DOCSLIB.ORG

Bahama Swallowtail Butterfly Delisting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bahama Swallowtail Butterfly Delisting Federal Register / Vol. 49. No. 171 / Friday, August 3~1984 / Rules and Regulations 34501 50 CFR Part 17 Schaus swallowtail the protection of Long Key, Monroe County. Most of the endangered status. Neither species records are from Elliott Key. The best Endangered and Threatened Wildlife remains eligible for a special rule at 50 available evidence indicates that this and Plants; Final FiuisTo Deregulate CFR 17.47 that permits non-commercial species is not a permanent resident of the Bahama Swallowtail Butterfly and take of adults, so that special rule is the U.S., nor is it subspecifically distinct To Reclassify the Schaus Swallowtail deleted. from the resident Herach’des ondraemon Butterfly From Threatened to EFFECTIVE DATE: The effective date of borzhotei population in the Bahamas. Endangered this rule is Octobeil, 1984. This species has occasionally ADDRESSES: The complete file for this reproduced in the U.S., but apparently AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, rule is available for inspection, by soon dies out. The most recent known Interior. appointment, during normal business breeding in the U.S. was on Elliott Key hours (7:oO a.m.-&39 p.m.) at the in 1972 [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ACTION: Final rule. Service’s Endangered Species Field 1982). SUMMARY: The Service make a final Station, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Schaus swallowtail originally determination to remove the Bahama 2747 Art Museum Drive, Jacksonville, occurred from the Miami area south swallowtail butterfly (Herccfides Florida 82297. through the Florida Keys as far as Lower [Papilio) andruemon bonnhotel; from the FOR FURTHER WiFORMATION CONTACT: Matecumbe Key. The last records from U.S. List of Endangered and Threatened Mr. David J. Wesley, Endangered Miami were in 19%. Presumably, urban Wildlife, and to reclassify the Schaus Species Field Supervisor, at the above development eliminated the habitat of swallowtail but!erfly (Heroclides address (904/791-2560 or FE 9462580). the species there. The last records for [PapSo] aristodemus poncemws) from SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys threatened to endangered status. The were in the mid-‘t949’s. action is taken under the authority of the Backgmund The disappearance of the species from Endangered Species Act of 1973, as The Bahama (HerocIides’[PapiIio) these Keys apparently coincided with amended. Both species occur in Dade androemon bonhotel] and Schaus heavy collecting pressure, although and Monroe Counties, Florida, and were (Heraclides (Papilio) aristodemus collecting is not known to have caused listed as threatened species in 1976. A ponceanus) swallowtail butterflies are the decline. In the early 1979’s, the recent review of the status of each of representatives of tropical species butterfly was relatively abundant on these species indicates that the Bahama which reach their northern limits of north Key Large, but appears to be rare swallowtail is only a sporadic resident distribution in southern Florida. The there now. The known range of the of the Uni!ed States. It is not Bahama swallowtail was described by Schaus swaliowtail is now Elliott and subspecifica!ly distinct from the non- Sharpe in 1900. It has dark brown wings Old Rhodes Keys in Biscayne National threatened Bahaman pcpulation of this with a median yellow band and has two Park, Dade County, and north Key species and does not presently qualify pairs of tails on the hindwings. The Lnrgo, Monroe County (Loftus and for listing under the Endangered Species Schaus swallowtail was described by Kushlan, 1982; U.S. Fish and Wildiife Act, as amended. The Schaus Schaus in 191.1. Adults have blackish- Service, 1982). swailowtail has declined in numbers brown wings with broad rusty patches Both the Bahama and Schaus and range since the time of its listing. under the hindwings. Only one pair of swallow!ail butterflies are restricted to This action is consistent with a petition tails is present. The primary food of the tropical hardwood hammocks, which filed with the Service on March 9,1988. larval Schaus swallowtail is torchwood constitute the climax vegetation of by the Florida Game and Fresh Water (Anryris elemiferu), while the larval upland areas in the Florida Keys. Fish Commission, and also follows the Bahama swallowtail feeds on key lime Formerly, this vegetation type occurred recommendations of the approved (citrus ouront$o,?u) and various Ruta more widely in south Florida, but has Schaus swallowtail butterfly recovery and Xtrnthoxylum species. been largely eliminated on the plan. This rule removes the protection of The Bahama swallowtail has been mainland. The hammocks are