The Botany of Mangroves P. Barry Tomlinson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08067-6 — The Botany of Mangroves P. Barry Tomlinson Index More Information

Index

Bold face numbers refer to main description; italic numbers refer to illustrations.

Synonyms are not indexed unless cited in text; plate ﬁgures (PL.) refer to plate numbers.

Aba-bin-senna, 59 Aegiceras corniculatum, 118, 303, 304, 305, PL. 8A, abiotic factors, 24 PL. 9H abscission, 74 distribution, 304 absorbing component of roots, 97 floral biology, 306 absorption of ions, 121 fruit and seed biology, 306 Acacia,54 growth and reproduction, 305 Acanthaceae, 167 Aegiceras floridum, 307 Acanthus, 167 Aegiceras fragrans, 303 epidermal glands, 170 AEP, (Atlantic Caribbean Eastern Pacific), key to species, 167 39, 44 taxonomy and nomenclature, 172 aerating, component of roots, 97 Acanthus ebracteatus, 171, 172 aerial roots, 90 ssp. ebarbatus, 172 development in Rhizophora, 106, ssp. ebracteatus, 171 107 Acanthus ilicifolius, 118, 168, 169, 170 types 93 growth, 168 aerial survey of mangal, 22 leaf morphology, 169 Aerope, 334, 338 reproductive biology, 171 agamospermy, 123 Acanthus volubilis, 172 Aganope, 260 Achyranthes,30 Aganope heptaphylla, 260, 261 Acrostichum, 309, PL. 20 Agathis alba,35 ecological and geographic distribution, 312 Aglaia cucullata, 279 key to species, 310 agriculture, 160 morphology and reproduction, 313 Agrostyphyllum,36 phenology, 313 algae, 17 rhizome, 73 allochthonous occurrence, 49 Acrostichum aureum, 54, 310, 311, PL. 20B Allophylus, 361, 34 Acrostichum danaeifolium, 311, 312, PL. 20C Allophylus cobbe, 34, 361 Acrostichum speciosum, 311 var. limo us, 361 Aechmea,36 var. marinus, 361 Aegialitidaceae, 299 Allophylus edulis, 361 Aegialitis, 299 Amboinese Herbarium, 3 anatomy, 301 Amoora cucullata, 279 ecological distribution, 301 Amphibolis, 141 geographical distribution, 53 Amphitecna, 219 key to species, 300 Amphitecna latifolia, 54, 219 Aegialitis annulata, 53, 82, 300, 300 PL. 9F Amyema, 18, 36 Aegialitis rotundifolia, 53, 301 Amyema mackayense,36 Aegicereaceae, 302 Anacardiaceae, 173 Aegiceras, 302 anaerobic, substrate, 15 key to species, 303 analytical methods, 20 406

Index 407

anatomy seedling establishment, 200, 201 of leaves, 81, 82, 86, 84, PL. 9 western species, 204, 210 of roots, 103, 104 wood structure, 193, 200 of wood, 87, 89, PL. 10 Avicennia africana, 211 anchoring root, 97 Avicennia alba, 196, 201, 209, PL. 8C Anemopaegma, 35, 219 Avicennia balanophora, 210 Anemopaegma chrysoleucum, 219 Avicennia bicolor, 211 animal pollination, 127 leaf morphology, PL. 5E, 6 G diurnal, 127 Avicennia eucalyptifolia, 196, 210 nocturnal, 127 Avicennia germinans, 189, 197, 210, PL. 6F I, in Rhizophoreae, 330 PL. 9 Anisophylleaceae, 315 leaf morphology, 197 annual rings, 87 Avicennia integra, 205 anomalous secondary thickening, 87, 193 Avicennia intermedia, 208 Anous,18 Avicennia lanata, 196, 209 ants, tailor, 16 Avicennia marina, 196, PL. 4G Apocynaceae, 174 var. australasica 195, 196 apposition growth, 68 var. acutissima, 202 aquaculture, 160 var. alba, 202 Aratus pisonii,20 var. anomala, 202 Arbor excoecans, 247 var. australasica 195, 196 arch, root, 98 var. intermedia, 202 architecture, 60, 61, 62 var. marina,20I in Rumphius, 8 var. resinifera, 143, 192, 201 architectural models, 63, 61, 62 var. typica, 201 Ardisia, 307 Avicennia nitida, 212 Ardisia elliptica, 307 Avicennia officinalis, 195, 196, 205, PL. 4H, 5C, 6H, aridity, 58 8C, 13 E ascent of sap, 110 nomenclature, 205 Asplenium macrophyllum,36 Avicennia schaueriana, 212 Asplenium nidus,36 Avicennia tomentosa, 212 associates of mangroves, 17 Avicennia tonduzii, 212 summarized, 32 leaf morphology, 193 association group, 24 Avicenniaceae, 191 Asteraceae, 189 Azteca, 297 Key to genera, 189 Ateramnus, 241 back filtration, 114 attap, 187, PL. 16 C back mangal, 11 Attims’s model, 61 leaf shape, 34 Aubreville’s model, 62 Bactris major, 180 autochthonous occurrence, 49 bark characters, 41 Avicennia, 191, aerial roots, 92 Barringtonia, 14, 265 anomalous growth, 193 embryo and seedling, 266, 267 architecture, 197 formation, 13 eastern species, 203, 205 key to species, 265 floral biology, 193, 199 Barringtonia asiatica, 265 flower types, 194, 195 Barringtonia conoidea, 266 generic description, 192 Barringtonia racemosa, 266, Pl. 7A, B hair anatomy, 197 Barringtonia edulis, 265 in Australia, 204 Bataceae, 213 key to species, 203, 204 bat pollination, 127 leaf and hair anatomy, 202 Batidaceae, 213 leaf morphology, 196, 197 Batis, 14, 213 pneumatophores, 96 Batis argillaceus, 214 reproductive biology, 198 Batis maritima, 213, 214 root system, 198 bats, 310 root type, 93 beach community, 14

