The Jurassic Tourmaline–Garnet–Beryl Semi-Gemstone Province in The
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Mount Apatite Park, Auburn, Maine
Mount Apatite Park is a 325-acre wooded park located in the western portion of the city. The park offers a wide variety of recreational opportunities not often found in municipal park settings. Rock hounds have known about this area for over 150 years, when the first discoveries of gem-quality tourmaline were found there. Since then, the area has experienced a great deal of mineral exploration, both commercial and amateur. Today amateurs may still search the mine tailings for apatite, tourmaline, and quartz specimens (special rules apply). The park features approximately four miles of trails for non-motorized uses such as hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. The Andy Valley Sno Gypsies also maintain a snowmobile trailhead within the park, which links to miles of regional snowmobile trails.The park is open from dawn until dusk year-round. As with all municipal parks, hunting is not allowed within park boundaries. Park brochures, which include a trail map, park rules, and other park information, are available at the Auburn Parks & Recreation Department office, Monday through Friday, 8a.m.-4:30p.m. Mount Apatite Park, Auburn, Maine Significance The Mt. Apatite quarries were important producers of commercial feldspar in the early 1900's. They played a prominent part in Maine's mining history. During the course of this mining activity, rare minerals and colorful crystals of green and pink tourmaline were found in both the Greenlaw and Maine Feldspar Quarries. These quarries also produced many large crystals of transparent smoky quartz. The complexity of the mineral assemblage at Mt. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
A Ground Magnetic Survey of Kimberlite Intrusives in Elliott County, Kentucky
Kentucky Geological Survey James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director University of Kentucky, Lexington A Ground Magnetic Survey of Kimberlite Intrusives in Elliott County, Kentucky John D. Calandra Thesis Series 2 Series XII, 2000 Kentucky Geological Survey James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director University of Kentucky, Lexington A Ground Magnetic Survey of Kimberlite Intrusives in Elliott County, Kentucky John D. Calandra On the cover: Photomicrographs of olivine phenoc- rysts: (top) a stressed first-generation olivine pheno- cryst and (bottom) a late-stage olivine phenocryst. Thesis Series 2 Series XII, 2000 i UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Computer and Laboratory Services Section: Charles T. Wethington Jr., President Steven Cordiviola, Head Fitzgerald Bramwell, Vice President for Research and Richard E. Sergeant, Geologist IV Graduate Studies Joseph B. Dixon, Information Technology Manager I Jack Supplee, Director, Administrative Affairs, Research James M. McElhone, Information Systems Technical and Graduate Studies Support Specialist IV Henry E. Francis, Scientist II KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ADVISORY Karen Cisler, Scientist I BOARD Jason S. Backus, Research Analyst Henry M. Morgan, Chair, Utica Steven R. Mock, Research Analyst Ron D. Gilkerson, Vice Chair, Lexington Tracy Sizemore, Research Analyst William W. Bowdy, Fort Thomas Steve Cawood, Frankfort GEOLOGICAL DIVISION Hugh B. Gabbard, Winchester Coal and Minerals Section: Kenneth Gibson, Madisonville Donald R. Chesnut Jr., Head Mark E. Gormley, Versailles Garland R. Dever Jr., Geologist V Rosanne Kruzich, Louisville Cortland F. Eble, Geologist V W.A. Mossbarger, Lexington Gerald A. Weisenfluh, Geologist V Jacqueline Swigart, Louisville David A. Williams, Geologist V, Henderson office John F. Tate, Bonnyman Stephen F. Greb, Geologist IV David A. -
Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals in the Beo
