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Our Bikes in the Middle of the Street: Community-Building, Racism and Gentrification in Urban Bicycle Advocacy

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Our Bikes in the Middle of the Street: Community-Building, Racism and Gentrification in Urban Bicycle Advocacy Our Bikes in the Middle of the Street: Community-building, Racism and Gentrification in Urban Bicycle Advocacy A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Melody Lynn Hoffmann IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Mary D. Vavrus June 2013 © Melody Lynn Hoffmann 2013 Acknowledgments Although a very privileged life to lead, being an academic can be mentally and physically challenging in unforeseen ways. Being able to write a dissertation is a life- changing opportunity and I am grateful for many people in my life that shaped what is presented here. First and foremost, immense gratitude to my adviser, Mary D. Vavrus. Mary not only kept up with my frantic writing schedule but also reminded me why this project is important—something that often slips from my mind when academic fervor takes over. She also taught me the phrase “sitting on your laurels,” something I do not do enough of (as Mary well knows). I am lucky to have a committed and academically diverse dissertation committee. I thank Zenzele Isoke for changing the way I think, research, and write. Chapter 3 is a reflection of her influence on my scholarship. Mark Pedelty has been my cheerleader since the beginning stages of my doctoral career. His enthusiasm for my research has been an important motivator during this project. I have always enjoyed working with Edward Schiappa because of his pragmatic approach to academia. I appreciate all of his guidance and advice about the nuts and bolts of writing a dissertation and getting through graduate school. Zack Furness has been an academic inspiration for me well before this project came to be. It is his scholarship, after all, that proved one can study bicycles and make a career out of it. In general, a huge thank you to my dissertation committee for taking the time over the last four years to talk with me, suggest pertinent literature and theory, read drafts of my chapters, and challenge me to make this a better project. The righteous feminist writing group I have been a part of for the past two years remains an essential piece of my academic livelihood. Raechel Tiffe, Dana Schowalter i and Sarah Wolter—thank you. No words can describe how much you have helped me become a better scholar, writer, and person. An extra special thank you to Raechel for sticking with me for all of these chaotic years. The stars know what is up. This dissertation would be nothing without all of the community members willing to speak with me about bicycle advocacy. I thank each one for their time and commitment to making this world a better place (even if though, at times, we disagree with how to get there). A special thank you to my Riverwest 24 comrades. The time, energy, and compassion you have put into building the Riverwest 24 is incomparable and I appreciate you taking some of that time to talk to me about how and why you do it. I want to especially thank Steve Whitlow who took an inordinate amount of time to talk with me about the Riverwest 24, the neighborhood, and all the craziness that comes with the event. His honesty, vulnerability, and excitement for his neighborhood and the event made this project much stronger than had his voice not been heard here. The Communication Studies program at the University of Minnesota, as my academic host for four years, laid some serious groundwork in preparing me for this dissertation. It was never easy but always rewarding. I am humbled by the funding I received while at Minnesota to attend academic conferences and conduct research. Thank you to the generous donors at the Communication Studies department and the greater university community for your financial contributions to my work. I was lucky to meander outside of my department and thus owe much to the Gender, Women and Sexuality Studies department—where I truly learned new epistemologies. It was here where I met Zenzele and took courses from Sara Puotinen, another inspiring pedagogue ii and scholar. It was also an honor to get to know people involved with The Tucker Center and Kinesiology department, especially Joanne Buysse. One of my favorite parts of this research project was being able to travel to two of my favorite cities containing some of my favorite people. I am especially grateful for the Fox family in Portland for housing and being with me during my numerous visits. I will never forget a rainy walk with Emily Templin Fox where, as she poked at me with curiosity about my research, I finally figured out what my project was really about. Nic Hengen Fox has been incredibly helpful in keeping me up to date with the Portland bicycle scene. Without