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Lex Sturtevant Pozza Lingue, culture e testi Collana diretta da Vincenzo Orioles Marianna Pozza La grafia delle occlusive intervocaliche in ittito Verso una riformulazione della Lex Sturtevant Volume I. Introduzione e corpus lessicale Volume II. Analisi dei dati Roma, Il Calamo, 2011 Volume pubblicato con il contributo del Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca - Programmi di Ricerca di rilevante Interesse Nazionale - e con il contributo dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" - Dipartimento di Scienze documentarie, linguistico-filologiche e geografiche. INDICE I INTRODUZIONE 1. Considerazioni preliminari II LO STATO DELLA QUESTIONE 2.1. Il problema della grafia delle occlusive nel sistema cuneiforme dell’accadico, del ¯urrico e dell’ittito 2.2. L’interpretazione dei segni iniziali per le occlusive 2.3. La serie delle occlusive in ittito 2.4. La “regola” di Sturtevant 2.5. La popolarità della lex Sturtevant presso i linguisti storici 2.6. Il contrasto sorda/sonora : forte/lene in ittito 2.7. La situazione delle occlusive in luvio, palaico, licio e lidio 2.8. Le regole di lenizione 2.8.1. L’ipotesi di un’unica lenizione: Adiego (2001d) 2.8.2. I processi di lenizione e di desonorizzazione dal punto di vista fonetico-fonologico 2.9. La reinterpretazione tipologica delle occlusive indoeuropee e del sistema ittito: le ipotesi del contrasto di aspirazione di Gamkrelidze (1968 e ss.) e Bomhard (2000) 2.10. A conferma della lex Sturtevant: la “legge di Čop” (Čop [1970]) e la defonologizzazione secondo Jucquois (1972) 2.11. Il problema delle grafie “semplificate” 2.11.1. Il problema dello spazio grafico e il condizionamento “apofonico” del passaggio “media” > “tenue” secondo Rosenkranz (1959a, 1959b, 1978) 2.12. L’opinione di Melchert (1994a e ss.) 2.13. L’opinione di Kimball (1999) 2.14. L’ipotesi delle “mode” nella preferenza per un segno (Hart [1983]) e i processi di selezione individuale (van den Hout [in stampa]) 2.15. La lex Sturtevant: una questione “aperta” III ELENCO DEI LEMMI 3.1. Osservazioni preliminari IV ORDINAMENTO DELLE DELLE VOCI ITTITE RISPETTO ALLA LEX STURTEVANT IN BASE ALLE DIFFERENTI PROPOSTE ETIMOLOGICHE 4.1. Forme “regolari” rispetto alla lex Sturtevant (etimologie che prevedono la regolare corrispondenza tra l’occlusiva originaria e la resa grafica in ittito senza appellarsi a regole di lenizione o a processi di fortizione) 4.2. Forme “irregolari” rispetto alla lex Sturtevant (etimologie che non prevedono la regolare corrispondenza tra l’occlusiva originaria e la resa grafica in ittito e per le quali non viene proposta una soluzione) 4.3. Integrazione alla lex Sturtevant, là dove si ha grafia scempia in luogo di geminata (etimologie che prevedono una sorda originaria) 4.3.1. Lenizione protoanatolica di occlusiva dopo vocale lunga tonica, dittongo tonico e in posizione intervocalica 4.3.2.1. Lenizione dopo *ó (Kloekhorst [2008, pp. 65, 98 ss.]) 4.3.3. Sonorizzazione di */kw/ in */gw/ in posizione interna (Melchert [1994a, p. 61]), Čop [1963b]) – controesempi forniti da Kloekhorst (2008) e controargomentazioni di Rieken (2010) 4.3.4. Grafie semplificate 4.3.5.1. Lenizione in prossimità di *h2 4.3.5.2. Lenizione in prossimità di *h3 4.4. Integrazione alla lex Sturtevant là dove si ha grafia geminata in luogo di scempia (etimologie che prevedono una sonora originaria) 4.4.1. Geminazione secondaria di sonora originaria in prossimità di */r/ (Melchert [1994a, p. 153], Oettinger [1979a, p. 197]) 4.4.2. Geminazione secondaria di sonora prima di *h2 4.4.3. Geminazione secondaria di sonora dopo *h2 4.4.4. Geminazione di sorda/sonora originaria prima di *h1/*h3 (Kimball [1999, p. 283]: vere e proprie geminate da sorde originarie) 4.4.5. Geminazione secondaria di sonora originaria dovuta ad assimilazione del nesso “nasale + occlusiva” (= sequenza di sonore) 4.4.6. Geminazione secondaria (“fortizione”) dopo una sillaba di raddoppiamento tonica (Oettinger [1979a, pp. 231 ss., 347 ss.]) 4.5. Livellamenti analogici 4.6. Alternanze paradigmatiche (morfofonologiche) 4.6.1. Geminazione di originaria occlusiva sonora prima del suffisso iterativo intensivo -ške/a- 4.6.2. Alternanza tra grafia scempia nella III pers. singolare e grafia geminata nella III pers. plurale dei verbi in -¯i: -XCi vs. -aCCanzi (Oettinger [1979a, p. 444 ss.], Melchert [1994a, pp. 14, 81], Hoffner – Melchert [2008, p. 214]) 4.7. Composti e formazioni a raddoppiamento “irregolari” spiegate in base alla cronologia della loro formazione 4.8. Spiegazioni alternative per singole forme problematiche 4.8.1. Spiegazione di Čop (1963a) 4.8.2. “Limited Čop’s Law”: Melchert (1994a, p. 62, 1994b) V CONSIDERAZIONI CONCLUSIVE 5.1. Tipologia di analisi dei dati 5.2. Valutazione cronologica dei dati 5.3. Valutazione delle forme sulla base dell’etimologia