DOCSLIB.ORG

Morimotoite, a New Titanian Garnet? - Discussion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morimotoite, a New Titanian Garnet? - Discussion MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1997, VOL. 61, PP 728-730 Morimotoite, a new titanian garnet? - discussion Irene T. Rass Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 35 Staromonetny, Moscow 109017, Russia THEvalence state and site distribution of titanium in from nepheline syenite, Iivaara, Finland, Deer et al., andradite remains a matter of much discussion. In a 1982. N24 after Zedlitz, 1935) shown for compar- recent paper, Henmi et al. (1995) described a new ison. mineral morimotoite, Ca3TiFe2+Si30I2' found in Apparently, both analyses are closely similar. Note contaminated rocks at Fuka, Bitchu-Cho, Okayama that the wet-chemical analysis from Zedlitz (1935) Prefecture, Japan. The morimotoite chemical compo- contains no Fe2+, whereas the analysis of morimo- sition (mean of seven microprobe analyses) and its toite includes Fe3+ and Fe2+, calculated on the basis cell dimensions are presented in Table I, together of 8 cations per 12 oxygens. Hence, the latter mineral with an earlier known titanian andradite (schorlomite may be either the first find at Fuka or in these rocks, SHORT COMMUNICA nONS 729 TABLE I. Chemical analyses Tarte et at. (1979). But Tarte et at. (1979) emphasize that according to their data, Ti should be distributed over tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Morimotoite SchorIomite To decide between the possibilities encountered in nature, or for the sake of formula calculation, 26.93 26.88 SiOz additional evidence is required. Rass (1984) 18.51 17.3 TiOz suggested a hypothetical garnet end-member zrOz 1.48 n.a. Alz03 0.97 2.83 Ca3Td~ij+OI2 on the strength of the following arguments: (1) mineralogical - the substitution of Fez03 11.42* 19.42 FeO 7.78* (Si+Fe) by Ti, a fact inferred from electron microp- MnO 0.23 0.01 robe analysis of zoned ga,rlets (Rass, 1986; Howie MgO 0.87 0.05 and Woolley, 1968); (2) crystallochemical - the CaD 31.35 32.35 above possibilities; (3) an advantage of this hypothetical end-member over the earlier-offered Total 99.54 100.09 Ca3Fe2Ti3012, (Huchenholz, 1969) and a (A) 12.162 12.167 Ca3ThFe2Si012 (Ito and Frondel, 1967): when the required Ca atom content is subtracted, the remainder is close to the theoretical andradite formula; (4) the n.a. not analysed existence of a linear dependence of cell dimension, * calculated on the basis of 8 cations per 12 oxygens and refractive index on Ca3Ti2Ti3012 mole fraction. This hypothetical garnet end-member does not or it may be regarded as just a new way of calculating exist in nature, because its stability field occurs under the cation proportion. Henmi et at. (1995) propose higher temperatures and lower oxygen fugacities than this procedure for formula calculation, using a that of perovskite, which is stable in mantle hypothetical end-member Ca3Ti4+Fe2+Si30I2' and environments. The conditions of Ca3Ti2Ti3012 presuming that Ti4+ and Fe2+ may occupy the stability are: to, -15 to -35 at 1300-900°C, at octahedral site in the garnet structure. Although this log aCaO-3 in melt, and log aSiO, < -0.622 (Rass possibility does exist (Amthauer et at., 1977; and Dubrovinskii, 1997). Gongbao and Baolei, 1986), it is only one variant If even the synthesized compound of many other possibilities: the presence of two 3Ca:lTi:lFe:3Si:120 (Kiihberger et at., 1989) different valence states of Ti (Howie and Woolley, consists of two distinct