DOCSLIB.ORG

Translation 3820

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Translation 3820 ARCHIVES. FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 3820 • IV The ocean environment of the world by Keiji Nasu Original title: IV Sekai ni okeru kaiyo kankyo From: Oceanic Environments and the Living Resources of the World. p. 30-80, 1975 Translated by the Translation Bureau( JWC ) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. 1976 95 pages typescript DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES F n-)er-3rilPo TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Japanese Enmlish AUTHOR - AUTEUR Keiji NASU TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS IV The ocean environment of the world. TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS) IV Sekai ni okeru kaiyo kankyo. REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS. Sekai no kaiyo kankyo to shigen seibutsu. REFERENCE IN ENGLISH RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS The ocean environment and the living resources of the world. PUBLISHER- ÉDITEUR Nihon. suisan shigen hog (..1) PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS kyokai/ Japanese Society for the DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL preservation of Maritime resources. YEAR ISSUE NO. 30 to 80 VOLUME PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNÉE NUMÉRO NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES Not given DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES ••1111 .11! 95 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Environment TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 1101482 MINIST ERE-CLIENT. NOTRE DOSSIER N 0 BRANCH OR DIVISION TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DIRECTION OU DIVISION Office of the Editor TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) PIC PERSON REQUESTING T. Reid DEMANDÉ PAR Allan OCT - 4 1976 YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N 0 UNEDITe.D TRANSIATiON DATE OF REQUEST 17-081Q76 For inforrnaiion only DATE DE LA DEMANDE TRADUCriON REVISEE informalian s.zuloment 305.200-10-8 (REV. 2/68) 7830.21.029-6333 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS if TRANSLATION BUREAU MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTI LINGUES CITY CLIENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/URANCH VILLE NO DU CLIENT MINISTERE DIVISION/DIRECTION ,nvironment Office of the Editor Ottawa TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE . NO DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR ( INITIALES) J^,VC 1101482 Jan<,nese OCT - 4 1976 iiTaritime Research Series 27. The ocean environment and the living resources of the worl.d. Kei^ji NASU. Japnnese Maritime Resources Protection Association. P30 IV. The ocean environment of the world. 1, Tr?PFaci_fs.c Ocean. The Pa.cific Ocean is the largest in the world. Its area is equivalent to those of the Atlantic and lndian Oceans together, being 165,246 x 1ob km2 This is about 50'r1o of the whole of the World. Ocean, and about 35^- of the total area of the globe. Compared with the Atlantic and Indian Oceans it is deep, the mean depth being 4,282 metres and at its point p31 of greatest depth, the Vityaz I)eep which is the cieepest'in the world, the depth is 11,034 metres. The volume is 707,5.55 x 106 km3, or about 54o/,, of' a l.l the o cean water in the world. UNEDITED Tf:AiVStAi"NOIJ For ir);arnTettion ariiv TRADUCTION N-,-)N REVJ.SL-E Informatiom sr4ufcmr.nP SOS-200-10-31 2 The surface currents are larg-ely to be attributed to the trade winds which prevail in middle to low latitudes and to the westerly winds which prevail in middle to high latitudes. In the low latitude zone between the limits of about 25° North and South, the main current flow is generally from east to west, and in the middle to high latitudes the prevailing current direction is from east to west. In each of the two hemispheres, centred on the middle latitudes, large scale perpetual high- pressure ring currents (anticyclonic gyres) are formed. p32 The principal ocean currents to be mentioned are the Kuroshio, the Oyashio, the West Wind Drift or the North Pacific Current, the California Current, the North and South Equatorial Currents, the Equatorià.l Counter Current, the Peru or Humboldt Current, the East Australian Current, and the Mindanao Current. In addition there are subsurface currents such as the Equatorial Undercurrent or Cromwell Current, and below the California and Peru Currents there are undercurrents directed towards the high latitudes. The depths of these currents are from 150 metres to several hundred metres. The volumes of these currents are shown* in Table IV - 110. The flow directions on the surface are shown in Figure IV - 1. ^ References are marked., but were not included in the copy provided to the translator. 