correspondence with the St. Charles Society, but the furniture was then traced to his sister, Mrs. J. H. McQuery of Palisades, Colorado. She was happy to donate the antique pieces when she learned the park board is pre­ paring to restore the first state capitol as an historic shrine. Joseph Jaeger, state director of parks, has announced that funds for the restoration project will be requested from the 72nd General Assembly which will convene in January, 1963. In the meantime, the search continues for additional pieces of the original furniture.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI LIBRARY ACQUIRES ONE MILLIONTH VOLUME The University of Missouri Library is now one of the few libraries in the United States housing a million or more volumes. Mrs. George Rozier of Jefferson City, president of the statewide Friends of the University of Missouri Library, presented the one millionth volume to Dr. Ralph Parker, University Librarian, on May 18 in formal ceremonies at the organization's third annual dinner meeting held at the University Library. Significantly, the millionth book is the new History of the University of Missouri, by Dr. Frank F. Stephens, Dean Emeritus of Students of the Historical Notes and Comments 391

College of Arts and Science. Published by the University of Missouri Press, the book is one of the University's contributions to the nationwide commemoration of the centennial anniversary of the passage of the Morrill Act, the basis for our system of land- grant colleges and universities.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

The Boonslick Historical Society held its spring meeting on April 9 at Central College in Fayette and heard Judge Roy D. Williams, Boonville, discuss "Duelling in Missouri."

The Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society met March 19 in the Callaway Electric Co-op Building. Earl J. Merceille, Creve Coeur, who is building a diorama of "The Battle of Moore's Mill," described his project for the members. The diorama, expected to be completed this summer, depicts a Civil War clash in Callaway County. The April 16 meeting of the society was held at historic Ross House in Mexico, headquarters of the Audrain County Historical Society. Members of the Callaway society were taken on a tour of the restored home, and heard Robert Green, president of the Audrain society, speak on the history of that society. The art work of Herbert R. Johnson of Des Plaines, Illinois, was featured at an art show sponsored by the society at Westminster College, Fulton, on May 5 and 6. The society is undertaking a fund raising project by selling letter openers, spoons, keychains and lapel pins bearing miniatures of the Kingdom of Callaway flag. The cup of the spoon carries an engraving of the Callaway County courthouse. Albert H. Oechsle of Jefferson City designed and issued the various items.

The Cape Girardeau County Historical Society heard Joseph Jaeger, Jr., state director of parks, discuss the importance of the tourist industry to Missouri at its annual banquet in Cape Girardeau on May 12. State Senator Albert M. Spradling reviewed the society's accomplishments during the past year and described the perpetual membership program adopted by the society. Twenty perpetual membership certificates were issued to individuals and businesses, and Governor John M. Dalton was presented an honor­ ary membership in recognition of his service to the society and to Southeast Missouri. Mrs. Arthur W. Thilenius, president of the 392 Missouri Historical Review society, recently gave to Governor Dalton and to the State Histori­ cal Society copies of an attractively printed extract from the Gover­ nor's address to the society at its 1961 annual banquet. A framed copy of the extract hangs in the society's museum located in the Common Pleas Courthouse at Cape Girardeau. On display at this year's meeting was a model of the Burford­ ville covered bridge constructed by August Koeppel using materials salvaged from the original bridge when it was renovated in 1950.

The Cole County Historical Society's museum, now equipped to serve luncheon or tea to visiting groups, has recently acquired a collection of early Cole County documents which were presented by Guy M. Sone, Circuit Clerk, with the consent of Circuit Judge Sam C. Blair and members of the County Court. Plans are being made to exhibit the inaugural gown worn by each reigning first lady of Missouri. On May 20 members of the society attended a house and garden tour at Mexico in Audrain County.

Florissant Valley Historical Society officers elected at the Janu­ ary 18 Bangert Park meeting are Mrs. Leslie Davison, president; Mrs. William Crume, first vice president; Herb Wilmes, second vice president; Mrs. Fred Gladback, secretary; Miss Margie Albers, treasurer; and Edwin J. Benton, historian. The society heard Claude Linn, St. Louis antique dealer, discuss buying and using antiques for today's living at its April 19 meeting at Robinwood School.

The Gentry County Historical Society met April 1 at Stanberry R-2 High School and saw a demonstration by the extension women of Stanberry and heard a book review. Officers of the society for 1962 are: President, V. C. Humphrey; vice presidents, H. C. Holeman and Wray Besinger; recording secretary, Mrs. Chester L. Burks, corresponding secretary, Mrs. Sally Jameson; treasurer, H. H. Manring; parlimentarian, George Vogt; historian, Robert Birbeck; and librarian, Mrs. Lena Yeater.

The Greene County Llistorical Society met in the Springfield Art Museum on March 22. The featured speaker for the meeting, Dr. William E. Berger, professor of history at Drury College, in his lecture entitled "Why Write Local History?," presented the thesis that knowledge of local history brings life, color and meaning to the broader field of regional, state and national history. In Historical Notes and Comments 393 observance of National Architects Week the society heard a dis­ cussion entitled "The Development of American Colonial Architec­ ture," by O. H. Tucker, general architect for the Frisco Railroad, at its April 26 meeting in the Art Museum. The society's May 24 meeting was devoted to the adoption of a new set of bylaws to go with a new corporation charter and planning for an annual dinner meeting in June.

Historic Hermann presented its annual Maifest celebration on May 19 and 20. Special features of this year's activities included a tour of historic homes, a "Musik Halle" Show, a traditional May­ pole dance, Missouri River boat excursions, the "Alte Zeiten" parade, and the 11th Annual Maifest Pageant, written and directed by Mrs. Anna Hesse, with B. A. Wagner as musical director.

The Jackson County Historical Society board members, meeting on April 17 at the county's first courthouse, a restored log structure built in 1827, expressed concern about the disposition of old county records now stored in disorder in the tower and attic of the present Independence courthouse. Plans are to be made regarding the proper preservation of these records. Also considered was the possible acquisition of a collection of Civil War letters and books owned by Mrs. W. L. Skaggs of Paragould, Arkansas. A steering committee was established to investigate the feasibility of reprinting the 1006-page History of Jackson County which was first published in 1881. The society will place a marker at the Kansas City home of Alexander Majors who was a promoter of the Pony Express and a member of the famous freighting firm of Russell, Majors & Waddell in the 1850s. Dr. A. Ted Brown spoke on "Historic Families of Jackson County" at a May 27 meeting of the society at Kansas City University.

The Civil War Round Table of Kansas City presented its Harry S. Truman Award for meritorious service in the field of Civil War history to Edwin C. Bearss, Vicksburg, Mississippi, at a February 27 meeting. Bearss, a National Park Service historian, was cited for his historical survey of the Wilson's Creek battlefield. After the presentation, Bearss gave an address on "The Battle of Wilson's Creek." Past winners of the Truman Award are Bruce Catton and Allan Nevins. 394 Missouri Historical Review

A March 21 meeting of the group in Hotel Bellerive featured T. Harry Williams, Boyd Professor of American History at Louis­ iana State University. Williams, author of several Civil War books including Lincoln and His Generals and Beauregard, Napoleon in Gray, spoke on "Lincoln and the Radical Republicans." Shelby Foote, eminent American novelist and historian from Memphis, Tennessee, spoke to the group at its April 24 meeting on "The Battle of Shiloh." In addition to his recent book entitled Shiloh, Foote is the author of a three-volume history, Civil War: A Narrative. "Custer: Are You For Him or Against Him?" was the topic for the Round Table's May 15 meeting. Delivering the Custer address was Jay Monaghan, consultant for the Wyles Collection of Lincoln- iana and Western Americana at the University of California in Santa Barbara. Among Monaghan's works are The Civil War on the Western Border, The Swamp Fox of the Confederacy, The Life of General George Armstrong Custer, and The Overland Trail. He also compiled a two-volume Lincoln bibliography. Several members of the Kansas City group attended the Fifth Annual Assembly of the National Civil War Centennial Commission at Columbus, Ohio, on May 4 and 5.

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society, discussed Ulysses S. Grant's experiences in Missouri at an annual meeting of the Kansas City Society of Colonial Dames on April 24 at the home of Mrs. John S. Knight. At the society's business meeting Mrs. Gilmer Meriwether was elected to succeed Mrs. Charles S. Keith as president.

The first issue of the Kirkwood Historical Review^ quarterly pub­ lication of the Kirkwood Historical Society, appeared in March. The pioneer number of the magazine, edited by Mary B. Chomeau and Mrs. C. H. Dawson, contains 12 pages and includes an article by George F. Lleege entitled "The Naming of Kirkwood;" a reprint­ ing of "Remember Way Back When?" by the late Miss Elizabeth B. Orrick; a number of society notes and a list of charter members. Featured on the Review's cover is a reproduction of an ink drawing of the Missouri-Pacific Railroad station in Kirkwood. The Review is dedicated to the publication of material pertaining to the history of the Kirkwood area.

The Lafayette County Historical Society, meeting at Bell Elementary School in Lexington on April 5, heard Ben Brown of Historical Notes and Comments 395

Kansas City deliver a paper authored by Ray Lavery of Kansas City entitled "Major John N. Edwards, Soldier and Journalist." Society officers re-elected include: President, Leslie H. Bell, Lexing­ ton; first vice president, Mrs. Lutie G. Jordan, Waverly; secretary, Harry R. Voight, Concordia; treasurer, Mrs. Leo Wolleman, Corder; reporter, R. W. Bricken, Waverly; and historian, John R. Wallace, Lexington. Collins Ewing of Odessa succeeded Sam Schooling of Higginsville as second vice president. Winner of the society's contest to select a design for a seal to be used in marking the county's historic sites was Mary Linda Rehkop, a Higginsville high school student. The design's central theme is a portion of the Lafayette County courthouse showing the bell tower, facade and upper part of the courthouse columns. Current plans call for the erection of markers at a total of 21 historic sites throughout the county.

The featured speaker at the April 26 meeting of the Historical Society of Maries County in Vienna was Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society. The Maries County society has made plans to publish "A History of Maries County" compiled by Everett M. King before his death in 1944.

The Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis held its 96th annual meeting on May 1 at the Jefferson Memorial in St. Louis. Members viewed the recently completed River Room in the Jefferson Memo­ rial and paid tribute to Charles van Ravenswaay who resigned May 1 as director of the society to accept a position at Old Sturbridge Villiage, Inc., in Massachusetts. A tea dance followed the meeting.

The Missouri Show Me Club of Los Angeles, which meets regu­ larly in the First Methodist Church, viewed a St. Patrick's Day program on March 16 presented by Nellie Manning and her group of artists. A native of Trenton, Missouri, Dr. Lucia Liverette of the Liverette Opera Academy, offered a program of operatic numbers at the society's April 20 meeting, and Florence Timmerhoff, star of the St. Louis outdoor opera, entertained the group with a musical pro­ gram at its May 18 meeting.

The Missouri Society of Wichita, Kansas, celebrated its 48th anniversary in February. The Society meets on the first Friday of each month from October through June at the Innes Tea Room in 396 Missouri Historical Review

Wichita. Members of the society dedicate themselves to the perpet­ uation of loyalty to Missouri and interest in the State's history. Newly elected officers are: President, Mrs. Bert Bayman; 1st vice president, Mrs. Lloyd Cole; 2nd vice president, Mrs. Mary Joy Jones; recording secretary, Mrs. J. B. Schwartz; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Bertha E. Parmenter; treasurer, Mrs. Leo Stock- still; and historian, Mrs. J. A. Green.

The Northeast Missouri State College Historical Society held its annual spring banquet at Blanton Hall on the college campus in Kirksville on May 10. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society, addressed the society, giving a detailed account of the Civil War battle in the Arcadia Valley at Pilot Knob, on September 27, 1864.

The Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks heard Edward Corri- gan discuss "The Battle of Shiloh" at a meeting April 11 at the Holiday Inn, Springfield. Dan Saults presented the program for a May 9 meeting of the group at Galli's Half-a-Hill Club. Saults' topic was "Let Us Dis­ cuss A Man—John Newman Edwards." Edwards helped build a legend about a Civil War companion, Jo Shelby.

Alfred Hasemeier of Weston assumed the presidency of the Platte County Historical Society at the society's annual spring meet­ ing April 25 at the Weston Central Elementary School. Other new officers are M. B. Magers of Platte Woods, second vice president; and Dick Cray, Weston, and Randy H. Collins, Weatherby Lake, trustees. Howard N. Monett, assistant dean of Kansas City Junior College, spoke at the meeting on "The Great Missouri Raid," emphasizing the crushing defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price's army at Westport during his 1864 raid into Missouri. Plans were made by the society to cooperate with the Veterans of Foreign Wars auxiliary in restoring Flint Rock Church, located about five miles north of Platte City. It is one of the oldest standing churches in the Platte Purchase of 1838.

The St. Charles County Historical Society heard Richard Hagen, historian of Illinois State Memorials, discuss "At Home in the Past," at its quarterly meeting, April 25, in the St. Charles Imman- uel Lutheran Church. New officers elected are Fred Baue, president; Doris Corriveau, first vice president; and Dayton Canaday, second Historical Notes and Comments 397 vice president. Officers re-elected for another term include Ruth Hawkins, secretary; Howard Ellis, treasurer; Ryne Stiegemeier, historian; and Edna Olson, archivist. The society recently acquired through the generosity of Charles Noack, St. Charles, a collection of personal papers, logs and records of Capitain Joseph La Barge, a famous steamboat master who, born in 1815, plied the western rivers until his death in 1899.

The Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, meeting in the Old Court House on April 3, heard Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, direct­ or of the State Historical Society, discuss "Pilot Knob: The Most Interesting Civil War Battle in Missouri." Dr. Carl S. Meyer, president of the association, read a persidential address on the subject, "Crystal, Catfish, and Concordia," at the association's 26th annual dinner, May 26, at Concordia Seminary.

The St. Louis Chapters of the United Daughters of the Con­ federacy commemorated the birthday of Jefferson Davis on June 10 at the Gatesworth Hotel in St. Louis. James L. Bugg, chairman of the department of history at the University of Missouri, spoke on "Jefferson Davis—The Background for a Great Decision."

The St. Louis Westerners, meeting at Garavelli's Restaurant in St. Louis on April 20 heard Professor W. E. Hollon of the University of Oklahoma present a paper on "The Great American Desert— Then and Now." Officers for 19624963 elected at the meeting were: President, Frederic E. Voelker; vice president, Don Rickey; secre­ tary, J. Orville Spreen; and treasurer, Frederick C. Ault. At a May 18 meeting President Voelker presented a paper on "The Culture of the Early Western Mountain Men." Founded originally in 1946 at the Old Court House, the St. Louis Westerners consists of men who have more than a casual reader's interest in the history of the American West. The organiza­ tion was re-activated in February, 1961, under the leadership of Professor John Francis McDermott of Washington University, who served as president for 1961-1962. Similar organizations of Westerners have been formed in Kansas City, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, New York City, and Washing­ ton, D. C, in the United States, and in Liverpool, England, and Paris, France. Several of these groups issue annual publications known as Brand Books as well as monthly bulletins which are cir­ culated to regular and corresponding members. Though possessed 398 Missouri Historical Review of common intellectual interests, the various groups of Westerners are not organically connected. Each group is an independent organization. ANNIVERSARIES The centennial observation of the Civil War Battle of Island No. 10 and Siege of New Madrid was held on April 1 in New Madrid. The New Madrid County Historical Society in cooperation with the Junior Chamber of Commerce sponsored a re-enactment of the 1862 siege near its original site. Approximately 400 troops from National Guard units in the Missouri bootheel area, wearing repli­ cas of Civil War uniforms and firing blank ammunition, smoke bombs and explosive charges, simulated battle conditions. The Lilbourn Saddle Club portrayed the role of Confederate General M. Jeff Thompson's raiders. Marshall Dial, librarian of the New Madrid County Library and author of The Bootheel Swamp Struggle, provided a narrative for the event which was broadcast over a public address system during the re-enactment. A centennial costume ball, a parade and a display of historic relics also highlighted the celebration.

The Fredericktown Methodist Church celebrated its sesquicen- tennial anniversary in October, 1961. The organization of the church in 1811 resulted from a camp meeting conducted by Method­ ist circuit rider Reverend Thomas Wright, but it was not until 1823 that the first building was erected. Since 1837 the church has been located at its present site. It served the Marvin Collegiate Institute, later Marvin College, from 1893 until 1923 when the college merged with Central Methodist College at Fayette.

HONORS AND TRIBUTES Thomas Hart Benton, Missouri's most famous contemporary artist and Neosho's favorite son, was honored on May 12 at special ceremonies in the southwest Missouri city. Having won acclaim as one of the most dynamic American artists of his time Benton returned triumphantly to the scene of his childhood and received tribute from a throng of admirers and friends. Accompanying Benton was former President Harry S. Truman who unveiled a portrait of the artist done by Charles Banks Wilson, and, calling Benton "the greatest artist of the century," officially opened an exhibition of his art in the municipal auditorium. Historical Notes and Comments 399

Benton was serenaded at different times throughout the day with country and folk songs, classical numbers and an old fashioned band concert. He also viewed Pawnee Indian tribal dances and a per­ formance of square dancers. The day's homecoming activities were highlighted by a recognition banquet where Benton spoke in grate­ ful terms of the apparent Missouri understanding of what he had attempted to do through his art. Benton has been widely praised and heavily criticized, depend­ ing upon the artistic bias. Because of the lack of a fully adequate term, he has been labeled a "regionalist," yet the term has no limits, for the region is ill-defined and spans the nation. Heaped upon him are such derogatory terms as "reactionary," or "isolation­ ist," and his aesthetics are called "provincial." But Benton refuses to paint for the art critics. He continues to champion the emanci­ pation of American art, and, along with Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry, he has helped to throw off the bounds imposed by European standards. He deplores the aesthetics of the French abstractionists which deny the value of the subject for painting. His subjects are important to his art and everywhere he paints the people of America. Not unlike his famous great uncle for whom he was named, and who represented Missouri in Congress for 30 years in the state's formative years, Benton has helped to instill the spirit of the West into the nation's imagination. Moreover, his work reflects an understanding of the history of American social and political thought, seen realistically and with a knowledge of the conditions it represents. His Missouri heritage is evident throughout his work. His familiarity with camp meetings, political rallies, annual picnics and great "hurrahs," with swimming holes and 'possum hunts, give his painting a quality that appeals not only to Missourians but to Americans everywhere. Robert K. Sanford, art editor for the Kansas City Star, has written that Benton's paintings have been popular because they have said something to the people looking at them. They tell us a lot about America. Benton started his career as a mural painter. His first one was done with crayons, as he recalls, "when I was six or seven," on the freshly papered cream-colored walls of the front stairway. The appreciation accorded this first artistic effort was not indicative of his future success. He later completed and exhibited 16 panels of 400 Missouri Historical Review mural size gaining him some renown but he was often referred to as a mural painter with no walls to decorate. This all changed in 1931 when he was commissioned to interpret contemporary America on the walls of the New School for Social Research in New York. He next executed a group of murals for the Whitney Museum entitled "The Arts of Life in America," which was followed by a panorama of the history of Indiana. In 1936 Benton completed a mural in the State Capitol at Jefferson City depicting the social history of Missouri. Avoiding imaginary glories and the usual starched states­ man in characteristic pose he painted the James Boys in action, Kansas City's stockyards and Tom Pendergast, St. Louis' slums and beer industry, "Frankie and Johnnie," the slave block, a mother changing her baby's diaper, a farmer's wife rolling dough. Those who found no glory in the work did not hesitate to criticize it. "Missouri is not a houn' clog state," complained one disapproves "... not proud of hangings, the slave block and Jesse James holdups." An editorial writer complained that "the whole thing is sordid and rather disgusting and is more like a cartoon which picks out and emphasizes the weaknesses and extravagances of early Missouri life and leaves out the mighty purposes, the strong char­ acter, the ideal of the men and women who built Missouri." Benton insisted that a social history of his state should deal with the actuali­ ties of behavior, not with professed ideals, while art critic Thomas Craven enthusiastically wrote that "the murals in the State Capitol of Missouri may well become one of the shrines of American cultural achievement." Other Benton works have aroused less controversy. His more recent mural in the Harry S. Truman Library at Independence entitled "Independence and the Opening of the West" is commonly applauded. Its theme is generalized. No specific events or individ­ uals—no Kit Carson or Josiah Gregg—are represented. In their place are symbolic figures, symbolic happenings, representing a multiplicity of real individuals and real events through which flowed the expansionist energy of America and with which the viewer can personally associate. With direct and simple strength Benton paints in a manner that displays a sympathy with the values of Missourians. As he himself asserts, his mural delineating the state's social history "sits solidly with the Missouri People." Convinced of his greatness and his permanence as an important American artist the people of Neosho accorded Tom Benton an accolade unusual for any artist of our time. Historical Notes and Comments 401

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS A plaque honoring the late Bishop William Fletcher McMurry was placed in the Shelbyville Methodist Church on March 18 at Shelbyville. The ceremonies commemorating the Bishop's long service to the Methodist Church were the result of a decision made by the 1961 session of the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Church held in Fayette, which voted to honor five Methodist bishops who had been born in Missouri. Bishop McMurry was born on a farm near Shelbyville in 1864. He attended Central College in Fayette and, when he was 21, entered the Methodist ministry, preaching his first sermon in St. Paul's Methodist Church in Fayette. He subsequently held pas­ torates in St. Joseph, Richmond, Macon and St. Louis, and, in 1905, he became secretary of the Methodist Board of Church Extension located in Louisville, Kentucky. Becoming a bishop in 1918, he spent the next two years in China. From 1924 to 1930 he was president of Central College. He died in 1934.