American Mineralogist, Volwne 71, pages 277-300, 1986 Phaseequilibria and thermodynamic properties of mineralsin the BeO-AlrO3-SiO2-H2O(BASH) system,with petrologicapplications Mlnx D. B.qnroN Department of Earth and SpaceSciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Los Angeles,California 90024 Ansrru,cr The phase relations and thermodynamic properties of behoite (Be(OH)r), bertrandite (BeoSirOr(OH)J, beryl (BerAlrSiuO,r),bromellite (BeO), chrysoberyl (BeAl,Oo), euclase (BeAlSiOo(OH)),and phenakite (BerSiOo)have been quantitatively evaluatedfrom a com- bination of new phase-equilibrium, solubility, calorimetric, and volumetric measurements and with data from the literature. The resulting thermodynamic model is consistentwith natural low-variance assemblagesand can be used to interpret many beryllium-mineral occurTences. Reversedhigh-pressure solid-media experimentslocated the positions of four reactions: BerAlrSiuO,,: BeAlrOo * BerSiOo+ 5SiO, (dry) 20BeAlSiOo(OH): 3BerAlrsi6or8+ TBeAlrOo+ 2BerSiOn+ l0HrO 4BeAlSiOo(OH)+ 2SiOr: BerAlrSiuO,,+ BeAlrOo+ 2H2O BerAlrSiuO,,+ 2AlrSiOs : 3BeAlrOa + 8SiO, (water saturated). Aqueous silica concentrationswere determined by reversedexperiments at I kbar for the following sevenreactions: 2BeO + H4SiO4: BerSiOo+ 2H2O 4BeO + 2HoSiOo: BeoSirO'(OH),+ 3HrO BeAlrOo* BerSiOo+ 5H4Sio4: Be3AlrSiuOr8+ loHro 3BeAlrOo+ 8H4SiO4: BerAlrSiuOrs+ 2AlrSiO5+ l6HrO 3BerSiOo+ 2AlrSiO5+ 7H4SiO4: 2BerAlrSiuOr8+ l4H2o aBeAlsioloH) + Bersio4 + 7H4sio4:2BerAlrsiuors + 14Hro 2BeAlrOo+ BerSiOo+ 3H4SiOo: 4BeAlSiOr(OH)+ 4HrO. -
Elimination of Ferric Ion Effect on Separation Between Kyanite and Quartz Using Citric Acid As Regulator
minerals Article Elimination of Ferric Ion Effect on Separation between Kyanite and Quartz Using Citric Acid as Regulator Yanping Niu 1, Ya Li 1, Haoran Sun 2,*, Chuanyao Sun 3, Wanzhong Yin 2 and Hongfeng Xu 4 1 Heilongjiang Province Geology Ore Test and Application Institute, Harbin 150000, China; [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110816, China; [email protected] 3 State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing, BGRIMM Technology Group, Beijing 100160, China; [email protected] 4 Heilongjiang Mining Group Co., Ltd., Harbin 150000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-188-4250-4743 Abstract: Ferric ions produced during grinding influence the flotation separation between kyanite and quartz adversely. In this study, citric acid was used as a regulator to eliminate the effect of ferric ions on the separation of kyanite from quartz with sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector. The microflotation test results indicated that the quartz was selectively activated by FeCl3 and maintained significant quartz recovery. However, the citric acid could selectively eliminate the effect of ferric ions on the quartz and minimally influenced the kyanite. Contact angle tests demonstrated that FeCl significantly increased the interaction between NaOL and quartz, resulting in the high 3 hydrophobicity of quartz, and the addition of citric acid made the quartz surface hydrophilic again but slightly influenced the kyanite. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that FeCl Citation: Niu, Y.; Li, Y.; Sun, H.; Sun, 3 C.; Yin, W.; Xu, H. Elimination of facilitated NaOL adsorption onto the quartz surface, and the addition of citric acid eliminated the Ferric Ion Effect on Separation activation of FeCl3 on the quartz, resulting in the nonadsorption of NaOL onto the quartz surface. -
Download Course Outline for This Program
Program Outline 434- Jewellery and Metalwork NUNAVUT INUIT LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Jewelry and Metalwork (and all fine arts) PROGRAM REPORT 434 Jewellery and Metalwork Start Term: No Specified End Date End Term: No Specified End Date Program Status: Approved Action Type: N/A Change Type: N/A Discontinued: No Latest Version: Yes Printed: 03/30/2015 1 Program Outline 434- Jewellery and Metalwork Program Details 434 - Jewellery and Metalwork Start Term: No Specified End Date End Term: No Specified End Date Program Details Code 434 Title Jewellery and Metalwork Start Term No Specified End Date End Term No Specified End Date Total Credits Institution Nunavut Faculty Inuit Languages and Cultures Department Jewelry and Metalwork (and all fine arts) General Information Eligible for RPL No Description The Program in Jewellery and Metalwork will enable students to develop their knowledge and skills of jewellery and metalwork production in a professional studio atmosphere. To this end the program stresses high standards of craftship and creativity, all the time encouraging and exposing students to a wide range of materials, techniques and concepts. This program is designed to allow the individual student to specialize in an area of study of particular interest. There is an emphasis on creative thinking and problem-solving throughout the program.The first year of the program provides an environment for the students to acquire the necessary skills that will enable them to translate their ideas into two and three dimensional jewellery and metalwork. This first year includes courses in: Drawing and Design, Inuit Art and Jewellery History, Lapidary and also Business and Communications. -