closely the Endangered Species Act from the recorded from Miami and Elliott Key, related floristically to the West Indies, Bahama swa!lowtail, and affords the Dade County, and from Key Largo and and constitute the only tropical upland 34502 Federal Register / Vol. 49, No. 171 / Friday, August 31, 1984 / Rules and Regulations plant community found in the in danger of extinction throughkt all or Island in the Bahamas appeared to be continental U.S. The Florida Keys a significant portion of its range, the indistinguishable from those in the contain the largest remaining Act, as amended, requires that this Florida Keys. Bahaman populations of hammocks, but many-of the areas are species be removed from the List of Hem&ides aristodemus are presently highly subject to development pressures Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. ascribed to the subspecies driophilus. because of restrictions on development The Florida Game and Fresh Water Another commenter, a lepidopterist, also in the surrounding lowland (mangrove] Fish Commission recently carried out supported the proposal. He indicated areas. Local, State, and Federal laws research on the status of the Bahama that there was evidence that the Cuban presently limit development on these and Schaus swallowtail butterflies. The population of Heraclides ponceonus wetlands. The hammocks contain a studies were. funded in part with funds (presently ascribed to the subspecies large number of plant species rare to provided by the Service under Section 6 telmenes), might also be identical to the Florida, many of which are considered of the Endangered Species Act. The Florida populations of ponceonus but threatened or endangered by this State. results of this research were that there is not presently sufficient data The tropical hardwood hammock plant incorporated into a recovery plan for the to substantiate this. The Service community is considered to be one of Schaus swallowtail butterfly, including responds that, with respect to the the most restricted and vulnerable recommendations for the Bahama taxonomic status of Heraclides habitat tvoes in the U.S. swal!owtail [U.S. Fish and Wildlife oristodemus, the current scien!ific Both b;tterflies were proposed for Service, 1962). The plan recommended literature considers Heraclides listine as federallv threatened on Aoril that the Bahama swallowtail be aristodemusponceanus to be restricted 22.19v75(4oFR1i*757~.The prOp0sai was delisted, and that the Schaus to the Keys of Monroe and Dade made final on April 8.1976 (41 FR swallowtail be reclassified from Counties, Florida. If at any time 17736). The final regulation included a threatened to endangered, based on its revisionary work were to indicate that special rule at 50 CFR 17.47(a) decline in numbers and distribution. ponceanus shou!d be synonymized with exempting both species from some of the In a oetition dated Februarv 23.1983. one or more of the other subspecies of protective provisions available to and received March 9,1983, the Florida Heraclides aristodemus, the Service threatened species under SO CFR 17.31. Game and Fresh Water Fish would review the status of the Schaus Non-commercial take of adults was Commission requested that the Schaus swallowtail with respect to section 4(a) allowed, provided that other local, State, swallowtail be reclassified as an of the Endangered Species Act. If the and Federal regulations were complied endangered species. An administrative taxon were not in danger of extinction with. Chapter 39-27 of the Florida finding that the requested action might throughout all or a significant portion of Administrative Code, however, be warranted was made on May 9,1983. its range, or likely to become presently lists the Bahama and Schaus On August 29.1983, the Service endangered in the foreseeable future, it published in the Federal Register (40 FR would no longer qualify for the swallowtail butterflies as threatened, 39096) a proposal to de!ist the Bahama and prohibits take, possession, sale or protection of the Endangered Species transport of all life stages of these swel!owtail and to reclassify the Schaus Act. For example, if the butterfly were swallowtail butterfly from threatened to determined to be widespread and species, excep? by permit. The Federal endangered. Publication of this special rule is superseded by Florida abundant in Cuba and the Bahamas, proposed rule signified that the with no serious threat to its continued State legislation, because the special requested action was warranted, and rule allows take of adults only where constituted a required finding in existence on these islands, the Florida the take would be in compliance with all population would not be eligible for the accordance with section 4(b)(3)(B)(ii) of protection of the Act. other local, State, and Federal the Act as amended