DOCSLIB.ORG

Maternal Mortality, Midwives, and Cesarean Sections in China, 1900S–2000S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Maternal Mortality, Midwives, and Cesarean Sections in China, 1900S–2000S Reproductive Modernities in Policy: Maternal Mortality, Midwives, and Cesarean Sections in China, 1900s–2000s Suzanne Z. Gottschang Technology and Culture, Volume 61, Number 2, April 2020, pp. 617-644 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0055 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/761578 [ Access provided at 1 Feb 2021 22:45 GMT from University Of Southern California ] 11_Gottschang 617–44.qxp_03_49.3dobraszczyk 568– 6/24/20 10:10 AM Page 617 SPECIAL SECTION Reproductive Modernities in Policy Maternal Mortality, Midwives, and Cesarean Sections in China, 1900 s–2000s SUZANNE Z. GOTTSCHANG ABSTRACT : China is one of a few countries to reach the 2015 United Nations Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by 75 percent in fifteen years. The longstanding and intractable problem of maternal mor - tality in the Global North and South makes China’s success all the more re- markable. This article examines relationships between China’s reproductive health policies aimed at reducing maternal mortality and technological changes in managing childbirth associated with them from the early twenti - eth century to the present day. Tracing technological choices to prevent ma- ternal deaths at junctures in the history of health-based reforms makes visible China’s broader economic and political priorities in its internal moderniza - tion projects and in its interest in raising the nation’s global standing. Finally, the consequences of state reproductive priorities emerging in recent years suggest that women’s decisions to delay childbearing or to bear multiple chil - dren, may bring about circumstances increasing the risk of maternal death. In 2010, news reports circulated that the deaths of mothers in childbirth had decreased globally by more than 40 percent since 1990. 1 A key target in the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was to en- courage member countries to change infrastructure, health care systems, Suzanne Z. Gottschang is professor of anthropology and East Asian studies at Smith College. She would like to acknowledge the generous funding and research support pro - vided by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong S.A.R. (RGC CRF HKU C7011- 16G). This work was presented at a panel on reproductive technologies organized by Gonçalo Santos and the author at the Society for the History of Technology’s inaugural meeting in Asia, held June 2016 in Singapore. This article has benefitted from comments and discussions during the conference from Francesca Bray, Ruth Cowan, Gonçalo San- tos, Azumi Tsuge, Chiaki Shirai, Wu Chia-Ling, and Zhang Jun. Finally, she would like to thank Gonçalo Santos, Karen Turner, and Suzanne Moon as well as the anonymous reviewers of Technology and Culture for their helpful feedback. ©2020 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/20/6102-0009/617 –44 1. See for example in the United States: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Maternal Deaths Plunged.” 617 11_Gottschang 617–44.qxp_03_49.3dobraszczyk 568– 6/24/20 10:10 AM Page 618 TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE and practices that could bring about significant reductions in maternal mortality ratios (MMR). Global attention to maternal mortality, defined by the United Nations as any death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth and up to six weeks postpartum, is not necessarily new. Vital statistics like maternal and infant mortality have long represented the measure of the suc - cess or failure of social and medical reforms aimed at modernizing societies APRIL and continue to serve as a measure of how well a nation cares for its women 2020 and children. 2 The Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal mor - VOL. 61 tality represented the most ambitious effort to bring the world closer to a global aspiration of modernity in which women survive the risks of repro - duction. Yet reducing maternal deaths has proven difficult. Most countries in the Global South could not meet the MDG goal to reduce maternal mor - tality by 75 percent. Moreover, though not a signatory to the MDGs, the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality among countries in the Global North. 3 Despite such difficulties, however, China stands out as one of only a few countries to have made significant progress. 