3 'Figure IV - la. Surface currents of the Pacific Ocean. (Defant 1961). During northern hemisphere winter. 1. North equatorial current. 8. California current. 2. South equatorial current. 9. Tsushima warm current. 3. Equatorial counter current. 10. Mindanao current. 4. Kuroshio. 11. Peru current. 5. Oyashio. 12. East Autralian current. 6. North Pacific current. 13. Westerly wind drift current. (Antarctic ring current). 7. Alaskan stream. 150' 180' 150• 120" 90' Figure IV - lb. Surface currents at middle and low latitudes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. (Defant 1961). Durinp: northern hemisphere summer. 1. North equatorial current. 4. Somali current. (south-west monsoon drift in the Indian Ocean). 5. West Australian current. 2. South equatorial current. 6. Mindanao current. 3. Equatorial counter current. 7. Peru current. 5 Table IV-1. The volume of flow in the main currents in the Pacific Ocean. Kuroshio 65 Sv Oyashio 15 North Pacific Current 35 California Current 15 North Equatorial Current 45 Equatorial Counter Current 25 Equatorial Under Current 40 Peru Current 18 Mindanao Current 18 to 31 East Australian Current 30 Alaskan Stream 3 to 8 A typical Pacific Ocean current, the Kuroshio, has its origin in the North Equatorial current which flows to the west in the North Pacific in the region from 8° to 18°N. When the extension of the North Equatorial current reaches the eastern side of the northern Philippines, the change of latitude brings the effects of the earth's rotation into play, and the current is intensified on the western side of the Pacific (Stommel 1948), becoming the so-called Western Boundary current, and this flows into the Japanese region as the Kuroshi.o . In the neiFhbourhood of the Ryukyu Islands the 6 Kuroshio splits, the main current going along the southern shore of Honshu and flowing to the east from eastern Honshu approximately following the 36° to 370 line. The split-off current mixes into the water mass of the East China Sea, goes northwards along the edge of the continental shelf, and flows through the Korean Straits into the Sea of Japan as the Tsushima warm current. As the Kuroshio flows eastwards from the south shore of Honshu, its width varies from place to place but is about 80 km, and the width of the region of high speed (3 to 5 knots) is estimated to be about 50 km. The depth of flow of the Kuroshio may reach more than 1000 m. The flow volume varies both locally and seasonally, but to the 1000 decibar level it is calculated to be about 65 Sv. There is a number of studies in which temperature is used to indicate the axis of flow of the Kuroshio. This temperature has regional variations but the temperature at the 200 metre level is generally taken to be 15°C which was reported by Uda (1964) and is in accord with the overall results of the investigations by Kawai (1970). To the east of Honshu, the Kuroshio proceeds eastwards through some remarkable meanders and becomes the Kuroshio P33 Extension which flows almost directly eastwards, its velocity and thickness diminishing in ways of which much remains in detail unknown. Since 1965 there has been a remarkable abundance of oceanographical research in the region of flow of the Kuroshio, conducted principally by the International Cooperative Survey 7 of Kuroshio (CSK) in which eleven North Pacific countries are grouped with Japan. For example, Yoshida et al (1967) predicted a unique easterly flowing Subtropical Counter Current on the basis of the theory relating ocean currents to the distribution of wind stress. The existance of this current was later confirmed in a report, based on CSK data, by Uda and Hasunuma. According to the report by Uda and Hasunuma, this Subtropical Counter Current exists in the same location as 12 the Subtropical Convergence , and it continues to be a local 13 current throughout the year . At the 100 m level it flows parallel to the 21 ° C to 24° C contours (centred around 22 °C to 23 00 ), and it reaches at least as far as the neighbourhood of 160 °E. The velocity of this current is 0.2 to 1.3 knots (with an average of 0.7 knots, 35 cm/sec), the width of the current is 60 to 180 km, the thickness of the current is estimated to be shallower than 300 m, and, on the basis of data obtained in the summer of 1965, the mean flow is calculated as 12 Sv, an amount very close to that of the Tsushima warm current. The oceanic currents in the neighbourhood of the Subtropical Counter Current are shown in Figure IV - 2. This region of the ocean is believed to be the spawning area of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) (Yabe et al, 1966) and of the bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis) (Mori, 1972), and is also believed to be the spawning area of the Japanese eel.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mean, Seasonal and Interannual Variability, with a Focus on 2014–2016