408 Index

bee pollinators, 128 butterfly pollination, 128 beetle pollination, 128 buttress, root, PL. 13A Bermuda, 57 Bertholletia excelsa, 265 cable component, of roots, 96 Bignoniaceae, 215 Caesalpinia, 35, 254 bijugate phyllotaxis, 320 key to species, 251 biogeography, 43 Caesalpinia bonduc, 254, 255, 256, PL. 7H incomplete knowledge in mangroves, 54 Caesalpinia crista, 255 biotic factors, 26 Caesalpinia major, 254 bird pollination, 127 Caesalpinioideae, 251, 252 birds, 18 key to genera, 252 Biscayne Bay, 10, PL. 1F, G CAI (Central American Isthmus) 44 Bombacaceae, 221 Calamus, 187 Bontia germinans, 211 Calamus erinaceus, 35, 187 branch orders in roots, 94 Calophyllaceae, 226 Brazil nut, 265 Calophyllum, 226 breeding mechanisms, 123, 124 Calophyllum inophyllum, 226, 227, PL. 5I Brownlowia, 377 Campanotus anderseni,19 key to species, 377 Camptostemon, 221 Brownlowia argentata, 34, 377 key to species, 221 Brownlowia tersa, 377 Camptostemon philippinensis 223 Bruguiera, 343 anther structure, 224 architecture, 346 nomenclature, 223 color variation, 345 Camptostemon schultzii, 221, 222 ecological distribution, 345 geographical distribution, 223 embryo development, 140 indumentums, 223 flowers PL. 23 growth, 223 geographical distribution, 345 root system, 223 key to species, 344 shoot construction, 223 large flowered species, 345 canopy leaf shape, 79 aspect, 16 nomenclature, 343 height, 16 root knees, PL. 12C, D stratification, 16 root type, 93 structure, 66 small flowered species, 347 capillary rootlet, 107 Bruguiera cylindrica, 348, PL. 22E, PL. 23H capillary water storage, 83 ecological distribution, 348 Carapa, 50, 279 floral biology, 349 Cassine, 225 geographic distribution, 348 Cassine viburnifolia, 34, 225 growth, 349 Cassipourea, 145 Bruguiera exaristata, 347, PL. 8L, Cassipourea elliptica,54 PL. 23E-G Casuarina,14 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, 9, 64, 323, 345, PL. 4F, PL. Celastraceae, 225 8F, PL. 10C, PL. 12C, B Cerbera, 174 Bruguiera hainesii, 79, 349 key to species, 174 Bruguiera parviflora, 347, 350 Cerbera dilatata, 175 floral biology, 348 Cerbera floribunda, 177 growth, 349 Cerbera manghas, 175 root system, 348 floral biology, 176 seedling establishment, 348 growth, 175 Bruguiera sexangula, 323, 346 nomenclature, 176 bryophytes, 17 Cerbera odollam, 176, 177, PL. 5A bud, adventitious, 72 Ceriops, 349 bud morphology, 69 ecological and geographic distribution, 350 in Rhizophoreae, 70 key to species, 350 bud protection, 68 root knees, 94, PL. 11A bundle sheath extensions, 82 Ceriops decandra, 351