end-members and is 1968; Schwartz et at., 1980; Gongbao and Baolei, described by the formulae Ca3Ti4+Fe2+Si30I2 and 1986; Rass, 1986; Waychunas, 1987; Fehr et at., Ca3Ti3+Fe3+Si3012(Fehr and Amthauer, 1996), it is 1990;Malitesta et at., 1995); the occurrence of Ti in reasonable to expect that natural titanian andradite the tetrahedral site (Huckenholz, 1969; Dowty, 1971; (melanite and schorIomite) can also consist of the Amthauer et at.,1977; Tarte et at., 1979; two end-members (with a 'melanitic' silicon Povarennykh and Shabalin, 1983); the occurrence deficiency) together with Ca3Fd+Ti3012' of octahedral titanium (Amthauer et at., 1977; Ca3Fd+TiuSiu0I2, and Ca3Td+Tij+0I2 (in the Huggins .et at., 1977; povarennykh and Shabalin, case of schorlomite). 1983;Waychunas, 1987; Flohr and Rose, 1989); the In any case, a matter of discussion should now be occurrence of octahedrally coordinated trivalent the method of calculation or the predominance of one titanium (Ktihberger et at., 1989); the presence of end-member. A new mineral with its assigned name both octahedral and tetrahedral Fe3+ (Amthauer et might be discussed if the type specimen is re- at., 1977; Gongbao and Baolei, 1986); other examined, and true valence states of Ti and Fe are speculation concerning the positions of Fe2+, Zr4+ established (not calculated), and the presence of more and Ae+ in the garnet structure. than 50% Ca3Ti4+Fe2+Si30I2 in its composition is It is worth noting that most of the methods used proved. (Infrared spectra, Mossbauer study, XANES spectro- scopy) provide only possibilities rather than the Acknowledgements actual mechanisms. And an XPS study qualitatively confirms two different states of Ti (and Fe), although I am indebted to Prof. L.P. Bershov and Dr R.M. their quantitative proportions may remain uncertain Mineeva, whose courtesy made possible the use of the because of the possible impurity of the samples for various analytical methods discussed in this paper. XPS analysis (e.g. some perovskite in schorIomite grains, as may often be seen under the microscope). References According to Henmi et at. (1995), the IR spectra of morimotoite are very similar to those reported by Amthauer, G., Annersten, H. and Hafner, S.S. (1977) 730 SHORT COMMUNICA TrONS The Mossbauer spectrum of 57Fe in titanium-bearing titanium garnets. Amer. Mineral., 52,773-81. andradites. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 1,399-413. Ktihberger, A., Fehr, K.T., Huckenholz, H.G. and Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J. (1982) Rock- Amthauer, G. (1989) Crystal chemistry of a natural forming Minerals, Vol. 1 Ortho- and Ring-silicates, schorlomite and Ti-andradites synthesized at differ- London. ent oxygen fugacities. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 16, Dowty, E. (1971) Crystal chemistry of titanian and 734-40. zirconian garnet: 1. Review and spectral studies. Malitesta, c., Losito, 1., Scordari, F. and Schingaro, E. Amer. Mineral., 56, 1983-2009. (1995) ZPS investigation of titanium in melanites Fehr, K.T. and Amthauer, G. (1996) Comment on from Mont Vulture (Italy). Eur. J. Mineral., 7, 'Morimotoite, Ca3TiFe2+Si3012, a new titanian 847-58. garnet from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan' by Povarennykh, A.S. and Shabalin, B.G. (1983) The Henmi et al. (1995). Mineral. Mag., 60, 842-5. structural role of titanium and iron in synthetic Fehr, K.T., Ktihberger, A. and Huckenholz, H.G. (1990) zirconium- and titanium-containing garnets. Ceol. J., Stability relations and crystal chemistry of Ti- 43(1), 