Pojmovnik LGBT Kulture Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar/Fondacija Heinrich

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Pojmovnik LGBT Kulture Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar/Fondacija Heinrich Pojmovnik LGBT kulture Sarajevski otvoreni centar/Fondacija Heinrich Böll, Sarajevo Edicija Questioning Sarajevskog otvorenog centra ediciju uređuje Saša Gavrić naslov Pojmovnik LGBT kulture priredile_i Jasmina Čaušević, Saša Gavrić autori_ce Arijana Aganović, Ena Bavčić, Emina Bošnjak, Jadranka Ćuzulan, Jakov Čaušević, Jasmina Čaušević, Slobodanka Boba Dekić, Ivana Dračo, Masha Durkalić, Nina Đikić, Bojana Đokanović, Saša Gavrić, Lejla Huremović, Admir Jugo, Bojan Krivokapić, Alma Midžić, Aida Spahić, Selma Spahić, Jelena Svirčić, Leila Šeper, Marijana Šuleić, Nermina Trbonja, Vladana Vasić, Amila Ždralović lektura Dalila Mirović POJMOVNIK indeks Jasmina Čaušević, Saša Gavrić DTP, naslovnica Feđa Bobić LGBT KULTURE izdavači Sarajevski otvoreni centar, Fondacija Heinrich Böll - ured u BiH za izdavače Saša Gavrić, Mirela Grünther-Đečević © Sarajevski otvoreni centar/Fondacija Heinrich Böll/autori_ce Nekomercijalno umnožavanje, fotokopiranje ili bilo koji drugi oblik reprodukcije cijele publikacije ili njezinih dijelova je poželjno, uz prethodno pismeno informisanje izdava- ča na mail: [email protected] Projekat je organizovan uz podršku Fondacije Heinrich Böll, Ured za Bosnu i Her- cegovinu. Stavovi i mišljenja izneseni u ovom zborniku su autorski i ne predstavljaju izričite stavove i mišljenja izdavača. Autori_ce odgovaraju za svoje tekstove. Tekstovi su pisani na bosanskom, hrvatskom i srpskom jeziku. Sarajevski otvoreni centar/ Fondacija Heinrich Böll CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 305-055.3(031) POJMOVNIK lezbejske, gej, biseksualne i transrodne (LGBT) kulture / [priredili/e Jasmina Čaušević, Saša Gavrić]. - Sarajevo : Sarajevski otvoreni centar : Fondacija “Heinrich Böll”, Ured u BiH, 2012. - 521 str. : ilustr. ; 20 cm. - (Edicija Questioning Sarajevskog otvorenog centra) Autori/ce: str. 513-517. - Bibliografija uz pojedina poglavlja i uz tekst. ISBN 978-9958-577-04-8 (Fondacija “Heinrich Böll”) COBISS.BH-ID 20187654 Helena Janečić, Horny Dyke SADRŽAJ Institucionalna diskriminacija 177 Internet 185 Interseksualnost 191 UVODNA RIJEČ Jednakopravnost 198 Jasmina Čaušević i Saša Gavrić 11 Jezik 205 Kemp/ Camp 210 PREDGOVOR Književnost 219 Danijela Majstorović 15 Kultura 223 Marginalizacija 231 PREDGOVOR Matrijarhat 238 Huso Oručević 19 Medicina 245 Mediji 258 Aktivizam 25 Metroseksualnost 269 Androginost 31 Mitologija 272 Aseksualnost 37 Muzika 279 Biseksualnost 42 Nacionalizam 291 Brak 55 Nasilje 297 Coming out 64 Patrijarhat 207 Diskriminacija 73 Politika 311 Feminizmi 83 Pornografija 326 Festivali 95 Pozorište 337 Film 101 Pravo 345 Filozofija 111 Pride 363 Fotografija 121 Religija 368 Govor mržnje 129 Rod 381 Homofobija 138 Rodni identiteti 390 Homoseksualnost 151 Queer 399 Identiteti 161 Seksualne prakse 409 Inkluzija 171 Seksualnost 415 Simboli 424 Spol 433 Stereotipi 439 Strip 449 Studije 461 Transeksualnost 467 Transrodnost 476 Transvestizam 483 Umjetnost 487 Zajednica 495 Zločin iz mržnje 499 Žargon 505 O autorima_cama 513 Indeks pojmova 518 11 UVODNA RIJEČ Pred