The Red Emerald
The Red Emerald Black Album Words by Seth William Rozendaal Photos by David Rozendaal This work is for the enjoyment of gemstone aficionados around the world and throughout time, and dedicated to the divine muse who inspires everything. This book celebrates the Red Emerald’s public debut at the 2017 Tucson Gem and Mineral Show. Graphics taken from the Mineralogical Record Volume 47 Number 1: Colombian Emeralds where noted. The two photos of the Heart matrix specimen on the top of the page in Section VI were taken by Wayne Schrimp. Seth Rozendaal is responsible for the landscape photo in Section II, the beveled heart in Section VI and Office Suite Graphics. The Suite Treasure necklace photo in Section XIII was taken at the Brent Isenberger Studio. Cover and all other interior photos in this album were taken by David Rozendaal. Without his tireless dedication, this publication would not have been possible. For additional information, please contact: Seth William Rozendaal (515) 868-7207 [email protected] Index I - Red Beryl IS Red Emerald II - Formation III - Matrix Specimens IV - Wafers V - Prisms VI - Twins VII - Clusters VIII - Bixbyite Combinations IX - Topaz Combinations X - Hourglass Patterning XI - The Scarlet Spectrum XII - Facet-Grade Red Emerald XIII - The Red Emerald Suite Treasure I ~ Red Beryl IS Red Emerald The human infatuation with Emeralds runs so deep, and our desire for them traces so far back… It's one of the only gemstones found in rank-signifying Neolithic headdresses. Yeah, you heard me: Caveman Crowns. Aja Raden - Author, Historian and Scientist Diamonds may be forever, but only Emeralds are eternal; our appreciation of Emeralds stretches from the beginning of human civilization to the very end. -
Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
The Hydrous Component in Andradite Garnet
American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 835±840, 1998 The hydrous component in andradite garnet GEORG AMTHAUER* AND GEORGE R. ROSSMAN² Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Twenty-two andradite samples from a variety of geological environments and two syn- thetic hydroandradite samples were studied by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Their 2 spectra show that H enters andradite in the form of OH . Amounts up to 6 wt% H2O occur in these samples; those from low-temperature formations contain the most OH2. Some 42 ↔ 42 features in the absorption spectra indicate the hydrogarnet substitution (SiO4) (O4H4) whereas others indicate additional types of OH2 incorporation. The complexity of the spectra due to multi-site distribution of OH2 increases with increasing complexity of the garnet composition. 42 ↔ 42 INTRODUCTION tution (O4H4) (SiO4) . This observation has been Systematic studies have shown that hydroxide is a con®rmed by XRD of a hydrous andradite with a Si de- common minor component of grossular and pyrope-al- ®ciency of about 50%, and a high OH content (Arm- mandine-spessartite garnets (Aines and Rossman 1985; bruster 1995). The structure of this particular sample with Rossman and Aines 1991). Comparable surveys of an- space group Ia3d is composed of disordered microdo- dradite garnet have not been previously presented. Sev- mains containing (SiO4) and (O4H4) tetrahedral units. eral reports indicate that appreciable amounts of OH2 can The aim of the present investigation was to perform a be incorporated in both natural and synthetic andradite- Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study on different sam- rich garnet (Flint et al. -
Preliminary Investigation of Purple Garnet from a New Deposit in Mozambique
GIT GEMSTONE UPDATE Preliminary Investigation of Purple Garnet from a New Deposit in Mozambique By GIT-Gem testing laboratory 11 May 2016 Introduction In March 2016, a group of Thai gem dealer led by Mr. Pichit Nilprapaporn paid a visit to the GIT and informed us about a new garnet deposit in Mozambique, that was discovered near the western border with Zimbabwe. They also displayed a large parcel of rough and a few cut stones claimed to be the material found in this new deposit (Figure 1). According to the stone’s owner, these garnet specimens were unearthed from an unconsolidated sediment layer, just a few meters below ground surface. This brief report is our preliminary investigation on the interesting vivid purple garnet from the new deposit in Mozambique. Figure 1: Mr. Pichit Nilprapaporn (center), the stone’s owner, showing a large parcel of purple gar- net roughs claimed to be from a new deposit in Mozambique to the GIT director (left). The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) 140, 140/1-3, 140/5 ITF-Tower Building. 1st - 4th and 6th Floor,Silom Road, Suriyawong, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500 Thailand Tel: +66 2634 4999 Fax: +66 2634 4970; Web: http://www.git.or.th; E-mail: [email protected] 11 May, 2016 Preliminary Investigation of Purple Garnet from a New Deposit in Mozambique 2 Samples and Testing Procedure The stone’s owners donated some specimens (one 6.10 ct oval-facetted stone and 13 rough samples weighing from 3.83 to 9.43 cts) to the GIT Gem Testing Laboratory for studying. -
Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Functions for Beryl, Beralrsiuotr
American Mineralogist, Volume 7I, pages 557-568, 1986 Heat capacitiesand thermodynamicfunctions for beryl, BerAlrSiuOtr, phenakite, BerSiOn,euclase, BeAlSiOo(OH)' bertranditeo BeoSirOt(OH)r,and chrysoberyl' BeAl2Oa B. S. HnluNcw.q,Y U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, Y irgrnia22092 M. D. B.nnroN Departmentof Earthand SpaceSciences, University of California,Los Angeles,Los Angeles,California 90024 R. A. Ronrn, H. T. HLsnr.roN, Jn. U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, Y irginia22092 Ansrru,cr The heat capacities of beryl, phenakite, euclase,and bertrandite have been measured betweenabout 5 and 800 K by combined quasi-adiabaticcryogenic calorimetry and dif- ferential scanningcalorimetry. The heat capacitiesof chrysoberylhave beenmeasured from 340 to 800 K. The resulting data have been combined with solution and phase-equilibrium experimentaldata and simultaneouslyfit using the program pHAS2oto provide an internally consistent set of thermodynamic properties for several important beryllium phases.The experimentalheat capacitiesand tablesof derived thermodynamic propertiesare presented in this report. The derived thermodynamic properties at I bar and 298.15 K for the stoichiometric beryllium phasesberyl, phenakite, euclase,and bertrandite are entropies of 346.7 + 4.7, 63.37+0.27,89.09+0.40, andl72.l+0.77 J/(mol'K),respectively,andGibbsfree energiesof formation(elements) of -8500.36 + 6.39, -2028.39 + 3.78, -2370.17 + 3.04, and -4300.62 + 5.45 kJlmol, respectively,and, -2176.16 + 3.18kJ/mol for chrysoberyl. The coefficientscr to c, of the heat-capacityfunctions are as follows: valid phase ct c2 c, x 105 c4 c, x 10-6 range beryl 1625.842 -0.425206 12.0318 -20 180.94 6.82544 200-1800K phenakite 428.492 -0.099 582 1.9886 -5 670.47 2.0826 200-1800K euclase 532.920 -0.150729 4.1223 -6726.30 2.1976 200-1800K bertrandite 825.336 -0.099 651 -10 570.31 3.662r7200-1400 K chrysoberyl 362.701 -0.083 527 2.2482 -4033.69 -6.7976 200-1800K whereC!: cr * ctT + crT2 * coT-os* crT-2and Zisinkelvins. -
Some Uncommon Sapphire “Imitations”: Blue Co-Zirconia, Kyanite & Blue Dumortierite Dr Michael S
Some Uncommon Sapphire “Imitations”: Blue Co-zirconia, Kyanite & Blue Dumortierite Dr Michael S. Krzemnicki Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF [email protected] 筆者滙報數個瑞士珠寶研究院(SSEF)近期收到 in the ring showed a negative RI reading 要求鑑證的藍色寶石,經檢測後確定其中包括 (above 1.79), an isotropic optical character 一些非常罕見的藍寶石模擬石:含錮氧化鋯、 (polariscope) and thus no pleochroism at all. 藍晶石及藍線石等。 Under the microscope, we saw no inclusions, however a slightly greenish reaction under Sapphires are among the most abundant gems the LWSW and there was a weaker similar we receive at the Swiss Gemmological Institute reaction under SWUV lamps. Based on these (SSEF) for testing. From time to time, however, properties and a chemical analysis by X-ray we are quite surprised by the imitations which fluorescence (EDXRF), the blue stone was we find among the goods sent in and this can readily identified as cubic zirconia (ZrO2). then be disappointing news for the clients. In Having seen this artificial product in a wide the following short note, the author presents a range of colours, the author had not previously few uncommon imitations identified recently at seen one of such a saturated and attractive the SSEF. Identification of these imitations is blue. Based on literature (Nassau 1981) the straightforward and should be no problem for analysed traces of cobalt in that stone have any experienced gemmologist. been identified as the colouring element in this specimen. The absorption spectrum of the stone The first case is that of an attractive blue (Fig. 2) – although superposed by several rare faceted stone of approximately 1.4 ct, set in a ring with diamonds (Fig.