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Insect Repellents Handbook SECOND EDITION SECOND EDITION EDITED BY Mustapha Debboun US Army Medical Department Center & School, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA Stephen P. Frances Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia Daniel A. Strickman USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Front cover: Image of Anopheles annulipes. Photo copyright Stephen Doggett. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Image of picaridine Chem-3d image. Photo copyright Kamlesh R. Chauhan (IIBBL, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD). Used with permission. All rights reserved. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140519 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5358-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com My dear three brothers and four sisters; my beautiful and loving wife, Natalie, and our wonderful children: Ameena, Adam, and David; and to the memory of my beloved parents. Mustapha Debboun This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Chris Curtis and Dr. Nigel Hill, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, who spent their working lives developing and testing methods to protect people against vector-borne disease. Stephen P. Frances This book is dedicated to the thousands of volunteers who, over the years, have tested and retested repellents. They experienced many hours of discomfort so that others could be spared from insect and tick bites. Daniel A. Strickman Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... xiii Editors ..............................................................................................................................................xv Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xvii Part I Science ...............................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Terminology of Insect Repellents ......................................................................................................3 Graham B. White and Sarah J. Moore Chapter 2 Neuromolecular Basis of Repellent Action ...................................................................................... 31 Joseph C. Dickens and Jonathan D. Bohbot Chapter 3 How Repellents Work: Neurophysiological and Behavioral Analyses ............................................ 43 Zainulabeuddin Syed Chapter 4 In Silico Models for Development of Insect Repellents .................................................................. 53 Kamlesh R. Chauhan and Ulrich R. Bernier Chapter 5 Can Green Chemistry Provide Effective Repellents? ...................................................................... 75 Aaron D. Gross and Joel R. Coats Chapter 6 Excitorepellency ............................................................................................................................... 91 Ulla Obermayr Chapter 7 Evaluation of Repellent Efcacy in Reducing Disease Incidence ................................................. 117 Sangoro P. Onyango and Sarah J. Moore vii Part II Development .................................................................................................................................157 Chapter 8 Testing Methods for Insect Repellents ........................................................................................... 159 Louis C. Rutledge, Zia A. Mehr, and Mustapha Debboun Chapter 9 Plant-Based Insect Repellents ........................................................................................................ 179 Sarah J. Moore Chapter 10 Insect Repellents Derived from Australian Plants and Implications for Public Health Messages............................................................................................................ 213 Cameron E. Webb Chapter 11 Topical Repellent Active Ingredients in Common Use .................................................................. 231 Daniel A. Strickman Chapter 12 Spatial or Area Repellents .............................................................................................................239 Daniel L. Kline and Daniel A. Strickman Chapter 13 Marketing for Efcacy, Acceptability, Safety, and Health ............................................................ 253 Larry Goodyer, Lawrence J. Feller, and Charles A. Feller Chapter 14 Klun & Debboun Modules: Uses and Data Analysis ....................................................................267 Jerome A. Klun and Matt Kramer Chapter 15 Use of Chemical Mixtures as Insecticides and Repellents ............................................................283 Mustapha Debboun, Gretchen Paluch, and David Lindsay Chapter 16 Use of Repellents Formulated in Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology for Effective Insect Pest Management ........................................................................................... 291 Agenor Mafra-Neto, Christopher J. Fettig, A. Steven Munson, and Lukasz L. Stelinski CONTENTS ix Part III Uses ................................................................................................................................................ 315 Chapter 17 Strategies for Using Personal Protection Products ........................................................................ 317 Stephen P. Frances Chapter 18 Best Practices for Use of Personal Protection Products ................................................................ 331 Daniel A. Strickman Chapter 19 Commercially Available Insect Repellents and Criteria for Their Use ......................................... 339 Rui-De Xue, Gunter C. Muller, and Jonathan F. Day Chapter 20 Alterations of Blood-Feeding Behavior and Repellent Response of Pathogen-Infected Biting Flies ..................................................................................................................................... 351 Whitney A. Qualls, Rui-De Xue, John C. Beier, and Mustapha Debboun Chapter 21 Insect Repellents for Other Potential Use ...................................................................................... 357 Rui-De Xue, Gunter C. Muller, and Mustapha Debboun Chapter 22 Future of Insect Repellents ............................................................................................................ 367 Mustapha Debboun, Stephen P. Frances, and Daniel A. Strickman Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 371 Preface The rst edition of this book was Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses. It was the rst comprehensive volume on the subject. Since its publication in 2007, both the science and develop- ment of repellents have advanced considerably. What is more, we have observed the kinds of uses readers have made of the rst edition and we decided to produce a more focused and accessible volume. For that reason, we changed the title of this second edition to Insect Repellents Handbook. It is our intention to reect the current state of insect repellent knowledge that contains denitive treatments of each major area in the discipline, including the science, the development, and uses of insect repellents. We believe that it will
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