him, Chapter 3 would not exist. His ongoing advice about navigating dissertating, and life in general, has been invaluable. In Milwaukee, thanks to Mary Germain, Rebecca Schuster and Matt Baran for being the best friends and allowing me to stay at your homes during my research trips. Mary, in particular, has been a strong, positive force in my life and I am grateful for our friendship. Who knew that our crazy idea to ride bikes together for 24 hours would not only make us closer friends but also be the impetus for this project? And to Rebecca and Matt: Namaste!!! There is a diverse collection of people, inside and out of academia, who assisted me in this project. Through my discussions with numerous people, I was able to ground my project in the communities I studied. In no particular order thank you to E.G. Nelson, Brian Rothgery, Spencer Haugh, Elly Blue and Laura Kling for your insights, suggestions, and sourcing of information. Bruce Epperson assisted in my retelling of bicycle advocacy history in the United States. Jason Laurendeau and Carly Adams, via a NASSS panel proposal, inspired the “haunting” framework in Chapter 3. A thank you to Minnesota Monthly for sending me a back issue for my research in Chapter 4. I have iii gleaned a lot about bicycle advocacy by participating in various bike events, races, and workshops. Due to the impossibility of listing them all, a general thank you to the Milwaukee and Minneapolis bicycle community for what you have taught me. As scholars, we are taught and encouraged to write and research with a fairly positivist, rational approach. As human beings, we learn that life simply is not rational and sometimes the structure of a dissertation contrasts against the lack of structure in our daily lives—making us feel insane. There are people and places in my life that were solaces in times of uncertainty. I have always found comfort in cafés and so Fuel Café, Caffetto and Hard Times Café played a very important role as my office during my writing process. Colleagues including Tony Nadler and Heidi Zimmermann have intercepted a lot of my anxiety and redirected me to more productive grounds. Carol Stabile is an indispensable person in my life, my feminist mentor, friend, and fellow troublemaker. I can always count on Mrak for excellent life advice and Tony Unger is my favorite n00b. I am grateful to know a lot of people under the age of 5 who have brought me much joy, love, and stress-relief. Thank you to Tate, Naomi, and Nat for reminding me how to have fun. Lastly, thank you to my family—Mom, Dad, Andy, Jon, and Robby. I am lucky to have a family who is proud of me and has never questioned my life choices. Your love and support has been crucial throughout my life. Often when you think you’re at the end of something, you’re at the beginning of something else. –Fred Rogers iv For all the people who ride their bikes against traffic and on the sidewalk v Abstract It is no surprise to people living in U.S. urban spaces that bicycling continues its ascent into popularity. Neighborhoods and cities across the country are now committed to making their spaces welcoming to bicyclists which include bicycling events, bicycle lanes, and businesses that cater to cyclists. In my time as an urban bicycle commuter, I have noticed that a particular bicyclist is being hailed by neighborhoods and cities—one that has both racial and class privilege. Through my ethnographic research in three U.S. cities I have confirmed my suspicion that the bicycle signifies different values and meanings to different bicycling demographics. In this dissertation I ultimately argue that the “rolling signification” of the bicycle contributes to its ability to build community, influence gentrifying urban planning, and reify and obscure systemic race and class barriers. I begin my dissertation with a case study on the Riverwest 24, a 24-hour bicycle race, and how its organizers and participants build community but I complicate this understanding of community building by exploring the neighborhood’s long history of activism and its spatial connection to a major segregation line. The importance of a neighborhood’s history as it intersects with bicycle advocacy is made clear in my second case study in Portland, Oregon where neighbors clashed, along racial lines, about renovating a specific bicycle lane. And thus I argue that the Black residents and history rooted in Black culture in Portland’s Albina neighborhood produce a haunting (Gordon, 1997) within the reconstruction of that bicycle lane. In my final case study I explore whether the theory that bicycle lanes can lead to gentrification holds any merit. In Minneapolis I have found evidence that the local government is coopting bicycle infrastructure to recruit educated, upwardly mobile people--with little regard to its impact vi on residents who fall outside of that demographic.
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