45-50 (in Russian). andradites. Terra Abst., 2, 72 Rass, LT. (1984) On new end-member, Ca3Ti2Ti3012, in Flohr, MJ.K. and Ross, M. (1989) Alkaline igneous titanian andradite group. Doklady, Acad. Sci. USSR, rocks of magnet Cove, Arkansas: metasomatized 277, 196-9 (in Russian). ijolite xenoliths from Diamond Jo quarry. Amer. Rass, LT. (1986) Paragenetic Analysis (~f Zoned Mineral., 74, 113-31. Minerals. Moscow, Nauka, 143 pp. (in Russian). Gongbao, W. and Baolei, M. (1986) The crystal Rass, LT. and Dubrovinskii, L.S. (1997) The schorlo- chemistry and Mossbauer study of schorlomite. mite thermodynamic parameters and stability field. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 13, 198-205. Doklady RAS, 354(6), 191-8. Henmi, C., Kusachi, 1. and Henmi, K. (1995) Schwartz, K.B., Nolet, D.A. and Burns, R.G. (1980) Morimotoite, Ca3TiFe2+Si30 12,a new titanian garnet Mossbauer spectroscopy and crystal chemistry of from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Mineral. natural Fe-Ti garnets. Amer. Mineral., 65, 142-53. Mag., 59, 115-20. Tarte, P. Cahay, R. and Garcia, A. (1979) Infrared Howie, R.A. and Wooley, A.R. (1968) The role of spectrum and structural role titanium in synthetic Ti- titanium and the effect of Ti02 on the cell-size, garnets. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 4, 55-63. refractive index, and specific gravity in the andra- Waychunas, G.A. (1987) Synchrotron radiation XANES dite-melanite-schorlomite series. Mineral. Mag.,36, spectroscopy of Ti in minerals: effects of Ti bonding 775-90. distances, Ti valence, and site geometry on absorp- Huckenholz, H.G. (1969) Synthesis and stability of Ti- tion edge structure. Amer. Mineral., 72, 89-101. andradite. Amer. J. Sci., Schairer vol., 267A, Zedlitz, O. (1935) Ober titanhaltige Kalkeiengranate. II. 209-32. Zentralbl. Min.., A, p. 68. Huggins, F.E., Virgo, D. and Huckenholz, H.G. (1977) Titanium-containing silicate garnets: 11. The crystal [Manu.vcript received 9 September 1996: chemistry of me1anites and schorlomites. Amer. revised 7 February 1997] Mineral., 62, 646-65. Ito, 1. and Frondel, C. (1967) Synthetic zirconium and (!;) Copyright the Mineralogical Society KEYWORDs: morimotoite, andradite, garnet, titanium..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hydrous Component in Andradite Garnet
    American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 835±840, 1998 The hydrous component in andradite garnet GEORG AMTHAUER* AND GEORGE R. ROSSMAN² Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Twenty-two andradite samples from a variety of geological environments and two syn- thetic hydroandradite samples were studied by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Their 2 spectra show that H enters andradite in the form of OH . Amounts up to 6 wt% H2O occur in these samples; those from low-temperature formations contain the most OH2. Some 42 ↔ 42 features in the absorption spectra indicate the hydrogarnet substitution (SiO4) (O4H4) whereas others indicate additional types of OH2 incorporation. The complexity of the spectra due to multi-site distribution of OH2 increases with increasing complexity of the garnet composition. 