NOTES The State Historical Society's reserve supply of the January, 1961, issue of the Missouri Historical Review has been exhausted. We therefore solicit the return of this particular issue from those of you who have copies and do not desire them for your personal collections.

The annual meeting of the Conference on the History of Western America will be held October 11-13 at the Albany Hotel, Denver, Colorado. The University of Denver will be the host institution. Papers to be read will represent disciplines in social sciences, the humanities, and the sciences.

The Pea Ridge Battle, by Clyde C. Hammers of Kansas City, gives an excellent account of the complicated Civil War engagement also known as the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern. The 25-page booklet, published in March, 1962, on the 100th anniversary of the battle, also contains two other sketches pertaining to the battle, "A Keets- ville (Missouri) Skirmish," and "Blockade Hollow" located in Missouri 12 miles north of the Pea Ridge area.

Data on Revolutionary War Soldiers buried in Missouri is being collected by Mrs. Hale Houts, 230 West 61st Street, Kansas City, and Miss Hazel Eastman, 4049 McGee Street, Kansas City. Under 402 Missouri Historical Review the sponsorship of the Westport Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution the material will be published in roster form. To make the record as complete as possible Mrs. Houts asks the aid of interested individuals who have knowledge of Revolutionary War Soldiers buried in the following counties: Barry, Benton, Bollinger, Carter, Cass, Cedar, Christian, Crawford, Dade, Dallas, DeKalb, Douglas, Hickory, Iron, Lawrence, Laclede, McDonald, Madison, Maries, Moniteau, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Morgan, Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Polk, Pulaski, Reynolds, Ripley, St. Clair, Ste. Genevieve, Scott, Shannon, Stoddard, Stone, Texas, Wayne, Warren, and Wright.

L. W. Donaldson of Kansas City has given the Society an old photograph of the St. Francisville Baptist Church in Clark County as it appeared before extensive alteration and restoration in 1904. The Church was built in 1851 by Jeremiah Wayland. Donaldson also has given the Society a photograph of the last three surviving children of Jeremiah Wayland taken in 1914 in front of the old Wayland home which is still standing in St. Francisville. A third photograph donated by Donaldson shows the old slave quarters at the Wayland homestead which fell into ruin in the 1940s.

William R. Denslow has given the Society a bound volume of The Independent, student publication of the University of Missouri, dating from the inaugural number on September 15, 1906, to June 8, 1907; the minute book of The Independent board; and a number of Chillicothe & Des Moines City Railroad stock certificates.

Mrs. Maude Duncan Tyree of Marshall has given the Society the 1870-1930 records of four Shelby County Methodist churches including Duncan Chapel, Bacon Chapel, Morris Chapel, and Lowman Chapel.

"The Paternal Ancestry of Ivan Lee Holt III," a 69-page mimeographed work compiled by Isabel Stebbins Giulvezan of Affton, has been presented to the Society by the author.

Dr. Thomas B. Hall, Kansas City, has given the Society a copy of a Civil War letter written from Boonville in 1864.

Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Hamilton, Marshall, have presented to the Society "A Collection of Historical Sketches of the Slusher Community, Lafayette County, Missouri," sponsored by the Historical Notes and Comments 403

Slusher Homemaker's Club; "Bible Records from Saline County," collected and compiled in 1952 by the Marshall Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution; an 1874 time table for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; and an interesting booklet on "How to Operate and Repair Automobiles," published about 1912.

The Society has copied on microfilm an old minute book of the Old Brick Church northwest of Emden. The book was loaned for microfilming by Harold Miller of Bethel and located by A. Loy Jones of Shelbina.

A. B. Shelton, Unionville, has presented to the Society a copy of the original survey of St. John, Missouri, made on June 6, 1857, by James H. Runyon, and a plat of Hartford, Missouri, laid out in 1851 as the third county seat of Putnam County. Originally called Fair Play, the name was changed to Hartford, but by 1853 the town had expired. St. John was the county seat of Dodge County which was created on December 18, 1846, but ceased to exist on March 16, 1853, when it became a part of Putnam County.

Harold E. Starlin of Independence has sent to the Society for copying a typescript of a chapter in the early history of Oregon County.

The Society has acquired volume 38 of the American Geneal­ ogical-Biographical Index relating to American genealogical, biographical and local history materials. This volume of the Index covers the surnames Crowley through Cushing.

A 92-page, well illustrated historical edition of the Independence Examiner, February 26, abounds with a great variety of historical articles pertaining to Independence and Jackson County ranging from the establishment of Fort Osage in 1808 to the dedication of the Harry S. Truman Library in 1957. The March 31 issue of the Examiner includes a 12-page supple­ ment to the historical edition which contains articles and illustra­ tions concentrating on early homes, churches, schools and businesses in the area.

"Union Victory at Pea Ridge Heavy Blow to Confederacy," by A. H. Rogers in the Joplin Globe, March 4, describes the Civil War battle of March 7-8, 1862, in northwest Arkansas which gave the 404 Missouri Historical Review

Union its first clear and decisive victory west of the Mississippi River.

"Covered Bridges Are With Creaky Charm," by Miss Anna M. Morseman in the Kansas City Star, March 11, tells of covered bridges in several Missouri communities.

"Here Missouri Invasion Was Blocked," by Martha Swearingen in the Kansas City Times, March 7, tells of the Union Army victory over the Confederates during the Civil War Battle at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, on March 7 and 8, 1862. "West By Horseback At 3 Weeks—A Frontier Tale," an article by Mrs. Sam H. Ray, secretary of the Clay County Historical Society, appearing in the Times, March 10, reports the story of the century-old Watkins woolen mill near Excelsior Springs. Another article in the same issue of the Times, "Receipt Recalls Past of Town and Historic Mill," by Ruth Bogart Roney, relates Watkins mill to the town of Lawson. "The Editor, the Governor and the Outlaw," by Herbert F. Rice, in the Times, March 13, describes John N. Edwards' responsi­ bility for negotiations leading to the peaceable surrender of Frank James to Missouri Governor T. T. Crittenden in 1882. "Two Made Mark in Rugged Life of Mountain Men," by Robert Pearman in the Times, April 3, briefly describes the careers of Missourians Kit Carson and Old Bill Williams while reviewing two recent books dealing with the lives of the two mountain men. "In Missouri, A Crucial Naval Battle," by Robert Pearman in the Times, April 6, tells of the Civil War Battle of Island Number 10 and the Siege of New Madrid on the Mississippi River in April, 1862.

A boiler explosion on the Missouri River steamboat Saluda at Lexington on Good Friday, April 9, 1852, was retold in a series of three articles by Bill Dye and Dan Spies in the Lexington Advertiser- News April 9, 10 and 11, 1962. About 135 of the 175 persons aboard the Saluda were killed, the greatest loss of life in any Mis­ souri River steamboat accident.

"An Outline of Saline County History to 1817," an address presented to the Marshall Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution on March 2 by Miami Archaeologist Ted Hamilton, is printed in the Marshall Daily Democrat-News, March 10. Historical Notes and Comments 405

The March 17th issue of the newspaper includes a brief family biography of the pioneer Saline County physician, Dr. John Sappington, which was read by Mrs. C. W. Elsea, a great great granddaughter of Dr. Sappington, at a meeting of the Marshall Monday Club, March 12.

"The Siege of New Madrid," by Bill Dye in the New Madrid Weekly Record, March 30, tells of the Civil War Battle of Island Number 10 on the Mississippi River and the Confederate loss at New Madrid in April, 1862.

"Florida (Missouri) Post Office 130 Years Old," by Ralph Gregory in the Paris Monroe County Appeal, April 26, tells of Mon­ roe County's first post office and postmaster. The May 10 issue of the newspaper includes short sketches of the nine historical sites in the Florida area listed in a brochure being distributed through the Mark Twain Shrine at Florida.

"The Man Who Made a Folk-God Out of Jo Shelby and Created a Legend For Jesse James," by Ray Lavery in The Trail Guide, Volume VI, number 4, December, 1961, describes the career of John N. Edwards as author, editor and soldier.

"Pea Ridge Saved Missouri," by Alexander C. Niven and Arthur N. Chamberlain, III, in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 7-8, describes the northern victory in the Civil War battle in North­ west Arkansas on March 7-8, 1862, which made possible the Union control of Missouri throughout the remainder of the war. "Something Old," an illustrated article by Nell Gross in the Globe, May 6, reports the progress of a research survey financed by a Ford Foundation grant in tracing German culture in architecture, arts and crafts in historic Hermann. The survey is being conducted by the Missouri Historical Society in Franklin, Gasconade, Warren and St. Charles counties. It is a pilot project of the Ford Founda­ tion and will determine a national pattern for subsequent studies in other areas of the nation.

"Pleasant Way to Refight the Civil War," by Jack Rice in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 24, describes the activities of the Civil War Round Table of St. Louis. "Hound Dog Ruled Out of Court," by Dickson Terry in the Post, April 15, recalls Senator George G. Vest's 1869 eulogy to a famous Missouri hound dog, Old Drum. 406 Missouri Historical Review

"Disappearance in 1895 Still Classic Mystery," by Charles Allonby in the Tulsa (Oklahoma) World, March 18, recalls the disappearance of Herman Jaeger, a Newton County pioneer grape producer and winery operator.

ERRATUM On page 141 of the January, 1962, issue of the Review the name of the first president of the University of Missouri should be cor­ rected to read John Hiram Lathrop.

OBITUARIES ALT, G. W., Norborne: March 13, 1875-July 28, 1961. Farmer.* BLACK, MERVIN H., Joplin: October 5, 1894-February 1, 1962. Physician.*

BLAKE, ROBERT E., Webster Groves: January 31, 1885-May 8, 1962. Lawyer. President, Missouri Constitutional Convention, 1943-44; founder and first president of the St. Louis Crime Com­ mission; chairman, 1947 St. Louis Citizens' Tax Commission, the Govermental Research Institute and Missouri Committee for the Hoover Report.*

BLAND, MRS. AURORA ALMA, Independence: November 23, 1874-April 21, 1962. Father, John A. Silvers, founded the town of Hatfield, Missouri, and was its first postmaster. BOULICAULT, MARCEL J., St. Louis: July 4, 1898-February 3, 1961. Architect; designer of numerous buildings in Missouri.*

BOYLE, CHARLES RAYMOND, Kansas City: December 30, 1891- January 11, 1962. Former president of Lee Foods division of Con­ solidated Foods Corporation.* BRYAN, DON D., Denver, Colorado: January 31, 1902-Decem- ber 23, 1961.*

BUTCHER, R. E., University City: September 28, 1882-August 18, 1961.*

CAMPBELL, MRS. MYERS D., Kirksville: March 16, 1875-Octo- ber 12, 1961. Widow of Judge Myers D. Campbell, Kansas City Court of Appeals.*

COCKRELL, EWING, Washington, D. C: May 28, 1874-January 21 1962. Native of Warrensburg, former judge of 17th Missouri Historical Notes and Comments 407

Judicial Circuit Court, and three times nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to gain world disarmament. Son of Francis M. Cockrell, U. S. Senator from Missouri, 1875-1905.*

COLEMAN, L. W., Moberly: June 12, 1891-July 23, 1961. Presi­ dent of First Federal Savings and Loan Association in Moberly.*

DEERING, JOHN M., Odessa, Texas: June 7, 1900-November 19, 1961.*

DENMAN, CLINTON H., Sikeston: July 10, 1879-February 17, 1962. Former publisher of the Sikeston Herald, author of a weekly Sunday School Lesson column.

DOBSON, ALBERT J., Kansas City: August 7, 1877-February 22, 1962. Retired postal employee.*

FAWKS, LARRY R., Forest City: January 14, 1903-October 28, 1961.*

GAHAN, E. J., Perryville: March 31, 1891-March 10, 1961. Osteopathic physical! and surgeon.*

GAMBER, M. P., Clayton: November 30, 1897-March 11, 1962.*

GILLIOZ, M. E., Monett: March 6, 1877-April 17, 1962. Con­ tractor.

GILLUM, W. W., Lee's Summit: January 12, 1876-August 5, 1961. Retired Banker.* GRAGG, J. EDWARD, St. Louis: August 18, 1902-August 1, 1961. Lawyer; director of St. Louis Metropolitan Sewer District.* GUNN, FESTUS, Moberly: January 11, 1892-March 3, 1961.* HIRSCH, Miss IONE, Cape Girardeau: July 31, 1893-January 27, 1962. Artist and retired art teacher; Cape Girardeau Woman of the Year, I960.* IDEN, CHARLES, West Plains: October 15, 1880-January 26, 1962. Former publisher and editor of the Crocker (Missouri) News* JACKSON, JAMES A., New York City: February 17, 1889-January 2, 1962.*

JOHNSON, MISS KATE, Chillicothe: December 18, 1891-April 6, 1962. Retired teacher.* 408 Missouri Historical Review

LANGTRY, MRS. DWIGHT, Riverside, California: April 18, 1904- November 8, 1961.* MARTIN, A. E., Kansas City: May 15, 1886-December 16, 1961.* MCCORMACK, CHARLES G., Jefferson City: March 20, 1896- October 18, 1961.*

MCFARLAND, WALTER C, Fredericktown: June 10, 1888- February 9, 1962. Insurance agent.* O'NEILL, CLARENCE G., Nevada: February 9, 1881-September 13, 1961.* POINTER, NELSON, Lexington: September 18, 1902-August 1, 1961.*

ROBINETT, FRANK APPLEBY, Amarillo, Texas: September 28, 1895-March 14, 1962. Native of Mountain Grove, Missouri.* ROSEBERRY, BERTHA E., Kirksville: November 9, 1886-Decem­ ber 26, 1961. Retired commerce teacher.* ROWAN, W. P., St. Louis: November 1, 1878-December 17, 1961. Cofounder and retired board chairman of Elder Manufactur­ ing Company, St. Louis.*

SANDERS, WALTER FREDERICK, Parkville: April 27, 1880- September 17, 1961. Dean of faculty, Park College, 1920-1946.*

SAPPINGTON, DOT, Jefferson City: August 18, 1878-May 9, 1962. Former Columbia and Jefferson City dairy owner.* SHRAKE, WILLIAM J., Plato: July 17, 1903-June 15, 1961. Librarian, Fort Leonard Wood Schools; former Plato school superintendent.*

SIMPSON, JUDGE NOAH W., Quincy, Illinois: April 7, 1872- December 27, 1961.*

SMITH, THE REVEREND ALFRED F., Charleston: March 29, 1869- January 2, 1962.*

SMITH, JUDGE R. JASPER, Kansas City: July 25, 1908-January 8, 1962. Chief judge, western division of the United States District Court, Kansas City; former state senator.*

STIGALL, MRS. L. E., Springfield: November 13, 1890-February 8, 1962.* Historical Notes and Comments 409

TROWBRIDGE, PRENTISS S., St. Louis: June 24, 1878-September 23, 1961.*

TRUMAN, MAJOR GENERAL RALPH E., Kansas City: May 10, 1880-April 30, 1962. Veteran of three wars and the Mexican border expedition. Former commanding general of the 35th Division of the National Guard.*

WEBER, JUDGE RANDOLPH H., Clayton: November 26, 1909- November 23, 1961. Judge, eastern division, United States Dis­ trict Court, St. Louis. Former city attorney, Poplar Bluff; prosecut­ ing attorney, Butler County; State representative, Butler County; and judge, 33rd Judicial Circuit.*

WHITNEY, ISABEL LYDIA, New York City: -February 2, 1962. Fresco painter and water-colorist.*

WINN, MRS. N. E., Kirksville: October 15, 1879-January 25, 1962.*

WITT, KARL E., Osage Beach: December 2, 1895-February 1, 1962.* HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS A History of the University of Missouri. By Frank F. Stephens. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1962. 661 pp. Indexed. $8.00.) The earliest published history of the University of Missouri was written by Daniel Read, president of the University from 1866-1876, and published after his death in 1883 by the Federal Bureau of Education under Contributions to the History of Education; Historical Sketches of the Universities and Colleges of the United States. In 1890 a series of articles appearing in the Columbia Herald written by Thomas Jefferson Lowry, first dean of the School of Engineering, were published by the University as A Sketch of the University. To commemorate the University's one hundredth anniversary in 1939 the first history of real importance was written and edited by Jonas Viles, then chairman of the Department of History. The volume was excellent in many ways, but much of the general history of the University after 1900 was omitted because Professor Viles had been forced to work under pressure to meet a deadline that was too demanding.

