George Lincoln Rockwell Y El American Nazi Party

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George Lincoln Rockwell Y El American Nazi Party una posterior adaptación del mismo al 33.. Ana Laura Bochicchio suelo norteamericano. Para ello, Rockwell recurrió a la adopción de la simbología nazi, la internacionalización Construyendo el de la concepción racial aria, el negacionismo del Holocausto, la neonazismo incorporación del discurso imperialista norteamericano: George y el vínculo con el cristianismo racista de tradición norteamericana. Lincoln Rockwell y el Palabras clave American Nazi Party Extrema derecha, conspiración judeo- (1959-1967) bolchevique, George Lincoln Rockwell, neonazismo ABSTRACT Durante la segunda mitad de la década uring the second half of 50’s, the del ’50, los Estados Unidos D experimentaron un renacer de la United States experienced a revival of the extrema derecha. La Guerra Fría extreme right. The Cold War had begun a doméstica había iniciado un discurso de domestic discourse of containment and vigilancia y contención comunista que surveillance on communism that should debía ser encarada por la misma be undertaken by the population. Hence población. De allí que la extrema the extreme right found a channel of derecha encontrara un canal de acción action that was enabled by the State. habilitado desde el mismo Estado. Si While there were frictions and bien existían fricciones y puntos en commonalities between different groups, común entre los diferentes grupos, hubo one of them found in the Nazi imaginary uno que encontró en el imaginario how to combat what they believed a nacionalsocialista la forma de combatir conspiracy which aime was to destroy the lo que creían una conspiración Gentiles: the Jewish- Bolshevik destinada a destruir a los gentiles: la conspiracy. George Lincoln Rockwell was conspiración judeo-bolchevique. Fue a veteran of World War II who in 1959 George Lincoln Rockwell, un veterano de decided to fight this conspiracy using la Segunda Guerra Mundial, quien en Nazi paraphernalia. To this end, he 1959 decidió combatir esta conspiración founded the American Nazi Party, the recurriendo a la parafernaliza nazi. Para party that was responsible for building ello fundó su American Nazi Party, the North American version of neo- partido que se encargó de construir la Nazism through a process of versión norteamericana del neonazismo reappropriation of National Socialism por medio de un proceso de and a later adaptation on American soil. reapropiación del nacionalsocialismo y To do this, Rockwell resorted to adopt Nazi symbols, the internationalization of Aryan racial conception, Holocaust Egresada carrera de Historia, Facultad de Filosofía y denial, the incorporation of imperialist Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires. E-Mail: [email protected] |“Afro-estadounidenses, Afroamericanos, Blacks, Negros, Negroes, Niggers” Web site: www.huellasdeeua.com.ar 22 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/huellasdeeua discourse and the link with the racist político norteamericano, sino más bien una American tradition of Christianity. agitación discursiva. El racismo siempre cumplió una función social específica para Key words ciertos sectores poderosos Extreme right, Jewish- Bolshevik norteamericanos e incluso para los blancos conspiracy, George Lincoln Rockwell, neo- más pobres que se sentían privilegiados por Nazism ser “blancos” y no pertenecer a la minoría discriminada. Tanto económica, sociológica *** y psicológicamente el racismo fue de gran utilidad a la hora de esconder los Nuestro objetivo principal es comprender el verdaderos vínculos de poder entre blancos papel político jugado por el American Nazi y construir y desarrollar la excepcionalidad Party (ANP), fundado en los Estados Unidos norteamericana y los imaginarios por George Lincoln Rockwell, un expiloto de vinculados a este concepto. la Marina, en 1959. Creemos que el estudio del ANP puede ser un disparador que nos Como afirman Seymour M. Lipset y Earl sugiere cuestiones más amplias sobre la Raab, “quizás la paradoja última consista sociedad norteamericana en general. Por en que los movimientos extremistas del ejemplo, la cantidad de publicidad que país hayan sido incubados por las mismas obtuvo el American Nazi Party fue muy características norteamericanas que a la grande por tratarse de un pequeño grupo postre los rechazaban”.12 Creemos que el sin incidencia política. El hecho de que ésta estudio del ANP puede darnos respuestas se volcara voluntariamente sobre un nazi no sólo sobre la naturaleza del neonazismo nos da cuenta de que la sociedad norteamericano, sino sobre el mismo estilo norteamericana tiene un particular interés político oficial de los Estados Unidos. De en ese tipo de personajes. A los aparatos de hecho, la tradición de la extrema derecha es prensa oficial les interesa demostrar que las casi tan larga