42 ↔ 42 INTRODUCTION tution (O4H4) (SiO4) . This observation has been Systematic studies have shown that hydroxide is a con®rmed by XRD of a hydrous andradite with a Si de- common minor component of grossular and pyrope-al- ®ciency of about 50%, and a high OH content (Arm- mandine-spessartite garnets (Aines and Rossman 1985; bruster 1995). The structure of this particular sample with Rossman and Aines 1991). Comparable surveys of an- space group Ia3d is composed of disordered microdo- dradite garnet have not been previously presented. Sev- mains containing (SiO4) and (O4H4) tetrahedral units. eral reports indicate that appreciable amounts of OH2 can The aim of the present investigation was to perform a be incorporated in both natural and synthetic andradite- Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study on different sam- rich garnet (Flint et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflective Index Reference Chart
    REFLECTIVE INDEX REFERENCE CHART FOR PRESIDIUM DUO TESTER (PDT) Reflective Index Refractive Reflective Index Refractive Reflective Index Refractive Gemstone on PDT/PRM Index Gemstone on PDT/PRM Index Gemstone on PDT/PRM Index Fluorite 16 - 18 1.434 - 1.434 Emerald 26 - 29 1.580 - 1.580 Corundum 34 - 43 1.762 - 1.770 Opal 17 - 19 1.450 - 1.450 Verdite 26 - 29 1.580 - 1.580 Idocrase 35 - 39 1.713 - 1.718 ? Glass 17 - 54 1.440 - 1.900 Brazilianite 27 - 32 1.602 - 1.621 Spinel 36 - 39 1.718 - 1.718 How does your Presidium tester Plastic 18 - 38 1.460 - 1.700 Rhodochrosite 27 - 48 1.597 - 1.817 TL Grossularite Garnet 36 - 40 1.720 - 1.720 Sodalite 19 - 21 1.483 - 1.483 Actinolite 28 - 33 1.614 - 1.642 Kyanite 36 - 41 1.716 - 1.731 work to get R.I. values? Lapis-lazuli 20 - 23 1.500 - 1.500 Nephrite 28 - 33 1.606 - 1.632 Rhodonite 37 - 41 1.730 - 1.740 Reflective indices developed by Presidium can Moldavite 20 - 23 1.500 - 1.500 Turquoise 28 - 34 1.610 - 1.650 TP Grossularite Garnet (Hessonite) 37 - 41 1.740 - 1.740 be matched in this table to the corresponding Obsidian 20 - 23 1.500 - 1.500 Topaz (Blue, White) 29 - 32 1.619 - 1.627 Chrysoberyl (Alexandrite) 38 - 42 1.746 - 1.755 common Refractive Index values to get the Calcite 20 - 35 1.486 - 1.658 Danburite 29 - 33 1.630 - 1.636 Pyrope Garnet 38 - 42 1.746 - 1.746 R.I value of the gemstone.
    [Show full text]
  • Andradite Ca3fe2 (Sio4)3 C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Cubic
    3+ Andradite Ca3Fe2 (SiO4)3 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 4=m 3 2=m: Commonly well-crystallized dodecahedra, trapezohedra, or combinations, to 5 cm. Also granular to massive. Physical Properties: Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 6.5{7 D(meas.) = 3.8{3.9 D(calc.) = 3.859 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored. Streak: White. Luster: Adamantine to resinous, dull. Optical Class: Isotropic; typically weakly anisotropic. n = 1.887 Cell Data: Space Group: Ia3d: a = 12.056 Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.696 (100), 3.015 (60), 1.6112 (60), 2.462 (45), 1.9564 (25), 1.6728 (25), 1.1195 (25) Chemistry: (1) (2) SiO2 34.91 35.47 TiO2 trace Al2O3 0.69 Fe2O3 30.40 31.42 MgO 0.58 CaO 33.20 33.11 H2O¡ 0.19 Total 99.97 100.00 3+ (1) Re·skovic stream, Serbia, Yugoslavia; corresponds to (Ca3:01Mg0:07)§=3:08(Fe1:94Al0:02)§=1:96 (Si2:95Al0:05)§=3:00O12: (2) Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3: Polymorphism & Series: Forms two series, with grossular, and with schorlomite. Mineral Group: Garnet group. Occurrence: In skarns from contact metamorphosed impure limestones or calcic igneous rocks; in chlorite schists and serpentinites; in alkalic igneous rocks, then typically titaniferous. Association: Vesuvianite, chlorite, epidote, spinel, calcite, dolomite, magnetite. Distribution: Widespread; ¯ne examples from; in Italy, at Frascati, Alban Hills, Lazio; the Val Malenco, Lombardy; the Ala Valley, Piedmont; and Larcinaz, Val d'Aosta.