in “1982. regulations. Section S(f) of the Support fcr the proposals was also Endangered Species Act allows State S;lmmary of Comments and received from the Florida Natural Areas taking prohibitions to be more Rc-commendations Inventory, ihe National Park Service restrictive than those imposed by the In the August 29.1983, proposed rule (Biscayne National Park), the Act or its implementing regulations. (46 FR 39096) and associated International Union for Conservation of Section 4(c)(2) of the Endangered notifications, all interested parties were Nature and Natural Resources Species Act, as amended, requires that a requested to submit factual reports or (Conservation Monitoring Centre) and S-year review of the List of Endangered information wh:ch might contribute to two private citizens.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register/Vol. 69, No. 64/Friday, April 2, 2004/Notices
    17442 Federal Register / Vol. 69, No. 64 / Friday, April 2, 2004 / Notices Dated: March 26, 2004. addressed to Cindy Schulz at the unless such a plan would not promote Charles S. Hamilton, address above. Comments and materials the conservation of a particular species. Senior Permit Biologist, Branch of Permits, received are available on request for Recovery plans describe actions that Division of Management Authority. public inspection, by appointment, may be necessary for conservation of [FR Doc. 04–7459 Filed 4–1–04; 8:45 am] during normal business hours at the these species, establish criteria for BILLING CODE 4310–55–P South Florida Ecological Services reclassification from endangered to Office. threatened status or removal from the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: list, and estimate the time and cost for DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Cindy Schulz at the South Florida implementing the needed recovery measures. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services Office, (772) 562– 3909, ext. 305. Section 4(f) of the Act also requires Notice of Availability of a Technical/ SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: that a public notice and an opportunity Agency Draft Implementation Schedule Public Comments Solicited for public review and comment be for the South Florida Multi-Species provided during recovery plan Recovery Plan We are asking for written comments development. Accordingly, the MSRP on the MSRP implementation schedule was made available for public review AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, as described above. All comments and comment, before its approval in Interior. received by the date identified above May 1999. The MSRP identifies the ACTION: Notice of document availability will be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • In Biscayne National Monument, Florida
    136 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY phalidae) with a consideration of the evolutionary relationships within the group. Zoologic a, New York 48: 85-130. NEUSTETTER, H. 1931. Neue Heiiconius. Intern. Entomol. Zeit. Guben 25: 165- 174. SEITZ, A. 1913. Heliconiinae, in A. Seitz, ed., The Macrolepidoptera of the world. Stuttgart, Kernen. STICHEL, H. 1906. Lepidoptera, fam. Nymphalidae, subfam. Heliconiinae. Genera Insectorum 37: 1-74. BruxelIes, vVytsman. ---. & H. RIFFARTH. 1905. Heliconiidae. Das Tierreich 22: 1-290. Berlin, Friedlander. TURNER, J. R. G. 1966. A rare mimetic Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London. (B) 35: 128-132. ---. 1967. A little-recognised species of Heliconius butterfly (Nymphalidae). J. Res. Lepid. 5: 97-112. ---. 1968. Some new Heliconius pupae: their taxonomic and evolutionary significance in relation to mimicry (Lepidoptera, N ymphalidae ). J. Zool. ( London) 155: 311-325. ---. 1971. Studies of Mullerian mimicry and its evolution in burnet moths and heliconid butterflies. in, E. R. Creed, ed., Ecological Genetics and Evolution. Oxford, Blackwell. p. 224-260. POPULATIONS OF PAPILlO ANDRAEMON BONHOTEI SHARPE AND PAPILlO ARISTODEMUS PONCEANUS SCHAUS (PAPILIONIDAE) IN BISCAYNE NATIONAL MONUMENT, FLORIDA LARRY N. BROWN Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 A survey of the Lepidoptera found on the islands of Biscayne National Monument, Florida, in April and May 1972, revealed sizeable breeding populations of two rare papilionid butterflies. These are the Bahaman Swallowtail (Papilio andraemon bonhotei Sharpe) and Schaus' Swallow­ tail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus). The former species has been recorded only a few times in Florida (Holland, 1902; Clarke, 1940; Kimball, 1965) and until now has been considered only a stray or acci­ dental visitor to United States shores following hurricanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Color Dimorphism in the Endangered Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio Aristodemus Ponceanus, of South Florida (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