4 China’s success in lowering MMR resulted from large-scale state ef- forts to improve access to hospital-based childbirth for women throughout the country with an eye to making emergency obstetrics care more widely available. Although great strides had been made in the twentieth century, since signing on to the MDGs in 2000, China has sought to make certain that every woman in the nation, no matter how remote their location and irrespective of their income, has the chance to give birth in a hospital. To date, the state has implemented this plan by expanding the number of maternity hospitals or clinics throughout the country so that by 2016 more than 95 percent of births would occur in these institutions. 5 In addition to the increase in institutionalized childbirth, the training and role of hospi - tal personnel who supervise these births also changed. Since the mid- 1990s, China abolished midwifery training and the place of midwives in overseeing childbirth, while concurrently training obstetric physicians to replace them. 6 These two widespread reforms fundamentally altered the landscape of childbirth in twenty-first-century China. Still, while decreases in MMR might be cause for celebration, increased cesarean rates in China suggest that reproduction in women’s lives may remain a potentially risky proposition. Ultimately, however, China’s successes in lowering maternal mortality represents an achievement that not only reinforces the power of 2. See Theodore M. Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinkin g; and Michel Foucault, “Governmentality.” 3. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators, “National Levels of Maternal Mor- tality,” 1784. 4. World Health Organization, “The Top Ten Causes of Death.” 5. Y. Gao et al., “Progress and Challenges.” 6. Ngai Feng Cheung, Rosemary Mander, and Linan Cheng, “The Doula Midwives in Shanghai.” In some urban hospitals midwives assumed the role of a birth attendant who supports the mother during birth but is not involved in her medical care. 618 11_Gottschang 617–44.qxp_03_49.3dobraszczyk 568– 6/24/20 10:10 AM Page 619 GOTTSCHANG K|KReproductive Modernities the state to bring about significant health reforms for its citizens but also reminds the world of China’s increasing importance in world affairs. China’s recent efforts to prevent maternal deaths represent the culmi - nation of policies and plans spanning the twentieth century. This article follows policies and programs designed to reduce maternal mortality in China from the early twentieth century to the present day to document transformations in the spaces, technologies, and subjects of maternal gov - SPECIAL ernance. China’s modern history, in promoting maternal and child health, SECTION has been shown to reflect a dynamic process centering on the selective em- brace and adoption of Western medical and technological developments as part of efforts to modernize the nation. This focus represented a response based on the belief held by China’s reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that “women’s subordination was . explicitly linked to weaknesses in Chinese culture and the Chinese state, and moder - nity to women’s emancipation.” 7 While these trends have been well researched, as in Tina Johnson’s work on childbirth in Republican China , this article takes a longitudinal perspec - tive to make visible how technological choices reflect changing economic and political priorities in the interests of pursuing modernity. 8 With regard to childbirth, for example, Chinese medical reformers in the Republican era (1911–49) went against efforts in the West to bring birth into the purview and practice of physicians. Instead they promoted the use of trained mid - wives as a means to bring modern birthing practices to Chinese mothers. 9 Tracing maternal mortality reduction as a global and national health prior - ity through time in China’s history, this article adds to these insights as it helps makes visible the ways that programs and policies create possibilities for both adopting and discarding technologies and techniques designed to save women’s lives. For the purposes of this article, I focus on policies related to the role of hospitals, midwives, and physicians and then explore some of the technological consequences resulting from these changes. Drawing on studies of maternal mortality as well as anthropological analy - sis of policy and governance, the article demonstrates the ways that China’s efforts to reduce maternal deaths represent a form of coproduction of local circumstances and national and global agendas and interests. 10 It is important to reemphasize that at all junctures examined here we see in these changes a reflection of an aspiration to modernize China and establish its legitimate role among world powers. In the Republican era (1912–49), for example, Chinese health reformers sought to incorporate Western medical knowledge, technology, and practices to strengthen a 7. Gail Hershatter, Women in China , 86. 8. Tina Phillips Johnson, Childbirth in Republican China . 9. Ibid. 10. Suzanne Ilcan and Lynne Phillips, “Developmentalities and Calculative Prac- tices,” 874. 