    NASA Public Access Author manuscript Prog Oceanogr. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 November 16. Published in final edited form as: NASA Author ManuscriptNASA Author Manuscript NASA Author Prog Oceanogr. 2019 Manuscript NASA Author March ; 172: 159–198. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.004. Ocean circulation along the southern Chile transition region (38° −46°S): Mean, seasonal and interannual variability, with a focus on 2014–2016 P. Ted Struba,*, Corinne Jamesa, Vivian Montecinob, José A. Rutllantc,d, José Luis Blancoe aCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Admin. Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States bDepartamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile cDepartamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile dCenter for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile eBluewater Consulting Company, Ramalab Laboratory, O’Higgins 464, Castro, Chile Abstract Satellite and atmospheric model fields are used to describe the wind forcing, surface ocean circulation, temperature and chlorophyll-a pigment concentrations along the coast of southern Chile in the transition region between 38° and 46°S. Located inshore of the bifurcation of the eastward South Pacific Current into the equatorward Humboldt and the poleward Cape Horn Currents, the region also includes the Chiloé Inner Sea and the northern extent of the complex system of fjords, islands and canals that stretch south from near 42°S. The high resolution satellite data reveal that equatorward currents next to the coast extend as far south as 48°−51°S in spring- summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Ocean: Supplementary Materials
    CHAPTER S10 Pacific Ocean: Supplementary Materials FIGURE S10.1 Pacific Ocean: mean surface geostrophic circulation with the current systems described in this text. Mean surface height (cm) relative to a zero global mean height, based on surface drifters, satellite altimetry, and hydrographic data. (NGCUC ¼ New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent and SECC ¼ South Equatorial Countercurrent). Data from Niiler, Maximenko, and McWilliams (2003). 1 2 S10. PACIFIC OCEAN: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS À FIGURE S10.2 Annual mean winds. (a) Wind stress (N/m2) (vectors) and wind-stress curl (Â10 7 N/m3) (color), multiplied by À1 in the Southern Hemisphere. (b) Sverdrup transport (Sv), where blue is clockwise and yellow-red is counterclockwise circulation. Data from NCEP reanalysis (Kalnay et al.,1996). S10. PACIFIC OCEAN: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 3 (a) STFZ SAFZ PF 0 100 5.5 17 200 18 16 6 5 4 9 4.5 13 12 15 14 Potential 300 11 10 temperature Depth (m) 6.5 400 9 (°C) 8 7 3.5 500 8 Subtropical Domain Transition Zone Subarctic Domain Alaskan STFZ SAFZ Stream (b) 0 35.2 34.6 34 33 32.7 32.8 100 33.7 33.8 200 34.5 34.3 300 34 34.2 33.9 Depth (m) 34.1 400 34 34.1 Salinity 500 (c) 30°N 40°N 50°N 0 100 2 1 4 8 6 200 10 20 12 14 16 44 25 44 30 300 12 14 35 Depth (m) 16 400 20 40 Nitrate (μmol/kg) 500 (d) 30°NLatitude 40°N 50°N 24.0 Sea surface density Nitrate (μmol/kg) 24.5 θ σ 25.0 1 2 25.5 1 10 2 4 12 8 26.0 14 Potential density 10 12 16 16 26.5 20 25 30 40 35 27.0 30°N 40°N 50°N FIGURE S10.3 The subtropical-subarctic transition along 150 W in the central North Pacific (MayeJune, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Orbital- and Millennial-Scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current Variability In
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24264-9 OPEN Orbital- and millennial-scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current variability in Drake Passage over the past 140,000 years ✉ Shuzhuang Wu 1 , Lester Lembke-Jene 1, Frank Lamy 1, Helge W. Arz 2, Norbert Nowaczyk3, Wenshen Xiao4, Xu Zhang 5,6, H. Christian Hass7,14, Jürgen Titschack 8,9, Xufeng Zheng10, Jiabo Liu3,11, Levin Dumm8, Bernhard Diekmann12, Dirk Nürnberg13, Ralf Tiedemann1 & Gerhard Kuhn 1 1234567890():,; The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation by fostering deep-water upwelling and formation of new water masses. On geological time- scales, ACC variations are poorly constrained beyond the last