    I Vol. 4 No. 1 1993 DANIELS et al.\s Swallowtail Egg Color Dimorphism 65 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 4(1): 65-66 EGG COLOR DIMORPHISM IN THE ENDANGERED SCHAUS SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, PAPILIO ARISTODEMUS PONCEANUS, OF SOUTH FLORIDA (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) JARET C. DANIELS, MARC C. MINNO, THOMAS C. EMMEL, PETER J. ELIAZAR, AND LESLIE L. GROCE Departments of Zoology and Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA ABSTRACT.- Females of the Schaus Swallowtail (aristodemus ponceanus Schaus) lay dark green eggs and light green eggs in an approximately 1:2 ratio in the wild on Elliott Key, Biscayne National Park, southern Florida. This color dimorphism may be maintained as a balanced polymorphism by selection for cryptic matching of new and old growth foliage of the primary larval hostplant, torchwood (Amyris elemifera, Rutaceae). KEY WORDS: Agathymus, behavior, biology, eggs, Florida Keys, hostplants, Hymenoptera, immatures, Megathymidae, Mexico, Nearctic, oviposition, parasitoids, Rutaceae, Trichogrammatidae. The Schaus Swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus) once reportedly ranged from Key West to south Miami in Florida; today, it is found only in the upper Florida Keys and has been close to extinction for about two decades (Emmel, 1985; Emmel and Minno, 1986, 1988; Minno and Emmel, 1993). While undertaking mark-recapture and captive propagation studies of P. a. ponceanus on Elliott Key in Biscayne National Park, Florida, in late May of 1991, the authors observed that several females which had been confined in a large flight cage produced two different color eggs (Fig. 1). The purpose of this paper is to report our observations, suggest a possible selective basis for this color dimorphism, and compare the situation with that found in other butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Minno, M. C., and T. C. Emmel. 1992. Larval Protective Coloration In
    Vol. 3 No. 1 1992 MINNO and EMMEL: Larval Protective Coloration 47 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 3(1): 47-49 LARVAL PROTECTIVE COLORATION IN SWALLOWTAILS FROM THE FLORIDA KEYS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) MARC C. MINNO and THOMAS C. EMMEL Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ABSTRACT.- Observations of the occurrence of dark and light color patterns in early instar larvae of Papilio species suggest that they may be selected for disruptive coloration, mimicry of bird droppings, or mimicry of lizard droppings, depending upon size of the larval stage and relative occurrence of appropriate models in the species' habitat. KEY WORDS: immature stages, larval behavior, Papilio. Early instar larvae of swallowtail butterflies in the genus of hardwood hammocks and in disturbed sites and urban areas Papilio are typically dark brown or black with a whitish saddle (Minno and Emmel, 1992). patch toward the middle of the body and a pale patch on the The other similar swallowtail species resident in the Florida caudal end. Seitz (1924) noted the occurrence of a saddle patch Keys have West Indian affinity: these are the Bahama Swallow- on larvae in several groups of "¥luted-Papilios." Igarashi (1984: tail (Papilio andraemon bonhotei) and the Schaus Swallowtail p. 51) stated that the saddle patch is found in at least twelve (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus) (Minno and Emmel, 1992). The "fairly advanced" genera of papilionids, so this color and pattern color patterns of the first-stage larvae of these species are closely combination seems to be widespread in the tribe Papilionini with similar to one another, but differ strikingly from that of the Giant its large genus Papilio (more than 200 species divided into a Swallowtail.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ominous Threat to the Endangered Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly (Heraclides Aristodemus Ponceanus) in the Florida Keys, USA