proposta 5.3.1. Etimologie oscure 5.3.2. Etimologie incerte/problematiche/ambigue 5.3.3. Etimologie certe ed etimologie per le quali siano state proposte radici i.e. unicamente in occlusiva sorda o, viceversa, in sonora 5.4. Valutazione complessiva dei dati e dei fenomeni morfofonologici connessi con la lex Sturtevant VI SINOSSI DELLE FORME Abbreviazioni e simboli Sigle Riferimenti bibliografici I INTRODUZIONE 1. Considerazioni preliminari Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quello di affrontare, riconsiderandola criticamente, una ben nota questione di fonologia dell’ittito, osservata e studiata per la prima volta da E.A. Sturtevant in un articolo del 1932 (STURTEVANT [1932]) e sulla quale, nel corso dei successivi decenni, diversi studiosi si sono cimentati con pareri non di rado discordanti. Rimando all’imprescindibile e ormai classico lavoro di FRIEDRICH (1960), agli studi di KRONASSER (1956, 1966) e alle più recenti opere di MELCHERT (1994a), KIMBALL (1999), RIEKEN (1999), WATKINS (2004) e HOFFNER e MELCHERT (2008), oltre che al sillabario di Rüster e Neu (HZL) e al catalogo dei testi di Laroche (CTH), nonché alle specifiche monografie e agli articoli citati in bibliografia (e, di volta in volta, nel corso del lavoro), per tutto quanto attiene alla datazione e classificazione dei testi, alla descrizione dettagliata del sistema fonologico ittito, alla sistematica esposizione del sillabario cuneiforme, ai problemi legati alla “polifonia”1 e all’omofonia dei segni, ai criteri paleografici etc.2 Per quanto concerne poi i rapporti tra la lingua ittita e le altre lingue anatoliche (luvio, palaico, 3 licio, lidio, cario) rinvio a KAMMENHUBER (1969), oltre che, più specificamente, per il luvio, a MARAZZI (1990), MELCHERT (1993a, 2004b, 2005 etc.), STARKE (1990), VAN DEN HOUT (2007); per il palaico a KAMMENHUBER (1959), CARRUBA (1970, 1972), MELCHERT (2004e); per il licio a NEUMANN (1969), CARRUBA (1978), MELCHERT (1993b, 2004c), OETTINGER (1978); per il lidio a HEUBECK (1969), CARRUBA (1960), EICHNER (1986a, 1986b), GUSMANI (1964), MELCHERT (2004d), GÉRARD (2005); per il cario a MELCHERT (2004a) e alla ricca bibliografia ivi contenuta. Il presente studio, che non ha la pretesa di costituire un’opera di riferimento per i difficili e spesso non risolvibili problemi legati al sistema grafico ittito, infatti, farà sempre riferimento ai singoli manuali ogni qual volta sarà necessario rimandare a tutti quei peculiari problemi e approfondimenti che esulano dal circoscritto compito del lavoro. Lo scopo principale della ricerca è infatti quello di offrire un contributo monografico sulla questione specifica della cosiddetta lex Sturtevant, grazie all’analisi delle voci ittite che presentano interesse per tale fenomeno e alla rassegna critica delle principali soluzioni interpretative proposte nel corso del tempo. Per questo motivo, traendo spunto dai fondamentali dizionari etimologici al momento pubblicati (HW, HW2, CHD, HED, HEG e, più recentemente, KLOEKHORST [2008]) e operando una sintesi e un confronto critico tra le diverse 1 Con cui gli anatolisti fanno riferimento alla caratteristica tipica dei segni del sillabario ittito di possedere più di un valore fonetico, e di prestarsi, dunque, a “letture multiple”. KIMBALL (1999, p. 49 ss.) parla di “polyphonic signs”, ossia di segni che possono esser letti in diversi modi (la “polifonia” tout court farebbe invece riferimento più specificamente a diversi valori fonologici). La lettura “multipla” dei segni, in effetti, è dovuta all’adattamento del sistema ideografico sumerico a un sistema parzialmente sillabico. Cfr., fra gli altri, EICHNER (1980, p. 135), il quale ricorda una particolare caratteristica della “Zeichenpolyphonie” del sistema grafico ittito, secondo la quale un valore accessorio può presentare anche solo una piccolissima variazione nel consonantismo o nel vocalismo rispetto al valore principale del segno (EŠ = iš, BA = pá, TA = dá etc.). In questo caso, più che di “Zeichenpolyphonie”, si dovrebbe parlare, secondo lo studioso, di “(Zeichen)Diaphonie”. Il fenomeno della “polifonia” andò aumentando quando il sistema si adattò per rendere l’accadico. Cfr. anche COULMAS (2003) e HOFFNER – MELCHERT (2008, p. 16 ss.). 2 Per una dettagliata panoramica e analisi degli strumenti di lavoro sulla lingua ittita rimando alla recente pubblicazione di MARAZZI (2008 [2010]), ringraziando l’Autore per avermi dato la possibilità di prendere visione di una versione del lavoro nella fase di bozza di stampa. 3 Rinvio ad ADIEGO (2001a, 2001b, 2001c) per un resoconto più specifico sui rapporti tra cario, licio, lidio e greco antico. Per un’analisi del contatto greco-anatolico rinvio al recente contributo di GARCÍA RAMÓN (2011). proposte da questi di volta in volta presentate, si cercherà
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