    [Show full text]
  • Andradite Skarn Garnet Records of Exceptionally Low Δ18o Values Within an Early Cretaceous Hydrothermal System, Sierra Nevada, CA
    Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2019) 174:68 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-019-1602-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Andradite skarn garnet records of exceptionally low δ18O values within an Early Cretaceous hydrothermal system, Sierra Nevada, CA J. Ryan‑Davis1,2 · J. S. Lackey2 · M. Gevedon3 · J. D. Barnes3 · C‑T. A. Lee4 · K. Kitajima5 · J. W. Valley5 Received: 2 March 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Skarn garnets in the Mineral King roof pendant of the south–central Sierra Nevada within Sequoia National Park, Califor- nia, USA reveal variable fuid chemistry with a signifcant component of meteoric water during metasomatism in the Early Cretaceous Sierra Nevada Batholith. We focus on andradite garnet associated with Pb–Zn mineralization in the White Chief Mine. Laser fuorination oxygen isotope analyses of δ18O of garnet (δ18O(Grt)) from sites along the skarn show a large range of values (− 8.8 to + 4.6‰ VSMOW). Ion microprobe (SIMS) analyses elucidate that individual andradite crystals are strongly zoned in δ18O(Grt) (up to 7‰ of variation). Total rare-earth element concentrations (∑REE) across individual garnets show progressive depletion of skarn-forming fuids in these elements during garnet growth. These fndings support 18 18 a skarn model of earliest red high-δ O grandite garnet consistent with a magmatic-dominated equilibrium fuid (δ O(H2O) as high as ≈ + 8‰). Later, green andradite crystallized in equilibrium with a low-δ18O fuid indicating a signifcant infux 18 of meteoric fuid (δ O(H2O) ≈ − 6 to − 5‰), following a hiatus in garnet growth, associated with late-stage Pb–Zn miner- 18 18 alization.
    [Show full text]
  • Andradite in Andradite Unusual Growth Zoning in Beryl
    Editor Nathan Renfro Contributing Editors Elise A. Skalwold and John I. Koivula Andradite in Andradite ity, but size was not what made it special. As shown in fig- Recently we had the opportunity to examine a dramatic ure 1, close examination of one of the polished crystal faces iridescent andradite fashioned by Falk Burger (Hard Works, revealed a bright reddish orange “hot spot” in the center, Tucson, Arizona) from a crystal originating from the caused by an iridescent inclusion of andradite with a dif- Tenkawa area of Nara Prefecture in Japan. Known as “rain- ferent crystallographic orientation than its host. As seen bow” andradite, this material was previously reported in in figure 2, the inclusion’s different orientation caused the iridescence of the rhomb-shaped “hot spot” to appear and Gems & Gemology (T. Hainschwang and F. Notari, “The cause of iridescence in rainbow andradite from Nara, disappear as the light source was passed over the crystal’s Japan,” Winter 2006, pp. 248–258). The specimen was surface. To see the iridescence from both the host and in- unique for its genesis and optical phenomenon. clusion at the same time, two light sources from opposite Weighing 16.79 ct and measuring 15.41 × 13.86 × 10.49 directions must be used due to the different crystallo- mm, the andradite was very large for its species and local- graphic orientation of the host and inclusion. This elusive optical phenomenon made this Japanese andradite crystal extremely interesting for any aspiring inclusionist. John I. Koivula Figure 1. This 16.79 ct Japanese andradite garnet GIA, Carlsbad exhibits a very unusual rhomb-shaped “hot spot” below the surface of one crystal face.