Index 409

Ceriops tagal, 6, 70, 81, 351, 354, 358, PL. 8K, 10E, Cynometra cauliflora, 252 12A,B, 13F Cynometra glomerulata, 253 architecture, 352 Cynometra iripa, 253, 254 ecological distribution, 351 Cynometra ramiflora, 252 floral biology, 353 var. bifoliolata, 253 inflorescence structure, 353 Cymodocea nodosa,50 phenology, 352 Cyperus javanicus,31 root architecture, 353 seedling and sapling, 352 “Daemonorops leptopus”, 187 chloride concentration, 25 Dalbergia, 32, 260 Chocó mangrove refuge, 54 Dalbergia amerimnion, 259, 260 Chrysobalanus, 239 Dalbergia ecastophyllum, 260 Citrus, 360 deciduous mangroves, 75 climbers, 35 deer, 18 climbing fern, 35 defoliation of mangroves, 77 clonal development, 72 deforestation, 162 Clusiaceae, 226 Dendrobium, 35, 36 coastal protection, 161 Derris, 261 cold tolerance of mangroves, 58 Derris trifoliata, 261 colleters, 71 Dicaeum hirundinaceum,18 column, root, 98 dichogamy, 124 Combretaceae, 228 dichotomous branching in Nypa, 67, 68 key to genera, 228 dioecy, 134 competition between pollinators, 128 Diospyros, 242 Compositae, 189 Diospyros ebenum, 242 Conanthera, 224 Diospyros ferrea, 242 conductivity in xylem, 88 var. geminata, 243 Conocarpus, 237 var. littorea, 243 Conocarpus erectus, 237, 235, 238 growth rings, 243 growth and reproduction 235 Diospyros littorea, 243 pubescens, 239 Diospyros virginiana, 242 var. sericeus, 239 Dipodium,36 conservation, 163 Dischidia,36 conversion of mangal, 161 dispersal, 136, 146 coppicing, 71 obligate, 146 Coral Gables Canal, PL. 1D parameters, 146 corals, 47 distribution Cordaitales, 48 of mangroves, generalized, 46 cork warts in Rhizophora, PL.9C in Queensland, 55 crab, tree-climbing, 20 in Western Australia 56 crabs, 163 maps Crenea, 270, 271 of Aegialitis, 53 Crenea patentinervis, 29, 270 of Pelliciera, 45 Crescentia cujete, 219 of Rhizophora, 317, 318 crocodiles, I8, PL. 3D diurnal pollinators, 127 crown construction, elements, 66 Dolichandrone, 215 Crustacea, 18 Dolichandrone serrulata, 215 Crypsinus spp. 36 Dolichandrone spathacea, 215, 216, 217, cryptocotylar germination, 135 PL. 7K cryptogams, 17 extrafloral nectaries, 219 as epiphytes, 36 floral biology, 218 cryptovivipary, 136 shoot construction, 218 Cumingia, 224 domatia Cycas rumphii,34 in Conocarpus, 238 Cylindrocarpon didyum,17 in Dolichandrone, 216 Cynometra, 252 dorsiventral leaf, 82 Cynometra bifoliolata, 253 Drosophilidae, 186

410 Index

Drymoglossum piloselloides,36 fauna of mangal, 17 Duabanga, 363 feeding root, 94 durian, 129, 370 fever, dengue and malaria, 19 durian type germination, 145 Ficus, 54, 151 Durio zibethinus, 129, 370 fidelity, 29 Durioneae, 221 fireflies, 159 dyes, 157 firefly mangrove, 363 Firmiana, 375 early mangroves, 48 fisheries, 158 Ebenaceae, 242 Flacourtiaceae, 262 ecological status of mangroves, 26 floristics, 29 ecology, 11 flotation of propagule, 137 economic complexity, 155 flower size in Rhizophoraceae, 316 ecotourism, 159 flowering, 123 embolism, 112 flying buttress, 95, PL. 13A embryo development in Rhizophora, 138, 140, 142, forestry, 156 PL. 21 fossil pollen, 132 endodermis, 108 frangipani, 174 Entada,30 fuel wood, 152 Eonycteris spelea, 370 epigeal germination, 135, 136 gap phase, 26 epiphytes, PL. 2D gas diffusion in roots, 100 epiphytic cryptogams, 36 gas exchange in roots, 99 Eria,36 gas sampling in roots, 101, 102 establishment, 135 gelatinous fibers, in hook 150 Etaballia, 257 genetic clustering, 51 Eucalyptus deglupta,8 geographical distribution Eugenia, 116 of corals, 47 Euphorbiaceae, 244 of seagrasses, 47 key to genera, 244 geomorphology, 24 Euterpe, 180 germination, 135 Everglades National Park, PL. 1A-C, E in Barringtonia, 266 evolution of mangroves, 34 Durian type, 145 Excaecaria, 247 epigeal, 135, 139 Excoecaria, 244 hypogeal, 135, 139 Excoecaria agallocha, 79, 244, 245, recalcitrant, 139 PL. 5G, PL. 8B types, 136 ecological and geographical distribution, 246 glands floral biology, 247 in Excoecaria, 245, 247 glands, 246 in Laguncularia, 230, 231 growth, 247 multicellular, 85, 117 field identification, 246 salt, 85, 117 nomenclature and taxonomy, 247 Glochidion, 250 reproductive biology, 247 var. culminicola, 250 Excoecaria dallachyana, 248 Glochidion littorale, 31, 250 Excoecaria indica, 248 var. caudatum, 250 Excoecaria philippinensis, 247 var. littorale, 250 expansigenous, 99 Gluta, 173 explosive pollen discharge in Rhizophoreae, 330 Gluta velutina, 158, 173 explosive pollination, 125 Goodeniaceae, 263 explosive seed discharge, 137 Gordonia, 297 extrafloral nectaries, 81 Gordonieae, 297 in Dolichandrone, 219 gradient in pH, 20 Fabaceae, 251 in salinity, 20 false vivipary, 141 grafting, 74