como la historia del país. Es “amenazas antidemocráticas” existen éste un estilo que ha dominado a la mayoría porque Estados Unidos es un país tan de las organizaciones de derecha que democrático que permite la libre expresión existieron y existen por fuera del de tendencias autoritarias, racistas y nazis. mainstream, aun cuando muchas veces la Se puede suponer, pues, que la mismísima propia política oficial se ha comportado o imagen estadounidense de la libertad y la ha mantenido afirmaciones similares a las democracia necesita de personajes de este del extremismo de derecha. estilo para justificarse a sí misma ante una población que, si bien en su mayoría Al referimos a la extrema derecha tomamos comparte rasgos de racismo, se siente como base la definición dada por Lipset y 13 amenazada por un personaje que Raab en su libro La política de la sinrazón. expresamente se dice sucesor de la obra de Estos autores, teniendo en mente el caso estadounidense, definen al extremismo Adolf Hitler.11 como la política de la desesperación, la cual Por otra parte, el hecho de que grupos de se expresa como reacción. Se caracteriza extrema derecha racista como el ANP sean por “la tendencia a tratar como cosa legales en Estados Unidos no es un dato 12 menor. Su presencia no significaba una Seymour Martin Lipset, Earl Raab. La política de la sinrazón. El extremismo de derecha en los Estados amenaza al sistema cultural, económico o Unidos, 1790-1977, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1981, p. 51. 11 The New York Times, 10 de junio de 1960. 13 Ídem. |“Afro-estadounidenses, Afroamericanos, Blacks, Negros, Negroes, Niggers” Web site: www.huellasdeeua.com.ar 23 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/huellasdeeua ilegítima a toda segmentación y Norteamérica: Christian Identity. ambivalencia”.14 Eso está acompañado de Considerando válidos estos conceptos, un moralismo histórico y político, o sea el creemos que es necesario no pensarlos entendimiento de todos los como parte de un proceso único e acontecimientos humanos desde una lógica indiferenciado. Por un lado, creemos que en maniquea, es decir, como provenientes de un primer lugar fue necesario que Rockwell una fuente suprema, ya sea el bien o el mal. se reapropie de los elementos básicos del Este moralismo tiene una derivación que le nacionalsocialismo y los resignifique para es propia: la teoría de la conspiración. Ésta, que puedan ser adaptados en un contexto según Lipset y Raab, posee una serie de diferente al original. Este primer proceso elementos distintivos: una naturaleza significó la utilización de la simbología nazi, generalizadora y simplista del conocimiento la internacionalización de la visión racial histórico, la idea de que unos pocos hitleriana y la utilización del negacionismo manipulan a la mayoría de la sociedad y la del Holocausto ya que es una de las formas fe en la perfectibilidad el hombre, o sea en por las que el nazismo reapareció luego de su capacidad de redención mediante la su derrota. Por otra parte, consideramos elección de la única vía correcta de que existe un segundo proceso: la salvación, la de ellos mismos, quienes adaptación propiamente dicha. La suma de sienten estar al servicio de fines divinos. El éste y el proceso anterior, conforman el extremismo de derecha norteamericano se proceso global aquí estudiado. En el caso ha caracterizado por volcar sus temores norteamericano, para la adaptación sobre las minorías étnicas. Especialmente consideramos válidos dos de los conceptos luego de la década del `20, este racismo se de Simonelli: White Power y Christian volvió profundamente antisemita. En el Identity. Éstos tienen que ver, caso del partido aquí analizado es el principalmente, con la adaptación del imaginario del mito de la conspiración discurso nazi al tradicional supremacismo judeo-comunista el motor de toda ideología blanco estadounidense y con la importancia subyacente. que el cristianismo reviste para la sociedad norteamericana. Es necesario tener en Para lograr comprender el rol concreto del cuenta que, muchas veces, el primer ANP dentro de esta tradición retomaremos, proceso es bastante similar a nivel mundial. principalmente, los planteos de Frederick En cambio, el segundo es más bien local y Simonelli, para quien “el legado de Rockwell representa las características de cada consistió en tres nuevos conceptos que sociedad en particular. fueron diseñados para “convertir al nazismo, un producto del pensamiento Nuestro interés está puesto en los aspectos fascista sintetizado por los parámetros culturales. Nos resulta, para eso, de culturales alemanes, en potable para los fundamental importancia el concepto de norteamericanos del siglo XX”.15 Estos tres imaginario social de Bronislaw Baczko, el nuevos conceptos son la implementación cual se refiere a las “representaciones del slogan White
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