    [Show full text]
  • Gem Andradite Garnets
    GEM mDWITEGARNETS By Carol M. Stockton and D. Vincent Manson Andradiie, the rares t of the five well- s part of our continuing study of gem garnets) the known gem garnet species, is examined Aspecies andradite should present few difficulties in and characterized with respect to refrac- characterization and identification. Three varieties have tiveindex, specificgravity, absorption spec- been recognized by gemologists: melanitel topazolitel and trum, color, and chemical composition. demantoid. Melanitel which is blaclzl will not be discussed These properties are measured and specifi- here because it is opaque and has historicallyl to our cally tab~~latedfor21 gem undrudites (20 lznowledgel been used as a gem only for mourning jewelry. green and one yellow), From the narrow ranges of refractive index (1.880-1.883), Topazolitel a term that has been challenged as being too specificgravity (3.80-3.881, and chemical similar to that of the gem species topazl is a greenish composition (less than 3% of components yellow to yellow-brown andradite that only occasionally other than andradite in any of the speci- occurs in crystals large enough to be faceted. Demantoid! mens examined) that were observed, it is the yellowish green to green variety (figure 1))is the most apparent that thegem-q~~alityundradites important of the three for the jeweler-gemologist and is the are chemically distinct from other types of principal focus of the study reported here. gem garnets and that these stones are easy Pure andradite (Ca3Fe2Si3012)has a refractive index of to distinguish by means of color coupled 1.886 (McConnelll 19641 and a specific gravity of 3.859 with refractive index.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Diamond Jewelry See Inside Cover
    ti'1 ;i' .{"n b"' HH :U 3 c-r 6E au) -:L _lH brD [! - eF o 3 Itr-| i:j,::]': O .a E cl!+ r-Ri =r l\+ - x':a @ o \<[SFs-X : R 9€ 9.!-o I* & = t t-Y ry ,;;4 fr o a ts(\ 3 tug -::- ^ ,9 QJH 7.oa : l-] X 'rr l]i @ ex b :<; i-o ld o o-! :. i (n z )@N -.; :!t Fml \"-DF i :\ =orD =\ ^:a -nft< oSr-n ppr= HDV '- s\C r 6- "?tJz* Jlt : ni . s' o c'l.!..4< F' ryl - i o5 F ; {: Ll-l> Fr \ ='/E<- a5. {E j*yt p.y. .o n O S_ sr = = i o - ;iar x'i@ xo ia\=i, -G; t- z i i *O ^ > :.r - : ' - , i--! i---:= -i -z-- l:-\i i- t-3 j'-a : =: S ---i--.-- a- F == :\- O z O - -- - a s =. e ?.a !':ii1 : = - / - . :: i *a !- z : C CI =2 7 \- ^ t =r- l! t! lv- Iv -5 ":. -_r ! c\ co =- \] N TJ ?ti:iE€ i; 5j:; LLI ;;tttE3 E;Ei!iiii'E ri l.T-1 j F-{ i aEE g;iij 1=,iE 3iE;i; ; a;E{ i ii is: :i E-r ''l FJ; l- r s r+ss U f{ r E ci! :?: i; E : nl L *ii;i;i;ili j Eiii!igiaiiiiii il -3€ ;l jii = c-l Le s it5 ;gt,*:ii;$ii; Fi F \JU a .lS IU H\ sit! gi;iig: g lJr )< :,i S i rsr ii: is Ei :n*J f,'i;i;t: a- -r UJ { FJi .i' E-u+Efi€ E sa !E ei E i E F-r tr< ;E;: iE; 3?$s?s t-J ;: z r'l .-u*s re,,r gs E;ig;lii:ii;:ii*5t.! ti:; +-J \ \H trl - L9 \ gEi F-r 'Eq E;*it[; ;i;E iE Hr IE €i;i ! i*;: I tr-r s ct) i EE:i:r! t E;fe; s E;ttsE H;i;{i; sE+ FJ-l S aS H5; e '-\ q/ E th i st*E;iuF€;EEEFi;iE;'a:€:; g F! n1 Ii;:i 3;t g;:s :;sErr; i;:ti i;;i: :E F rt;;;igic; iitiTEi :E ;: r ;ac i; I;; FiE$es;i* Hsi s=+ qE H;{;5FH $;!iiEg tJ L-J S- Nll ^llo.\ ll e*[r+;sir{+giiiE gEa,E s;ee=ltlfFE E5sfr;r ; +rfi [FE 1:8;$ il r;*;rc*€ i'[;*+EI tl ;i ili$;l$s rgiT;i;licE;{ i;E;fi il5! f,r 1l ;lFaE€iHiiifx;a$;as
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Updated 2012
    American Federation of Mineralogical Societies AFMS Approved Reference List of Lapidary Material Names “Gem List” August 1996 Updated January 2003 AFMS Pubications Committee B. Jay Bowman, Chair Internet version of Approved Lapidary Material Names. This document can only be downloaded at http://www.amfed.org/rules APPROVED NAMES FOR LAPIDARY LABELS Prepared by the American Federation Nomenclature Committee and approved by the American Federa- tion Uniform Rules Committee, this list is the authorized guide and authority for Lapidary Label Names for exhibitors and judges in all competition under AFMS Uniform Rules. All materials are listed alpha- betically with two columns on a page. The following criteria are to assist in the selection and judging of material names on exhibit labels. 