Index 411

grasses, 31 hydrostatic pressure measurements, 114 ground water, 24 Hyphaene, 186 group, association, 24 hypocotyl growth rings, 87 in grafting, 74 in Avicennia, 193 polarity, 151, PL. 15 in Diospyros, 243 hypodermis, 82 Guilandina, 254 hypogeal germination, 135, 136

Haagen-Poiseuille equation, 88 identification, 39 Halodule,48 ideoblasts, 84 halophytes, 14 industrial uses, 160 obligate 104 lnga,54 hawk moth pollination, 127 lnocarpus, 257 heavy metals, effect of, 120 lnocarpus edulis, 257 Herbarium Amboinense,3,4 lnocarpus fagifer, (fagiferus), 34, 257 herbivory, 20 lnocarpus papuanus, 258 Heritiera, 371 insects, 19 key to species, 371 herbivory, 19 root buttresses, 96, PL. 13A as predators, 19 Heritiera fomes, 376 interaction Heritiera globosa, 376, 376 plant-animal, 19 Heritiera littoralis, 34, 367, 372, 372, 373 between pollinators, 128 ecology, 375 internal wind in Nuphar, 101 floral morphology, 374 lntsia, 258 geographic range, 375 lntsia bijuga, 34, 258, PL. 7J growth, 375 inundation class, 25 phylogeny, 375 ion absorption, 122 root system, 375 Ipomoea,14 seedling, 374 pes-caprae,13 systematics, 375 lresine,59 vegetative features, 374 isolateral leaf, 82 hermaphrodite, 124 isopod, 19 heterostyly, 124 IWP (Indo West Pacific), 43 in Pemphis, 269, 270 Hibiscus, 118, 119, 121, 122, 267 Juncus roemerianus,31 Hibiscus tiliaceus, 272 Hildegardia, 376 Kandelia, 353 Hippomane, 248 Key to species, 354 Hippomane mancinella, 248, 249 Kandelia candel, 70, 89, 327, 354 poisonous properties of, 248 distribution, 353 honey, 159, 199 ecology, 354 eater, 19, 129 growth, 354 Hortus Indicus Malabaricus,5 reproduction and reproduction, 360 hook, in seedling, 7, 9, 150 Kandelia obovata, 58, 355, Pl. 22A Humata repens,36 Kanilia, 344 hybridization, key deer, 160 in Avicennia, 204 key to mangrove genera, 39 in Rhizophora, 339 K-selection, 28 in Sonneratia, 368 hybrids, 54 Laguncularia, 229 and pollen, 134 Laguncularia coccinea, 237 hydathodes, 81 Laguncularia lutea, 237 Hydnophytum, 159 Laguncularia purpurea, 237 Hydnophytum formicarum,36 Laguncularia racemosa, 70, 89, 229, 230, hydrology, 24 PL. 5H,10B hydrosere, 23 description, 222