*A member of the Society. 410 Missouri Historical Review

Now, in co-ordination with the 1961-1962 national centennial celebration of the passage of the Morrill Act, the basis for our system of land-grant colleges and universities, A History of the University of Missouri by Frank F. Stephens makes its appearance. The writing of a history of a state university presents some very real problems. Conventional concepts as to values, proportions and objectives confront the author. He must take into consideration the wide variety of possible readers—the social historians, the alumnae, the school administrators, the taxpayers, as well as the omnipresent general readers. In his history, Dr. Stephens, Dean Emeritus of Students of the College of Arts and Science, emphasizes adminis­ tration, the aspect of management which was his major concern during most of his career and until 1948 when he retired. The value of this scholarly volume is found in its use as a basis for evaluation of past policies with a view to current and future planning for the development of the University of Missouri. The record is clearly set down by Dean Stephens. The Univer­ sity's pioneering efforts to establish itself as the first state university west of the Mississippi, its first organizational difficulties, the clashes of educational and political ideologies between presidents and members of the board of curators, the political envolvements of a nation divided by sectional disputes, the crisis of the Civil War period, the successful reforms of such presidents as Richard H. Jesse and A. Ross Hill, the virus of World War I, President Walter Williams' attempts to overcome depression, and a summary view of the University at mid-twentieth century are all described in detail. In a foreword to the history, President Elmer Ellis writes that "Missouri pioneered when it established its state university in 1839. ... It was only twenty years behind Jefferson's University of Virginia in point of time, which, considering relative age and devel­ opment, is truly remarkable." Regretting that subsequent genera­ tions of Missourians have failed to equal the founders' zeal in developing and building institutions of higher education, President Ellis writes that it is not too late to overcome the decades of neglect. It is to this purpose that the publication of this history is dedicated.

William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. By Albert Castel. (New York: Frederick Fell, Inc., 1962. 250 pp. Indexed. $6.00.) The activities of the notorious Civil War guerrilla chieftain, William Clarke Quantrill, have both fascinated and repulsed those who have attempted to write about the man and his times. Quan- Historical Notes and Comments 411 trill was not dead long before the myth-makers began to spin a web of fantasy around the man. John N. Edwards, who had ridden with Confederate General Jo Shelby and was later to establish the Kansas City Times, knew Quantrill and portrayed him in his book, Noted Guerrillas, as a gloriously romantic cavalier of the border, cunning and brave, going from one amazing and heroic exploit to another. On the other hand, those who viewed Quantrill in a different light began to write of him as a degenerate and depraved monster who was motivated solely by blood-madness and a lust for plunder and fallen women. William E. Connelley, revealing an overwhelming pro-Union and pro-Kansas prejudice, represented the latter group, and in his Quantrill and the Border Wars (1910) he presented the thesis that Quantrill was fundamentally depraved. Albert Castel, in this biography of the man who became a legend—who was both hero and renegade in his own time, writes with a balanced view and without the emotion of Edwards or Connelley. He contends that both the apologists and the detractors have overstated their case. Edwards exaggerated Quantrill's cour­ age and prowess, and ignored or romanticized his cruelty and criminality. Connelley was guilty of the opposite. Asserting that the "unvarnished truth about Quantrill and his men is gaudy enough," Castel deplores what he rather harshly calls "Edwards' juvenile absurdities," and condemns both he and Connelley as being incapable of presenting a realistic, objective analysis of Quantrill's career. Castel describes Quantrill simply as a bandit with pro-Southern sympathies, who possessed both admirable and detestable char­ acteristics. He admires Quantrill's military skill, cool courage, and power to command, but detests his brutality and callousness, his utter lack of scruples, and his treacherous opportunism, feeling that the latter tends to obscure the former. In more depth Castel analyzes Quantrill as a paranoid, "a man whose ambitions outran his accomplishments; who desired wealth and success, but who was impatient and impotent in their quest; and who came to resent his failure and the world which caused it." His failure in normal pursuits filled him with bitterness and frustration and made him desperately anxious to prove his superiority. In Castel's opinion the Kansas frontier provided a crucible which often extracted the best from men, but also frequently revealed their baser metals. It was a land of new beginnings but it also could be one of bad endings. In view of this, Castel feels it was only "natural" that Quantrill, like so many others, degenerated from 412 Missouri Historical Review respectibility to criminality. Castel finds an unusual amount of inevitability in conditions and often hesitates to assign personal responsibility. This story of Quantrill is also the story of the Missouri bush- wackers, many of whom began as tough, young farm boys defend­ ing their homes against Kansas jayhawking raids and revenging wrongs done their families. From them emerged the most notorious gang of psychopathic killers and plunder-mad marauders who ever walked the American West. "Bloody Bill" Anderson became a maniacal killer when one of his sisters was accidentally killed and another crippled for life while in Federal custody. Cole Younger's hatred of Union soldiers became intense when his sister was impris­ oned and his mother driven from their burnt-out home. George Todd fought with a murderous ferocity and was filled with a raging blood lust against all Union soldiers when two of his cohorts were killed in a Federal ambush. The 18 year-old "Little Archie" Cle­ ment, described as a born killer, adopted the practice of scalping dead Union soldiers, and Frank and Jesse James got their first taste of mass bloodletting and their first training in bank robbery. The story is not new, but it is well told. While Castel writes in a popular vein, he maintains an historical objectivity and integrity which is a difficult task when dealing with such a man as Quantrill, whose life has been so often sensationalized and whose feats have been glorified by romances more flamboyant than those of the popular "dime novels" of the post Civil War period. Everything is here: from the first outbreak of local civil war between Free- soilers and Pro-slavers on the Missouri-Kansas border, through the savage Lawrence raid and the vicious Centralia Massacre complete with atrosities, to the final tracking down and killing of Quantrill in Kentucky. Dr. Castel was born in Wichita, Kansas, and is currently profes­ sor of history at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. He has written Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861-1865 (1958).

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1945. Directed by David C. Eberhart and edited by Warren R. Reid. (Washington: United States Government Print­ ing Office, 1961. 668 pp. Indexed. $5.50.) This volume contains most of the public messages and state­ ments of President Harry S. Truman issued during the period April 12-December 31, 1945. Similar volumes covering the remaining years of President Truman's administration are under preparation. Historical Notes and Comments 413

The basic text of the volume consists of oral utterances of the President or writings subscribed by him. Sources used in the com­ pilation were the President's communications to Congress, public addresses, transcripts of press conferences, public letters, messages to heads of state, formal executive documents promulgated in accordance with law, and other statements regarding miscellaneous subjects, all of which are arranged chronologically. The volume is one of an official series designed to contain the public writings and utterances of the executive branch of the Federal Government, and acts as a counterpart to the Congressional Record and the United States Supreme Court Reports which serve the legis­ lative and judicial branches respectively. Annual volumes covering the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower are also avail­ able. Current plans call for the publication of volumes containing the public messages and statements of President John Kennedy shortly after the beginning of each calendar year. The publication of this series fills a gap that has long vexed scholars and researchers. The papers of the Presidents from 1789 to 1897 were assembled by James D. Richardson and published under congressional authority between 1896 and 1899. Since that time various private compilations were issued, but there was no official, uniform and systematic publication until 1957 when authorization was extended to the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register to plan and publish the series. It is an invaluable reference for those interested in the individuals concerned or in the history of the presidency, and it offers promptly an abundance of materials formerly not readily available and found only in mimeographed White House releases or in newspaper reports.

Research Opportunities in American Cultural History. Edited by John Francis McDermott. (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1961. 205 pp. Indexed. $6.00.) This compilation of scholarly essays discusses and, to some degree, enumerates previous research in cultural history. In this sense it is historiographical and bibliographical. It has value in this alone; but its merit goes farther. Its major purpose is not so much to indicate what has already been done in the twelve areas of cultur­ al history discussed in the essays; but rather "to explore research possibilities" in these areas, that is, to point out what can and should be done. The beauty of the work for scholars with access to Missouri sources is that most of the essays were written by mid-Western 414 Missouri Historical Review scholars, men who are quite conversant with research possibilities in this area. John Francis McDermott's essay "The French in the Mississippi Valley," John T. Flanagan's "Middlewestern Regional Literature" and Theodore C. Blegen's "The Saga of the Immigrant" have obviously special relevance, and most of the others have only slightly less value to people working in Missouriana.

Centennial Re-enactment, New Madrid, Missouri. By The Junior Chamber of Commerce of New Madrid. (New Madrid: Junior Chamber of Commerce, 1962. 76 pp. Not indexed.) In conjunction with New Madrid's centennial celebration of the Civil War Battle of Island Number 10 and the Siege of New Madrid in April, 1862, the Junior Chamber of Commerce of New Madrid has issued this 76-page booklet. The 12 pages of text include a thumbnail sketch of important events in the early history of New Madrid, a description of the Dawson Home which was used as a headquarters by Union General John Pope during the siege, an account of Confederate General M. Jeff Thompson's activities in the area, and articles telling of the Siege of New Madrid and the Battle of Island Number 10. The remainder of the booklet is dedicated to advertisements.

One Hundred and Twenty-Five Years, A History of St. Peter's Parish, Kirkwood, Missouri, 1832-1957. By Mary Broderick Chomeau. (Kirkwood: St. Peter's Church, 1957. 181 pp. Indexed.) This church history, published in book form, is unusual for its documentation, factual material and delineation of personalities in the development of the church. The thoroughness in treatment of historical background reflects extensive research of two earlier church historians whose data provides the central core of Mrs. Chomeau's book. The data has been well organized and ably written. Use of pictures enhances the narrative and adds historic interest. The well done index reflects the considerable amount of factual data in the volume and makes it a ready reference work. Ministers, church officials and church historians contemplating a history of their own congregations will find this book a proper guide in how to organize and write the history of a church. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

COUNSEL DECLINED From the Troy Lincoln County Herald, March 3, 1870. A bill was introduced in the Missouri Legislature to prevent the marrying of first cousins. It was not referred to the committee on internal improvements, as requested by Mr. Cavender.

STRANGE PHENOMENA From the California (Mo.) Statesman, April 20, 1855. Notice.—If the gentleman who keeps a store in Cedar street with a red head, will return the umbrella he borrowed from a lady with an ivory handle, he will hear of something to his advantage.

TIPPECANOE AND NEW FURNITURE TOO From the Springfield Advertiser, September 10, 1844. The Whigs, when Van Buren was President, consistently asserted that the President's House was furnished with Royal magnificence. When Harrison was elected, they bought $5,000 worth more of furniture, to make the same house decent for his reception! This was a fair example of Whig consistency.

A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION From advertisement of Charles Stewart's Mathematical Institute in The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, Sept. 1, 1849. . . . Each student is charged for what he learns and not according to the time he takes to learn it. The charge for each branch of mathematics is the same, whether he takes one year or one month to learn it; and he also has the privilege of reviewing, at any future time, free of additional charge. . . .

THE DEFENSE RESTS . . . AND RUNS From the Palmyra Weekly Southern Sentinel, July 2, 1856. A fellow was arrested by a farmer for stealing ducks. The farmer said he should know them anywhere, and went on to describe them, "Why," said the counsel for the prisoner, "they can't be such a rare breed of ducks—I have some like them in my yard." "That's very likely," returned the farmer, "I've lost a good many lately."

ARGUS-EYED From the Springfield Advertiser, November 19, 1844. WESTWARD, HO!—The St. Louis Gazette names the Lagrange (Texas) Herald as the most western newspaper in America. The above is doubtless correct, but the "Platte Argus" is the most western paper in the United States. We shall soon have to give in our sun down position

415 416 Missouri Historical Review

to some enterprising typo who will be toting a press to Oregon. How funny it will seem to be termed "our eastern contemporary."—Platte Argus.

NOT A MATTER OF TASTE From the Boonville Weekly Eagle, April 23, 1875. An exchange paper gets off the following: "Mr. Beecher says that hash is good enough for a change, but when one gets it morning noon and night, it becomes a little monotonous." If Mr. B lived at our boarding house he would change his mind. Scarcely a day passes without the boarders making some new and interesting discoveries. Occasionally it is a shirt button, more frequently a combination of bones. Yesterday it was a hair pin. We don't find our hash monotonous.

THERE OUGHT TO BE A LAW From the Eminence Current Wave, February 16, 1893. It would be well for the law abiding citizens of this place and vicinity to station themselves in different parts of the church house Saturday night next, and write down the names of all or any parties (if any such there be) both male and female, that whisper or otherwise misbehave during services, and to present the list to the grand jury that will meet here in March. We must teach these parties a lesson that they will not soon forget.

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

Annals of Iowa, Fall, 1961: "The Battle of Wilson's Creek," [Part 1], by Edwin C. Bearss. , Winter, 1962: "The Battle of Wilson's Creek," [Part 2], by Edwin C. Bearss, and "Wilson's Creek—A Young Girl Remembers," by Char­ lotte Matchett.

Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, April, 1962: "The Episcopate of Bishop Tuttle," by The Venerable Charles F. Rehkopf; "Miss Lily Irwin," by William G. B. Carson; "The Career of Samuel M. Jordan: A Study in the Evolution of Agricultural Education," by Roy V. Scott; "Henry Gempp— Pioneer Doctor," by Elizabeth Gempp; and "Oil Paintings of James F. WTilkins."

Genealogical Historical Report, The Ohio Genealogical Society, May, 1962: "Rich­ land Mormons Meet Tragedy" [Massacre i\t Haun's Mill, Missouri], by D. W. Garber.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Winter, 1961: "The Thomas Reynolds Confusion," by William G. Livingstone.

The Kansas City Genealogist, March, 1962: "The Journal of Mamie Bernard Aguirre (1844)," Part I.

1 April, 1962: "The Journal of Mamie Bernard Aguirre," Part II.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1962: "The Naming of Kirkwood," by George F. Heege. INDEX TO VOLUME LVI COMPILED BY MARCIA M. MOSS, BJ.

The names of members of The State Historical Society of Missouri who have obtained new members for the Society and the names of the new members themselves have not been listed individually in this index. References to the list of members are to be found under the heading State Historical Society of Missouri.

Audrain County Historical Society Museum, art. on, listed, 95 Abbott, Emma, 325-326 Aull, James, 126 Acsay, Dennis, 185 Aull, Robert, 126 Adair County, hist, of, listed, 300 Ault, Frederick C, 397 Adams, Mrs. J. Q., donor, 90-91 Austin, Andy, 15 Adams, W. Claude, art. by, listed, 112 Adams, W. Howard, 94, 188, 192, 300; art. by, listed, 314; "From Jail to History Center," B 361-364; 389 Adamson, Don O., 82 Backlar. Joseph, donor, 88 Akins, Zoe, 101 Baer, Eleanora A., "Books, Newspapers and Albers, Margie, 392 Libraries in Pioneer St. Louis, 1808-1842," Aldredge, James, art. by, listed, 112 347-360 Allen, Abram, 251-252 Bagby, Ralph Bridges, obit., 96 Allen, E. H., 321 Bailey, Theodorus, 315 Allen, Faye, 185 Baker, H. A., 184-185 Allen, Rosina Curtis, obit., 301 Baker, Sam A., 386 Allonby, Charles, arts, by, listed, 301, 406 Baker, Mrs. W. H., obit., 97 Allott, Mrs. Leonard R., obit., 198 Baldwin, Mrs. Carl, 83 Alt, G. W., obit., 406 Balingal, George F., 263-264 Alvord, Clarence W., 292 Banks, Nathaniel, 315-316 Alvord, Mrs. Clarence W., obit., 291-292 Baptist Church American Association for State and Local —First Baptist Church of Marshfield, ann. History, 292 of, 190 American Genealogical-Biographical Index, list­ —Little Bonne Femme, 192 ed, 193 —Pittsburg, hist, of, listed, 194 American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960, —St. Francisville, 294 by Frank Luther Mott, review of, 308-309 —Seligman, hist, of, listed, 96 American Legion, Independence, Mo., 362 —Swars Prairie, hist, of, listed, 95 American Woolen Company, 30 —Swedeborg, art. on, listed, 112 An Act Regulating the Fiscal Concerns of the —William Jewell, ann. of, 297-298 Territory, listed, 352 Barker, John T., 132 Anderson, Bill, speech on, listed, 83 Barkshire, C. E., obit., 97 Anderson, Billy, 20 Barnes, John B., 92 Anderson, David D., art. by, listed, 214 Barron, Robert, obit., 301 Anderson, Hattie M., donor, 90 Barry County, art. on, listed, 215 "Anderson House, A New Look at the, and the Barry, Louise, art. by, listed, 314 Civil War Battle of Lexington State Park," Barrymore, Maurice, 326-327 by Leonard F. Haslag, 59-68 Barth, Moses, collection of, 126 Anderson, Oliver, home of, 59-68; 59 (illus.), Barthel, Joan, 95 60, 63, 64. Bartlett, Kate, 80 Anderson, Kirk, art. on, listed, 214 Bartley, Don P., 183 Anderson, Mrs. Roscoe, obit., 301 Barton County, art. on, listed, 215 Andrae, Henry, 192 Bass. Mary Dorsey, 192 Anglin, Margaret, 326 Bates, Edward, thesis on, listed, 79, 226, 253, Ankenev, John, 289 367, 371 Anniversaries, 85-86, 189-190, 297-298, 398 "Bates, Edward, and Hamilton R. Gamble: A Anti-Poverty Society, 44 Wartime Partnership," by Marvin R. Cain, Anti-Single Tax Association, 45, 50 146-155 Antonelli, Cardinal, 243 Bates, Frederick, back cover October issue Applegate, Lisbon, 126 Battle of Helena (Ark.), art. on, listed, 214 Ardinger, John, donor, 193 Battle of Lexington State Park, 291 Argubright, Mr. and Mrs. F. C, 94, 389 "Battle of Lexington State Park, A New Look Armstrong, O. K., 296 at the Anderson House, and," by Leonard Arnold, Benedict, 38, 242 F. Haslag, 59-68 Arrow Rock, Friends of, 84, 94, 188 Battle of Wilson s Creek, An Account of the, Arrow Rock Lyceum, art. on, listed, 94, 388-389 by Holcombe and Adams, review of, 104 Arrow Rock, Mo., arts, on, listed, 112, 197, 300 "Battle of Wilson's Creek Centennial Com­ Ashley, William, 220, 224, 225, 347 memoration, National Battlefield Park Atchison, Benjamin, 206 Dedicated at the," 77-78 Atchison, David Rice, 12 Battle of Wilson's Creek Foundation, 78 Atchison, David Rice, of Missouri, Border Baue, Fred, 396 Politician, by William E. Parrish, review of, Bay, J. Christian, Collection, 117, 123-125 206-207 Bayman, Mrs. Bert, 396 Atherton, Lewis, The Cattle Kings, review of, Bearss, Edwin C, art. by, listed, 214; 393 201-203 Beckwourth, Jim, 305-306 Attebury, James D., 182, 296 Bedford, Mary, 2n Aubry, Francis Xavier, art. on, listed, 215 Bedsworth, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, 183 Audrain County Historical Society, art. on, Beeler, Joe, art. on, listed, 112 listed, 112, 182-183, 292, 391. Bell, John, 367-368, 372-374, 379