    J Insect Conserv (2017) 21:689–702 DOI 10.1007/s10841-017-0012-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Mortal combat between ants and caterpillars: an ominous threat to the endangered Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus) in the Florida Keys, USA Jaeson Clayborn1 · Suzanne Koptur1 Received: 3 April 2017 / Accepted: 5 July 2017 / Published online: 14 July 2017 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Abstract The federally endangered Schaus swallowtail index” ranking predatory abilities of the four most common butterfly (Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus) has reached ant species. Pseudomyrmex gracilis is a common arboreal critically low numbers. Exotic ants are a potential threat exotic ant in Biscayne National Park and presents a major to H. a. ponceanus and other rare butterflies as they can threat to caterpillars during their earliest life stages. attack immature stages. Ant surveys conducted in sub- tropical dry forests in Biscayne National Park documented Keywords Formicidae · Florida keys · Invasive species · ant species diversity and relative abundance. A caterpillar Papilionidae · Predator–prey interactions · Subtropical dry predator exclusion experiment using physical barriers in forests different combinations evaluated caterpillar survivorship of both early and late instar caterpillars exposed to different threats. Ant-caterpillar interactions were also documented Introduction by placing caterpillars on plants and observing physical interactions between caterpillars and ants. A total of 1418 Mortality at every life history stage is common for most ants comprising 25 ant species was captured and identified. invertebrates, but for species whose numbers are reduced In canopies of H. a. ponceanus host plants, 243 ants com- or reproduction limited to a short time period, heavy pre- prising 12 species were found.
    [Show full text]
  • American Alligator
    American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Photo by FWC) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodila Family: Alligatoridae Genus/Species: Alligator mississippiensis Common Name: American alligator Listing Status Federal Status: Threatened (Similarity of Appearance to the American Crocodile) FL Status: Federally-designated Threatened (Similarity of Appearance) FNAI Ranks: G5/S4 (Globally: Demonstrably Secure/State: Apparently Secure). IUCN Status: LC (Least Concern) Physical Description The American alligator is a black reptile that can reach lengths of 13-14.7 feet (4-4.5 meters) and a weight in excess of 1,000 lbs (454 kilograms) (Florida Museum of Natural History, n.d.). A special feature of the alligator is its nostrils. The nostrils are upward facing on the long snout, which allows the alligator to breathe when its body is submerged (Smithsonian National Zoological Park, n.d.). Also, armored plates (scutes) cover the body. Alligators have a vertically flattened tail, and a light yellow throat and belly. Alligators are ectothermic (body temperature is externally regulated) and are generally active when external temperatures are 82-92°F (28-33°C). American Alligator 1 | Page They stop feeding when the external temperature drops to 70°F (21°C), and they will go dormant (inactive) at (55°F) 13°C. While in a dormant stage, they can be found in burrows. Life History Adult alligators are opportunistic feeders (they feed on what is available). Adults feed on small mammals, birds, fish, turtles, and snakes; juveniles feed on small fish, insects, and amphibians. In the Everglades, alligators primarily feed on apple snails (P. Moler pers.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened ( PDF )
    Threatened & Endangered Species of SOUTH FLORIDA'S NATIONAL PARKS Published by the Florida National Parks & Monuments Association in cooperation with the National Park Service Revised by. Oron L. Bass, Jr., and William B. Robertson, Jr. (February, 1995). Introduction and cover by: Shirley Beccue. INTRODUCTION Threatened, endangered and extinct are words that have become all too common in our 20th century vocabulary. The natural process of species evolution, taking hundreds and thousands of years, has accelerated rapidly since the turn of the century. Today because of man's desire for land and raw materials, his continued pollution and indiscriminate hunting many plant and wildlife species are on the brink of extinction. Nowhere is man's impact on other species more evident than in south Florida. Drainage of wetlands, alteration of overland water flow and hunting have all contributed to species decline. Everglades, once known for its abundant bird life, has seen its wading bird population decline drastically since the turn of the century. The Florida Panther once common throughout the state, today is on the verge of extinction. Within the four National Park areas of Everglades National Park, Biscayne National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve and Fort Jefferson National Monument there are 16 endangered and 6 threatened wildlife species. The mere physical boundaries of a National Park do not guarantee a species survival. Maintaining harmony between "20th century progress" and wilderness areas requires research, legislation and public awareness. For the last decade the South Florida Research Center, Everglades National Park, has been studying how changes occurring outside the parks influence the fragile areas within their boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Papilionidae) in Southern Florida!