412 Index

Laguncularia racemosa (cont.) Lythraceae, 263, 268 growth and reproduction, 231 key to genera, 268 secretory structures, 231 Lythrum, 363 Laguncularia rosea, 235 large-flowered Bruguiera species, 345 Maba, 242 latex, in Hippomane, 248 Macaranga-type germination, 136 laticifers, 81 Macroglossus minimus, 128 latitudinal limits of distribution, 57 Macropteranthes, 228 leaf major elements of mangal, 29 abscission, 74 malaria, 19 age, 74 Malvaceae 272 anatomy, 81, 82, 85, PL. 9 : Bombacoideae, 221 dorsiventral, 82; : Brownlowioideae, 377 exchange, 75 : Malvoideae, 272 isolateral, 85 : Sterculioideae, 371 key to species using leaf anatomy, 84 key to genera and species, 272 morphology, 78; in hybrids, 78 manchineel, 248 shape, in back mangal, 79; in mangroves, 79, 80 mangal succulence, 120 analytical methods, 20 texture, 78 associates, 30, 32 leaf-eating monkey, 20 characteristics, 15 Lecythidaceae, 265 concentration, 15 Leguminosae, 251 definition, 11 key to genera, 251 fauna, 17 lenticels, for gas exchange, 100 major components, summarized, 31 Leptospermoideae, 289 major elements, 9 lichens, 17 minor components, summarized, 31 limits of distribution minor elements, 30 latitudinal, 57 profile diagram, 21 longitudinal, 45 subtypes, 14 litter traps, 76 succession, 22 lobster, 19 travel, 16 London Clay Flora, 49 zonation, 22 longitudinal distribution of Manghas lactescens, 176 mangroves, 45 Mangium,5,37 Luisia,36 Mangle, 334, 338 Lumnitzera, 232, 233, Plate 6A-C mangrove ecology, 236 aridity, 57 floral biology, 235 associates, 17, 30 fruit, 236 Biogeography, 43 key to species, 232 Climbers, 35 systematics and nomenclature, 237 cold tolerance, 57 Lumnitzera littorea, 233, 224 definition, 11 Lumnitzera lutea, 237 distribution in geological time, 48 Lumnitzera racemosa, 80, 233, 234, DNA, nuclear and chloroplast, 52 Plate 4B, 8G eastern group, 43 var. lutea, 234 ecological status, 26 architecture, 234 evolutionary pathway, 34 Lumnitzera racemosa x L. littorea, 234 floristics, 29; in New World, 53 Lumnitzera x rosea, 234 generalized distribution, 46 Lycium,54 genetic diversity, 51 Lycopodium carinatum,36 historical migration, 49 Lycopodium phlegmaria,36 history, 3 Lygodium scandens,35 honey, 128 Lysianthus,36 key to genera, 54 Lysianthus subfalcata,36 longitudinal distribution, 45 Lysigenous, 99 molecular techniques, 51, 52

Index 413

peat, 23 Myristica subalulata, 288 systematic position, 33 Myristicaceae, 287 systematic isolation, 30 Myrmecodia tuberosa,36 temperature influence, 57 Myrmechophila, 35, 36 western group, 44 Myrsinaceae, 302 wide range, 45 Myrsine, 307 mangrove distribution, 52 Myrsine umbellulata, 308 Avicennia and Rhizophora,46 Myrsinoideae, 302 discontinuities, 52 Myrtaceae, 290 eastward decline, 52 Myrtoideae, 289 in Isthmus of Panama, 45 in Queensland, 55 naked buds, 68, 74 in western Australia, 56 nectaries, extrafloral, 81 Manicaria, 180 Nectarina jugularis, 171 Marcgraviaceae, 293, 298 negative pressure in vessels, 88 Marcgravieae, 297 Nephrolepis acutifolia,36 Massart’s model, 63, 232 New World mangroves, key to, 39 Mauritia, 180 nocturnal pollinators, 127 Medinilla crassifolia,36 nonsecreters of salt, 115 Melastoma malabathrica, 278 nonsynchrony of flowering, 129 Melastomataceae, 278 nonviviparous seedlings, 145 Meliaceae, 279 Nuphar luteum, internal wind in, 101 Merope, 365 Nypa, 180 Merope angulata, 34, 360 dichotomous branching, 67, 68 mesophyll, 83 formation, 13 Mezoneuron, 254 geological age, 49 microsatellite markers, 52 pollen, 130 midges, 19 rhizome, 67, 68 Mimosoideae, 251 utilization, 158 minor elements of mangal, 30 Nypa fruticans, 66, 67, 68, 180, 182, 183, 184, mistletoe, 36 PL. 16C, 17, 18 mistletoe bird, 18 distribrution and ecology, 184 model conforming, 64 economic uses, 158, 187 models, architectural, 63 embryo morphology, 181, 183, 184 Attims’, 61 flowers, 182, PL. 17F Aubreville’s, 62 growth, 185 Massart’s, 63 inflorescences, PL. 18F Pettit’s, 61 nomenclature, 182 Rauh’s, 62 phylogeny, 182 molar gas reduction, 100 pneumatophores, 185 mollusca, 18 reproductive biology, 186 Monanthochloe,31 taxonomy 182 monkeys, leaf-eating, 20 vivipary in, 183 monoecy, 124 Nypaceae, 182 Mora, 256 Nypoideae, 182 Mora oleifera, 34, 256 mosquitoes, 19 Ochthocharis, 278 moth pollination, 127 Ochthocharis bornensis, 278 Mouriria,54 Odollam, 176 mucilage cells, 84, PL. 9D Oecophylla, 19, PL. 3G mudskippers, 18 Old World mangroves, key to, 40 Muellera moniliformis, 54, 261 Oncosperma, 187 multifactorial analysis, 24 Oncosperma tigillarium, 187, 188 Myrica, 239 Ophioglossum pendulum,PL. 2D Myristica, 287 orthotropic axes, 68 Myristica fragrans, 287 Osbornia, 289, 290 Myristica hollrungii, 287 bark, PL. 4 D

