Akademische Grade in Der Optometrie

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Akademische Grade in Der Optometrie FORTBILDUNG Akademische Grade in der Optometrie schen Diploms in der Optometrie oder den Anforderungen an den Optometri - sten (HWK) sind als Optometristen zu bezeichnen 2015 werden in den meisten Ländern der Welt akademische Ausbildungsgänge für die Optometrie angeboten. Während sich in Europa seit 1999 als Folge der soge - nannten Bologna Deklaration (Winter 2011) bis auf wenige Disziplinen eine Vereinheitlichung der Hochschulausbil - Im Jahr 1962 publizierte der US-amerikanische Kollege Dr. Leonhard Michael Fen - dung mit europaweit gleichen Abschlüs - ning in dem 12. Sonderdruck der Wissenschaftlichen Vereinigung der Augenopti - sen (Bachelor/Master/Doktor) herausge - ker (WVA) – heute Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung für Augenoptik und Optometrie bildet hat, unterscheidet sich gerade das (WVAO) - einen Aufsatz mit dem Titel „Berufsbezeichnungen und Forschungsbe - anglo-amerikanische Hochschulsystem zeichnungen in der Optometrie und Akademische Erfordernisse für das optometri - mit seiner Vielzahl an Berufsdoktoraten sche Studium in den Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada“. Akademische Abschlüsse in nach der sogenannten „Undergraduate der Optometrie waren zum damaligen Zeitpunkt in Europa unbekannt; lediglich die Ausbildung“ für viele Berufe, u.a. die Op - am 7. Oktober 1918 in Jena gegründete „Großherzogliche Sächsische Optiker - tometrie, immer noch gravierend vom schule“, welche im Mai 1927 in „Jenaer Fachhochschule für Optiker (Staatliche An - europäischen Hochschulsystem. stalt) umbenannt wurde, vergab anfangs als einzige europäische Ausbildungsstätte den akademischen Grad „Diplom-Optiker“. Hieraus folgt, dass gerade für den Be - Mittlerweile bieten mehr als 19 europäische Staaten akademische Studiengänge reich der Optometrie weltweit eine Viel - für den Bereich der Augenoptik/Optometrie an. Die Publikation widmet sich den zahl an Hochschulqualifikationen mit un - unterschiedlichen weltweiten akademischen Abschlüssen in der Optometrie unter terschiedlichsten akademischen Ab- besonderer Berücksichtigung der 1999 von den europäischen Bildungsminister(in - schlüssen existieren, deren Inhalte und nen) beschlossenen sogenannten Bologna Reform. Führungsmodalitäten viele Berufsange - hörige nicht kennen. Einleitung 1. Optical Technology Services Vereinfacht gliedert sich die weltweite 2. Visual Function Services Optometrie Ausbildung entsprechend Am 8. April 2005 verabschiedete der 3. Ocular Diagnostic Services der Abbildung 1. World Council of Optometry (WCO), der 4. Ocular Therapeutic Services internationale Dachverband der Augen - Akademische Abschlüsse optiker und Optometristen, das „Global Cagnolati (2011) analysierte die den vier in der Optometrie USA Competency Based Model of Scope of Kernkompetenzen zugrundliegenden Tä - Practice in Optometry“, das von einer in - tigkeiten in Hinblick auf die deutschen Historie ternationalen Arbeitsgruppe am 2. und 3. augenoptischen und optometrischen Dezember 2003 in Dallas/Texas erarbei - Qualifikationen (Tabelle 1): Das erste Fortbildungsprogramm im Be - tet worden war (WCO 2005). Europäische reich Optometrie wurde 1872 am Illinois Teilnehmer dieser „International Advi - n Kategorie 1: College of Optometry durchgeführt. Im sory Group on Optometric Competen - Augenoptikergesellen Jahr 1910 startete die Columbia Univer - cies“ waren Wolfgang Cagnolati (D), Ro - n Kategorie 2: sity in New York mit ihrem ersten Opto - bert Chappell (UK), Roger S. Crelier (CH), AO/Meister u. Hochschulabsolventen metrie-Studiengang und als erste Hoch - Kjell Inge Dae (N), Rosie Gavzei (UK), ohne biomedizinische Ausbildung ent - schule in den USA begann das Feike Grit (NL), Ian Hunter (UK), Ellen sprechend der Inhalte des Europäi - Pennsylvania College of Optometry im Svarverud (N), Alan Tomlinson (UK) und schen Diploms in der Optometrie ent - Jahr 1923 mit einem Doctor of Optometry John Wild (UK). sprechen der Qualifikation Studiengang. Zwischen 1950 und 1970 refraktionierende Augenoptiker führten alle amerikanischen Hochschu - Basis dieses auf Kompetenzen basieren - n Kategorie 3: len mit einem Optometrie Programm den den Konzeptes des Tätigkeitsspektrums AO/Meister u. Hochschulabsolventen Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) als berufs - der Optometrie ist die Gliederung der mit biomedizinischer Ausbildung ent - qualifizierenden Abschluss ein (Cagnolati Kompetenzen in die vier Kategorien: sprechend den Inhalten des Europäi - 2008). 