619 11_Gottschang 617–44.qxp_03_49.3dobraszczyk 568– 6/24/20 10:10 AM Page 620 TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE poor and war-torn country by training midwives in basic aseptic tech - niques and by establishing maternity hospitals in urban areas. With the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and throughout the 1950s, the Communist government worked to bring childbirth into the hospital and established clinics throughout rural areas. After the Cultural Revolution and with China’s economic reforms in 1978 that brought more APRIL market based approaches to the economy and to governance, hospitals 2020 started to lose essential state subsidies and the rural health care system be- VOL.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Job Evaluation Model of Major Public Hospitals in China
    Job Evaluation Model of Major Public Hospitals in China SHU Xing Thesis submitted as partial requirement for the conferral of the degree of Doctor of Management Supervisor: Prof. Aristides Ferreira, Assistant Professor, ISCTE University Institute of Lisbon March, 2019 – Spine– SHU Xing SHU Job Evaluation Model of inJob Evaluation Public Hospitals Major China Job Evaluation Model of Major Public Hospitals in China SHU Xing Thesis submitted as partial requirement for the conferral of the degree of Doctor of Management Supervisor: Prof. Aristides Ferreira, Assistant Professor, ISCTE University Institute of Lisbon March, 2019 [This page is deliberately left blank.] [This page is deliberately left blank.] Abstract The current economic climate has contributed to an increasingly competitive environment among organizations. In order to ensure competitive advantage, they must be able to promote high levels of professional performance. This research is part of this theme and aims to analyze how the job characteristics, professional knowledge, skills, competencies, training and work engagement influence the job evaluation and, consequently, the performance of employees of six public hospitals, China. The sample consists of 546 subjects aged between 21 and 58 years (M = 37.9; SD = 8.73), with the majority being females (55.5%). For the collection of data, such scales were used as the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS), the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Personal Characteristics Scale (KSAOS), the Competencies and Training Scale (CTS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). The results obtained show that the job characteristics, the professional knowledge, the skills, the training and the work engagement influence the job evaluation. It was also found that the male respondents, those belonging to the older age group, those with higher academic qualifications and those with higher positions present higher average performance in all dimensions under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Agreement
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Haipeng Zhou Date “Expressions of the Life that is within Us” Epistolary Practice of American Women in Republican China By Haipeng Zhou Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts _________________________________________ [Advisor’s signature] Catherine Ross Nickerson Advisor _________________________________________ [Advisor’s signature] Kimberly Wallace-Sanders Advisor _________________________________________ [Member’s signature] Rong Cai Committee Member Accepted: _________________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies ___________________ Date “Expressions of the Life that is within Us” Epistolary Practice of American Women in Republican China By Haipeng Zhou M.A., Beijing Foreign Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Subjects: the Global Politics of Health in China, 1927-1964 by Joshua Hubbard a Dissertation Submitted in Partial F
    Reproductive Subjects: The Global Politics of Health in China, 1927-1964 by Joshua Hubbard A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History and Women’s Studies) in the University of Michigan 2017 Associate Professor Pär Cassel, Co-Chair Professor Wang Zheng, Co-Chair Professor Susan Greenhalgh, Harvard University Professor Mrinalini Sinha Professor Elizabeth Wingrove Joshua Hubbard [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5850-4314 © Joshua Hubbard 2017 Acknowledgements I am indebted to friends and colleagues who have provided support—in a myriad of ways—along my long and winding path toward completing this dissertation. First and foremost, I want to thank my husband, Joseph Tychonievich, who now knows more about Chinese history than he ever cared to know. He has cooked meals, provided encouragement, helped me think through arguments and questions, and offered feedback on early drafts. Many wonderful people have come into my life since I began my graduate education, but he