417 418 Index

Bell, Leslie, 82, 83, 395 Boyd, Perk, 185 Bell, Marcus B., 85 Boyle, Charles Raymond, obit., 406 Bell, Neil, art. by, listed, 214 Boyle, Clarence Bruce, 297 Beller, Augustus G., 120 Bradbury, H. P., 358 Belt, Francis, 341 Brady, Samuel, 195 Benge, John, 167 Branch, H. B., 372 Bennett, Ronald D., 299 Brandon, William, 305 Bennett Spring, 291 Brashear, Minnie, donor, 289-290 Benson, John W., 187 Brashear, Morse, 111 Benton, Edwin J., 392 Bray, Robert T., 65 Benton, R. N., 190 Breckenridge, William Clark, collection of, 125 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), verso back cover Breckinridge, John C, 367-368, 370-376, 379 October issue, 119, 134, front cover July Brenton, M., etching by, verso back cover issue, 398-400 October issue Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), slander suit Bresson, Bernard L., 81 against, 5; 120. 207, 211-212, 218, 219, 226, Brett, Bradford, 292 316, 366, 372, 375 Bricken, R. W., 395 Berger, William E., 82, 392 Brickey, John, 6-7 Bernhardt, Sarah, 323 Bridger, Jim, 209; art. on, listed, 313 Berry, Ruth, 183 Briggs, Bob, 95, 198 Besinger, Wray, 392 Brittian, Harry, art, by, listed, 214 Beveridge, John L., 194 Broadhead, Garland Carr, collection of, 126 Biddle, Nicholas, 219 Brodhead, John, Jr., 84 Bingham, George Caleb, art. on, listed, 96; Brooks, Juanita, review of book bv, 308 verso title page January issue; 115, 118-119; Brooks, Philip C, art. by, listed, 313; 362 letters of, 126; 134, 136, 145; painting by, Broughton, W. O., Sr., obit., 198 front cover April issue; verso title page April Brown, A. Theodore, art. by, listed, 215; 393 issue; 230, 235, 243, 301; back cover July Brown, B. Gratz, 152, 155, 207 issue Brown, Ben, 394-395 Birbeck, Robert, 392 Brown, Bill, 14 Birch, Anna Mae, donor, 90; 183 Brown, Charles H., 78 Birch, James, slander suit against Thomas H. Brown, Clarah, 83 Benton, 5, 7 Brown, E. P., 92-93 Bird, Greenup, 194 Brown, James, 167 Black, Mervin H., obit., 406 Brown, John, 21 Blair, Frank P., 29, back cover October issue, Brown, Lawrence Robert, 193 120, 147, 148, 207, 211, back cover April issue, Brown, Leta May, 196 315-318, 371 Browne, Warren, donor, 193 Blair, Sam C, 392 Browne, Warren, Titan vs. Taboo, The Life of Blake, Robert E., obit., 406 William Benjamin Smith, review of, 203-206 Bland, Aurora Alma, obit., 406 Browning, Orville H., 236n Bledsoe, Hiram M., activities in Civil War in Brownlee, Richard S., announces appointment, Missouri, 19, 20, 24 69-70; 80, 133; report to annual meeting, Bliss, Florence, 194 115; speeches by, 80, 83, 183, 188, 290, 296- Blue Springs (Mo.) Jackson County Democrat, 297, 389-390, 394, 395, 396, 397 ann. of, 190 Bruff, James, 355 Blythe, D., 15 Bruffett, Ealum E., 188 Bodenheim, Maxwell, 101 Brunswick, Mo., 342-343 Boder, Bartlett, arts, by, listed, 112, 314 Bryan, Don D., obit., 406 Bodmer, Karl, 119, 134 Bryan, William Jennings, 32 Bolivar, Mo., hist of, listed, 92 Bryant, E. E., donor, 193 Bond, John, 296 Bugg, James L., 397 Bonne Femme Academy, 192 Bull, John, 220, 221, 224, 225 "Books, Newspapers and Libraries in Pioneer Bullene, Thomas B., 262 St. Louis, 1808-1842," by Eleanora A. Baer, Bundschu, Henry A., art. by, listed, 215 347-360 Burbank, David T., art. by, listed, 314 Boomer, George Boardman, 299 Burbridge, John Q., 14 Boone County, single tax movement in, 50 Burch, D. S., 212 Boone, Daniel, 88, 120, 195, 198, 209; art. on, Burcham, Mrs. Paul, donor, 83 listed, 215; Missouri home of, verso back Burfordville (Mo.) covered bridge, 392 cover July issue Burfordville (Mo.) Mill, 293 Boone, Daniel, Shrine Association, 198, verso Burk, Jobelle, 81 back cover July issue Burks, Mrs. Chester L., 392 Boone, Joseph, 88 Burnes, James N., 374-375 Boone, Nathan, home of, verso back cover Burr, Aaron, 29 July issue Bush, Hilary, 81 Boonslick Historical Society, 183, 391 Bush, J. Tandy, 183 Boons Lick Advertiser, 127 Busen, Leonard John, thesis by, listed, 79 Boonville, Mo., hist, of, listed, 92; highway Bushyhead, Jesse, 167 marker by, 299 Butcher, R. E., obit., 406 Boonville (Mo.) Herald, 143 Butler, Ben C, 81 Booth, Bertha, donor, 193 Butler, Benjamin F., 153, 240, 315, 318 Booth, Edwin, 323, 325 Butler, Elizur, 158 Booth, John Wilkes, 236 Butler, Maude, 211 Bootheel Swamp Struggle, The, by Marshall Bynner, Witter, 101 Dial, review of, 106 Bothwell, John H., 132 Botner, Stanley Benton, thesis by, listed, 79 C Boulicault, Marcel J., obit., 406 Bountiful Bootheel Borning, by Jasamyn S. Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 333, 336 Garrett, review of, 103-104 Cain, Marvin R., 'Edward Bates and Hamilton Boutelle, Charles Addison, 37 R. Gamble: A Wartime Partnership," 146- Bowen, Jean, 297 155; thesis by, listed, 79 Boyd, Emily, obit., 97 Caldwell, Dorothy, 296 Index 419

Caledonia, Mo., Cherokee "Trail of Tears," Churchill, Winston, 101; art. on, listed, 214 162, 166 Civil War Battles Calhoun, John C, 221, 222, 234 — Blockade Hollow, art. on, listed, 401 Callaway County, paper on, listed, 183 — Boonville, 94 Camp Cowskin, 15 —Carthage, 17-20; 17 (illus.); map of battle­ Camp Jackson, 147, back cover April issue ground, 18 (illus.); statistics of, 19n Camp Lamar, 16 — Independence, hist, of, listed, 93 Campbell, Isaac R., collection of, 126 — Island No. 10, centennial observation of, Campbell, Mrs. Myers D., obit., 406 398; art. on, listed, 404 Campbell, William, 4 — Keetsville (Mo.) Skirmish, art. on, listed, Campbell, William J., obit., 97 401 Canaday, Dayton, 396 —Lexington, 53-58, 86, 206, 300; 55 (illus.); Canan, Howard V., 188 firing from hemp bales, 57 (illus.); painting Cannon, B. B., 161, 163 of, listed, 120; arts, on, listed, 92, 94, 196- Cape Galena (Mo.) Cemetery, 87 197; history of, listed, 90, 93 Cape Girardeau County, hist, of, listed, 293 —Lone Jack, highway marker dedication of, Cape Girardeau County Historical Society, 81; art. on, listed, 197 80, 293, 391-392 — Moore's Mill, 391 Cape Girardeau, Mo, rededication of court­ — New Madrid, Siege of, centennial observa­ house park of, 80; hist, of, listed, 92-93; 100 tion of, 398; arts, on, listed, 404, 405 Carey, Matthew, 348 —Overton's Run, 93 Carpenter, Margaret Halsey, Sara Teasdale, A —Pea Ridge, painting of, listed, 91; 106, 206; Biography, review of, 100-101 arts, on, listed, 401, 403, 404, 405 Carr, Nanon L., 195 — Pilot Knob, speech on, listed, 296-297; Carroll County Historical Society, 80, 183 R. S. Brownlee writes of, 389-390; back Carroll, William, 159 cover July issue Carson, Kit, 209, 305; art. on, listed, 404 —Wilson's Creek, 22-25, 23 (illus.); death of Carter, Billy Doyle, thesis by, listed, 79 General Lyon at, (illus.) cover October Carter County Historical Society, 183-184 issue; verso title page October issue; Carter, Dick, 20, 21 statistics of, 24n; recent historical interpre­ Carthage (Mo.) Evening Press, 85 tation of, 77; 106, 147; arts, on, listed, 96, Caruthersville, Mo., 104 112, 198, 215, 294, 314; speech on, listed, Carver, George Washington, 191-192 82 Carver, George Washington, District Associa­ Civil War in Missouri, Famous Personages of tion, 87 the, back covers, October, January, April, Carver, George Washington, National Monu­ July issues ment, 87, 191-192 Civil War Round Table of Kansas Citv, 393- Carver, Moses, 191 394 Carver, Paul, 191 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, 84, 188; Cash, J. B., 84-85 verso back cover January issue, 296, 396 Cassingham, Mr. and Mrs. Chester, 295 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 188-189; Castel, Albert, William Clarke Quantrill: His art. on, listed, 405 Life and Times, review of, 410-412 Claiborne, N. D., 369, 377, 378 Catfish and Crystal, Ernest Kirschten, review Clark, Albert M., 132 of, 105 Clark, Champ, 26 (illus.), statue of, 31 (illus.), Catlin, George, art. on, listed, 314; 345 home of, 37 (illus.); "Champ Clark, the Cattle Kings, The, by Lewis Atherton, review of, 'Leather-Bound Orator'," by Hollis L. 201-203 White, 26-39 Catton, Bruce, 393 Clark County Historical Society, 294 Cave, Nick T., obit., 198 Clark, Ernest M., Ill Caygill, H. W., art. by, listed, 314 Clark, George, 370, 377-378 Cedar Gap, Mo., single tax movement in, 47 Clark, George Rogers, 195 Centennial Re-enactment, New Madrid, Mo., Clark, "Hank," 322 by Junior Chamber of Commerce of New Clark, John B., 4, 5, 6; activities in Civil War Madrid, review of, 414 in Missouri, 16-17, 20, 22, 24 Central Female College, 61 Clark, William, collection of 126; 338, 342, 347 Central Methodist College, 398 Clarke, Dwight L., Stephen Watts Kearny, Chadeayne, Henry F., 188 Soldier of the West, review of, 210 Chamberlain, Arthur N., Ill, art. by, listed, 405 Clarkson, William, 20 "Champ Clark, The 'Leather-Bound Orator' ," Clay County, records of, listed, 195; 298 by Hollis L. White, 26-39 Clay County Museum, 295 Chapel, Charles Edward, Guns of the Old West, Clay, Daniel Henrv, collection of 126 review of, 208-209 Clay, Henry, 218, 219, 223, 224 Chariton County, thesis on schools of, listed, 79 Clay County Savings Association, 194 Charless. Joseph, 348-353, 358, 360; 349 (illus.) Clemens, Orion, 128; art. on, listed, 314 Charlevoix, Francois X., 337, 345 Clemens, Samuel L., 120, 125, 128, 301 (see also Cheavens, Henry Martyn, diary of, 12-25, 13 Mark Twain) (illus.) Cleveland, Grover, 30, 38 Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 161 (illus.), 166 Click, A. M., obit., 97 "Cherokee Emigrants in Missouri, 1837-1839, Cline, Gloria G., art. by, listed, 215 The," by B. B. Liehtfoot, 156-167, 166 Coalter, Ann, 146 (illus.) Coalter, David, 146 Cherokee Phoenix, 156, 159 Coalter, John D., 2n Chittenden, H. M., review of book on, 307-308 Coates, Kersey, 319, 321 (illus.); 322, 323 Chomeau, Mary Broderick, 394; review of book "Coates' Tales," by Janet Loring, 319-327 by, 494 Cobbs, Daniel Boone, 88 Choowalooka, 167 Cochran, Howard, 95 Chouteau, Auguste, 347, 354 Cockrell, Ewing, obit., 406 Christian Church Cockrell, Monroe F., donor, 193 —First Christian Church, Sedalia, Mo., Cockrell, Sarah Horton, book on, listed, 193 ann. of, 86 Cole County Historical Society, 184, 192, 294, Christian College, 232-233, 243 392 Christian, Newton, 21 Cole, Mrs. Lloyd, 396 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 189, 298 Cole, Nelson, 93 420 Index

Coleman, L. W., obit., 407 Danker, Donald F., Man of the Plains, Recollec­ Collier, Lee, art. bv, listed, 314 tions of Luther North, 1856-1882, review of. Collins, Randy H., 396 209-210 Colt, Samuel, 209 Dankers, Lloyd A., donor, 194 Columbia College, verso title page January Darneal, Louise, art. by, listed, 295; donor, 299 issue, 115, 137 (illus.); 136-145 Darnell, Mrs. Ward, 191 Columbia, Mo., single tax movement in, 50 Darwin, Charles, 203 Columbia Missourian, 128 Daughters of Old Westport, ann. of, 189 Columbia (Mo.) Patriot, 144, 145 Daughters of the American Revolution, Combs, Thomas S., 85 Columbian Chapter of, 192 Commons, John R., 254 David, William M., 159-160 Condordia, Mo., review of book on, 309 Davis, Jefferson, 206 Confederate Calvery West of the River, by Davis, Marv Smith, book bv, listed, 184 Stephen B. Oates, review of, 208 Davis, Tilton, 61 Confederate medical service, hist, of, 105-106 Davison, Mrs. Leslie, 392 Conger, E. J., 108 Dawes, Holmes G., obit., 199 Congregational Study Club, 82 Dawson, Mrs. C. H., 394 Connelley, W. E., art. on, listed, 215 DeArmond, Fred, 81, 297 Conners, Jeremiah, 357 Debs, Eugene V., 46 Conrad, Howard, 305 Debure, Francois, 354 Constitutional Union Partv (1860), 367-370, Decker, Peter, art. by, listed, 314 372-374, 379 Deering, John M., obit., 407 Cook, James W., 257, 258, 259, 262, 270, 271 Delassus, Charles Dehault, 354 Cook O. A., obit., 302 Delisle, Claude, 336 Cook, M. S., 81 Delisle, Guilliame, 336 Cook, Warren, art. by, listed, 314 Dell, Mrs. Snowden, 183-184 Coombs, Kenneth E., 59, 64 de Maris, Walter, 120 Corby, Joseph A., 132 Democrat Leader, (Fayette, Mo.), 183 Corder, Leon Wesley, 82; obit., 97 Democratic National Conventions (I860), Corder, Mrs. Leslie W., obit., 97 366-367 Cornelius, William, 142 Democratic Party, campaign for organized Corrigan, Edward, 396 labor, 244-254 Corriveau, Doris, 396 Denman, Clinton H., obit., 407 Cote Sans Dessein, 342 Denslow, William R., 115; donor, 402 "Countv Election," front cover April issue de Saint Denis, Juchereau, 335 (illus.') DeSmet, Pierre, verso back cover April issue, Courtois Diggins, Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 339-340, 342, 344 162 de Tonti, Henri, 333 "Courtroom Oratory of the Pioneer Period," Detwiler, Don Earl, thesis bv, listed, 79 bv Frances McCurdy, 1-11 DeVoto, Bernard, 304-306 Cox, Mrs. Raymond, 292 Dial, Marshall, 95; The Bootheel Swamp Coxe, Daniel, 334 Struggle, review of, 106; 186, 398 Coy, Rov E., 83 Didier, Pierre Joseph, 354 Coy, Russell, 275, 276 Didot, Henri, 354 Cozad, Mary, 95, 197 Diechmann, E. A., Jr., art. by, listed, 112 Crabtree, Lotta, 326 Dingley Tariff, 34 Craig, Bernice, 198 Divinia, Jack W., obit., 199 Crandall, Luzerne Westcott, 85 Dixon, Ben F., art. by, listed, 313 Crav, Dick, 396 Doane, O. Howard, 183 Crear, J., 14 Dobrer, Joseph W., 211 Creason, Joe, art. by, listed, 301 Dobson, Albert J., obit., 407 Crockett, Norman L., "The 1912 Single Tax Doctors in Gray, The Confederate Medical Serv­ Campaign in Missouri," 40-52 (see also ice, by H. H. Cunningham, review of, 105-106 Single Tax) Dodge, Grenville M., art. by, listed, 313 Crosbv, R. Evans, 279 Doherty, William T., Jr., Louis Houck, Mis­ Cross, Jasper W., 188 souri Historian and Entrepreneur, review Crume, Mrs. William, 392 of, 99-100 Cumming, Kate, Kate: The Journal of a Con­ Donaldson, L. W., donor, 402 federate Nurse, ed. by Richard Barksdale Doniphan, Alexander, 1, 304-305 Harwell, review of, 104-105 Donnelly, David Phillip, 181 Cumming, Robert, 47 Donnelly, Juanita McFadden, 179 Cunningham, H. H., Doctors in Gray, The Con­ Donnellv, Margaret Halloran, 179 federate Medical Service, review of, 105-106 Donnellv, Phil M., obit., 179-181, 199; 180 Currv, John Steuart, 399 (illus.) Curtis, Samuel B., 149, 151, 152, 155 Doohan, John J., 297 Dorsey, Harvev E., obit., 302 Douglas, Stephen A., 365-370, 373-379 D Doyle, Patricia Jansen, art. by, listed, 300 Drake, Charles D., 152, back cover January Dablon, Claude, 332 issue (illus.) Dade County Historical Society, 184 Draper, Lvman C, interviews of, 126; collec­ Daily Pennant (St. Louis), campaign for organ­ tion of, 128-129 ized labor, 250-254 Drew, John, 167 Dale, E. L., 81; honored bv Jasper Countv Drury College, verso back cover January issue Historical Society, 82; 116 (illus.), 136 DuBourg, William, 357 Dalehite, Mrs. Robert, 294 du Bourgmond, Etienne Veniard, 336, 337 Dallmeyer, Mrs. Maurice, 294 Duchesne, Philippine, 338, 357 Dalton, John M., 78, 80, 115; 116 (illus.) Dulle, G. H., manuscript on, listed, 89; house address to Society, 131-135; 136 (illus.) of, 192 188, historical marker dedication, 190-191 Dunavant, Shirley, speech by, listed, 183 391 Dunklin County, hist, of, listed, 184 Dalton, Mrs. John M., art. on, listed, 300 Dunklin County Historical Society, 184 Daniels, Mose, 167 Dunklin, Daniel. 217 (illus.), 217-229 Index 421

