Strickman Life Science Debboun SECOND EDITION • Frances Insect Repellents Handbook Insect Repellents Handbook The public has a great desire for products that prevent the annoyance of biting insects and ticks, but that desire does not always translate into sensible use of those products. Insect Repellents Handbook, Second Edition summarizes evidence-based information on insect repellents to inform decisions by those involved with insect repellent research, develop- ment, and use. This authoritative, single-volume reference makes it possi- ble for the individual to gain a working level of expertise about insect repellents in a timely manner, without having to search through the literature. The book includes a thought-provoking discussion on how repellents work, their neuromolecular basis of action, and whether green chemistry can provide effective repellents. It also supplies an in-depth understanding of the development of repellents including testing methods, review of active ingredients, and the use of chemical mixtures as repellents. It provides various science-backed chapters on repellent use including best practices for use of personal protection products, criteria for repellent use, and insect repellents for other potential use. The previous edition was the rst comprehensive volume on this subject, and it is recognized as a key reference on insect repellents. This second edition reects the current state of insect repellent science, covers the processes involved in the development and testing of new active ingredi- ents and formulations, and discusses the practical uses of repellents. It is a resource that will be useful to a wide variety of professionals, including insect repellent researchers, medical entomologists, public health profes- sionals, medical personnel, industry and sales professionals, government regulators, and wildlife scientists and managers. EDITED BY Mustapha Debboun • Stephen P. Frances K15277 SECOND EDITION Daniel A. Strickman SECOND EDITION SECOND EDITION EDITED BY Mustapha Debboun US Army Medical Department Center & School, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA Stephen P. Frances Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia Daniel A. Strickman USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Front cover: Image of Anopheles annulipes. Photo copyright Stephen Doggett. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Image of picaridine Chem-3d image. Photo copyright Kamlesh R. Chauhan (IIBBL, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD). Used with permission. All rights reserved. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140519 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5358-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com My dear three brothers and four sisters; my beautiful and loving wife, Natalie, and our wonderful children: Ameena, Adam, and David; and to the memory of my beloved parents. Mustapha Debboun This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Chris Curtis and Dr. Nigel Hill, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, who spent their working lives developing and testing methods to protect people against vector-borne disease. Stephen P. Frances This book is dedicated to the thousands of volunteers who, over the years, have tested and retested repellents. They experienced many hours of discomfort so that others could be spared from insect and tick bites. Daniel A. Strickman Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... xiii Editors ..............................................................................................................................................xv Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xvii Part I Science ...............................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Terminology of Insect Repellents ......................................................................................................3 Graham B. White and Sarah J. Moore Chapter 2 Neuromolecular Basis of Repellent Action ...................................................................................... 31 Joseph C. Dickens and Jonathan D. Bohbot Chapter 3 How Repellents Work: Neurophysiological and Behavioral Analyses ............................................ 43 Zainulabeuddin Syed Chapter 4 In Silico Models for Development of Insect Repellents .................................................................. 53 Kamlesh R. Chauhan and Ulrich R. Bernier Chapter 5 Can Green Chemistry Provide Effective Repellents? ...................................................................... 75 Aaron D. Gross and Joel R. Coats Chapter 6 Excitorepellency ............................................................................................................................... 91 Ulla Obermayr Chapter 7 Evaluation of Repellent Efficacy in Reducing Disease Incidence ................................................. 117 Sangoro P. Onyango and Sarah J. Moore vii Part II Development .................................................................................................................................157 Chapter 8 Testing Methods for Insect Repellents ........................................................................................... 159 Louis C. Rutledge, Zia A. Mehr, and Mustapha Debboun Chapter 9 Plant-Based Insect Repellents ........................................................................................................ 179 Sarah J. Moore Chapter 10 Insect Repellents Derived from Australian Plants and Implications for Public Health Messages............................................................................................................ 213 Cameron E. Webb Chapter 11 Topical Repellent Active Ingredients in Common Use .................................................................. 231 Daniel A. Strickman Chapter 12 Spatial or Area Repellents .............................................................................................................239 Daniel L. Kline and Daniel A. Strickman Chapter 13 Marketing for Efficacy, Acceptability, Safety, and Health ............................................................ 253 Larry Goodyer, Lawrence J. Feller, and Charles A. Feller Chapter 14 Klun & Debboun Modules: Uses and Data Analysis ....................................................................267 Jerome A. Klun and Matt Kramer Chapter 15 Use of Chemical Mixtures as Insecticides and Repellents ............................................................283 Mustapha Debboun, Gretchen Paluch, and David Lindsay Chapter 16 Use of Repellents Formulated in Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology for Effective Insect Pest Management ........................................................................................... 291 Agenor Mafra-Neto, Christopher J. Fettig, A. Steven Munson, and Lukasz L. Stelinski CONTENTS ix Part III Uses ................................................................................................................................................ 315 Chapter 17 Strategies for Using Personal Protection Products .......................................................................