414 Index

Osbornia octodonta, 289 Phoenix reclinata, 180 Osbornieae, 292 photosynthetic rates, related to salinity, 120 osmotic potential, 111, 112 Phragmites karka,31 Ostryocarpus, 260 Phryganocydia corymbosa, 35, 219 outbreeding, 123 Phryganocydia phellosperma, 219 oysters, 12, PL. 2B, C phyllotaxis in Rhizophoreae, 70, 319 physiological P/O ratio, 126 drought, 26 Pachira,54 gradients, 25 Palmae, 180 xerophytes, 113 key to genera, 180 pioneer phase Pandanaceae, 182 of mangroves, 27 Pandanus candelabrum, 180 species comparison, 27 Papilionoideae, 251, 257 Pithecellobium,54 key to genera, 251 plagiotropic axes, 68 parasites, 36 plagiotropy by apposition, 62 Pariti, 273 plank roots, 95 Paspalum distichum,31 plant-animal interaction, 159 Pavonia, 276 plate tectonics, 49 key to species, 276 Platycerium coronarium, 36, PL. 2D Pavonia rhizophorae, 277 Pluchea, 13, 189 Pavonia spicata, 276, 277 Pluchea indica, 189 peat, mangrove, 23 Pluchea odorata, 189, 190 Pellacalyx axillaris, PL. 10F Plumbaginaceae, 299 Pelliciera, 293, PL. 19 Plumbagineae, 299 distribution, of, 45,49 Plumbago, 299 geological age, 49 Plumeria, 174 Pelliciera rhizophoreae, 45, 294, 295, PL. 5L, pneumatophores, 91, 101, 104, 115 PL. 13G, PL. 19 in Avicennia,92 ant protection, 297 in Laguncularia,93 ecological & geographical distribution, 45, 49, in Lumnitzera,94 295 in Sonneratia, 92, 94 embryo, 295 Podocarpus polystachyus,35 flowers, 294, PL. 19B Podochilus,36 fruit, PL. 5L, PL. 19E Poecilips rhizophorae,19 growth and reproduction, 296 Poikilospermum suaveolens,36 history and systematics, 297 Poinciana, 254 root system, 296, PL. 13G, PL. 19A poison ivy, 173 seedling, PL. 19C, D poisonous snakes, 18 Pellicieraceae, 293, PL. 19 poisons, 248 Pelliciereae, 293 polarity of seedlings, 151, PL. 15 Pemphis, 268 polewood, 157, PL. 16D key to species, 268 pollen, 130, 131, 132 Pemphis acidula, 268 discharge in Rhizophoreae, 125 architecture, 270 fossil, 132 floral biology, 270 in hybrids, 134 floral morphology, 269 key to identification, 133 heterostyly, 269, 270 /ovule ratio, 126 Pemphis madagascariensis, 270 structure, 133 perforation plates, 89 pollination biology, 125 persimmon, 242 pollinator Pes-caprae formation, 13 competition, 125 Pettit’s model, 61 resource and interaction, 125 phanerocotylar germination, 135 types, 127 pharmaceuticals, 158 pollution of mangal, 155 phenology, 75 Pongamia, 258 Phoenix paludosa, 180 Pongamia glabra, 258

Index 415

Pongamia pinnata, 259, 258, PL. 7G root plan, 98 Pongamia velutina, 258 root type, 93, 96 Pouteria, 362 seedling size, 137 Pouteria obovata, 362 species aggregates, 338 predators of Rhizophora roots, 19 type germination, 135, 136, 138 pressure potential, 111 vivipary, PL. 21 prickles, 35 western (AEP) species, 342 Primulaceae, 302 wind pollination, 330 key to genera, 302 Rhizophora annomalayana, 339 productivity, 162 Rhizophora apiculata, 7, 71, 342, 334, 319, PL. 4A, profile diagram, 21 9C, 10A, G, 16D prolepsis, 68 Rhizophora x harrisonii, 342, 335. PL. 11D, 13A propagule, 135 Rhizophora x lamarckii, 335, 322,PL. 24 dispersibility, 135 Rhizophora mangle, 65, 97, 103, 105, 138, 334, flotation, 137 PL. 5F, 9A,B, 10H, 13H, 14, A,C, 15, 21, length, 136 22C,D sorting, 26 Rhizophora mucronata, 140, 317, 321, 335, 341 protandry, 124 Rhizophora racemosa, 321, 334, 342, 343 protection of buds, 68 Rhizophora samoensis, 334 protogyny, 123 Rhizophora x selala, 38, 340, 336 Pteridaceae, 309 Rhizophora stylosa , 82, 335, 342 Pterocarpus officinalis,54 Rhizophora tomlinsonii, 340 Pterocymbium, 375 Rhizophoraceae, 315 Pyrenaria, 297 keys to genera, 315, 316 flower size, 316 Queensland, mangrove distribution in, 55 rhizophore, 113 Rhizophoreae, 315 raccoons, 18 animal pollination, 330 Randia,54 architecture, 327 Raphia,80 bud morphology, 321 rates of transpiration, 115 crown shape, 327 Rauh’s model, 62 explosive pollen discharge, 330 reclining branches, 74 floral biology, 329 Red Sea, 61 general features, 319 regeneration, 72, 74 phyllotaxis, 70, 319 reiteration, 61, 64, 71 reiteration, 328 Remirea,30 seedling anatomy, 331 reserve meristem, 64, 71 stipular morphology, 321 resistance in xylem, 88 Rhus radicans, 173 Rhabdadenia, 178 rising sea levels, 162 Rhabdadenia biflora, 178, 179 root Rheede tot Drakenstein, H. van, 37 absent, 95 rhizome absorbing, 96 Acrostichum, 73 aerial, 90, 92 Nypa, 67, 68 air space, 99 Rhizophora, 332 anatomy, 103, 104 aerial roots, ii, 97, 107, Plate 13B, H anchoring, 94, 96, 97 diagnosis of species, 334 arch, 98 distribution, 341: maps, 317, 318 buttress, 95, PL. 13A eastern (IWP) species, 341 cable, 94 embryo and development, 137, 138, 140, Plate 21 cable component, 96, 98 floral morphology, 321, PL 22C,D, 24 cap, 105 forest, 10 column, 98 hybrid taxa, 329 development in Rhizophora, 106, 107 key to species and some hybrids, 336 feeding, 94 leaf morphology, 79 fouling mechanisms, 108 nomenclatural history, 333 functions, 96, 98

