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The Freeman 1978 Freemanthe VOL. 28, NO. 11 • NOVEMBER 1978 Perspectives on Hunger in the World John A. Sparks 643 The history of famine and its causes, and how to combat them. The Social Responsibility of Business Brian Summers 652 Business profit comes from the efficient use of scarce resources to best serve consumers. Those Mayflower Ecologists Ralph Bradford 654 A satirical approach to some ancient and recurring problems. Do You Believe in Freedom? Sharon B. Mulwitz 659 Each must extend and defend for others the freedom claimed for himself. World In the Grip of an Idea 23. The Cold War: Revolutionary vs. Evolutionary Socialism Clarence B. Carson 661 The distinction between principled and tactical opposition to communism. Labor In a Free Society Timothy Eshleman 674 How the free market serves the laborer and those who want his ser- vices. The Rise and Decline of a Welfare State Sven Rydenfelt 677 This report from Sweden explains that we are suffocating for lack of freedom. Book Reviews: 685 "The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to Radical Capitalism" by David Friedman. A Literature of Freedom 688 Brief reviews of books listed for sale by FEE. Anyone wishing to communicate with authors may send first-class mail in care of THE FREEMAN for forwarding. tt1e E~L~~N~~~N I A LIBERTY FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. 10533 Tel: (914) 591-7230 Leonard E. Read, President Managing Editor: Paul L. Poirot Production Editor: Beth A. Hoffman Contributing Editors: Robert G. Anderson Bettina Bien Greaves Edmund A. Opitz (Book Reviews) Brian Summers THE FREEMAN is published monthly by the Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., a non­ political, nonprofit, educational champion of pri­ vate property, the free market, the profit and loss system, and limited government. The costs of Foundation projects and services are met through donations. Total expenses aver­ age $18.00 a year per person on the mailing list. Donations are invited in any amount. THE FREEMAN is available to any interested person in the United States for the asking. For foreign delivery, a donation is required sufficient to cover direct mailing cost of $5.00 a year. Copyright, 1978. The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Additional copies, postpaid: 3 for $1.00; 10 or more, 25 cents each. THE FREEMAN is available on microfilm from University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. Some articles available as reprints at cost; state quantity desired. Permission granted to reprint any article from this issue, with appropriate credit except "World in the Grip of an Idea." John A. Sparks THE ATMOSPHERE in which problems Famine, the severe shortage of of world hunger are discussed today food in a wide geographic area, has is charged with emotion. Formerly been the rule rather than the excep­ there were those who quite properly tion throughout most of history. Bib­ called our attention to hunger in the lical accounts frequently mention world and advocated voluntary famine. A vast famine sent Abra­ Christian charity as a response. But, ham and then Joseph's family to increasingly, there is a harsher Egypt. Famine sets the stage for sound to the ((hunger rhetoric." much of the book of Ruth; famine Some large and influential groups, occurs during King David's reign. for instance, are advocating the cre­ There are at least a doze~ other ation ofa new ((right to food." Others references in the Bible to famine. disdain talk of rights but they do In more recent periods, observers make accusations ascribing ((world report that there were ten famines in hunger" to the existence of an what we call Europe during the 10th Haffluent West." What causes century and twenty-six famines in hunger in the world? Are matters the 11th century.! In the 13th cen­ getting worse today or better? What tury famine occurred in England should be our perspectives on and Ireland at the beginning of the hunger in the world? era (1203) and again in England only six years later (1209). During Dr. Sparks Is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Institute on Public Policy and Private the English famine of 1239, there Enterprise at Grove City College In Pennsylvania. were reports· of people eating their 643 644 THE FREEMAN November children. Other serious famines dur­ is no longer a problem. Yet food ing the 13th century were reported disasters continue to occur in other in Germany (1243), Sicily (1268), parts of the globe. Why was famine Poland (1281) and Scotland (1297).2 so prevalent in past centuries and An analysis of the 14th century why does it continue in some parts produces a similar picture of fre­ of the world today? quent famine. One historian sum­ marizes it this way: ttBy 1300, al­ War and Political Instability most every child born in western Famine often follows war. The Europe faced the probability of ex­ reason is not difficult to understand. treme hunger at least once or twice War creates grave, continuous dis­ during his expected 30 to 35 years of ruption ofagricultural endeavors. It life."s More particularly general is no coincidence that the hungry famine was reported in France in European 14th century parallels the 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315-1317, 1330­ ttHundred Years War" (1337-1453), 1334, 1344, 1349-1351, 1358-1360, that long series of clashes between 1371, 1374-1375 and 1390.4 There France and England. Food produc­ were many more local famines. Dur­ tion was set back then because the ing this century in which Europe soldiers scorched fields, destroyed suffered so many food crises, it is the few farming tools in existence, well worth noting that India was and burned mills, barns, manors, no better off. Her worst known vineyards and orchards.7 Fearing famine occurred iIi 1396 and lasted for their lives, farmers frequently for 12 years.5 General famine was fled to the towns. Economists say the rule rather than the exception that such military actions brought during century after century of his­ food hardships because capital tory. goods, those implements used in In the 19th and 20th centuries the further production of food, were de­ pattern of famine w~s altered. Ag­ stroyed. Moreover, labor was ricultural economist D. Gale frightened away from the necessary Johnson says that famine has de­ site of production.8 Though farmers creased in the two most recent cen­ could easily return to the land when turies both as a percentage of the the danger had passed, the replace­ world's population affected by seri­ ment of capital goods-draft ani­ ous hunger and in terms ofabsolute mals and barn-especially in the numbers of persons dying from medieval economy, was slow and hunger.6 Put another way, in parts painful. Consequently, agricultural of the world which previously faced production was badly hurt im­ famine decade after decade, hunger mediately and for decades to come. 1978 PERSPECTIVES ON HUNGER IN THE WORLD 645 In the most recent centuries food Asia, and most recently in Mrica. shortages of various magnitudes The atmosphere necessary for de­ have accompanied great wars. But pendable food production is not re­ in addition, the threat offamine has lentless revolutionary strife, flourished in the economic turmoil bloodshed, burning and war, but produced by modern internal revolu­ peace, order and liberty for the indi­ tions. Observing the French Revolu­ vidual producers. tion in 1791, Carlyle wrote: u ••• bread, always dear, is getting Institutionalized Envy in Less Developed Countries dearer."9 Referring to the year 1793 in France another historian ob­ Among the causes offamine is one served that: ttThe people were weary described by Eric Wolf as ((in­ ofbeing dragged from crisis to crisis. stitutionalized envy."l1 Such in­ Industry was in ruins, famine stitutionalized envy exists in the menaced the cities."lo tribal and village cultures of many Those modern revolutions which of the less developed countries­ are heirs to the French Revolution envy nourished by social practice. have produced similar effects on ag­ Institutionalized envy's impact upon riculture. For example, Mao's all forms ofeconomic production can ((Great Leap Forward" (1958-1960), be grave indeed. Sociologist Wolf a revolutionary effort to CCpurify" reported some years ago that in cer­ Chinese Communism and release it tain South American villages a from the control of Soviet Com­ farmer who raised crops superior to munism, had a deleterious impact those of his neighbors would be the upon food provision. Chinese peas­ object of intense envy. Because he ants were forced by the revolution to feared such social ostracism, he accept the commune system, relin­ would make every effort not to quish their small private plots and «stand out" above the rest, that is, take work assignments in nonag­ not to produce above the average.l2 ricultural production. As a result, Consequently, social attitudes there is reliable evidence that a helped to restrain the successful, in­ famine of considerable size occurred novative, or energetic agricultural in China in 1959. The Great Leap producer. Similarly, another ob­ forward was actually a giant step server recently reports that backward for Chinese food produc­ Guatemalan Indians who manage to tion. achieve high relative incomes often Unceasing revolutionary disrup­ secrete their wealth because they tions have caused food scarcity in fear the charge that they are becom­ many South American republics, in ing ((Latins," that is, like the 646 THE FREEMAN November Spanish speaking, non-Indian popu­ Governmental Policies lation.13 One does not know how Ill-considered governmental many others eschew successful pro­ policies have increased the likeli­ duction or higher incomes in order hood of famine.
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