glacial. Here, we reconstruct changes in ACC strength in the central Drake Passage in vicinity of the modern Polar Front over a complete glacial-interglacial cycle (i.e., the past 140,000 years), based on sediment grain-size and geochemical characteristics. We found significant glacial-interglacial changes of ACC flow speed, with weakened current strength during glacials and a stronger circulation in interglacials. Superimposed on these orbital-scale changes are high-amplitude millennial- scale fluctuations, with ACC strength maxima correlating with diatom-based Antarctic winter sea-ice minima, particularly during full glacial conditions. We infer that the ACC is closely linked to Southern Hemisphere millennial-scale climate oscillations, amplified through Ant- arctic sea ice extent changes. These strong ACC variations modulated Pacific-Atlantic water exchange via the “cold water route” and potentially affected the Atlantic Meridional Over- turning Circulation and marine carbon storage. 1 Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Meeres- und Polarforschung, Bremerhaven 27568, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions of the Eastern and Western Boundary Systems Off South America and South Africa with the Large-Scale Circulation in the Southern Ocean
    Interactions of the eastern and western boundary systems off South America and South Africa with the large-scale circulation in the Southern Ocean P.T. Strub, R.P. Matano (Oregon State University, USA) The goal of this project is to investigate linkages between basin- scale circulation and the eastern and western boundary currents next to South America and South Africa. We are attempting to identify the primary causes of variability in those boundary currents. The specific regions of interest are the two eastern boundary currents (the Peru-Chile Current System and the Benguela Current System) and the two extremely energetic confluence regions for the western boundary currents (the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Figure 1: The domains of interest and the relevant currents. Retroflection Region). Objectives Malvinas and Brazil Currents. data suggests that the upstream Off South Africa, the Agulhas and region of the Agulhas Current is affected by eddies that originate Our overall scientific goal is to Benguela Currents interact with north of Madagascar. Similarly, the quantify the contribution of the South Atlantic Current and the Brazil Current is thought to be upstream and downstream features ACC, providing a connection between impacted by upstream eddies that to the variability of the regional the boundary currents from both originate in the Agulhas Retroflection boundary current systems. sides of the continent. Our recent Area, after crossing the South analyses of both altimeter and model Atlantic. Our specific objectives include: Analyzing model output, and altimeter and other satellite data in the Southern Ocean eastern boundary currents (EBC), and exploring their connections to basin scale currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean
    Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean Contributors: Karen Evans (lead author), Nic Bax (convener), Patricio Bernal (Lead member), Marilú Bouchon Corrales, Martin Cryer, Günter Försterra, Carlos F. Gaymer, Vreni Häussermann, and Jake Rice (Co-Lead member and Editor Part VI Biodiversity) 1. Introduction The Pacific Ocean is the Earth’s largest ocean, covering one-third of the world’s surface. This huge expanse of ocean supports the most extensive and diverse coral reefs in the world (Burke et al., 2011), the largest commercial fishery (FAO, 2014), the most and deepest oceanic trenches (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, available at www.gebco.net), the largest upwelling system (Spalding et al., 2012), the healthiest and, in some cases, largest remaining populations of many globally rare and threatened species, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles (Tittensor et al., 2010). The South Pacific Ocean surrounds and is bordered by 23 countries and territories (for the purpose of this chapter, countries west of Papua New Guinea are not considered to be part of the South Pacific), which range in size from small atolls (e.g., Nauru) to continents (South America, Australia). Associated populations of each of the countries and territories range from less than 10,000 (Tokelau, Nauru, Tuvalu) to nearly 30.5 million (Peru; Population Estimates and Projections, World Bank Group, accessed at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/population-projection-tables, August 2014). Most of the tropical and sub-tropical western and central South Pacific Ocean is contained within exclusive economic zones (EEZs), whereas vast expanses of temperate waters are associated with high seas areas (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Iceberg Scours, Pits, and Pockmarks in the North Falkland Basin