416 Index

root (cont.) Scaevola taccada, 264, PL. 5B, PL. 7I gas exchange, 99 scalariform perforation, 89 hairs, 107 Scaphium, 375 integrated functions, 96, 98 Scarrone’ s model, 234 knees, 94 Schoute’s model, 186 plan in Rhizophora, 98 sclereids, 82, 83 plank, 95 Scolopia, 262 rhizosphere, 108 Scolopia macrophylla, 262 stilt, 91, 92 Scyphiphora, 356 system in Sonneratia, 94 floral biology, 358 ventilation in Nuphar luteum, 101 fruit biology, 359 root systems, 93 nomenclature and taxonomy, 359 Roux’s model, 242 Scyphiphora hydrophylacea, 356, 357, 358 r-selection, 28 sea temperature, 57 Rubiaceae, 356 seagrasses, 47 Rumphian names, 6 geographical distribution, 48 Rumphius (Rumpf, George Everhard), 3 meadow, 13 rushes, 31 seals, PL. 3C Rustia, 359 secondary thickening Rustia occidentalis, 359 anomalous, 87 Rutaceae, 360 in Avicennia, 193,inAegialitis, 301 secreters, salt, 115 safety in xylem, 88 secretory structure, 81 salinity, 25 in Laguncularia, 85, 231 effect on photosynthesis, 120 sedges, 21 gradient, 20 seed dispersal in beach plants, 30 Salix, 239 seed size, 136 salt in relation to vivipary, 139 concentration, in leaves, 121 seedling crystals in Aegiceras, PL. 8A in Barringtonia, 145, 266 conversion, 161 dispersal and establishment, 9, 149 desert halophyte, 14 flotation, 137 excess, 115 hook, 7, 9, 150 flat, 21 germination types, 136 glands, 117, 118 nonviviparous, 145 in Acanthus, 117 in Pelliciera, 145, PL.19D in Aegialitis, 118 “plunk” hypothesis, 149 in Aegiceras corniculatum, 181 with gelatinous fibers, 150 in Avicennia, 117, 118; Seedlings and seeds, 135 function, 117 seepage, 24 in Laguncularia, 85 Selaginella, 104 nonsecreters, 115 selective ion absorption, 121 photosynthesis, 120 self-compatibility, 124 production, 161 semi-hypogeal type, 136 secreters, 115 Semetan, Sarawak, 12, 13 secretion, 114, 116, 117 Sesuvium 14,30 from leaves, 122, PL. 8A Sesuvium-Iresine association, 59 tolerance, related to vivipary, 121 sewage treatment, 161 in xylem sap, 114 sexual types, of flowers, 124 sap ascent, 110 shellfish, 163 Sapindaceae, 361 shoot systems, 60 Sapium, 248 size of seeds, 136 Sapotaceae, 362 Sloanea-type germination, 136 sawn timber, 157 small-flowered Bruguiera species, 347 Scaevola, 263 small insect pollinators, 128 key to species, 263 Smythea lanceata,35 Scaevola plumieri, 263, 264 snails, 18, PL. 2A