"Dunklin, Gov. Daniel, Jacksonian Democracy Fayette (Mo.) Democrat Leader, 183 in Missouri, 1832-1836," by James Roger Fayette, Mo., hist, of, listed, 93 Sharp, 217-229 Felker, John, home of, 186 Dunne, Peter Finley, book on, listed, 102 Felling, R. J., 187 Dunning, Brian, art. by, listed, 196 Fels, Joseph, single tax promotion of, 41-42; Durrett, Alice, obit., 302 fund of, 43n, 44; 48 Duvall, Thomas W., obit., 97 Fender, Irwin, 363 Dye, Bill, donor, 90; arts, by, listed, 95, 196- Ferguson, Mo., thesis on, listed, 79 197, 404, 405; speech by, listed, 185 Ferris, Ruth, speech by, 186; art. by, listed, 314 Fessenden, William, 238-239 Field, Eugene, 101 Field, Eugene, Collection, 117, 123-125 Eads, Mrs. David F., 188 Fishback, George W., 207 Eads, James B., 120 Fite, Gilbert C, William A. Settle, Jr., et. al., Early Midwestern Travel Narratives: An Anno­ eds., Elmer Ellis, Teacher, Scholar and tated Bibliography, by Robert R. Hubach, Administrator, review of, 101-102 review of, 106 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., collection of, 120; 134 Easley, Jess, 94 Flaherty, Harry E., obit., 97 Easley, Virginia, ed., "Journal of the Civil War Flanagan, Mrs. John C, obit., 199 in Missouri: 1861, Henry Martyn Cheav­ Fleeman, Mrs. William J., Jr., 181 ens," 12-25 Fletcher, Thomas C, 91 Eastman, Hazel, 401 Flint, Timothy, 3, 10 Eberhart, David C, and Warren R. Reid, Florida, Mo., postoffice, art. on, listed, 405 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United Florissant Valley Historical Society, 80, 184, States, Harry S. Truman, 194-5, review of, 294, 392 412-413 Folk, Joseph W., 41 Edmonds, Hamner, 187 Foltz, Mrs. Chester, 185 Edmonds, Sam, 65 Foote, Shelby, 394 Edom, Cliff, art. by, listed, 215 Foreman, Stephen, 167 Edwards, John Newman, speech on, listed, Forest City, Mo., Masons of, ann. of, 86 293; arts, on, listed, 196, 404, 405 Forrest, Edwin, 325 Ehlers, Clara, obit., 199 Forrest, James Taylor, art. by, listed, 112 Eikelmann, Kenneth Pond, thesis by, listed, 79 Fort Carondelet, 182 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 78 Fort Davidson, 389; back cover July issue Eldridge, William E., donor, 194; 295 Fort Gibson, Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 158 Elgin, Robert, 296 Fort McKay, art. on, listed, 215 Eliot, T. S., 101 Fort Orleans, 337 Elk Horn, Mo., single tax movement in, 49 Fort Osage, 191 Elliot, Aaron, 355 Fort Shelby, art. on, listed, 215 Ellis, Elmer, Teacher, Scholar and Administra­ Fort Smith, Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 161 tor, ed. by Gilbert C. Fite, William A. Settle, Forsee, Mrs. Russell, 183 Jr., et. al., review of, 101-102 Foster, B. F., Jr., 89 Ellis, Howard, 397 Foster, Emory T., 91 Elm Grove (Mo.) School, 90 Foster, Frank, Historical Memorial Museum, Elsea, Mrs. C. W., 405 89 Elsea, C. Wayne, 188 Foster, G. C, 250, 254 Ely, Ben, collection of, 126 Fowler, Joseph, 238-239 Ely, Joshua, collection of, 126 Fowler, Richard B., 269, 271 Emberson, Frances G., book by, listed, 114 Fox, Leroy G., 81 Emerson, J. A., 298 Franklin, Mo., Missouri Intelligencer, 127, 128, Episcopal Church 137, 142-144, 221 —Pleasant Hill, Calvary, hist, of, listed, 95 Frazer, Gertrude Lewis, 86 Equitable Taxation League, 41n, 42, 43, 44 Free Press (St. Louis), 360 Erdman, Loula Grace, donor, 87 Freidel, Frank, speech by, listed, 290 Ermatinger, Charles, 290 Fremont, John C, 148, 153, 185, 192; art. on, Ervin, Dwain T., 183 listed, 196; 210 Espenschied, Lloyd, art. by, listed, 314 French, Bryant Morley, art. by, listed, 112 Espenschied, Louis, art. on, listed, 314 "From Jail to History Center," by W. Howard Evangelical and Reformed Church Adams, 361-364 —Arrow Rock, 94 Fuerbringer, Alfred O., 115 Everett, Edward, 367-368, 372-374 Fuller, Delia, obit., 302 Ewing, Collins, 395 Fullerton, William, 363 Ewing, Thomas, Civil War personage, back Fulton, Mo., hist, of, listed, 93 cover July issue; 389

Gabriel, Annie, 91 Fagg, T. J. C, 373 Gaddis, Sibley B., donor, 92 Fahey, William, obit., 302 Gahan, E. J., obit., 407 Fair Play, Mo., 403 Gamber, M. P., obit., 407 Fairfield, Rodney M., 85 Gamble, Hamilton R., 2n, 8-9, 13; thesis on, Falloon, George, 45, 48, 50 listed, 79; art. on, back cover October issue Farley, Alan W., speech by, 186; art. by, (illus.); Lincoln agreement, 149; back cover listed, 314 January issue Farmer, Alice J., art. by, listed, 215 "Gamble, Hamilton R., and Edward Bates: A Farmer, Elliot, 294 Wartime Partnership," by Marvin R. Cain, Farmington, Mo, hist, of, listed, 93; Cherokee 146-155 "Trail of Tears," 162, 166 Garland, Hamlin, 41 Farragut, David Glasgow, 243, 315, 317 Garrett, Jasamyn S., Bountiful Bootheel Born- Fatout, Paul, Mark Twain on the Lecture Cir­ ing, review of, 103-104; 186 cuit, review of, 102-103 Garwood, Darrell, 272 Faulkner, William, 364 Gasconade County, early court in, 2; thesis on Favour, Alpheus H., review of book by, 305-307 history of newspapers in, listed, 79 Fawks, Larry R., 86; obit., 199 Gaul, R. W., art. by, listed, 214 422 Index

Geary, Fred, 120, 134 Griffin, Maude E., "Vinnie Ream, Portrait of a General Services Administration, 91 Sculptor," 230-243 Genius, Robert, 85 Griffith, Anna Lou, obit., 199 Genola, Lera, donor, 300 Grimes, James W., 238-239 Gentry County Historical Society, 80, 184- Grinnell, George Bird, 209 185, 392 Grinter, Mrs. John II., art. bv, listed, 81 Gentry, David, 277-278 Gross, Nell, art. by, listed, 405 Gentry, Elizabeth, 301 Grover, Leonard, 322 Gentry, Hawkins, 20, 24-25 Guess, George, 156 Gentry, Henry, art. by, listed, 214 Guihen, Pat, 211 Gentry, James, 275 Guitar, Oden, collection of, 126 Gentry, Jane Harris, 278 Gunn, Festus, obit., 407 Gentry, Mary Estes, 277-278 Guns of the Old West, bv Charles Edward Gentry, Nancy Guthrie, 278 Chapel, review of, 208-209 Gentry, Nicholas, 278 Gunter's Landing, Cherokee "Trail of Tears," Gentry, North Todd, 274, 277 158, 161 Gentry, Richard, re-burial of, 88-89, 274-279; grave of, 275, 276 (illus.) H Gentry, Sue, 93 Gentry, Thomas Benton, 194 Haas, Harold S., 81 Gentry, Thomas F., 274 Haddix, E. J., 182 Gentry, William R., Jr., donor, 88-89, 194; Hadley, Herbert S., 41, 46 "How to Rebury a Revolutionary Soldier," Hagcn, Richard, 396 274-279; art. on, listed, 301 Hailey, Sallie, 188 George, B. J., Sr., retires, 182; art. by, listed, Hale, Allean, art. bv, listed, 112 197 Hale, Donald R., 94 George, Henry, economic theory of, 40, 50 Hale, Mrs. Leslie, 190 George, Hiram Joseph, 182 Hale, Peggv A., donor, 299 Gerber, Rudolph J., "Old Woman River," Hall, Joyce C, 362-363 328-346 Hall, Thomas B., donor, 402 Geyer, Henry S., 6 (illus.), back cover October Hall, William K., verso back cover January issue; portrait of, listed, 119; 227 issue Geyer, Mrs. Henrv S., portrait of, listed, 119 Halleck, Henry W., 148-149 Gibson, Charles, 148 Hamblen, Abigail Ann, art. by, listed, 215 Gibson, Fred, 86 Hamilton, Mr. & Mrs. Henry W., donors, 89, Gilcrease, Thomas, Institute of American 402 History and Art, art. on, listed, 214 Hamilton, Ted, art. by, listed, 404 Gillioz, M. E., obit., 407 Hamilton, W. T., book by, listed, 305-306 Gillum, W. W., obit., 407 Hamlin, Hannibal, 368, 372 Gilpin, William, 246-247, 250 Hammers, Clyde C, art. by, listed, 96; 401 Giulvezan, Isabel Stebbins, art. by, listed, Hanna, Mark, 45 donor, 402 Hannis, Ov., 21 Gladback, Mrs. Fred, 392 Hansbrough, Vivian, art. by, listed, 300 Gladstone, Thomas, 196 Happy, Jesse, 295 Glasgow, Mo., sketch on, listed, 90; painting of, Hardin, Charles, speech on, listed, 292 listed, 120; ann. of, 189-190 Hardin, Ed M., 95 Goodwin, C. M., obit. 199 Harding, Alfred Dwain, thesis by, listed, 79 Goodwin, John M., 188 Harding, Earl O., 190 Gore, Mrs. Tipton (Granny), 92; "Granny Harned, Virginia, 326 Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine," bv Sherman Harney, William S., 147 Lee Pompey, 229, 273, 309, 346 Harper's Ferry, hist, of, listed, 195 Gould, Jack, 96 Harris, John Woods, 119 Gould, Jay, 100 Harris, Thomas A., 56-57 Graebner, Norman A., art. by, listed, 314 Harrison County, historical marker in, 192 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri, listed, Harrison, Lloyd, speech by, listed, 292-293 78-79 Harrison, William Henry, 253, 415 Gragg, J. Edward, obit., 407 Hart, Jim Allee, A History of the St. Louis Graham Cave, art. on, listed, 95; National Globe-Democrat, review of, 207 Historic Landmark, 191 Hart, John A., letter by, listed 91 Grand River Historical Society and Museum, Hartford, Mo., 403 81 Harvey, John R., art. by, listed, 92 Grangerford, Emmeline, art. on, listed, 214-215 Harwell, Richard Barksdale, ed., Kate: The "Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine," bv Journal of a Confederate Nurse, by Kate Sherman Lee Pompey, 229, 273, 309, 346 Cumming, review of, 104-105 Grant, Ulysses S., 95; art. on, listed, 197; back Hasemeier, Alfred, 396 cover January issue Haskell, Henry C, Jr., 269, 271 Greelv, Horace, quoted, 343 Haslag, Leonard F., "A New Look at the Green, A. P., 88, 132 Anderson House and the Civil War Battle of Greene County, public library of, verso back Lexington State Park," 59-68; speech by, cover January issue listed, 296 Greene County Historical Society, 81, 87, 104, Haswell, Richard E., speech by, listed, 291 verso back cover January issue, 294, 392 Haverkamp, Aida Virginia, donor, 191 Green, George Fuller, 115 Hawkins, Ruth, 397 Green, Mrs. J. A., 396 Hayden, Scott, 192 Green, James, 375-376, 378 Head, Henry, genealogy of, listed, 291 Green, Robert S., donor, 88; 115, 292; speech Head, John Calhoun, 291 by, listed, 391 Head, Susan Wallace, 291 Greenfield (Mo.) Vedette, 184 Healy, G. P. A., portrait by, listed, 243 Greggs, George T., Jr., 276-277 Hearnes, Warren E., 88 Gregory, Ralph, 187; art. by, listed, 195, 197, Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, art, on, listed, 314 Heart of America Genealogical Society, 297 301, 405 Heckman, Mrs. William L., obit., 199 Grey, Alice, at the Coates Opera House, 321 Heege, George F., art. by, listed, 394 Griffen, Mrs. Walter, 120 Helena, Ark., art. on, listed, 214 Index 423

Hempstead, Edward, 11 Hucker, Oscar E., obit., 97 Henderson, John B., 238-239 Hudson, Melville, 322, 324 Hendricks, Joe H., donor, 91 Hughes, Allen, 295 Henning, Dale R., art. by, listed, 314 Hughes, Reece, 8 Hennings, Thomas C, Jr., 78 Humphrey, Hubert H., 182 Henson, George N., 188 Humphrey, V. C, 392 Hermann, J. R., 47 Humphreys, Mossie, speech by, listed, 183 Hermann, Mo. Maifest, 393; art. on, listed, Hunter, Joseph, and Related Families, The, by 405 Mr. & Mrs. Stephen B. Hunter, listed, 76-77 Herzog, Joseph, 355 Hunter, Marjorie, donor, 300 Hesse, Anna, 393 Hunter, Mary Amanda Medley, 76-77 Hesse, Don, collection of, 120, 134 Hunter, Stephen B., 76 (illus.); obit., 76-77, 97; Heye, Frederic, 390 132 Heye, Louisa, 390 Hurst, Fannie, 101 Hibbard, Claude, 84, 188 Huston, Dorothy, 188 Hibbs, Lacy, 211 Hicklin, James, homestead of, 62n Hickok, Mr. & Mrs. George R., donors, 89 I Hickory County, hist, of, listed, 299 Iden, Charles, obit., 407 Hickory County Historical Society, 185, 294 "Independence and the Opening of the West," Hicks, Charles R., 157 mural by Thomas Hart Benton, 400 Hicks, Elijah, 167 Independence, Mo., 260, 361 Hicks, George, 164, 167 Independent Patriot (Jackson, Mo.), 127, 128 Hicks, John Edward, art. by, listed, 196 Indian War of 1864, The, by Capt. Eugene F. Higgins, Russel, 251-252 Ware, review of, 106 Highfill, Phillip H., Jr., art. by, listed, 214 Indians Highland Prairie Church, ann. of, 85 —Cherokee Nation vs. State of Georgia, 220 Hight, Mrs. Knox P., 185 — "Cherokee Emigrants in Missouri, 1837- Hildebrand, Peter, 167 1839, The," by B. B. Lightfoot, 156-167; Hill, Howard, 295 166 (illus.) Hill, William P., 41n, 43n —Creek, 156 Hinkle, Jacob, 349, 352 — Illinois, 333, 337 Hirsch, lone, obit., 407 — Missouri, 333, 336 Hirth, William, 49-50 —Osage, 182, 306, 337 Historic Hermann, Inc., 393 —Pawnee, 209-210 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, 397 —Plains, 119 Historical Notes and Comments, 71-106, 173- —Wisconsin, 235 210, 280-309, 380-414 Ingalls, John James, 29 Historical Publications, 99-106, 201-210, 303- Ingenthron, Elmo, 84, 187-188; art. by, listed, 309, 409-414 215 Historical Societies, news of, 80-85, 182-189, Inks, Delia, art. by, listed, 194 292-297, 391-398 Innis, George, 290 History of Jackson County (1881), listed, 393 Ireland, Tom, 192 History of the University of Missouri, by Frank Irish Good Fellowship Club, 36 F. Stephens, review of, 409-410 Isely, Mildred L., donor, 87 History of Western America, conference of, 401 Ismert, Martin E., Sr., art. by, listed, 215; Hockaday, Emily Mills, 1861 letters to, 53-58 biographical sketch and obit., 387-388 Hockaday, Issac, 1861 letters from, 53-58 Hoffman, Harry C, donor, 299 Hoffman, Maurine, art. by, listed, 94 Hogan, Mrs. A. G., donor, 88 Jaeger, Herman, art. on, listed, 406 Hogan, Albert G., obit., 97 Jaeger, Joseph, Jr., 59, 390, 391 Hogge, Henry, 188 Jackson, Andrew, 5; Indian Removal Bill, 157- Holeman, H. C, 392 167; Jacksonian Democracy in Missouri, Holland, Mrs. Frank Flynn, 181 217-229; 246 Hollenbeck, Paul, 83 Jackson, Claiborne F., activities during Civil Hollon, W. E., 397 War in Missouri, 12, 14, 16-17; 53-54, 56; Holman, Haskell, 80 art. on, listed, 94; back cover October issue, Holt County, 194 146, 147, 316 Holt, Ivan Lee, III, art. on, listed, 402 Jackson, Con, 14 Homans, S. S., 356 Jackson County Democrat (Blue Springs, Mo.), Honors and Tributes, 87, 298, 398-400 ann. of, 190 Hoover, H. Lee, 81, 82; art. by, listed, 215 Jackson County Historical Society, 81, 86, 182, Horine, Harriet, verso back cover January issue 298, 300, 393 Houck, Louis, 132, 291 Jackson County Jail, art. on, listed, 314; 361 Houck, Louis, Missouri Historian and Entre­ (illus.); restoration of, 361-364; marshall's preneur, by William T. Doherty, Jr., review office, 363 (illus.) of, 99-100 Jackson County Jail Museum, plans for, 81 Houf, Walter R., "Organized Labor in Missouri Jackson, James A., obit., 407 Politics Before the Civil War," 244-254 Jackson, Mo., Cherokee "Trail of Tears," Houser, Daniel M., 207 162n, 166 Houts, Mrs. Hale, 401 Jackson, Mo., Independent Patriot, 127, 128 Howard, Benjamin, 120 Jackson, Stonewall, 317 Howard County, paper on, listed, 183 James, Frank, 89; paper on, listed, 299; 362 Howard, Daniel, 188 James, Jesse, art. on, listed, 314 Howard, Gloria, art. by, listed, 197 Jameson, Mrs. Sally, 392 Howdeshell, C. Leo, speech by, listed, 83; art. Jasper County, hist, of, listed, 93 by, listed, 93; donor, 299 Jasper County Civil War Commemoration, Hoxie, Richard L., 243 Inc., 85 Hubach, Robert R., Early Midwestern Travel Jasper County Historical Society, 82 Narratives; An Annotated Bibliography, Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 106 review of, 106 Jefferson, Thomas, 30, 119 Hubert, Sieur, 335 Jensen, Dana O., art. by, listed, 214 "Huck Finn," front cover July issue (illus.) Jesse, Richard H., 132 424 Index