    Iceberg scours, pits, and pockmarks in the North Falkland Basin Brown, C. S., Newton, A. M. W., Huuse, M., & Buckley, F. (2017). Iceberg scours, pits, and pockmarks in the North Falkland Basin. Marine Geology, 386, 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.03.001 Published in: Marine Geology Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2018 the authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:06. Oct. 2021 Marine Geology 386 (2017) 140–152 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margo Iceberg scours, pits, and pockmarks in the North Falkland Basin Christopher S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Current
    Ocean current Ocean current is the general horizontal movement of a body of ocean water, generated by various factors, such as earth's rotation, wind, temperature, salinity, tides etc. These movements are occurring on permanent, semi- permanent or seasonal basis. Knowledge of ocean currents is essential in reducing costs of shipping, as efficient use of ocean current reduces fuel costs. Ocean currents are also important for marine lives, as well as these are required for maritime study. Ocean currents are measured in Sverdrup with the symbol Sv, where 1 Sv is equivalent to a volume flow rate of 106 cubic meters per second (0.001 km³/s, or about 264 million U.S. gallons per second). On the other hand, current direction is called set and speed is called drift. Causes of ocean current are a complex method and not yet fully understood. Many factors are involved and in most cases more than one factor is contributing to form any particular current. Among the many factors, main generating factors of ocean current are wind force and gradient force. Current caused by wind force: Wind has a tendency to drag the uppermost layer of ocean water in the direction, towards it is blowing. As well as wind piles up the ocean water in the wind blowing direction, which also causes to move the ocean. Lower layers of water also move due to friction with upper layer, though with increasing depth, the speed of the wind-induced current becomes progressively less. As soon as any motion is started, then the Coriolis force (effect of earth’s rotation) also starts working and this Coriolis force causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Results of Cruise VII of the Carnegie During 1928-1929 Under
    DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM J. A. Fleming, Director Scientific Results of Cruise VII of the Carnegie during 1928-1929 under Command of Captain J. P. Ault BIOLOGY -II The Oceanic Tintinnoina of the Plankton Gathered during the Last Cruise of the Carnegie ARTHUR SHACKLETON CAMPBELL CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION 537 WASHINGTON, D. C. 1942 This book first issued September iS, 1942 THE WILLIAM BYRD PRESS, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA THE MERIDEN GRAVURE COMPANY, MERIDEN, CONNECTICUT THE VIRGINIA ENGRAVING COMPANY, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA PREFACE Of the 110,000 nautical miles planned for the seventh The compilations of, and reports on, the scientific re- cruise of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie sults obtained during this last cruise of the Carnegie are Institution of Washington, nearly one-half had been com- being published under the classifications Physical Ocean- pleted upon her arrival at Apia, November 28, 1929. The ography, Chemical Oceanography, Meteorology, and extensive program of observation in terrestrial mag- Biology, in a series numbered, under each subject, I, II, netism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography, III, etc. physical oceanography, marine biology, and marine me- A general account of the expedition has been prepared teorology was being carried out in virtually every detail. and published by J. Harland Paul, ship's surgeon and Practical techniques and instrumental appliances for observer, under the title The last cruise of the Carnegie, oceanographic work on a sailing vessel had been most and contains a brief chapter on the previous cruises of the successfully developed by Captain J. P. Ault, master and Carnegie, a description of the vessel and her equipment, chief of the scientific personnel, and his colleagues.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Fronts at the Continental Shelves of Austral South America$ Physical and Ecological Processes
