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Yeşilçam Melodramatic Imagination and Its Influence on the New

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Yeşilçam Melodramatic Imagination and Its Influence on the New View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sabanci University Research Database YEŞİLÇAM MELODRAMATIC IMAGINATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE NEW TURKISH CINEMA by BEHİCE PEHLİVAN Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University Spring 2007 YEŞİLÇAM MELODRAMATIC IMAGINATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE NEW TURKISH CINEMA APPROVED BY: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Bülent Kahraman …………………………. (Dissertation Supervisor) Murat Germen …………………………. Selim Birsel …………………………. DATE OF APPROVAL: 07.06.2007 ii © Behice Pehlivan 2007 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT YEŞİLÇAM MELODRAMATIC IMAGINATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE NEW TURKISH CINEMA Behice Pehlivan M.A Visual Arts and Visual Communication Design Thesis Advisor: Hasan Bülent Kahraman June 2007, vii+86 In Turkey, especially between 1960 and 1975, the popularity and influence of melodramatic cinema grew during dramatic socio-economic changes and hegemonic ideology of modernization project; melodrama tried to create a new morality for this emerging social order. The melodramatic imagination of Yeşilçam during this time period achieved formation of a characteristic Turkish melodramatic tradition. This thesis attempts to explore the influence of the melodramatic imagination of Yeşilçam on the post 1990s Turkish cinema. Focusing on some prominent examples (Zeki Demirkubuz, Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Yavuz Turgul) of the new Turkish cinema, this analysis identifies Yeşilçam’s melodramatic tradition at the basis of this new cinema. The work of this thesis includes analysis of the structure of the melodramatic text, search for the historical and cultural background of melodramatic imagination, and investigation of the fundamental characteristics of Yeşilçam melodrama that forms the melodramatic tradition in Turkey. Keywords: melodrama, Turkey, modernization, Yeşilçam, cinema iv ÖZ YEŞİLÇAM MELODRAMATİK HAYALGÜCÜ VE YENİ TÜRK SİNEMASI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ Behice Pehlivan Görsel Sanatlar ve Görsel İletişim Tasarımı Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Hasan Bülent Kahraman Haziran 2007, vii+86 Türkiye’de, özellikle 1960 ve 1975 yılları arasında, dramatik sosyo-ekonomik değişimler ve modernizasyon projesinin hegemonik ideolojisi altında melodramatik sinemanın popülerliği ve etkisi arttı. Melodram, bu yeni gelişen sosyal düzen için yeni bir ahlak anlayışı yaratmaya çalışıyordu. Bu zaman zarfında Yeşilçam’ın melodramatik hayalgücü, karakteristik bir Türk melodram geleneği yaratmayı başardı. Bu tez, Yeşilçam’ın bu melodramatik hayalgücünün 1990 sonrası Türk sineması üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Bu yeni Türk sinemasının öne çıkan bazı örneklerine (Zeki Demirkubuz, Nuri Bilge Ceylan ve Yavuz Turgul) odaklanan bu analiz, yeni Türk sinemasının temelindeki Yeşilçam melodram geleneğini tanımlıyor. Bu tez, melodramatik anlatım yapısını, melodramatik hayalgücünün tarihsel ve kültürel temellerini, ve Türkiye’de melodram geleneğini oluşturan Yeşilçam melodramının temel karakteristiklerini incelemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: melodram, Türkiye, modernizasyon, Yeşilçam, sinema v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Hasan Bülent Kahraman for his guidance throughout this work and for being an inspiration and support since my undergraduate studies. Thanks to Murat German and Selim Birsel for their time, effort and patience in my thesis jury and for their precious ideas. Thanks to all the scholars I have worked with and learnt from in my graduate studies. I also would like to thank my friends and my family for their endless support and trust. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I: Historical Background and Theoretical Accounts on Melodrama 4 i) Historical Context 4 ii) Melodrama as a Hysterical Text 7 iii) The Good and The Evil 11 iv) Selective Perspectives on the Evil 13 CHAPTER II: Some Fundamental Characteristics of Yeşilçam Melodrama 22 i) Historical Context 22 ii) The Home in Yeşilçam Melodramas and the Ideological Failure 24 iii) Family and Romantic Love in Yeşilçam Melodramas 31 iv)Time in Melodramatic Universe of Yeşilçam 34 v) Rhetorical and Visual Expression 36 vi) The Melodramatic Evil in Yeşilçam 42 CHAPTER III: Socio-Political and Cultural Dimensions of Yeşilçam Melodramatic 44 i) non-Western Melodramatic and the Modernization Project 44 ii) Appearances of Childhood in Yeşilçam Melodrama 54 CHAPTER IV: The Recreation of Melodramatic Imagination by the New Turkish Cin. 61 i) Historical Context 61 ii) Zeki Demirkubuz 63 ii) Nuri Bilge Ceylan 71 iii) Negatively Constructed Subject 73 iv) Popular Cinema 76 