is chief among them. I am also especially thankful to my sister, Heather Burke, who has been an enduring source of friendship and support for decades. Faculty at Marshall University guided me as I began developing the skills necessary for historical research. I am especially grateful to Fan Shuhua, David Mills, Greta Rensenbrink, Robert Sawrey, Anara Tabyshalieva, Chris White, and Kat Williams. As an East Asian studies master’s student at The Ohio State University, I received excellent mentorship from Joseph Ponce, Christopher Reed, Patricia Sieber, and Ying Zhang. The strong cohort of Chinese studies graduate students there, many of whom have since gone on to become faculty, also pushed me to think deeply and across disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BIRTH of the CHINESE POPULATION: a STUDY in the HISTORY of GOVERNMENTAL LOGICS by Malcolm Thompson a THESIS SUBMITTED IN
    THE BIRTH OF THE CHINESE POPULATION: A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF GOVERNMENTAL LOGICS by Malcolm Thompson A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June, 2013 © Malcolm Thompson, 2013 ABSTRACT It was only in the early twentieth century that China discovered that it had a population, at least if a population is understood not as a number of people but instead in terms of such features as relative levels of health, birth and death rates, sex ratios, and so on—that is, as an object with a specific rationality that can be managed and improved. In 1900, such a conception of the population did not exist in China; by the 1930s, it was utterly pervasive. How did this transformation take place? This dissertation argues that it occurred at the level of techniques of governing and systems of knowledge production, and explains it from the perspective of changes in the institutional and epistemological forms by which interventions into other people's activities are organized. The installation of populationist practices into China is tracked in four sites: 1. The problem of “race efficiency”—formalized in this period as the cost in “race energy” of producing a given increment to a population—and analyses of the effects of different kinds of social organization on the production of life. 2. The institutional division of population registration into censuses (“statics”) and vital statistics (“dynamics”)—in a word, the formation of a statistical system based on mechanics.
    [Show full text]
  • Yang Chongrui and the First National Midwifery School: Childbirth Reform in Early Twentieth-Century China*
    Asian Medicine 4 (2008) 280–302 brill.nl/asme Yang Chongrui and the First National Midwifery School: Childbirth Reform in Early Twentieth-Century China* Tina Phillips Johnson Abstract Th is paper examines the First National Midwifery School (FNMS) and its connexions with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Nationalist government. During the Nationalist era (1927–37), western medical personnel and Chinese intellectuals attempted to modernise China by reform- ing childbirth as part of a new public health system. As most of the biomedical personnel in China were trained in the United States, it may be expected that midwifery reform would have followed the same path as in the West, with physicians displacing midwives. On the contrary, in China we see a blending of Chinese cultural and social needs with western public health meth- ods to create a system that has survived in China to this day. Th e FNMS acted as a liaison between East and West, between private philanthropic organisations and the government. Th e most signifi cant player in this fi eld, Dr Yang Chongrui, played a vital role in professionalizing the new occupation of the modern Chinese midwife. Yang’s vision to train midwives to reduce the high maternal and infant mortality rates was one of the most important public health eff orts in China during this time. In the process, women were targeted both as actors in China’s nation- building strategies and as reproducers of China’s citizenry. Keywords Republican China, midwifery, childbirth, Yang Chongrui, First National Midwifery School, public health Introduction Th is essay explores changes in Chinese practices of childbirth in the 1930s as a site of cooperation and contestation between the Chinese government and American philanthropists, between Chinese and western medicine, and more generally between cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Barwick Dissertation 2011
    University of Alberta The Protestant Quest For Modernity in Republican China by John Stewart Barwick A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Department of History and Classics ©John Stewart Barwick Fall 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89228-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89228-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats.