1. The name of any listed material (except tigereye), which has been cut to show a single chatoyant ray, may be preceded by “CAT’S-EYE”; the name of any material which has been cut to show asterism (two or more crossed rays) may be preceded by “STAR”, i.e.: CATS-EYE DIOPSIDE, CAT’S-EYE QUARTZ, STAR BERYL, STAR GARNET, etc. 2. This list is not all-inclusive as to the names of Lapidary materials which may at some time be exhibited. If a mineral or rock not included in this list is exhibited, the recognized mineralogical or petrological name must be used. The names of valid minerals and valid mineral varieties listed in the latest edition of the Glossary of Mineral Species by Michael Fleisher, or any other authorized reference, will be acceptable as Lapidary names. Varieties need only have variety name listed and not the root species.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Chemical Anatomy of Igneous, Titanian Andradite Garnets from the Crowsnest Formation, Alberta
    Physical and Chemical Anatomy of Igneous, Titanian Andradite Garnets from the Crowsnest Formation, Alberta. Robin Adair, P. Geol. (PhD candidate) Prof Chris McFarlane, Prof David R Lentz University of New Brunswick, Department of Earth Sciences Summary The middle Cretaceous Crowsnest Formation is divided into lower and upper members at its principle reference section on the basis of emplacement by related, though different, subaerial pyroclastic mechanisms and by bulk geochemical composition. The lower member is crystal clast- rich, whereas the upper member contains notably fewer crystal clasts and more abundant lithic clasts. Titanian andradite garnet is ubiquitous in the lower member where it comprises between 5 % and 20 % of the crystal clasts present in the deposits and subordinate only to sanidine crystal clasts. It is rare in the upper member. It is assumed that the garnet present in the pyroclastic deposits may represent a non-homogeneous population derived from different parental melt compositions and as re-deposited garnet from earlier eruptions. Titanian andradite occurs as whole and broken, euhedral crystal clasts demonstrating untwinned and twinned crystal habit as well as crystal twin aggregates. Single crystals range in size from 0.25mm to 7.0mm and exhibit cubic, rhombic dodecahedral form with malformation common. A benchmark study of the Crowsnest garnets by Dingwell and Brearley (1985) described a small Ti-depleted core with an abrupt increase of Ti in oscillatory zoned rims with insight into zonation of the other major oxides and four derived binary exchanges (Al - Fe3+, Si - Ti, Ca-Mn, and Mg- 2+ Fe ). Their data show TiO2 ranging between 2.46% and 7.37%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jurassic Tourmaline–Garnet–Beryl Semi-Gemstone Province in The
    International Geology Review ISSN: 0020-6814 (Print) 1938-2839 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tigr20 The Jurassic tourmaline–garnet–beryl semi- gemstone province in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran Fatemeh Nouri, Robert J. Stern & Hossein Azizi To cite this article: Fatemeh Nouri, Robert J. Stern & Hossein Azizi (2018): The Jurassic tourmaline–garnet–beryl semi-gemstone province in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran, International Geology Review To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2018.1539927 Published online: 01 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 95 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tigr20 INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2018.1539927 ARTICLE The Jurassic tourmaline–garnet–beryl semi-gemstone province in the Sanandaj– Sirjan Zone, western Iran Fatemeh Nouria, Robert J. Sternb and Hossein Azizi c aGeology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; bGeosciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA; cDepartment of Mining, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Deposits of semi-gemstones tourmaline, beryl, and garnet associated with Jurassic granites are Received 5 August 2018 found in the northern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) of western Iran, defining a belt that can be Accepted 20 October 2018 traced for
    [Show full text]