Jewell, William, 142 Kingdom of Callaway flag, art. on, listed, J. II. Dickey (steamboat), 110-111 196;391 Jinkens, Nannie, donor, 194 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 82, Johns, Orrick, 101 183, 292-293, 391 Johnson, Andrew, impeachment of, 238-242 Kinney, Joseph, 195 Johnson County Historical Society, 198, 295 Kinney, Lois, 84 Johnson, Herbert R., 391 Kinney, Michael, 94 Johnson, Herschel V., 367-368 Kirchner, Carl, 82 Johnson, lcie F., 269-270 Kirkwood Historical Review, 394 Johnson, John A., obit., 97 Kirkwood Historical Society, 394 Johnson, Kate, obit., 407 Kirkwood, Samuel J., 243 Johnson, Ralph P., 115 Kirschten, Ernest, Catfish and Crystal, review Johnson, Richmond C, 84 of, 105 Johnson, Waldo, 5 Kirtley, Sinclair, 142 Joliet, Louis, 331, 333 Knight, Mrs. John S., 394 Jollification, Mo., 301 Knight, Newell S., 84 Jones, Alvin R., arts, by, listed, 112 Knox, William, 119 Jones, A. Loy, donor, 403 Knoxville (steamboat), 161 Jones, A. W., 369 Kochtitzky, John S., 162n Jones, Edwin S., 84 Koenig, Otto, 293 Jones, Evan, 167 Koepler, W. E. E., 390 Jones, Grishington, 296 Koeppel, August, 392 Jones, G. W., 90 Konnyu, Leslie, art. by, listed, 214 Jones. J. L., obit., 302 Koontz, A. H. C, 312 Jones, Mary Jov, 396 Kortum, Mrs. R. E., 90 Jones, W. C, 371 Kramer, Walter J., art. by, listed, 215 Jones, William, 28 Kuemmel, Cornelia, 120 Joplin, Mo., art. on, listed, 215 Kuhn, Kate Ray, 93 Joplin, Scott, Memorial Foundation Committee Kurtz, Mr. and Mrs. Don, 183 of, 192 Jordan, Mrs. Lutie G., 395 "Journal of the Civil War in Missouri: 1861, Henry Martyn Cheavens," ed. by Virginia Easley, 12-25 LaBarge, Joseph, 339, 397 Judson, Frederick N., 42 "Labor, Organized, in Missouri Politics before Julian, George W., 240-241 the Civil War," by Walter R. Houf, 244-254 Jurden, Adele, obit., 199 Laclede, Pierre, 198, 347, 354 Lacroze, J. J., 355 Lafayette County, 61; court of, 295 K Lafayette County Historical Society, 82, 83, 185, 295, 394-395 Kaiser, Leo M., book by, listed, 112 LaForce, Alice H., 192 Kalin, Berkley, thesis by, listed, 79 Lamar, Mo., art. on, listed, 215 Kane, James M., Ill Lamkin, C F., 82 Kansas City, 258, 265, 266 (illus.) Lampton, "Buck," 141-142 — Coates Opera House, 319, 324 (illus); 319- Land and Labor Policy, Our, by Henry George, 327 listed, 40 —hist, of, listed, 94 Land Owners Protective Association, 48, 49 — Native Sons of, 85, 86, 296-297 Landon, G. W., 372 —Quality Hill area, speech on, listed, 85 Lane, George W., 85; donor, 90 —Society of Colonial Dames, 394 Lane, Jim, art. on, listed, 198 "Kansas City, Beginning of Park and Boule­ Lane, Joseph, 367-368 vard Movement in," by W. H. Wilson, 255- Lane, William Carr, 359 273 Langtry, Mrs. Dwight, obit., 407 Kansas City (Mo.) Journal, park campaign in, Larkin, Lew, art. by, listed, 94; review of book, 255-273 94; Vanguard of Empire, Missouri's Century Kansas City (Mo.) Star, 44; park campaign in, of Expansion, review of, 303-305 255-273; 294, 303 Larson, Sidney, "Art Gifts of Dr. Minnie Kansas City (Mo.) Times, park campaign in, Brashear Added to the Society's Collection," 255-273 289-290; illus. by, 3, 255, 256, 261, 269, 315 Kansas-Missouri Border War, 365 LaSalle, Robert Cavalier de, 332-334 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 206 Latchaw, Austin, 322, 325 Karsch, Robert F., The Government of Missouri, Lathrop, Mrs. John Hiram, 141-142 review of, 207-208 La Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de la Varennes, Kaser, David, A Directory of the St. Louis Book 337-338 and Printing Trades lo 1850, review of, 210 La very, Ray, arts, by, listed, 314, 395, 405 Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse, by Lawrence, Dr. & Mrs. John R., 94, 188, 389 Kate Cumming, ed. by Richard Barksdale Lawrence County Historical Society, 82, 185 Harwell, review of, 104-105 Lawrence, Kansas, hist, of, listed, 94 Kearny, Stephen Watts, Soldier of the West, Laws of the Territory of Louisiana, 351-352; Dwight L. Clarke, review of, 210 352 (illus.) Keemle, Charles, 353-354 Laws, Samuel S., 204 Keith, Mrs. Charles S., 394 League, William T., collection of, 128 Keller, Mrs. A. M., 188 Leak, Henderson 1L, 84 Kemp, William E., 187 Learning, Fenn A., donor, 194 Kempton, Greta, 120 Learning, R. G., 194 Kennedy, James O., obit., 199 Lebanon (Mo.) Cemetery, 94 Kennedy, Steele T., arts, by, listed, 215 Leduc, Marie Phillippe, 354 Kenton, Simon, 195 Lee, John Doyle, by Juanita Brooks, review of, Kcovvn, Richard, 183 308 Key, Andrew, 80 Lee, Robert E., 317 Keyte, James, collection of, 126 Lembcke, John H., donor, 193 King, Everett M., 395 Lembcke. Mrs. John II., 294 King-Thompson Act, 180 Lemmon, Grover, 310 Index 425

Leonard, Abiel, 9 (illus.); 88; back cover Octo­ Mahan (George A.) Memorial Mark Twain ber issue; collection of, 126 Collection, 117, 123-125 Leopold, J. J., collection of, 126 Mainville, Joseph, 356 LeRoy, Bruce, 307 Major, Bill, 15 LeSieur, Francois, 104 Major, Elliott W., 26 Lewis, Grace, art. by, listed, 112 Majors, Alexander, 393 Lewis, Joseph W., 84 Man of the Plains, Recollections of Luther North, Lewis, Meriwether, 338, 341-342, 347-349, 1856-1882, ed. by Donald F. Danker, review 351-352 of, 209-210 Lewis and Clark Expedition, marker dedicated, Mann, Cameron, 326 86 Manning, Nellie, 84, 395 "Lexington, Battle of: 1861, Letters From Manring, H. H., 392 the," 53-58 Mansur, W. H., 93 Lexington, Mo., art. on, listed, 112 Manter, F. H., 371 Lexington (Mo.) Express, 60 Mantle, Hallie, donor, 88 Liberty (Mo.) Tribune, 128 Marest, Gabriel, 334 Lightfoot, B. B., 81; "The Cherokee Emigrants Maries County Historical Society, 83, 186, 295, in Missouri, 1837-1839," 156-167 300, 395 Lightner, Mrs. C. C, donor, 300 Markland, William A., 183 Lilbourn Saddle Club, 398 Mark Twain, 107, 110; arts, on, listed, 112, Limbaugh, Rush H., 80 214-215, 314; collection of work of, 124-125; Lincoln, Abraham, speech on listed, 84; 93, 339 (see also Samuel Clemens) back cover October issue, 146-155, back Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, Paul Fatout, cover January issue, 230-243; 232 (illus.), review of, 102-103 368, 372, 379 Mark Twain State Park, 291 Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, 236 Marmaduke, M. M., collection of, 126 Lincoln County, 299 Marquette, Jacques, 331-333 Lincoln, Tad, 236 Marsh, J. B., 305 Lincoln University, thesis accepted by (1960), Marshall, Arthur, 192 78 Marshall, J. Frank, obit., 98 Lincoln, Willie, 237 Marshall, John, 158 Lindsay, Vachel, 101 Marshall, Thomas A., 53 Linn, Claude, 392 Marshall, Tom, art. by, listed, 300 Linn, Lewis F., 120 Marshall, Mo., single tax movement in, 47 Lischwe, Vincent F., 83 Martin, A. E., obit., 408 Little Bonne Femme Association, 300 Marvin College, 398 Little Red Brick School House, Inc., The, 89-90 Marvin Collegiate Institute, 398 Liverette, Lucia, 84, 395 Massey's Iron Works, Cherokee "Trail of Local Historical Societies, 80-85, 182-189, 292- Tears," 162, 166 297, 391-398 Mattingly, William R. obit., 199 Lock, Charles, 322 Mauldin, Bill, 120, 134 Locomotive and Illinois Gazette (St. Louis, Mo.), Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 119 353 May, Frank, 15 Loeb, Isidor, 43; books by, listed, 114; 120, 132 May, Warren, 83 Logan, Benjamin, 195 May, Will, 15 Logan, Coy, 84 Mayes, Jewell, 48 Logan, John A., 194 Maysville Road Bill, 224 Logan, Mrs. John A., 120 McAlhaney, Howard J., 296 Long, Edward V., 182 McAmis, Mrs. Guy, 83 Long, Frank, 310 McBride, James S., 22, 23 Longstreth, Mary, donor, 194 McCall, Edith, 84 Loring, Janet, "Coates* Tales," 319-327 McClanahan, Ezechial, 55 Loud, Eugene Francis, 35 McConnell, Ronald, donor, 91 Louisiana Gazette (St. Louis, Mo.), 358 McCord, Mae Kennedy, 186 Louisiana, Mo., subject of speech, listed, 83 McCormack, Charles G., obit., 408 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 87 McCoy, Isaac, sketch of, listed, 81; marker Lovejoy, Elijah, 141 dedicated, 86 Lowrey, J. Vernays, donor, 89 McCoy, Lucinus S., collection of, 126 Lowry, Ernest, 89 McCoy, William J., collection of, 126 Lucas, John H., obit., 199 McCue, George, arts, by, listed, 96, 198 Lutheran Church McCullagh, Joseph, 207 —ann. of, 190 McCulloch, Benjamin, 19, 22, 77, verso title —Trinity Lutheran Church (Clark's Fork), page October issue ann. of, 297 McCurdy, Frances, "Courtroom Oratory of the Lyman, Forrest S., donor, 88 Pioneer Period," 1-11 Lyman, William A., 88 McDaniel, Morey W., art. by, listed, 215 Lynch, William A., 248, 249, 253 McDavid, Mrs. F. M., obit., 98 Lyon, Nathaniel, 21, 22, 23, 24, 77, 147; death McDavid, Frank M., 98 of, verso title page October issue; front cover McDermott, John Francis, 397; ed., Research October issue (illus.) Opportunities in American Cultural History. review of, 413-414 McFarland, Walter C, obit., 408 M McGarry, Daniel, 84 McGready, William E., collection of, 126 MacDonald, Mrs. Malcolm, 183 McGuire, Philip, collection of, 126 Mack, Effie Mona, art. by, listed, 314 Mclntire, J. W., 183 MacMorris, Daniel L., 120 Mclntyre, Daniel Harrison, 14 MacNutt, J. Scott, 120 McKee, William, 207 Macon County Historical Society, 83 McKinley Tariff, 33, 34 Madden, Barbara, 93 McLane, William H., collection of, 126 Madison, James, 223 McLeese, William V., sketch by, listed, 81 Magers, M. B., 396 McLemore, J. M., 91 Mahan, Bruce E., art. by, listed, 215 McLoughlin, John, 306 Mahan, George A., 125, 132 McMillan, Robert G., obit., 199 426 Index

McMurray, William Fletcher, 125, 401 Missouri Compromise, 206 McNair, Alexander, thesis on, listed, 78 Missouri Department (Civil War), 151 McQuery, Mrs. J. H., 390 Missouri Emancipation Ordinance (1863), 151 McReynolds, Allen, 132 Missouri Farmer, single tax campaign of, 49-50 Meador, L. E., art. by, listed, 112; 215 Missouri Farmers' Association, 49n Medearis, T. W., donor, 91 Missouri Federation of Labor, 46 Meek, Joe, 306 Missouri Gazette (St. Louis, Mo.), 92, 127, 128, Melton, Emory, art. by, listed, 215 308-309 Membre, Zenobius, 331 Missouri General Assembly (1862-1863), 150 Merceille, Earl J., 391 Missouri, Graduate Theses relating to, 78-79 Mering, John Vollmer, thesis by, listed, 79 Missouri Herald (Jackson, Mo.), 127, 128 Meriwether, Mrs. Gilmer, 394 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks, Merriam, Charles, 271 107-111, 211-214, 310-313, 415-416 Methodist Church Missouri, History of, Louis Houck, listed, 99 — Bacon Chapel, Shelby County, 402 Missouri Historical Data in Magazines, 112, —collection relating to, 125 214-215, 313-314, 416 —Duncan Chapel, Shelby County, 402 Missouri Historical Review, assistant ed. —First Methodist of Sedalia, ann. of, 190, appointed, 69-70; 129-130, 131, 134 299 Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis, 84, — Fredericktown, 398 189, 297, 395; Women's Association of, 182- —hist, of, listed, 194 183 —Lowman Chapel, Shelby County, 402 Missouri Homestead Land and Loan League, 44 — Morris Chapel, Shelby County, 402 Missouri Intelligencer (Franklin, Mo.) 127, 128, —St. Louis Conference, publication of, 137, 142-144, 221 listed, 91-92 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Association, Mexico, Mo., hist, of, listed, 95 finances of, theses on, listed, 79 Mexico (Mo.) Evening Ledger, 292 Missouri League of Municipalities, 42 Meyer, Carl S., 397 Missouri Legislature (1861), 190-191 Meyer, Ellis, 294 Missouri Press Association, 127-128, 132 Meyer, George F., 188 Missouri Provisional Government (1861), 146- Michaelson, L. W., art. by, listed, 214-215 155 Michau, Jean, art. on, listed, 112 Missouri Public Expenditure Society, 88 Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 101 Missouri Republican (St. Louis, Mo.), 358 Miller, Harold, donor, 403 Missouri River, paper on, listed, 186; art. on, Miller, Jefferson L., 84 328-346; map of (cl720) 328-329; at Boon­ Miller, John C, 218 ville, 335 (illus.); confluence with Mississippi, Miller, Margaret Templeton, 140 331(illus.); snags in, 340 (illus.); Bon Homme Miller, Patrick, 140 island, 341 Miller, Roy S., obit., 199 Missouri Saturday News (St. Louis, Mo.), 353 Miller, Thomas, front cover January issue Missouri School for the Deaf, speech on, listed, (illus.), verso title page January issue, 115, 292-293 119, 136 (illus.), 136-145 Missouri "Show Me" Club of Los Angeles, 84, "Miller, Thomas," by Ruth Rollins Westfall, 189, 297, 395 136-145 Missouri Society of the Inland Empire, 85 Mills, Clark, 234-236 Missouri Society of Wichita, Kansas, 395-396 Mills, Edwin W., art. by, listed, 112; donor, 195 Missouri, southeast, book on, listed, 103-104 Mineral Belt Gun Collectors Association, 85 Missouri, state administrative reorganization Miro, Estevan, 333-334 of, thesis on, listed, 79 Mirror (St. Louis, Mo.), 44-45, 52 (Missouri) State Board of Equalization, 43, 51 Mississippi Country, art, on, listed, 193 Missouri State Guard (1861), 12 Mississippi River, confluence with Missouri Missouri State Militia (1861), 148-149, 150 River, 331 (illus.) Missouri State Park Board, preservation of Missouri historical sites, 59; publication of, 291; 390 —Cherokee Emigrants in, art. on, 156-167, (Missouri) State Tax Commission, 43, 51 166 (illus.) Missouri State Teachers Association, 137 —Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 161; 166 Missouri State Training School for Boys, 180 (illus.) Missouri, The Government of, by Robert F. —civil and human rights in, thesis on, listed, Karsch, review of, 207-208 79 Missouri Transportation System (1861), 149 —covered bridges in, arts, on, listed, 92, 404 Missouri United Daughters of the Confederacy, —1864 invasion of, art. on, listed, 214 291 —emancipation in, 150-151, 153 Missourian (St. Charles, Mo.), 127 — Famous Personages of the Civil War in, Missouri's Century of Expansion, Vanguard of back covers October, January, April, July Empire, by Lew Larkin, review of, 303-305 issues Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Abner, 194 —guerrillas in, 149, 152, 153 Mitchell, Maggie, 326 —hist, of, listed, 82 Moll, Justus R., verso back cover January issue —1912 single tax campaign in, 40-52 Monaghan, Jay, speech by, listed, 394 —organized labor in, art. on, 244-254 Monett (Mo.) Times, 44n —radical party in, back cover January issue Monnett, Howard N., art. by, listed, 214; — Radical Republicans in, 151-152, 153, 154, speech by, listed, 396 155 Monroe, Harriet, 101 —session movement in, 146-155 Montauge, Marshall, 295 —speech on, listed, 85 Montgomery County, early court in, 2 —State Capitol murals, 400 Montgomery's Point, Cherokee "Trail of —State Convention of 1861, back cover Tears," 158 October issue, 146-147, 151 Monuments and Memorials, 86, 190-192, 401 —Whig Party in, thesis on, listed, 79 Moore, Anna Lea, thesis by, listed, 79 Missouri Archeological Society, Osage Chapter, Moore, David, 107 182 Moore, James Relfe, obit., 200 Missouri Argus (St. Louis, Mo.) 128, 228; Moore, Marianne, 101 campaign for organized labor, 245-254; 248 Moore, Marvin, 293 (illus.) Moore, Samuel Preston, 106 Missouri, city managers of, thesis on, listed, 79 Morey, David H., 84 Index 427

Morgan county Cemetery, 87 Obituaries, 96-98, 198-200, 301,303, 406-409 Morris, Mize, 292 O'Bryen, Dimmitt W., obit., 302 Morseman, Anna M., art. by, listed, 404 Odom, Barbara, 94-95 Morton, Hope E., 293 O'Doniels, Katy, 65n Mosby, Reba Schinault, thesis by, listed, 79 Oechsle, Albert H., 391 Moser, Silas L., 41n, 42, 43 O'Gorman, James F., donor, 299 Mosley, Juel, obit., 200 O'Hara, Henry, obit., 98 Moss, Amanda Ann, 69 O'Hara, John Myers, 101 Moss, Henry Earl, obit., 302 Old Chruch (Preston, Mo.), hist, of, listed, 194 Moss, James E., appointment announced, 69- Old Drum, art. on, listed, 405 70; 80 Old Franklin, 342 Moss, James W., 139, 142 Old Linn Creek Cemetery, 87 Moss, Marcia M., 69; (comp.), index to Vol. "Old Woman River," by Rudolph J. Gerber, LVI, Missouri Historical Review, 417 328-346 Mott, Frank Luther, 115; American Journal­ Oldenburg, Louis, 358 ism: A History, 1690-1960, review of, 308- Oliver, Allen L., 88 309 Oliver, A. Sloan, obit., 302 Mottaz, Mabel Manes, arts, by, listed, 85, 112 Olson, Clarence E., 96 Mudd, Henry T., collection of, 126 Olson, Edna McElhiney, donor, 92; 397 Mudd, Samuel Alexander, 93 One Hundred and Twenty-Five Years, A History Mueller, Harold L., art. by, listed, 112 of St. Peter's Parish, Kirkwood, Missouri, Mullanphy, John, home of, 184 1832-1957, by Mary Broderick Chomeau, Mullenix, Hank, 211 review of, 414 Mulligan, James A., 82 O'Neill, Clarence G, obit., 408 Murdock, Frank, 321 Order No. 11, back cover July issue Murphy, George, 188 Orr, A. H., 83, 187 Murphy, Martin, 212 Orr, Sample, 373 Murphy, Sarah, 212 Orr, William, 353 Murphy, Mary Carmel, M. S. C, thesis by, Orrick, Elizabeth B., art. by, listed, 394 listed, 79 Osceola, Mo., art. on, listed, 215 Murtagh, William, 363 Owen, Larry, 185 Musick, James B., collection of, 125 Ozark Mountains, 50; hist, of, listed, 195 Myer, A., 107