vama se nalazi Pojmovnik koji sadrži 58 interpretacija fe- nomena LGBT kulture iz 23 perspektive. Kulturu, koju vezujemo za ovaj Pojmovnik, shvaćamo semiotički, na tragu Clifforda Geertza, kao mrežu značenja u koju smo upleteni_e, kao međusobno ispre- pleteni sistem znakova koji je podložan različitim tumačenjima. Kao takva, ona nije moć - nešto što kauzalno određuje društvene događa- je, ponašanja, institucije ili procese, kultura je kontekst unutar kojeg se društveni događaji, ponašanja, institucije ili procesi mogu pojmlji- vo (pojmovima) podrobno opisivati. Semiotički pristup kulturi smo odabrali jer se kroz njega najbolje može ući u pojmovni svijet u kome LGBT osobe, događaji i artefakti egzistiraju, kako bismo, u krajnje proširenom smislu te riječi, razgovarali sa njima. Rijetko koji mainstream, bilo da je riječ o akademskom, politič- kom, umjetničkom, kulturnom ili aktivističkom, uvažava postoja- nje i omogućava značajniju vidljivost Različitosti. Kroz istraživanja stanja, na primjer - LGBT prava, suočavate se sa činjenicom da u 12 13 bosanskohercegovačkom društvu vlada poražavajuće nepoznavanje LGBT teme ostala su neobrađena. Nadamo se da će čitatelji_ce biti in- ove teme. Postojanje lezbejki i gejeva je svedeno na seksualni čin, pa spirisani ovim Pojmovnikom da sami tragaju za terminima/pojavama im se u tom obimu trebaju zagarantovati i prava da mogu da rade šta koje bi mogle biti obrađene u nekim budućim sličnim poduhvatima. hoće u svoja četiri zida. Biseksualne osobe su neodlučne i trenutno Na kraju, zahvaljujemo se svim autoricama i autorima koji su dali se nalaze u toj fazi – ili su heteroseksualne i žele samo malo da ek- veliki doprinos i bez čijeg rada danas ne bismo imali ovaj pregled LGBT sperimentišu, ili se radi o gejevima i lezbejkama koje nisu u stanju kulture. Riječi zahvalnosti dugujemo i Danijeli Majostorović i Husi da sebi priznaju svoju homoseksualnost. Transrodne i transeksualne Oručević na ohrabrujućim predgovorima, Dalili Mirović na značajnom osobe su u potpunosti gurnute na marginu, i često se svode na tran- doprinosu u jezičkom ujednačavanju i uređivanju tekstova, Feđi Bobi- dže ili seksualne radnice. Sve ovo je samo vrh stereotipnog brijega sa ću na zanimljivom dizajnerskom rješenju, te naravno Mireli Grünther kakvim se LGBT osobe susreću svakodnevno. Đečević i Ameli Sejmović iz Fondacije Heinrich Böll – Ured u Bosni i Razvoj LGBT studija, krajem 20. vijeka, i aktivizma, dosta ranije, Hercegovini, koje su od samog početka podržale ovaj projekat. preusmjerio je analitičko interesovanje s politika binarnih identiteta Drage_i čitateljice_i, nadamo se vašim komentarima i kritikama! i kultura na tzv. queer identitete i kulturu, koja prekoračuje granice, predstavljajući otpor režimu normalnog, kako to označava Michael Priređivački tim Warner. Iako je još polovinom 20. vijeka otvoreno mjesta za Druge, Jasmina Čaušević i Saša Gavrić proces prevrednovanja kulturnih vrijednosti falocentrizma još uvijek intenzivno traje. Ovaj Pojmovnik prati taj trag i skreće pažnju na deša- vanja u BiH i regiji, te pokušava da sumira neke od ključnih tema koje se tiču LGBT postojanja. Po prvi put u Bosni i Hercegovini, a i šire, nastaje jedna vrsta hrestomatije, zbornika u kojem se ključni termini predstavljaju u znatno obimnijem obliku