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Change of Woody Vegetation and Land Cover Using High Resolution Images on the Dogon Plateau and Seno Plains (Mali) “

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Change of Woody Vegetation and Land Cover Using High Resolution Images on the Dogon Plateau and Seno Plains (Mali) “ MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit „Change of woody vegetation and land cover using high resolution images on the Dogon Plateau and Seno Plains (Mali) “ Verfasser Raphael Spiekermann BSc angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Science (MSc) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 855 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Geographie Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Cyrus Samimi Acknowledgements It is with immense gratitude that I would like to thank my Professor Dr. Cyrus Samimi for his support and guidance throughout the Master degree, but in particular during this time of intense research dedicated towards my thesis. Thank you for always being available to assist with technical and theoretical problems and for offering your profound knowledge of remote sensing and environmental science whenever necessary. I am equally indebted to my colleague Martin Brandt, who continuously shared his technical know-how and enthusiasm for the research topic, and without whom I never would have travelled to Mali to study the processes responsible for environmental change in the Sahel. Thank you for your openness and flexibility, which enabled me to conduct my research in a very explorative and free manner. I would also like to acknowledge Clemens Romankiewicz, who travelled with us to Mali and, despite being a human geographer, never failed to offer insights into local phenomena and processes, gained by years spent living and working in Sevaré and his constant lateral thinking. Acknowledgements are also due to the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) for providing the RapidEye images for the purpose of this study from the RapidEye Science Archive (RESA) at no cost. My special thanks also goes out to GRID-IT for providing ERDAS IMAGINE Objective, the software used to extract woody vegetation from the images. I owe my deepest gratitude to my family and friends, especially my wife Elizabeth Spiekermann, who accompanied me during this extensive time with keen interest and understanding as well as moral support. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their encouragement and unfaltering support throughout my study. 1 Abstract The Sahel region has been acclaimed as one of the ―hot spots‖ of global environmental change in the last decades. The degradation of the environmental conditions was accelerated by prolonged droughts in the region during the 1970s and 1980s and an overall decrease in annual precipitation. The resulting loss of woody vegetation cover was often considered as irreversible desertification. Recent findings, based on small-scaled analyses of satellite images, show an increase of vegetation greenness over most parts of the Sahel since the mid-1980s. However, due to a lack of detailed regional studies, it remains largely unclear if this is a return to pre- drought conditions or a transformation of land cover to a new equilibrium state. This study uses remote sensing techniques, supplemented by ground truth data to compare the pre-drought woody vegetation and land cover with the current situation for a study area approximately 3600 km² large. High resolution panchromatic Corona imagery of 1967 and multispectral RapidEye imagery of 2011 form the basis of this regional scaled study, which includes parts of the Dogon Plateau and the Seno Plains in the Sahel of Mali. The feature extraction and classification operations included in ERDAS IMAGINE Objective are used in an object-oriented approach in combination with spectral properties to analyse the datasets and map woody vegetation. Almost six million polygons representing single, as well as groups of trees and shrubs are extracted for the years 1967 and 2011. Results indicate number of trees per hectare as well as woody vegetation coverage in percent for both 1967 and 2011. Additionally, the land cover change during the past half century is assessed at a resolution of 20 m, followed by an analysis of current and past woody vegetation densities in relation to land cover classes. Results show a significant increase of sparsely vegetated land, in particular in the Seno Plains, a reduction of dense bush fallow as well as an increase of trees on farmer's primary fields. Furthermore, degraded land makes up a worrying proportion of 9.9% of the total area of the Dogon Plateau in 2011. The results show that neither the desertification paradigm nor the greening paradigm can be generalized in the Sahel. Rather spatial variations of changes exist; the explanations for these are equally manifold. 2 Zusammenfassung Die Sahel Region ist als eine "Hot-Spot-Region" der globalen Umweltveränderungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten anerkannt. Die Degradierung der Umwelt wurde durch schwere Dürren während den 1970er und 1980er Jahren in Kombination mit einer Abnahme der jährlichen Niederschlagssummen verstärkt. Die daraus resultierende Abnahme der Baum- und Strauchschicht wurde oft als irreversible Desertifikation betrachtet. Neue Erkenntnisse, die auf kleinmaßstäbigen Analysen von Satellitenbildern basieren, zeigen eine großflächige Zunahme der Vegetation über viele Teile der Sahelzone seit Mitte der 1980er-Jahre. Aufgrund eines Mangels an detaillierten regionalen Studien, bleibt es weitgehend unklar, ob dies eine Rückkehr zu einem Zustand vor den Dürren bedeutet oder vielmehr eine Transformation der Landbedeckung zu einem neuen Gleichgewichtszustand stattfindet. Diese Studie verwendet Techniken der Fernerkundung, welche durch Felddaten ergänzt und validiert werden, um Gehölz- und Landbedeckung vor den Dürren mit dem aktuellen Zustand in einem 3600 km² großen Untersuchungsgebiet zu vergleichen. Hochauflösende panchromatische Corona Bilder von 1967 und multispektrale RapidEye Satellitenbilder von 2011 bilden die Basis dieser regionalen Studie, die in Gebieten des Dogon Plateaus und der Seno Plains in der Sahelzone von Mali durchgeführt wurde. Die in ERDAS IMAGINE Objective integrierten Feature Extraction und Classification Funktionen wurden in einem objekt-orientierten Ansatz eingesetzt und mit spektralen Eigenschaften kombiniert, um die zwei Datensätze zu analysieren und Gehölze zu kartieren. Fast sechs Millionen Polygone, die sowohl Individuen, als auch Gruppen von Bäumen und Sträuchern repräsentieren, wurden für die Jahre 1967 und 2011 extrahiert. Ergebnisse enthalten die Gehölzdichte sowie die Gehölzabdeckung in Prozent für 1967 und 2011. Zusätzlich wurde die Veränderung der Landbedeckung der letzten fünfzig Jahre mit einer Auflösung von 20 m evaluiert, gefolgt von einer Analyse der aktuellen und vergangenen Gehölzdichte in Bezug zu den Landbedeckungsklassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, insbesondere in den Seno Plains, eine signifikante Zunahme von spärlich bewachsenen Flächen, eine Reduzierung von dichtem Busch sowie eine Zunahme von Bäumen auf primären Feldern. Degradierten Flächen bilden einen Anteil von 9,9% der Gesamtfläche des Dogon Plateau in 2011. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weder das Paradigma der Desertifikation noch des „Greening― in der Sahel verallgemeinert werden kann. Vielmehr existieren zahlreiche räumliche Unterschiede; Erklärungen für diese sind gleichermaßen vielfältig. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract...................................................................................................................................... 2 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 6 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................12 1.1 Objectives and Hypotheses ............................................................................................14 1.2 The Desertification Debate .............................................................................................16 1.3 Human Impact ................................................................................................................22 1.3.1 Detecting Human Influences with Remote Sensing ..............................................22 1.3.2 Agroforestry and Farmer-managed Natural Regeneration....................................24 2. Study Area .........................................................................................................................27 2.1 Climate ...........................................................................................................................30 2.1.1 The Sahelian Climate ...........................................................................................30 2.1.2 The Climate of the Study Area .............................................................................33 2.2 Vegetation and Land Use ...............................................................................................34 2.3 Soil .................................................................................................................................37 3. Methods .............................................................................................................................39 3.1 Datasets and Data Problems ..........................................................................................39
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