    [Show full text]
  • 14Th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo
    14th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo To cite this version: Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo. 14th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts. 2015, pp.2015-07. halshs-01220174 HAL Id: halshs-01220174 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01220174 Submitted on 25 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 6-10 July 2015 EHESS, Paris 14TH ICHSEA PARTNERS & SPONSORS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF EAST ASIAN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDECINE GDR 3398 « Histoire des mathématiques » 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN EAST ASIA SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Designed by Sica Acapo Edited by Catherine Jami & Christopher Cullen 6-10 July
    [Show full text]
  • Barwick Dissertation 2011
    University of Alberta The Protestant Quest For Modernity in Republican China by John Stewart Barwick A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Department of History and Classics ©John Stewart Barwick Fall 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract Elite Protestants were a very small group in Republican China, but they were surprisingly influential among the ranks of Chinese modernizers, with Sun Yatsen as the preeminent example. They represented one of the most significant fruits of Sino-Western cultural exchange in the early twentieth century and left a lasting mark on China, yet as a group they have been largely overlooked in histories of the period. This dissertation, therefore, restores these individuals to history at the same time that it probes a deeper affinity between Protestantism and modernity that helps to explain the rise of this group and their particular vision of a modern China.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Medicine About the Author Dr
    John R. Watt R. John Public Medicine About thE AuthoR Dr. John R. Watt, PhD, is currently Vice- in Wartime China: President of the American Bureau for Medical Advancement in China. He China Wartime in Medicine Public Biomedicine, State Medicine, and the Rise of was educated at Oxford, Harvard and China’s National Medical Colleges, 1931-1945 Columbia with degrees in history and Asian Studies. Among his publications, his book The District Magistrate in Late Imperial John R. Watt, PhD China (Columbia University Press, 1972) is considered a standard in the field and is regularly cited by scholars. His study Health Care and National Development in Taiwan, 1950-2000 (American Bureau for Medical Advancement in China, 2008) is another path-breaking work and reflects his interest in the topic of the Occasional Paper presented here. He has served as Academic Director for the educational non-profit Primary Source, and with his wife Anne has been active in bringing medical care to village residents in northwest China, and promoting better teaching about China in US K-12 education. Rosenberg Institute f or East Asian Studies or InstituteRosenberg f Rosenberg Institute for East Asian Studies Rosenberg Institute Occasional Paper Number 1 Suffolk University 41 Temple Street Dean’s Office Rosenberg Institute Boston, MA 02114 for East Asian Studies Tel: 617-973-5341 1 Suffolk University Web: www.suffolk.edu/rosenberginstitute ISBN-13: 978-0-615-55081-7 美國薩福克大學羅森伯格東亞研究所 © 2012 Rosenberg Institute for East Asian Studies at Suffolk University All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Textile 9 Enterprise Name List the Name List of Enterprises in Chinese
    Textile 9 Enterprise name list The Name List of Enterprises in Chinese Textile Industry Spining & Weavin g of Cotton & Chemical Fibers Dist. Name Address Zip Code Telefphone Number Core businesses Number 13 Songzhuyuan North Alley, Beiheyan Street, Beijing Snow-Lotus Woolen Dress Group 100009 010 87311909 Cotton yarn, canvas, tarpaulin Dongcheng Dist., Beijing Cotton yarn and cotton cloth Beijing Bazhen Knitting Co., Ltd. No.17, Zhongjianzi Lane, Dongcheng Dist., Beijing 100007 010 64043057 processing Beijing No.6 Knitting Co. Ltd 6, Minwang Lane, Hepingli, Dongcheng Dist., Beijing 100013 010 64280252 Cotton yarn processing Spandex yarn, blended & mixed Beijing Jingmian Textile Co. Ltd (Group) 1 Balizhuang Dongli, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100025 010 65584499 fabric Beijing Friendly Printing and Syeing Co., 101 Balizhuang Beili Jia, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100025 010 85833821 Chemical fiber manufacturing Ltd Cotton yarn/cloth and printing & Beijing Qingyun Knitting Mill 32 Nanliu Lane, Xuanwu Dist., Beijing 100052 010 13521562192 dyeing Cloth Beijing Chaoyang Dist. Jingzhan Knitting Manufacture of topgrade facsimile Xiba, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100018 010 84311245 Mill long/kinky fabric Beijing Rongshengda Textile Co. Ltd 1-105, 414 Building, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100021 010 67709239 Cotton yarn Beijing Weilijia Chemical Fibre Co. Ltd 1809 Shibalidian, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100023 010 67473958 Cotton yarn, cotton cloth Pure cotton yarn and mixed yarn Beijing Mengna Knitting Co., Ltd 6-101 Yanjing Xili, Chaoyang Dist., Beijing 100025 010 65938741 manufacturing Beijing Knitting Wool Factory Jia 3 No.2 Dist. , Fangxing Yuan, Fengtai Dist., Beijing 100078 010 67628881 Cotton chemical fiber processing No.190 Dawayao Village, Lugoutiao, Fengtai Dist., Meifeng Cotton Products Factory of Beijing 100071 010 83292866 Textile industry (cotton) producing Beijing Beijing Jingguan Towel Co,.