nego što smo navikli na to. Autorice i autori iz Bosne i Hercegovine, ali i saradnici i saradnice iz Srbije i Hrvatske, njih dvadeset troje ukupno, dali su svoj doprinos ra- deći na 58 pojmova. Pokazali su usku vezu aktivizma, prava i potrebe za vidljivošću u svim oblastima, od umjetnosti i jezika, preko medici- ne i religije, pa sve do politike, književnosti i filozofije. Naravno, svjesni smo ograničenosti ovog zbornika, te on nikako nema namjeru da bude percipiran kao sveobuhvatan. Termini poput sporta, ekologije ili pogledi nekih prirodnih nauka na pitanja vezana za 15 PREDGOVOR Pred nama se nalazi pojmovnik koji pokušava da opiše, označi i pozi- cionira seksualnu raznolikost u smislu lezbijskih, homoseksualnih, bisek- sualnih, transrodnih, queer i interseksualnih identiteta, te njima pripada- jućih označitelja, diskursa i praksi u specifičnom kontekstu države Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH). U pitanju je hrabar pionirski pokušaj dvadeset tri autora_ke da opišu i objasne pedeset osam pojmova koji se odnose na ove populacije i teme kroz primjere iz društvene teorije, prava i zakonodav- stva, te popularne kulture i medija. Na taj način, autori_ke na pojmovniku prave značajan korak dalje u smislu razumijevanja i prihvatanja ovih gru- pa, ali i „nas samih“, jer je odnosu prema Drugom uvijek inherentan od- nos prema samom sebi. Kako nema potlačenog bez tlačitelja, tako nema ni homoseksualnosti bez heteroseksualnosti, odnosno, bez heteronorma- tiva koji definiše šta je seksualno ili identitarno prihvatljivo, a šta nije. Ovaj heteronormativ ne samo da ima svoju politiku oličenu u spe- cifičnim metodama isključivanja i uključivanja za koje je nužno razu- mijevanje često brutalnog, mada povremeno i promjenjivog, kontek- sta unutar kojeg se o ovim identitetima govorilo ili šutjelo, ali i unutar kojeg su LGBTQI osobe bile nadzirane, disciplinovane i kažnjavane. Dok je u antici homoseksualnost bila društveno prihvaćena, šire- njem hrišćanstva, seks, u vidu čina ispovijesti o želji, postaje zapravo 16 17 diskurs. Uporedo s tim, homoseksualnost postaje stigmatizovana i moseksualnost u SFRJ zakonom je zvanično kriminalizovana 1959. tabuizirana pri čemu jedini dozvoljen čin postaje onaj između muš- godine, a muški homoseksualni čin se, prema Krivičnom zakonu karca i žene u cilju začetka djeteta. Kontrola rodnih uloga unekoliko SFRJ član 186 stav 2., kažnjavao zatvorom u trajanju od jedne go- popušta u eri prosvetiteljstva kada se pojavljuju prva „seksualna po- dine. Hrvatska ljekarska komora je skinula homoseksualnost s liste magala“, te poigravanje rodnim ulogama kad se, s diskursom roman- mentalnih poremećaja 1973. godine, a homoseksualnost je dekrimi- tične ljubavi, javlja i narativ o sebi oličen u formi romana. naliziovna novim Krivičnim zakonom SR Hrvatske, koji je stupio na Sa pojavom novih nauka, seksologije i psihijatrije, seksualnost se snagu 1977. godine, uz uslov da je homoseksualni odnos izvršen uz počinje definisati, a homoseksualne osobe se, kako stoji u pojmovniku, saglasnost odraslih muškaraca. Dok su te godine Hrvatska, Sloveni- „definišu kao pripadnici_e devijantnih kategorija – što postaje i njihov ja, Vojvodina i Crna Gora dekriminalizovale homoseksualnost,
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