N Paine, Albert Bigelow, 102 Naomi (steamboat,), 343 Painter, William R., 132 Napoleon, Louis, 261 Palmer, Bob, 96 Napton, William B., 7 Parker, Alice, obit., 200 National Museum of Transport (St. Louis.), 89 Parker, John, 21 National Park Service, 191 Parker, Ralph, 390 National-Republican Party, 218-229 Parmenter, Bertha E., 396 Nauert, Charles, address by, 290 Parrish, Mrs. J. C„ 292 Naysmith, Clifford, 85 Parrish, William E., 82; David Rice Atchison of Neil, Thomas, 189 Missouri, Border Politician, review of, 206- Nelson, William Rockhill, 132; campaign for 207 parks in Kansas City, 256-273 Parsons, Monroe M., 16-17, 22 Neosho, Mo,, 190-191; homecoming celebration Paschall, Nathaniel, 353 for T, H. Benton, 398-400 Patee House, 191 Nevins, Allan, 307, 393 Patton, Noel, obit., 200 New Madrid, Mo., hist, of, listed, 95, 305; Paxton, William McClung, collection of, 125- 103-104; art. on, listed, 301; Junior Chamber 126 of Commerce, 398; centennial re-enactment Payne-Aldrich Bill, 30 of the Siege of New Madrid and the Battle Payne, David E., 86 of Island No, 10, book on, 414 Payne, Milton Jameson, marker dedicated, New Madrid County Historical Society, 186, 86; 369 398 Payne, Moses U., collection of, 126 Newspapers, single tax campaigns of, 44-45, Peabody, Everett, 53 49; 1912 editorial cartoon in, 45 (illus.) Pearce, N. Bart, 19 Newton County, 190-191 Pearman, Robert, arts, by, listed, 94, 196, 404 Newtonia, Mo., 191 Pearson, Thelma, 191 Nichols, Fielding, 14 Perdue, Frank, 111 Nicholson, Meredith, art. on, listed, 214 Perry, Milton, 362 Nicolet, Jean, 330, 335 Pettus, Charles P., 84 Nicolett, Gus, 212 Pharis, Donald, 295 Niven, Alexander C, arts, by, listed, 313, 405 Philipson, Jacob, 355 Noack, Charles, 397 Phillips, Marjean, art. by, listed, 94 North, Frank, 209-210 Phillips, Paul C, 307 North, Luther, Man of the Plains, Recollection Pigg, Margaret, 295 of, ed. by Donald F. Danker, review of, 209- Pike County Historical Society, 83 210 Pike, Zebulon, 342 Northeast Missouri State College Historical Pinconneau, Marie Poyant, 356 Society, 396 Pinnell, George L., obit., 98 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Piper, Durrett, art. on, listed, 197 theses accepted by (1960), 78-79 Pius XII Memorial Library, verso back cover Nortoni, Albert D., 46 April issue (illus.) Notes, 87-96, 193-198, 298-301, 401-406 Pixely, Annie, at the Coates Opera House, 326 Novinger, Mo., hist, of, listed, 299 Platte Argus (Platte City, Mo.), 415-416 Platte County, cemeteries of, 186 Platte County Historical Society, 186, 396 O Poelker, Jeanne Marie, C. S. J., thesis by, listed, Oates, Stephen B., art. by, listed, 112; Con­ 79 federate Calvary West of the River, review of, Pohlman, George, collection of, 126 208 Point Lookout, booklet on, listed, 90 428 Index

Pointer, Nelson, obit., 408 Reynolds, Ethel M., donor, 91 Poirot, Gene, art. by, listed, 215 Reynolds, Thomas C., 12 Pompey, Sherman Lee, donor, 92, 299; "Granny Rice, Herbert F., arts, by, listed, 196, 404 Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine," 229, 273, 309, Rice, Jack, art. by, listed, 301; 405 346 Richardson, Mrs. L. K., obit., 302 Pony Express, speech on, listed, 83; 191, 298 Richmond (Mo.) Conservator, single tax cam­ Pope, Charles, 321 paign of, 49 Pope, John, 149 Rickey, Don, 397 Porter, Pierre, 85 Riddick, Thomas F., 355-356 Post, Louis F., 40-41 Riddleberger, Patrick, 189 Potosi (Mo.) Academy, 226 Ridge, John, 161 Potter's Wheel, The (St. Louis, Mo.), 101 Riggs, Mrs. Clay, 275 Presbyterian Church Ritchie, Marguerite Carlson, thesis by, listed, — Bon Homme, art. on, listed, 198 78 — Cumberland, 94 Rittenhouse, Jesse, 101 — Empire, ann. of, 190 Rives, B. A., activities in Civil War in Missouri, —Troy, hist, of, listed, 194 Robb, John, 353 Price, Robert Beverly, Sr., 132 Roberts, Dorothy F., art. by, listed, 215 Price, Sterling, activities in Civil War in Robinett, Frank Appleby, obit., 408 Missouri, 12-24; 54, 56, 59, 105; verso title Robinett, Golda, obit., 98 page October issue, 183, 206; back cover Robins, Ruby M. (Mrs. Fred), 84; art. bv, July issue; 389 listed, 314 Priest, John V., obit., 302 Robinson, Harry B., 84 Progress and Poverty, Henry George, listed, 40 Rockbridge (Mo.) Mill, 188 Progressive Party, 46 Rogers, A. H., art. bv, listed, 403 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United Rollins, Anthony Wayne, 140, 144 States, Harry S. Truman, 1945, directed by Rollins, Curtis B., Sr., 138n, 141n, 142n David C. Eberhart and ed. by Warren R. Rollins, James S., 10-11; 116 (illus.), 119; Reid, review of, 412-413 collection of, 126; correspondence with Pulaski County Civil War Centennial, 85, 90 Thomas Miller, 136-145; 204, 235 Pursely, James, 347 Rollins, James S., II, donor, 115-116; 116 (illus.) Q Rollins, James S., Ill, donor, 115-116; 116 Quantrill, William Clarke, His Life and Times, (illus.) by Albert Castel, review of, 410-412 Roney, Mrs. John, 295 Quiglev, Frank James, obit, 98 Roney, Ruth Bogart, art. by, listed, 404 Quilty, Ed, 311 Roosevelt, Franklin, paper on, listed, 290 R Roosevelt, James, 191-192 Rains, James S., activities in Civil War in Roosevelt, Theodore, 46, 209, 307 Missouri, 15, 16, 17, 19, 53 Rosati, Joseph, C. M., thesis on, listed, 79 Ralls, Nathaniel W., collection of, 126 Rose, Isaac, 305 Ralston, Anna, 299 Roseberry, Bertha E., obit., 408 Randall, William J., 81 Rosedale, Kansas, 260 Randolph, Vance, books by, listed, 114; collec­ Rosedale (Kansas) Boulevard Association, 262 tion of, 126 Rosin, Wilbert Henry, thesis bv, listed, 79 Rankin, Bessie Bowman, obit., 98 Ross, Edmund Gibson, 234, 239, 240, 241 Ransford, Charles O., obit., 98 Ross House (Mexico, Mo.), 391 "Ratification Speaking in Missouri in 1860," Ross, John, 159, 164 by A. L. Thurman, Jr., 365-379 Ross's Landing, Cherokee "Trail of Tears," 161 Ray County, single tax movement in, 49; hist, Rouse, Charles F., 297 of, listed, 295, 299 Rowan, W. P., obit,, 408 Ray County Historical Society, 83, 295, 299 Rozelle, Alice C, 82 Ray, E. Lansing, 207 Rozier, Mrs. George, 390 Ray, Mrs. Sam H„ art. by, listed, 404 Rueppel, Merrill, 189 Ray, S. J., collection of, 120; 134 Ruggles, James, 353 Ream, Robert L., 231, 233, 234, 240 Runyon, James H., 403 Ream, Vinnie, 119 Russell, William Hepburn, 298 "Ream, Vinnie, Portrait of a Sculptor," by Maude E. Griffin, 230-243; 230, 234 (illus.) Redbook: Dodd, Mead award, 87 Redpath, James, 195 St. Charles County, hist, of, listed, 92 Reed, Laura Coates, 320 St. Charles County Historical Society, 83, 86, Reedy, William Marion, 44-45, 52, 101 186, 296, 390, 396-397 Reeseman, Dale, 183 St. Charles, Mo., speech on, listed, 83; hist, of, Rehkop, Mary Linda, 395 listed, 296 Reichstein, Arthur, obit., 98 St. Charles (Mo.) Missourian, 127 Reid, Alfred D., Jr., art. by, listed, 314 St. Clair County, hist. of. listed, 296 Reid, Bernard J., art. on, listed, 314 St. Clair County Historical Society, 83, 296 Reid, G. W., 197 St. Francis, Sister, obit., 200 Reid, John B., 197 St. Francisville Baptist Church, 402 Reid, Warren R., and David C. Eberhart, St. James, William, 371 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United St. John, Mo., 403 States, Harry S. Truman, 1945, review of, St. Joseph Historical Society, 83, 181, 296 412-413 St. Joseph, Mo., art. on, listed, 314 Reimann, Henry W., art. by, listed, 214 St. Louis, hist, of, 105, 193; arts, on, listed, 198, Remington, Frederic, art. on, listed, 196, 214 313 Reppel, Augustus, 111 —Academy, 357 Republican (St. Louis, Mo.), campaign for —Academy of the Sacred Heart, 357 organized labor. 251-254 —Academy of the Visitation, 357 Republican Party in Missouri (1860), 367-368, — Bank of, thesis on, listed, 79 370-372, 279 — Boatman's National Bank of, verso title Research Opportunities in American Cultural page April issue History, ed. by John Francis McDermott, —City Art Museum, verso title page April review of, 413-414 issue Index 429

—College, 357 Scruton, George H., 115 — Courthouse, 246 (illus.) Sedalia (Mo.) Capital, 86 —Debating Society, 359 Sedalia (Mo.) Democrat, 86 —early courts in, 2 Selby, Paul O., donor, 90; arts, by, listed, 300 —early public schools in, 357 Self, Philip, 13 — Franklin Circulating Library, 358 Self, Sallie Ann, 13 —Jefferson Barracks Military Cemetery, 276 Sequoyah, Indian chief, 243 (illus.) Settle, Wm. A., Jr., Gilbert C. Fite, et. al., eds. —Law Library, founding of, 357-358 of Elmer Ellis, Teacher, Scholar and Adminis­ —Library Association, 360 trator, review of, 101-102 —Lyceum, 360 Seward, William, 365-367 — Mercantile Library, 360 Sexton, Winton, 196 — National Museum of Transport, 89 Shakespeare, William, 27 —organized labor in, 244-254 Shannon, James, 118, 119, 142 —police commissioners (1861), 148 Sharp, James Roger, "Gov. Daniel Dunklin's — Post Meridian Reading Room, 358 Jacksonian Democracy in Missouri, 1832- — Public Library, 357 1836," 217-229 — Reading Room, 358 Shelby County Methodist Churches, 402 —Washington Hall, 358 Shelby, Joseph O., arts, on, listed, 196, 314; 208, St. Louis Beacon, 223 back covers April and July issues St. Louis Book and Printing Trades to 1850, Shelbyville, Mo., hist, of, listed, 96 A Directory of the, by David Kaser, review of, Shelley, George, 263 210 Shelton, A. B., donor, 403 St. Louis County, political parties of, thesis on, Shepard, Clyde, obit., 302 listed, 79 Shepard, Edward Martin, Memorial Room, 87; St. Louis Daily Pennant, campaign for organ­ verso back cover January issue (illus.) ized labor, 250-254 Shepard, Isabel, 81, 185, verso back cover Janu­ St. Louis Enquirer, 127, 358 ary issue St. Louis Free Press, 360 Sheppard, Margaret, 89 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, A History of the, by Sheridan, Philip, speech on, listed, 188; 315-317 Jim Allee Hart, review of, 207 Sherman Act, 33 St. Louis, Greater, Historical Assoc, of, 84, 189 Sherman, William T., 149, 315 St. Louis Louisiana Gazette, 358 Shields, Charles H., 50 St. Louis Mirror, 44-45, 52, 101 Shockley, Dr. & Mrs. J. Millard, 83, 295 St. Louis Missouri Advocate, 358 Shoemaker, Floyd C, books by, listed, 114; St. Louis Missouri Gazette, 92, 127, 128, 308-309, 120, 133, 184, 185, 292 349-353; Prospectus, 350 (illus.); 415 Short Summer, The, by Loula Grace Erdman, St. Louis Missouri Republican, 358 listed, 87 St. Louis Observer, 141 Shrake, William J., obit., 408 St. Louis University, opening of, early library Shumaker, Howard, 83, 186 of, 357; theses accepted by (1960), 79 Shumaker, Robert, 295 St. Louis Westeners, 397-398 Sickles, Daniel, 239, 240 St. Peter's Parish, Kirkwood, Mo., review of Sigel, Franz, at Battle of Carthage, 17 (illus.); book on, 414 19 22 Saline County, hist, of, listed, 94-95; art. on, Silvers, E. B., 48, 49, 50 listed, 404 Silvestro, Clement M., 297 Saline County Historical Society, 82, 83, 187, Simpson, Jerry, 31 197 Simpson, Noah W., obit., 408 Saluda (Steamboat), 341, 342 (illus.); art. on, Single Tax, first meeting of proponents of, listed, 404 40-41; Equitable Taxation League of, 41n,42, Sampson, Francis A., collection of, 122-125 43, 44; Missouri League of Muncipalities, 43; Sandburg, Carl, 101 Missouri Homestead Land and Loan League, Sanders, Walter Frederick, obit., 408 44; Anti-Poverty Society, 44; Anti-Single Sanford, Frank, 198 Tax Assoc, 45, 48, 50; campaign in rural Sanford, Robert K., 399 communities, 47-50; Land Protective Assoc, Santa Fe Trail, thesis on, listed, 79; 304 48,49 Sappho, Greek poetess, 243 "Single Tax Campaign in Missouri, 1912, The," Sappington, Dot, obit., 408 by Norman L. Crockett, 40-52 Sappington, John, collection of, 126; art. on, Single Tax League, American, formation of, 41 listed, 405 Single Tax Party, formation of, 42 Sartain, John, verso title page April issue Skaggs, Mrs. W. L., 393 Sasse, Alvin, art. by, listed, 214 Slack, William Y., activities in Civil War in Saugrain, Antoine Francois, 354 Missouri, 15, 17, 20, 22 Saults, Dan, speeches by, listed, 293, 396 Slate, Jo, 14 Savannah, Mo., Single Tax Movement in, 47 Slater, Mo., single tax movement in, 47 Sawyer, James, 356 Slusher Community, art. on, listed, 402 Scarbrough, Joshua, 299 Smart, W. T., obit., 302 Schaffner, Charles E., obit., 98 Smith, Alfred F., obit., 408 Schermerhorn, John F., 159-160 Smith, B. Higgins, obit., 200 Schlesinger, Arthur, Sr., 217 Smith, Elbert B.. "Worthy of the Steel of Our Schmelder, William J., art. by, listed, 214 Best," 315-318 Schneider, Carl, 189 Smith, Eunice J., art. by, listed, 81 Schofield, John M., 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155 Smith, Forrest, 188; biographical sketch and Schomburg, Don S., 188 obit., 386-387 Schooler, Ray, art. by, listed, 112 Smith, Gene, 93 Schooling, Sam, 395 Smith, George, Civil War letter by, listed, 91 Schwab, Stephen, 84 Smith, George R., collection of, 126 Schwartz, Mrs. Charles E., 294 Smith, Harold F., art. by, listed, 112 Schwartz, Mrs. J. B., 396 Smith, Jedediah, art. on, listed, 215; 305 Scott, Dred, back cover October issue Smith, Lewis, 186 Scott, E. C, obit., 200 Smith, Martin V., art. on, listed, 112 Scott, Mrs. L. A., 292 Smith, R. Jasper, obit., 408 Scott, Roy V., art. by, listed, 313 Smith, Steele, 296 Scott, Winfield, 163-164 Smith, Thomas A., collection of, 126 430 Index