    [Show full text]
  • Book of Abstracts
    SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 6-10 July 2015 EHESS, Paris 14TH ICHSEA PARTNERS & SPONSORS InternatIonal SocIety for the hIStory of eaSt aSIan ScIence, technology and MedecIne GDR 3398 « Histoire des mathématiques » 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN EAST ASIA SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Designed by Sica Acapo Edited by Catherine Jami & Christopher Cullen 6-10 July 2015 EHESS, Paris Conference Venue: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) 105 Boulevard Raspail 75006 Paris Book of Abstracts CONTENTS CONFERENCE ORGANISATION 4 PARTNERS & SPONSORS 6 ABSTRACTS 7 PLENARY SESSIONS 8 PANELS 13 SESSIONS 186 INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS 268 3 14th ICHSEA, 6-10 July 2015 - Paris CONFERENCE ORGANISATION INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE Chair: Pierre-Etienne WILL (Collège de France & EHESS, Paris) Members Iwo AMELUNG (University of Frankfurt) Nancy BERLINER (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Gregory CLANCEY (Singapore National University) Marta HANSON (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) Takehiko HASHIMOTO (University of Tokyo) Jiří HUDEČEK (Charles University, Prague) KIM Yung Sik (Seoul National University) Angela LEUNG (University of Hong Kong) LIU Dun (IHNS, CAS, Beijing) Morris LOW (University of Queensland, Brisbane) Carla NAPPI (University of British Columbia, Vancouver) QU Anjing (North-West University, Xi’an) Dagmar SCHÄFER (MPIWG, Berlin & University of Manchester) SUN
    [Show full text]
  • Yang Chongrui and the First National Midwifery School: Childbirth Reform in Early Twentieth-Century China*
    Asian Medicine 4 (2008) 280–302 brill.nl/asme Yang Chongrui and the First National Midwifery School: Childbirth Reform in Early Twentieth-Century China* Tina Phillips Johnson Abstract Th is paper examines the First National Midwifery School (FNMS) and its connexions with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Nationalist government. During the Nationalist era (1927–37), western medical personnel and Chinese intellectuals attempted to modernise China by reform- ing childbirth as part of a new public health system. As most of the biomedical personnel in China were trained in the United States, it may be expected that midwifery reform would have followed the same path as in the West, with physicians displacing midwives. On the contrary, in China we see a blending of Chinese cultural and social needs with western public health meth- ods to create a system that has survived in China to this day. Th e FNMS acted as a liaison between East and West, between private philanthropic organisations and the government. Th e most signifi cant player in this fi eld, Dr Yang Chongrui, played a vital role in professionalizing the new occupation of the modern Chinese midwife. Yang’s vision to train midwives to reduce the high maternal and infant mortality rates was one of the most important public health eff orts in China during this time. In the process, women were targeted both as actors in China’s nation- building strategies and as reproducers of China’s citizenry. Keywords Republican China, midwifery, childbirth, Yang Chongrui, First National Midwifery School, public health Introduction Th is essay explores changes in Chinese practices of childbirth in the 1930s as a site of cooperation and contestation between the Chinese government and American philanthropists, between Chinese and western medicine, and more generally between cultures.
    [Show full text]