Interspecific Hybridization Between the Grasshoppers Chorthippus Biguttulus and C

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Interspecific Hybridization Between the Grasshoppers Chorthippus Biguttulus and C Interspecific hybridization between the grasshoppers Chorthippus biguttulus and C. brunneus (Acrididae; Gomphocerinae) Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades im Jahre 2007 vorgelegt von Brigitte Gottsberger aus Botucatu, Brasilien Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.01.2008 Vorsitzender der Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. E. Bänsch Erstberichterstatter: PD Dr. F. Mayer Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. B. Ronacher Contents CONTENTS Zusammenfassung.......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1............................................................................................... 13 Behavioral sterility of hybrid males in acoustically communicating grasshoppers (Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) 1Abstract.............................................................................................................. 13 2Introduction...................................................................................................... 14 3Materialsandmethods......................................................................................16 3.1.Animalsandcrossingexperiments...............................................................16 3.2.Songrecordings............................................................................................ 16 3.3.Terminologyofsongdescriptionandmeasuredparameters...................... 17 4Results............................................................................................................... 18 4.1.Songsofparentalspecies..............................................................................18 4.2.SongsofF1hybrids...................................................................................... 21 4.3.SongsofF2hybrids......................................................................................24 4.4.Songsofbackcrosses....................................................................................26 4.5.Principalcomponentanalysisofsongparameters......................................27 5Discussion......................................................................................................... 28 5.1.Behavioralsterilityofmalehybrids............................................................. 28 5.2.Neuronalcontrolofstridulation..................................................................29 Chapter 2............................................................................................... 32 Dominant expression of song preferences in F1 hybrid females contribute to sexual isolation between two sympatric grasshopper species 1Abstract..............................................................................................................32 2Introduction...................................................................................................... 33 3MaterialandMethods.......................................................................................35 3.1.Studyanimals................................................................................................ 35 3.2. Interspecific crossing experiments............................................................... 35 3.3.Femalepreferencetests................................................................................ 36 Contents 3.4.Femalesignalsandresponselatencies......................................................... 37 4Results...............................................................................................................38 4.1.Preferenceofparentalspecies...................................................................... 38 4.2.SongpreferencesofF1hybridfemales......................................................... 41 4.3.Femalesignalsandresponselatencies......................................................... 41 5Discussion......................................................................................................... 43 5.1.Expressionoffemalepreferences................................................................. 43 5.2.Signalsoffemales..........................................................................................45 5.3.Strengthofhybridizationbarriers................................................................ 45 Chapter 3............................................................................................... 47 Evolution of songs and female preferences in a natural hybrid population between the grasshopper species Chorthippus biguttulus and C. brunneus 1Abstract..............................................................................................................47 2Introduction......................................................................................................48 3MaterialandMethods.......................................................................................49 3.1.Studyanimals................................................................................................ 49 3.2.Malesongs:recordingsandanalysis............................................................50 3.3.Femalepreference........................................................................................ 50 3.3.1. Playback experiments of females with artificial sounds............................50 3.3.2.Songmodelsforfemalepreferencetests................................................... 51 3.3.3.Playbackexperimentsoffemaleswithmalecallingsongs........................ 51 4Results...............................................................................................................54 4.1.Malecallingsongs......................................................................................... 54 4.2.Femalepreference........................................................................................ 57 4.2.1.Playbackexperimentswithmodelsongs................................................... 57 4.2.1.Playbackexperimentswithnaturalmalesongs........................................ 59 5Discussion......................................................................................................... 60 5.1.HybridoriginofC. jutlandica.......................................................................60 5.2.Originofthehybridpopulation.................................................................... 61 References.....................................................................................................................63 Erklärung...................................................................................................................... 76 Lebenslauf..................................................................................................................... 77 Danksagung.................................................................................................................. 78 Zusammenfassung ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die zwei europäischen Feldheuschreckenarten Chorthippus biguttulus und C. brunneus kommen in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet, das sich über ganz Mitteleuropa erstreckt, weitestgehend sympatrisch und häufig syntop vor. Beide Arten unterscheiden sich kaum in ihrer äußeren Morphologie, in ihrer Ökologie und in neutralen genetischen Markern. Im Gegensatz dazu produzieren die Männchen beider Arten artspezifische Gesänge und die Weibchen besitzen artspezifische Gesangspräferenzen, was eine effektive prägame Hybridisationsbarriere zur Folge hat. Dennoch werden in der Natur immer wieder Hybride zwischen den beiden Arten gefunden. Dies wirft die Frage auf, weshalb sich die beiden Arten trotz gelegentlicher Hybridisierung nicht vermischen und stattdessen vielfach syntop vorkommen. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, untersuchte ich Verhaltensmerkmale beider Geschlechter von C. biguttulus, C. brunneus, und der interspezifischen Hybriden. Die akustischen Isolationsmechanismen wurden experimentell außer Kraft gesetzt, so dass Kreuzverpaarungen zwischen den Arten durchführbar waren. Die Gesänge wurden mit einer Positionsapparatur aufgenommen, die das akustische Signal und die Beinbewegungen der beiden Hinterbeine, die bei Feldheuschrecken für die Gesangsproduktion verantwortlich sind, simultan aufzeichnete. Da paarungsbereite Weibchen auf artspezifische Gesänge antworten, ist es möglich, die Präferenzen der Weibchen für bestimmte Gesangsparameter experimentell zu untersuchen. Hierfür verwendete ich einen computergesteuerten Versuchsaufbau, der den Tieren akustische Signale vorspielte und die Antworten der Weibchen mit Hilfe eines Mikrophons registrierte. Im ersten Kapitel der Arbeit analysierte ich die Spontangesänge der Männchen von C. biguttulus, C. brunneus und deren Hybriden. Die Gesänge der Hybridmännchen (F1, F2 Generation und Rückkreuzungen) waren hinsichtlich der Anzahl an Versen pro Gesang und der Versdauern intermediär ausgeprägt. Im Gegensatz dazu war die artspezifische Silbenstruktur der Gesänge der Elternarten weitestgehend verloren gegangen. Gelegentlich in den Hybridgesängen auftretende Silben waren sowohl in ihrer Dauer als auch in ihrer Struktur sehr unregelmäßig. Die Gesänge der Hybridmännchen sind wegen der fehlenden Silbenstruktur für C. biguttulus Weibchen unattraktiv. Da sie über zu lange Verse verfügen, lehnen auch C. brunneus Weibchen Gesänge von Hybriden ab. Zusammenfassung
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