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Brugmansia Arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet

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Brugmansia Arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet TAXON: Brugmansia arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet Taxon: Brugmansia arborea (L.) Sweet Family: Solanaceae Common Name(s): angels tears Synonym(s): Datura arborea L. angel's trumpet Datura cornigera Hook. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 17 Sep 2016 WRA Score: 6.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Tree, Toxic, Ornamental, Self-Compatible, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 17 Sep 2016 (Brugmansia arborea (L.) Page 1 of 14 Sweet) TAXON: Brugmansia arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 17 Sep 2016 (Brugmansia arborea (L.) Page 2 of 14 Sweet) TAXON: Brugmansia arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "Brugmansia species as a whole have sometimes been viewed as Hay, A. 2014. Brugmansia arborea. The IUCN Red List of cultigens (e.g. Bristol 1966). This view was not accepted by Hay et al. Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. (2012: 15) who view them as species long conserved through http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014- cultivation by indigenous people. There is no evidence for any of the 1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en. [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] species having come into being under human husbandry from wild progenitors, since no candidates for wild progenitors exist." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, "Native: 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern America Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Peru" [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] Creation Date: 17 Sep 2016 (Brugmansia arborea (L.) Page 3 of 14 Sweet) TAXON: Brugmansia arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes "All Brugmansia species are indigenous to elevated areas in South America that are of moderate to great altitude. Several of the largest Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look - An Encyclopedia of growing species (B. arborea, B. aurea, and B. sanguinea) are Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR indigenous to these high mountain regions and do not fare well in warm and humid areas, and are not therefore usually in cultivation in the southeastern United States and similar climates.." Hay, A. 2014. Brugmansia arborea. The IUCN Red List of "The hardiest Brugmansia with respect to drought and cold, Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. occurring cultivated in indigenous gardens or as relics of cultivation http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014- at 2000-3000 m alt in drier Andean valleys, withstanding light 1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en. [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] frosts." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Range Description: Northern Chile, western Bolivia, Perú and Hay, A. 2014. Brugmansia arborea. The IUCN Red List of Ecuador. It is also found in southern Colombia (Nariño) where it is Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. considered introduced (Hay et al. 2012: 127-128). http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014- Countries occurrence: Regionally extinct: Bolivia, Plurinational States 1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en. [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] of; Chile; Ecuador; Peru" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes D'Agata, C. D. C., Skoula, M., & Brundu, G. (2009). A "Appendix, Table 1. Alien Flora of Crete, list of taxa." [Brugmansia preliminary inventory of the alien flora of Crete (Greece). arborea - Invasive Status = planted-only] Bocconea, 23, 301-315 Hay, A. 2014. Brugmansia arborea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. "This species is occasionally cultivated outside South America as an http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014- ornamental." 1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en. [Accessed 15 Sep 2016] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "An ornamental tree, Datura arborea (angel's trum- pet), was Schofield, E. K. (1989). Effects of introduced plants and planted around a settlement in the agricultural area of Santa Cruz animals on island vegetation: examples from Galápagos (Wiggins & Porter 1971). It quickly became naturalized and spread Archipelago. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 227-239 into the humid forest (Martinez 1975)." [But see Guézou et al. 2010] Foxcroft, L. C., Richardson, D. M., & Wilson, J. R. 2008. "Table 2 Ornamental alien plant species recorded per camp in the Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems and Kruger National Park, indicating the number of camps in which each solutions in Kruger National Park, South Africa. species has been recorded, as well as mode of introduction" Environmental Management, 4 (1): 32-51 [Brugmansia arborea - Evidence of naturalization? Yes] Creation Date: 17 Sep 2016 (Brugmansia arborea (L.) Page 4 of 14 Sweet) TAXON: Brugmansia arborea (L.) SCORE: 6.0 RATING: Evaluate Sweet Qsn # Question Answer Bungartz, F., Herrera, H.W., Jaramillo, P., Tirado, N., Jiménez Uzcátegui, G., Ruiz, D., Guézou, A. & Ziemmeck, F. Brugmansia versicolor & Brugmansia x candida listed as Es) Escaped (eds.). 2009. Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos (introduced for cultivation, naturalized. Brugmansia arborea is not Species Checklist. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto listed. Name in Schofield (2010) may have been misapplied to Ayora, Galapagos: Brugmansia x candida http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/ . [Accessed ] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Designated as a weed, but references have not been verified Australia 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Hay, A. 2014. Brugmansia arborea. The IUCN Red List of "This species is invariably found bearing numerous fruits, as it is self- Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. fertile (the only species of the genus to be so).
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