Index 417

snakes, poisonous, 18 Tabebuia palustris, 220 socioeconomics, 163 Taeniophyllum,36 sodium chloride, 114 Tahitian chestnut, 258 Sonneratia, 363, PL. 12F, 13D tailor ants, 19 distribution and variation, 366 Talipariti, 14, 273 heteroblasty, 369 Talipariti tiliaceum, 14, 273, 274,PL. 7D hybrids, 368 tannin cells, 84 key to species, 364 tannins, 157 leaf outline, 80, 365 taxonomic isolation, 30 pneumatophore, PL. 12 F technical methods of root study, pollen, 131 101, 102 pollination, 368 Terminalia, 230 root system, 94 Terminalia catappa, 62, 239, 240 vegetative spread, 370 “Terminalia” branching, 62, 239 Sonneratia alba, 85, 367, PL. 6D,E, 9D, 10D, 11B Ternstroemia,54 Sonneratia apetala, 368 Temstroemiaceae, 293, 298 Sonneratia caseolaris, 131, 366, 374, 370 Tethys Sea, 47, 50 Sonneratia griffithii, 368 Tetrameristaceae, 297 Sonneratia x gulngai, 38, 367 texture, leaf, 78 Sonneratia haihanensis, 369 Thalassia,48 Sonneratia lanceolata, 367 Thalassina, 19, 31, 33 Sonneratia ovata, 368, PL. 5 J Thalassina anomala,19 Sonneratiaceae, 363 Theaceae, 293 sorting, propagules, 26 Thespesia, 14, 275 Souroubea, 298 Thespesia populnea, 274, 27, PL. 5K, 7C species distribution of mangroves, 46 Thespesia populneoides, 276 Species plantarum,37 Thevetia, 178 Sphaeroma terebrans, 19, PL. 3F thistle, 172 steady-state mangal, 23 Thunbergioideae, 191 Sterculiaceae, 371 tides, 12, 13 Sterculia, 375 terminology, 25 Stillingia, 248 tigers, 18, 159 stilt roots 73, 91, 92 PL. 13A tiger fences, 18 stipules, 68 Tilia, 377 in Rhizophora, 69 Tiliaceae, 377 in Rhizophoreae, 70, 321 Tillandsia,36 stomata, 83 Tillandsia parviflora, 35 stomatal mechanism, 122 topography, influence of, 22 strict mangrove, 29 Tournefortia,14 substitution growth, 68 Toxicodendron radicans, 173 substrate, 16 tracheids, terminal, 82, 85 PL. 9G, H anaerobic properties, 15 toxic chemicals, 155 succession, 22 transect, 22 succulence in leaves, 120 transition community, 13 suicide tree, 174 transpiration, 113 Sundarbans, 15 transpiration rates, 113, 115 Suriana, 14, 30 tree architecture, 60 swamp forest, 90 tree-climbing crab, 20 Swieteniae, 273 Trichoglottis,36 Swietenia mahagoni, 283 trichosclereids, 301, PL. 9F Swietenioideae, 283 Trigona, 186 syllepsis, 68 true mangrove, 29 sympodial growth, 68 true vivipary, 139 synusiae, 36 Tuberostylis, 189 Syringodium,48 Tuberostylis axillaris, 189 systematics, 37 Tuberostylis rhizophorae, 189

418 Index

ultraﬁltration, 117 water utilization and exploitation, 160 potential, 111, 112 utilization of Nypa, 158 storage, capillary, 83 storage tissue, 83 Vaccinium piperifolium,36 water relations and salt balance, 109 Vanda,35 Weichsella,4 Vanilla,36 western Australia, mangrove distribution in, 45 vector dependence, in pollination, wide range of mangroves, 45 128 wildlife management, 159 vegetative dispersal, 72 wind pollination, 126 vegetative propagation, 71 in Rhizophora, 330 vegetative spread, 71 wood anatomy, 87, PL. 10 Verbenaceae, 191 worms, 18 vessel density, 87, PL. 10 xylem diameter, 88 conductivity, 88 structure, 89 sap, 114 vicariants, 52 Xylocarpeae, 279 vivipary, 11, 29, 147, 138, 139, key to genera, 279 PL. 21 Xylocarpus, 280 adaptive explanations, 141 bark, PL. 4C, E deﬁnitions, 139 distribution, 281 developmental features, 142 key to species, 281 false, 141 reproductive biology, 284 in Bruguiera, 140, 144 root knees, 95 hypotheses, 147 Xylocarpus granatum, 282, 283, 283, PL. 4E, explanations, 141 PL. 11C, PL. 13C explained, 149 root type, 93 in non-mangroves, 139, 145 vegetative growth, 283, 282 physiology of, 148 Xylocarpus mekongensis, 80, 285; PL. 4C, PL. 12E in Rhizophora, 140, PL. 21 root knees, 95 salt tolerance, 129 root type, 93 seagrasses, 141 Xylocarpus moluccensis, 285, 286 structural features, 140 Xylocopa, 171 true, 139 Vriesia,36 zonation, 22