v) Yavuz Turgul 79 CONCLUSION 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY 84 vii INTRODUCTION What are the fundamental characteristics of melodramatic imagination of Yeşilçam and can we talk about a continuation of this particular melodramatic tradition in post 1990s Turkish cinema? An answer to these questions appears in understanding the essence of the melodramatic structure, the historical, cultural and sociological background of melodramatic structure, the historical, cultural and sociological background of the melodramatic tradition as well as the changes it experienced after 90s. To understand the Yeşilçam melodramatic and its possible emergence in new Turkish cinema, general information about the history of the melodramatic drama and nature of the melodramatic text is required. The emergence of melodrama can roughly be located in 19th century Europe. The socio economic conditions of this era, the birth of the new bourgeoisie class, and the clash between old and new lifestyles are the formative elements in the formation of melodramatic drama. Peter Brooks’ influential analysis of early examples of melodrama in Europe shows the vital connection between the modernity and melodrama. In the light of his examination, we see the loss of tragic vision and traditional sacred is the basis of the emergence of the melodramatic drama which tries to create a new morality in the post sacred world. While the melodramatic text tries to fulfill its function of resolving the clash between old and new values, repressed feelings and crisis can return and become visible. This makes the melodrama a “hysterical text”. Geoffrey Nowell-Smith sees the hysterical outburst of melodramatic drama as a function to “flushing the undischarged emotions off”. This perspective of melodrama shows that melodramatic drama can be a very valuable source for theoreticians. The pathetic nature of melodrama shows symptoms like hysteria, exaggeration, repetitiveness, irrationality, claustrophobia, and so on. It builds different layers of reality. The hyperbolic surface conceals the hidden layer of the repressed ones. This hysterical nature has made the melodramatic drama a great opportunity for thinkers to reach the culturally repressed. 1 In the case of Yeşilçam melodrama, we should also consider its non-Western identity. In addition to its pathetic nature as stated above, non-Western melodrama faces several paradoxes. With the internalized Western gaze and European dynamics of melodramatic form, Yeşilçam as a non-Western melodrama tries to recreate Western ideology and forms its own way of defense mechanism to this ideology at the same time. Like most non-Western examples of melodramatic tradition, Yeşilçam’s main problematic is the modernization project under control of the state. The artificial nature of modernization in Turkey as compared with the more natural process of European modernity, causes the Turkish melodramatic imagination establish a different relation with modernization problematic. This relationship is more paradoxical and more hysterical. The Yeşilçam melodramatic tradition established itself mainly in the 60s and first part of the 70s. As the most popular entertainment at its time, Yeşilçam melodrama had an ambiguous relation with the state authority. While Yeşilçam reproduces the hegemonic ideology of modernization and Westernization, it also formed a space in which the repressed one can return to the surface. There are different points of views on this subject. On one hand, some thinkers claims Yeşilçam melodrama has a completely disturbing effect on the authority because of its signification to the unacceptable, primitive, peripheral elements of the culture. On the other hand, other thinkers claim the Yeşilçam melodramatic reproduces the Western gaze over and over again; with this characteristic, Yeşilçam is perfectly in accordance with the hegemonic ideology. Both of these arguments have sound reasoning, and the tension between these two opposite points gives the original character of Yeşilçam melodramatic imagination. There are some essential elements which define the melodramatic universe of Yeşilçam and also connect this tradition to the post 1990s Turkish cinema. These elements also have the tension that we talked above. The urge to return to the original unity, entrapment in the moment of trauma, urge to become a fully modernized, Westernized, urbanized and acceptable individual, the melancholy and reconstructing self image with nostalgia, negatively constructed subject are some of these elements. The contradictory nature of these elements and their connection with the modernization project- either a tool for recreation this ideology or a defense mechanism against it- shows that Yeşilçam melodramatic’s primary problematic has always been the modernization project. 2 Search for possible melodramatic influence on post 1990s Turkish cinema, in other words new Turkish cinema, can seem a bit absurd at first
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