Smith, William Benjamin, Titan vs. Taboo, The Life of, by Warren Browne, review of, 203-206 Snell, Henry, 144-145 Taft, William H., 196 Snyder, Bryan, Jr., donor, 91 Taille de Noyer, 80, 294 Social Security Administration, Federal, 180 Talbott, Henry, 190 Socialist Party, 46 Tate, James H., discussion of, listed, 82 Sone, Guy M., donor, 89; art. by, listed, 196; Tate, Samuel, 88 392 "Tax, Single, 1912 Campaign in Missouri," South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 217- by Norman L. Crockett (see Single Tax), 229 40-52 Southeast Missouri Normal School, 100 Tayloe, Marjorie Zaerr, 189 Southern, William N., 132 Taylor, Mary Lou, thesis bv, listed, 79 Spalding, Josiah, 360 Taylor, Richard, 167 Speaker, Medford, 81 Taylor, Zachary, 278 Spence, Dick, 17 Teasdale, Sara, A Biography, by Margaret Spencer, Emmett, obit. 98 Haley Carpenter, review of, 100-101 Spies, Daniel H., "State Historical Society of Teller, Henrv Moore, book on, listed, 102 Missouri Annual Meeting and Dedication of Terrell, J. W, 111 New Quarters," 115-130; art. by, listed, 404 Terrv, Dickson, art. bv, listed, 405 "Spinning Wheel, The A. B. C's of the," by Thatcher, T. Dwight, 321 Joseph E. Vollmar, Jr., 168-172 Thiele, G. A., 189 Spradling, Albert M., 391 Thilenius, Mrs. Arthur W., 293, 391-392 Spreen, J. Orville, 397 Thorn, John H., donor, 300 Springfield, Mo., early court in, 2; hist, of, Thomas, John R., 279 listed, 96, 104; Cherokee "Trail of Tears," Thoming, Mrs. Clara, art. bv, listed, 301 16(5; art. on, listed, 215; public library of, Thompson, Henry C, 93, 119-120, 195 verso back cover January issue Thompson, M. Jeff, 106 Springfield (Mo.) Public Library, Shepard Thurman, A. L., Jr., "Ratification Speaking Memorial Room of, 87, verso back cover In Missouri In 1860," 365-379 January issue Tibbe, Anton A., donor, 195 Standlee, Dorothy, 84 Tietjens, Eunice, 101 Stange, George Stanislaus, 321 Timmerhoff, Florence, 395 Stanton, Edwin M., 238 Titan vs. Taboo, The Life of William Benjamin Stark, John, publisher, 192 Smith, by Warren Browne, review of, 203-206 Starlin, Harold E., donor, 403 Titus, Warren I., art. by, listed, 214 State Historical Society of Missouri, annual Todd, James, 115 meeting of, 115-130; art. on, listed, 198; Toney, J. B., 110 dedication of new quarters, 115-130; election Tong, Marvin, verso back cover January issue of trustees, 115; Governor Dalton's address Topping, Frank, obit., 303 to, 131-135; illustrations of new quarters, Townsend, G. S., 162-163 117-124, 127; members active in increasing Translator, 353 membership, 71-72, 173-174, 280-283, 380- Transylvania University, 141, 142 381; new members, 72-76, 175-179, 283-288, Troth, Francis M., 90-91 381-385; publications of, 114, 129-130, 216; Trowbridge, Prentiss S., obit., 409 subscription to, 113; total members of, 72, Troy (Mo.) Free Press, 85 175, 283, 382 Trudeau, Jean Baptiste, 348, 356 Staton, Edward, historical essay contest, 80 Truitt, Cyrus R., donor, 299 Stauffer, F. S., art. by, listed, 215 Truman, Harry S., 81; portrait of family, listed, Stemmler, George L., Jr., 189 120; 362, 398 Stephens, E. W., 132 Truman, Harry S., 1945, Public Papers of the Stephens, Frank F., 390-391; A History of the Presidents of the United States, review of, University of Missouri, review of, 409-410 412-413 Stephens, Lon V., 132 Truman, Harry S., Library, description of, Stern, Edgar J., obit., 200 verso back cover October issue (illus.); art. Stevens, Thaddeus, 242 on, listed, 313 Stevens, Walter B., 132 Truman, Harry S., Library, Institute for Stevenson, B. H., obit., 303 National and International Affairs, verso Stewart, Francis B., 297 back cover October issue Stewart, Joy, 297 Truman, Ralph E., obit., 409 Stewart, Samuel Smith, art. by, listed, 314 Trumbull, Lyman, 235, 238-239 Stiegemeier, Rvne, 83, 296, 397 Tucker, Isadore, 15 Stigall, Mrs. L. E., obit., 408 Tucker, James St. G., 183 Stockstill, Mrs. Leo., 396 Tucker, Mrs. J. Roy, 82 Stone, Jack, 15, 19 Tucker, O. H., 393 Storckman, Mrs. Clem, 294 Tucker, William C, 115 Stout, V. Ellis, 92 Tyree, Maude Duncan, donor, 402 Stover, John H., 313 Strode, W., 14 U Sublette, Milton, art. on, listed, 214 Summers, Dale P., obit., 98 Udall, Stewart L., 191 Sumner, E. V., 152 Ulibarri, George S., art. by, listed, 215 Swanson, Henry, directs Arrow Rock Lyceum, United Daughters of the Confederacy, St. Louis Chapters, 397 94, 389 United States Census of Population: 1960, Swearingen, Bryant, 211 Missouri, 193 Swearingen, Martha, art. by, listed, 404 United States, Second Bank of the, 1832 issue Sylvester, Charles Fred, 289 of, 217-220 Sylvester, Florence I. Gerry, 289 University of Missouri, educational television Sylvester, Frederick Oakes 289-290; paintings of, thesis on, listed, 79; theses accepted by (1960), 79; art. on listed, 94; history confer­ by, 289 (illus.) ence of, 290-291; library, 390-391; A History Sylvester, Mary Louise, 289 of the University of Missouri, by Frank F. Symington, Stuart, 78 Stephens, review of, 409-410 Index 431

Upton, Lucile Morris, arts, by, listed, 96, 198; Western Mirror and Ladies' Literary Gazette collection of Ozark poetry, verso back cover (St. Louis, Mo.), 353 January issue Westfall, Ruth Rollins, donor, 115; 136 (illus.), "Thomas Miller," 136-145; verso title page January issue Westminster College, subj. of speech, listed, 82 Van Buren, Martin, 415 Weston Historical Museum, 187 Vanguard of Empire, Missouri's Century of Weston, Mo., painting of, listed, 120 Expansion, by Lew Larkin, review of, 303-305 Westport Historical Society, 187 Van Hafften, Madeleine Aull, art. by, listed, 215 Wetmore, Alphonse, 353 Van Horn, Robert Thompson, art. on, listed, Whalen, Ronnie, 83 215; 377 Wheeler, Barbary A., 91 van Ravenswaay, Charles, 86, 188, 297, 314, Wheelock, John Hall, 101 363, 395 Whig Party, thesis on, listed, 79; 218-229; Van Trump, James D., art. by, listed, 314 campaign for organized labor, 244-254 Van Winkle, Peter, 238-239 Whitaker, Robert O., donor, 91 Vaughn, Isaac Pleasants, sketch on, listed, 90 White, Allen C, donor, 91 Versailles, Mo., hist, of, listed, 96 White, Bob, 108 Vest, George Graham, 29; art. on, listed 405 White, Hollis L., "Champ Clark, the 'Leather- Vienna, Mo., hist, of, listed, 300 Bound Orator'," 26-39 Viles, Jonas, 132 White, James Madison, 195 Virginia Resolution of 1798, 223 White River, speech on, listed, 84 Vivier, Louis, 344 White River Valley Historical Society, 84, Voelker, Frederic E., 397 187-188, 297 Vogel, Mrs. Carl, 89 White, Robert M., Sr., 132 Vogt, George, 392 White, Thomas H., Ill Voigt, Harry R., Concordia, Missouri, A Cen­ Whiteley, R. H. K., 164 tennial History, review of, 309; 395 Whitman, Walt, 345 Vokes, Rosina, 326 Whitney, Carrie Westlake, 272 Vollmar, Joseph E., Jr., "The A. B. C.'s of the Whitney, Isabel Lydia, obit., 409 Spinning Wheel," 168-172 Wilde, Oscar, 107 Von Humboldt, Alexander, 119 Wilkinson, James, 348 Vorhis, Henry, 4-5 Wilkinson, Mrs. O. W., art. by listed, 314 William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times, by Albert Castel, review of, 410-412 W Williams, James, early Missouri settler, 1 Wade, Benjamin ¥., 238 Williams, James H., 84 Wade, Richard, address by, listed, 291 Williams, Mrs. John A., 184 Wagner, B. A., 393 Williams, Madeira Hall, thesis by, listed, 79 Waldo, David, 2 Williams, Old Bill, art. on, listed, 404 Walker, John Hardeman, 103 Williams, Old Bill, Mountain Man, by Alpheus Walker, John R., obit., 98 H, Favour, review of, 305-307 Walker, Lee, obit., 303 Williams, Sara Lockwood, obit., 98 Wallace, John R., 395 Williams, T. Harry, speech by, 394 Wallenstein, Marcel, 94 Williams, Walter, 98; collection of, 126; 132, 184 Walley, Dean, 93 Williamson, Hugh P., speech by, 82; art, by, Walnut Grove School, art. on, listed, 96 listed, 112; 183 Walther, C. F. W., 190; art. on, listed, 214 Williamson, J. C„ obit., 303 Waltke, James J„ 188 Williamson, Merle Bryan, obit., 200 Ward, A. Sterling, 194 Wilmes, Herb, 392 Ware, Eugene F., The Indian War of 1864, Wilson, Gus, 211 review of, 106 Wilson, Hunt P., 91 Washington College (Washington & Jefferson), Wilson, John, 374 140 Wilson, Joseph A., 197 Washington, George, 196, 234-235, 301 Wilson, Robert, 373-374 Washington, Marian Wallace, 196, 301 Wilson, W. H., "Beginning of the Park and Washington, Martha, Society of, 233 Boulevard Movement in Frontier Kansas Washington, Mo., hist, of, listed, 96, 195 City, 1872-1882," 255-273 Washington Museum Society, 187 Wilson, Woodrow, 31, 40-41 Washington, Thornton Augustin, 196, 301 Wilson's Creek National Park, art. on, listed, Washington University, theses accepted by 95 (1960), 79 Wilt, Christian, 355 Watkins Mill, art. on, listed, 404 Winchell, J., 196 Watkins Mill Association, 298 Windham, William T., art. by, listed, 112 Watkins, Webb, obit., 303 Winkelmeyer, Mrs. E. J., donor, 89 Watters, T. Ballard, 115 Winn, Mrs. N. E., obit., 409 Waverly, Mo., hist, of, listed, 82 Wisdom, Ralph E., donor, 90 Wayland, Jeremiah, 402 Witt, Karl E., obit., 409 Weber, Nettie O., art. on, listed, 214 Wolf, Ann, art. by, listed, 112 Weber, Randolph H., obit., 409 Wolff, Kate, 185 Weber's Mill, 87 Wolff, Theodore H., 91-92, 194 Webster, Daniel, 29, 219 Wolleman, Mrs. Leo, 395 Webster, Richard M., 85 Wood, Grant, 399 Webster, Sheridan, 49 Wood, Sue Ann, 89; art. by, listed, 95 Weldon, Mrs. William H., 294 Wood, W. Raymond, art. by, listed, 314 Wells, Eugene T., art. by, listed, 214 Woodson, G. W., 24 Wells, Harve, 211 Woodson, Warren, 192 Wells, Robert, 219-220, 224, 225 Woodward, W. I. I., 166n Welch, S. G., 295 Woodworth, Phillip J., donor, 195 Welsh, Donald H., resignation of, 69-70; 84 Wool, John Ellis, 160-161 West, Dan E., obit., 200 Wootton, Dick, book on, listed, 305 Western College (LaBelle, Mo.), thesis on, Worcester, Samuel A., 158-159 listed, 79 "Worthy of the Steel of Our Best," bv Elbert B. Western Examiner (St. Louis, Mo.), 353 Smith, 315-318 432 Index

Wright, Donald T., collection of, 189 Yeater, Mrs. Lena, 392 Wright, Mrs. H. E., obit., 200 Yoacham, Daniel, paper on, listed, 298 Wright, Purd B., 125 Young, Bennett, 88 Wright, Thomas, 398 Young, Garner, 92 Wright, Uriel, 8-9, 11 Young, Gary, 80 Wylie, Andrew, 140 Young, Robert E., 87 Yost, Casper, 207

Yancey, William L., 366 Yancy, Charles, 2n, 3-4, 10 Yarnell, Ilene Sims, donor, 87; art. by, listed, Zagonyi, Charles, 185, 196 96 Zuerl, Don, 183 Years of the Locust, The, by Loula Grace Erd­ Zwick, Galius L., obit., 181 (illus.), 200 man, listed, 87 Zwick, Helen Elizabeth Cook, 181 ^Missouri Historical Review

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE JAMES E. MOSS Editor Assistant Editor

*<$$M$&* m

^Volume LVI October 1961-July 1962

Published by The State Historical Society of ^Missouri Columbia, ^Missouri 1962 CONTRIBUTORS

ADAMS, W. HOWARD, farmer and lawyer, Blue Springs, Missouri. BAER, ELEANORA A., librarian at Clayton High School, Clayton, Missouri. BROWNLEE, RICHARD S., director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. CAIN, MARVIN R., assistant professor of history and curator of history in the Museum at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. CROCKETT, NORMAN, graduate assistant at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. DALTON, JOHN M., Governor of the State of Missouri, Jefferson City, Missouri. EASLEY, VIRGINIA, Woodrow Wilson Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, California. GENTRY, WILLIAM R., JR., St. Louis, Missouri. GERBER, RUDOLPH J., graduate student at St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. GRIFFIN, MAUDE E., free-lance writer, Los Angeles, California. HASLAG, LEONARD F., historian interpretive for the Missouri State Park Board, Jefferson City, Missouri. HOUF, WALTER R., instructor in social science at Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa. LIGHTFOOT, B. B., associate professor of history at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri. LORING, JANET, assistant professor of speech at Fresno State College, Fresno, California. MCCURDY, FRANCES, assistant professor of speech at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. SHARP, JAMES ROGER, teaching assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, California. SMITH, ELBERT B., associate professor of history at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. SPIES, DANIEL H., research associate of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. THURMAN, A. L., JR., administrative assistant in the Department of American Thought and Language at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. VOLLMAR, JOSEPH E., JR., president of Vollmar Brothers Construction Company, St. Louis, Missouri.

WESTFALL, RUTH ROLLINS, Columbia, Missouri. WHITE, HOLLIS L., assistant professor of speech at Queens College, Flushing, New York. WILSON, WILLIAM H., research associate for the History of Kansas City Research Project, Kansas City, Missouri. CONTENTS Page

A B C's OF THE SPINNING WHEEL. By Joseph E. Vollmar, Jr 168

ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE EDITOR. By Richard S. Brownlee 69

BEGINNING OF THE PARK AND BOULEVARD MOVEXMENT IN FRONTIER KANSAS CITY, 1872-1882. By William H. Wilson 255

BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND LIBRARIES IN PIONEER ST. LOUIS, 1808-1842. By Eleanor a A. Baer 347

CHAMP CLARK, THE "LEATHER-BOUND ORATOR." By Hollis L. White 26

CHARLES D. DRAKE back cover, January issue

CHEROKEE EMIGRANTS IN MISSOURI, 1837-1839. By B. B. Lightfoot 156

COATES' TALES. By Janet Loring 319

COURTROOM ORATORY OF THE PIONEER PERIOD. By Frances McCurdy 1

DANIEL BOONE HOME Verso back cover, July issue

EDWARD BATES AND HAMILTON R. GAMBLE: A WARTIME PARTNERSHIP.

By Marvin R. Cain 146

FROM JAIL TO HISTORY CENTER. By W. Howard Adams 361

GOVERNOR DANIEL DUNKLIN'S JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN MISSOURI, 1832-1836. By James Roger Sharp 217 GOVERNOR JOHN M. D ALTON'S ADDRESS TO THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI 131 HAMILTON R. GAMBLE Back cover, October issue

HARRY S. TRUMAN LIBRARY Verso back cover, October issue

How TO REBURY A REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIER. By William R. Gentry, Jr.. . .274

JOSEPH O. SHELBY Back cover, April issue

JOURNAL OF THE CIVIL WAR IN MISSOURI: 1861, HENRY MARTYN CHEAVENS. Edited by Virginia Easley 12

LETTERS FROM THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON: 1861 53

NEW LOOK AT THE ANDERSON HOUSE AND THE CIVIL WAR BATTLE OF

LEXINGTON STATE PARK. By Leonard F. Haslag 59

1912 SINGLE TAX CAMPAIGN IN MISSOURI. By Norman L. Crockett 40

OLD WOMAN RIVER. By Rudolph J. Gerber 328

ORGANIZED LABOR IN MISSOURI POLITICS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR.

By Walter R. Houf 244 PIUS XII MEMORIAL LIBRARY Verso back cover, April issue

RATIFICATION SPEAKING IN MISSOURI IN 1860. By A. L. Thurman, Jr 365 CONTENTS-Continued Page

SHEPARD MEMORIAL ROOM Verso back cover, January issue

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, ANNUAL MEETING AND DEDICATION OF NEW QUARTERS. By Daniel II. Spies 115

THOMAS EWING Back cover, July issue THOMAS MILLER. By Ruth Rollins Westfall 136

VINNIE REAM: PORTRAIT OF A SCULPTOR. By Maude E. Griffin 230

WORTHY OF THE STEEL OF OUR BEST. By Elbert B. Smith 315 THE DANIEL BOONE HOME Low on a hillside facing the beautiful Femme Osage valley, 35 miles west of St. Louis near Defiance, stands the stately stone mansion, vine-covered, time-mellowed and sheltered by sentinel-like elms, where Daniel Boone, the famous frontiersman, spent the last quarter of his life, and where he died in 1820. In 1799, after having lost his Kentucky lands because of legal technicalities, Boone accepted a Spanish land grant and brought his family and about 50 settlers to what is now St. Charles County. Because of his advanced age Boone did not build a home of his own, but aided his youngest son Nathan when, in 1803, he began construc­ tion of the Georgian-styled house overlooking the valley that Daniel had named. When the house was completed in 1810 two rooms on the west side of the main floor were set aside for Daniel and his wife, Rebecca. Designed along the lines of Daniel's boyhood home in Pennsylvania, the 30 inch walls of the dwelling were made of native blue limestone quarried on the premises. The walnut beams, revealing the marks of the broad axe, were held in place by hand­ made pegs and wedges. Both the walnut door and window frames were hand-carved, and Daniel himself is reported to have done the beautiful but simple carving on the five walnut mantelpieces. A short distance from the house is a spring shaded by a large American elm called the Judgment Tree, beneath which, according to tradition, Daniel, as Spanish syndic of the Femme Osage district, held court during favorable weather. In 1956 the Daniel Boone Shrine Association was formed to preserve the noted pioneer's last home and its 509 acres. Opened to the public in 1958 under the auspices of the Association, the home attracted over 20,000 visitors in 1961. Girls in early 19th century costumes conduct tours of the home pointing out the period furnishings, the folding rocking chair which belonged to a grand­ daughter of Daniel, a churn owned by the Boone family, and a wardrobe and sideboard made for Daniel from his "favorite walnut tree." A museum contains a grist mill formerly belonging to a nephew of Daniel, stone and wood working tools similar to those used in the construction of the house, a hand-made loom, and other articles reminiscent of the Boone era. FAMOUS

PERSONAGES OF

THE CIVIL WAR

IN MISSOURI

Thomas Ewing Thomas Ewing, a member of a prominent Ohio political family, had been a leading pro-Union lawyer and politician in Kansas before the Civil War. The outbreak of the War found him enrolled in Jay- hawker Jim Lane's Frontier Guard, but by 1863 he held a brigadier general's rank in the Union army and commanded the troublesome guerrilla-ridden District of the Border in western Missouri. Beginning his military career as a moderate, standing between radical Jim Lane and conservative General John Schofield, Ewing grew distressed with conditions in his "hornets' nest of a district." When Quantrill and his guerrillas sacked Lawrence in August, 1863, he responded by imposing drastic Order No. 11 upon the civilian population—a move which was to haunt him in his political aspira­ tions after the war. Order No. 11 depopulated large portions of four western Missouri border counties, Quantrill's base of operation, and made Ewing the most hated-Union officer in Missouri. Missouri artist George C Bingham, a Union officer and sympathizer, dram­ atized Order No. 11 in what has become Missouri's most historic painting, and added to Ewing's infamy. Nearly a year later Ewing engaged in a military operation which was to bring more honor to his name than did his actions in dealing with the guerrillas. On September 26, 1864, he assumed command of about 800 troops at Pilot Knob, 90 miles south of St. Louis. Ordered to meet Confederate General Sterling Price's army of 12,000 men but not to risk battle against overwhelming numbers, Ewing entrenched his small force in the hexagonal earthwork called Fort Davidson and "resolved to stand fast and take the chances." His small force withstood a ferocious frontal assault, killing and wounding over 1000 of Price's men in the 20 minute engagement. Knowing he could not repell another attack, Ewing slipped out of the fort under cover of darkness and rode hurriedly northward. At Caladonia, General Jo Shelby cut off his retreat to St. Louis. Fighting a brilliant rear-guard action, Ewing made his way to Rolla. Ewing proved himself a brave and capable leader, and, most impor­ tantly, he had severely punished the Confederate invasion. The end of the war brought the end of Ewing's residence in Missouri. He returned to Ohio where his father's name cast political magic, but he could never escape the onus of Order No. 11. Although he gained election to Congress from Ohio, he failed in a gubernatorial campaign and in his ambition to be U. S. Senator. He died in New York City in 1896 after being struck by a cable car.