    206 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY PROJECT PONCEANUS: A REPORT ON FIRST EFFORTS TO SURVEY AND PRESERVE THE SCHAUS SWALLOWTAIL (PAPILIONIDAE) IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA! CHARLES V. COVELL, JR. Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40208 AND GEORGE W. RAWSON 10425 Amherst Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902 In this time of environmental awareness the subject of butterfly con­ servation is receiving increasing attention in the United States. Lepi­ dopterists have long been concerned with decreasing numbers of certain species; but only recently have efforts been undertaken to protect habitats and rare butterflies that populate them. Although the English have ac­ complished much in this field (such as the reintroduction of the Large Copper, Lycaena dispar Haworth), Americans have made only small endeavors in the past. Rawson (1961) attempted unsuccessfully to intro­ duce a small population of Eumaeus atala florida (Rober) into the Ever­ glades National Park; but with more groundwork and support, future efforts along these lines may prove successful. The Schaus Swallowtail, Papilio aristodemus ponceanus, was described by Schaus (1911) from specimens he collected in the Miami area in May, 1898. Originally considered a separate species, and considered so by Holland (1930, 1931), it was given subspecific rank by Barnes and McDunnough (1917). Bates (1934) and subsequent workers have con­ tinued referring to it as a subspecies of aristodemus Esper. The popular and rather sensationalized report by Grimshawe (1940) of her discovery and rearing of ponceanus, with statement of its extinction on Lower Matecumbe Key (a paper considered by some to be the "last word" on the butterfly) did much to add to the impression among lepidopterists that ponceanus is a rare insect in Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 72, No. 57/Monday, March 26, 2007/Notices
    14132 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 57 / Monday, March 26, 2007 / Notices Dated: March 16, 2007. Æ International Collect (through long number for recovery tasks; (2) Brian D. Montgomery, distance operator): 1–484–530–5908. recommendations for additions or • Assistant Secretary for Housing—Federal Servicemembers and dependents with deletions to the participants identified questions about the SCRA should contact Housing Commissioner. for each recovery task; and (3) their unit’s Judge Advocate, or their additional information to assist us with Appendix installation’s Legal Assistance Officer. A military legal assistance office locator for determining costs for accomplishing United States Department of Housing and each branch of the armed forces is available recovery tasks. Four parties provided Urban Development Servicemembers Civil at http://legalassistance.law.af.mil/content/ comments on ten species. Among those Relief Act Notice locator.php. were comments on recovery task Legal Rights and Protections Under the SCRA [FR Doc. E7–5412 Filed 3–23–07; 8:45 am] priority number, participants, and cost. Servicemembers on ‘‘active duty’’ or BILLING CODE 4210–67–P Comments were also received on the ‘‘active service,’’ or a dependent of such a recovery tasks themselves. We have servicemember may be entitled to certain considered and addressed comments legal protections and debt relief pursuant to DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR where appropriate in this final the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 implementation schedule. Those U.S.C. App. 501, et seq.) (SCRA). Fish and Wildlife Service comments, as well as updates by Service Who May Be Entitled to Legal Protections staff, led to this final version of the Under the SCRA Notice of Availability of a Final implementation schedule that differs Implementation Schedule for the South • Active duty members of the Army, Navy, from the technical/agency draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny & Revision of the Genus Heraclides