42 DOZ 05 | 2015 WCO Kategorie 1 WCO Kategorie 2 WCO Kategorie 3 WCO Kategorie 4 OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES VISUAL FUNCTION SERVICES OCULAR DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES OCULAR THERAPEUTIC SERVICES 1 Augenoptikergeselle Optometrist Optometrist (ZVA/HWK) Internationale Abschlüsse mit Therapeutics Qualifikation, z.B. Augenoptikermeister - AKADEMISCHE GRADE - Bachelor/Master of Science Optometry Staatlich geprüfter Augenoptiker (UK) mit Therapeutics Qualifikation Bachelor of Science Optometrie Staatlich approbierter Augenoptiker Doctor of Optometry (USA) Bachelor of Science Staatlich anerkannter Augenoptiker Augenoptik/Optometrie Diplom-Augenoptiker/Optometrist (FH) - AKADEMISCHE GRADE - Master of Science Augenoptik/Optometrie Diplom-Optiker2 Master of Science Optometrie/Vision Science Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) Augenoptik Master of Science Vision Science and Business Bachelor of Science Augenoptik (Optometry) Bachelor of Science Augenoptik und Hörakustik Master of Science Clinical Optometry Master of Science Augenoptik und Psychophysik Augenoptiker Refraktionierender Augenoptiker Optometrist Optometrist Tabelle 1: Aktuelle deutsche akademische und-nicht akademische Augenoptik und Optometrie Abschlüsse entsprechend der World Council of Opto - metry (WCO) Kompetenzkategorien vom 8. April 2005; vor 2005 wurden die in der WCO Kategorie 2 aufgelisteten Berufsabschlüsse national und in - ternational ebenfalls als „Optometristen“, im Unterschied zum „Dispensing Optician“, der im Gegensatz zu den in dieser Kategorie genannten deut - schen Berufsabschlüssen ein rezeptausführender Optiker ist, bezeichnet. 1 DDR Abschluss 2 ab Mitte 1920er bis 1930er Jahre * C $ !" # D5 8 ,E F $<3B ) 9 ! $$ " # $% 55 / $" # &'( ) $ :! 4 <=7 * #+, +- #, . #, - ?4 :! ! 4 <== / , $- 0 1 :! 4 <=== 2 % 3 '& ) $" "'4 5 #+, 55 # , $#+,+ + " 4 6 7 ) 5 / : :; 4 $/ :! E B Abb. 1: heutige weltweite Optometrie Ausbildung Abb. 2: Europäische akademische Optometrie Qualifikationen (Historie) 1970 bis heute (USA und Kanada) Eingangsvoraussetzung für ein Optome - Neben dem O.D. Abschluss offerieren trie Studium ist eine mindestens dreijäh - viele US-amerikanische Universitäten Seit 1970 ist der Ausbildungsgrad Doctor rige Undergraduate Ausbildung, die in auch einen wissenschaftlichen Doktor - of Optometry (O.D.) der US-amerikani - der Regel mit einem Bachelor of Science grad; hierbei handelt es sich um den Doc - sche und kanadische Berufsabschluss in (B.S.) abschließt. Daran anschließend tor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). der Optometrie. Hierbei handelt es sich startet das vierjährige Optometrie Stu - um ein Berufsdoktorat wie es in den USA dium mit dem Abschluss Doctor of Opto - Die Studienzeit für den Ph.D beträgt nach für viele andere Berufe wie z.B. der Medi - metry (O.D.). Das Pennsylvania College of der O.D. Ausbildung drei bis vier Jahre zin (M.D. = Doctor of Medicine), im Be - Optometry der Salus University bietet be - Vollzeit, beziehungsweise sechs bis sie - reich Jura (J.D. = Juris Doctor) oder der sonders talentierten und motivierten Stu - ben Jahre als Teilzeitstudium. Pharmazie (Pharm.D. = Doctor of Phar - denten neben dem traditionellen vierjäh - macy) üblich ist. rigen Studium seit einiger Zeit ein „Scholar Program“ an; hierbei verkürzt sich die Studienzeit auf drei Jahre (Salus University 2014). DOZ 05 | 2015 43 FORTBILDUNG Berufsdoktorate in der System von Studienabschlüssen (Bache - dium, bei welchem das in Großbritannien Optometrie außerhalb lor, Master und Doktor). obligate klinische Jahr mit abschließen - Europa der Berufszulassungsprüfung in die Mehr als vier Fünftel aller Studienab - Hochschulausbildung integriert ist. Ei - schlüsse an deutschen Hochschulen ent - nen ähnlichen Studiengang gibt es auch Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) Qualifikatio - fielen 2010/11 auf Bachelor oder Master an der University of Manchester. nen werden außerhalb der USA und Ka - Grade (Winter 2011). Die Studiengänge nada auch in folgenden Nationen verge - werden auf Basis des European Credit Master Studiengänge werden heute von ben: Australien, Nigeria, Philippinen. Die Transfer System (ECTS) bewertet. einer Vielzahl europäischer Hochschulen University of Melbourne führte den O.D. mit einem Optometrie-Programm ange - Studiengang 2012 erstmalig für Austra - Die ECTS Anforderungen für die jeweili - boten. Hierbei handelt es sich entweder lien ein. Es handelt sich hierbei um einen gen Qualifikationen sind wie folgt (DQR um einen konsekutiven oder einen Fort - vierjährigen, auf Master Level angesie - 2011): bildungsmaster. Ein konsekutiver Master delten Ausbildungsgang (University Mel - Studiengang ist ein auf den Bachelor auf - bourne 2015). 1. Zyklus: Bachelor Abschluss, in der Re - bauendes Studium, welches direkt nach gel 180 bis 240 ECTS Punkte dem Bachelorexamen beginnt. Je nach Akademische Abschlüsse 2. Zyklus: Master Abschluss, in der Regel Länge des Bachelor Studiums, beträgt in der Optometrie (Europa) 60 bis 120 ECTS Punkte zusammen mit die Studienzeit für den konsekutiven Ma - Bachelor Abschluss maximal 300 ster anderthalb oder
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