    PHYLOGENY AND REVISION OF THE GENUS HERACLIDES HÜBNER, 1819 (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE: PAPILIONINAE: PAPILIONINI) By DELANO ST. AUBYN LEWIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Delano St. Aubyn Lewis 2 To my lovely wife, Dadria, and our first child 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the members of my Graduate Committee for putting up with the many challenges that have presented themselves in the process of me completing and presenting this research and dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Thomas C. Emmel, Chair of my Graduate Committee, for seeing potential in me, and for his constant patient and thoughtful counsel. His genuine interest in my overall wellbeing, not just my academic wellbeing, has enabled me to pursue my dreams. Dr. Jaret Daniels’ guiding hand in helping me to learn the nuances of grant writing, and his encouragements and advice on various aspects of my research were without equal. Dr. Jacqueline Miller and Dr. Keith Willmott were instrumental in rescuing me from sure disaster when, almost a year into my topic, I discovered that my previous research and dissertation topic was published. They offered many suggestions and assistance in gathering material and helped to make sure no one else was doing the same project. My external member, Dr. Charles Baer, has a good eye for detail and helped to resolve any unanswered questions while effectively representing the interests of the University of Florida Graduate School. Special mention needs to be made of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly (Heraclides
    Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus he Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides (= Federal Status: Endangered (August 31, 1984) Papilio) aristodemus ponceanus) is a large dark Critical Habitat: None Designated T brown and yellow butterfly which historically Florida Status: Endangered occurred in hardwood hammocks from South Miami to Recovery Plan Status: Revision (May 18, 1999) Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. The Schaus swallowtail Geographic Coverage: Rangewide butterfly was originally listed as a threatened species because of population declines caused by the destruction of its tropical hardwood hammock habitat, mosquito control practices, and Figure 1. County distribution of Schaus over-harvesting by collectors. It was reclassified to an swallowtail butterfly. endangered species because its numbers and range had declined dramatically since the original listing. This account represents a revision of the existing recovery plan for the Schaus swallowtail butterfly (FWS 1982). Description The Schaus swallowtail butterfly is a large blackish-brown swallowtail butterfly with contrasting markings that are mostly dull yellow (Klots 1951, Pyle 1981, Opler and Krizek 1984). The males antennae are black with a yellow knob, while the females antennae are all black. Their forewings have a dull yellow median band from the apex to about midpoint of the inner margin, with a short side branch to costa about one-third the distance from the apex. Their subterminal and terminal lines consist of lunular yellow spots from apex to anal angle. Their hindwings have a yellow median band continuing that of the forewing, and a submarginal row of large yellow lunular spots; the concavities of a deeply scalloped outermargin have yellow edging.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Conservation Guidelines South Florida Schaus' Swallowtail
    South Florida Ecological Services Office 1 DRAFT February 19, 2004 Species Conservation Guidelines South Florida Schaus’ Swallowtail Butterfly The Species Conservation Guidelines for the Schaus’ swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides (=Papilio) aristodemus ponceanus) provides a tool to assist the user in determining if their project may adversely affect the Schaus’ swallowtail. Here we describe actions which might have a detrimental impact on the Schaus’ swallowtail and how these effects can be avoided or minimized. Life History The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) listed the Schaus’ swallowtail as endangered in 1984 due to dramatic declines in numbers and range reduction. Rutkowski (1971), Smith et al. (1994) and Service (1999) describe the life history of the Schaus’ swallowtail in detail. Briefly, the Schaus’ swallowtail, a species endemic to south Florida and the Florida Keys, normally maintains a single annual brood (or generation) that occurs primarily in late spring (Minno and Emmel 1993). Most sightings have been recorded between mid-April and mid-July although a second much smaller brood has occasionally been noted in August (Brown 1976, Minno and Emmel 1993, Smith et al. 1994). The annual emergence and flight season of the Schaus’ swallowtail appears to be triggered by rainfall (Smith et al. 1994, Emmel and Daniels 2002). The adults are short lived and use torchwood (Amyris elemifera) and occasionally wild lime (Zanthoxylum fagara) as a food plant for their larval development (Minno and Emmel 1993, Smith et al. 1994). Schaus’ swallowtails are diurnal insects remaining almost entirely within the tropical hardwood hammock habitat, although individuals are known to travel between islands (Emmel 1986a).
    [Show full text]