    Journal of Marine Systems 44 (2004) 83–105 www.elsevier.com/locate/jmarsys Marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral South America$ Physical and ecological processes Eduardo M. Achaa,c,*, Hermes W. Mianzanb,c, Rau´l A. Guerreroa,c, Marco Faveroa,b, Jose´ Bavab,d a Facultad Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1906, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina c Instituto Nacional de Investigacio´n y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo V. Ocampo no. 1, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina d Instituto de Astronomı´ayFı´sica del Espacio, (CONICET) Pabello´n IAFE, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina Received 9 January 2003; accepted 4 September 2003 Abstract Neritic fronts are very abundant in austral South America, covering several scales of space and time. However, this region is poorly studied from a systemic point of view. Our main goal is to develop a holistic view of physical and ecological patterns and processes at austral South America, regarding frontal arrangements. Satellite information (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration), and historical hydrographic data were employed to show fronts. We compiled all existing evidence (physical and biological) about fronts to identify regions defined by similar types of coastal fronts and to characterize them. Fronts in austral South America can be arranged in six zones according to their location, main forcing, key physical variables, seasonality, and enrichment mechanisms. Four zones, the Atlantic upwelling zone; the temperate estuarine zone; the Patagonian tidal zone and the Argentine shelf-break zone, occupy most of the Atlantic side.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Concept of Surface Ocean Currents
    A NEW CONCEPT OF SURFACE OCEAN CURRENTS Summary of Remarks on German Weather Charts of the South Atlantic. 1 , GENERAL. Since the surface currents of the ocean are largely wind-produced currents which vary with the force and direction of the wind, it might be argued that charts of such currents are of doubtful value to mariners. Therefore the simple mapping of such currents by roses (similar to wind roses) indicating the set and drift in each five-degree field based on ship obser­ vations (difference between true and D. R. positions) might be considered ample for practical purposes ; the more so, since such data represent statistical observations uninfluenced by precon­ ceived ideas or theories. However, aside from the fact that such current roses frequently contain data properly belonging to two or more currents, when plotted in a five-degree or even smaller field, the eye of the navigator demands a better physical representation of the set of the current than is given by such means. In mapping the average wind-produced currents by lines — (method employed by the German Naval Observatory for the wind charts of the South Atlantic) two difficulties are encountered. First, the observations are relatively few and little data is available; secondly — the displacement of the ship’s position (attributed to current) is based on observations over a 24 hour interval, during which time several different currents may have been encountered. An entirely new chart of surface currents in the Atlantic has been prepared by Dr Hans F. Meyer (for the month of February only). Plotting the observed current data in each field of one degree, he computed the average set and drift by traverse calculation.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Marine Research, Sears Foundation For
    The Journal of Marine Research is an online peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research on a broad array of topics in physical, biological, and chemical oceanography. In publication since 1937, it is one of the oldest journals in American marine science and occupies a unique niche within the ocean sciences, with a rich tradition and distinguished history as part of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research at Yale University. Past and current issues are available at journalofmarineresearch.org. Yale University provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes only. Copyright or other proprietary rights to content contained in this document may be held by individuals or entities other than, or in addition to, Yale University. You are solely responsible for determining the ownership of the copyright, and for obtaining permission for your intended use. Yale University makes no warranty that your distribution, reproduction, or other use of these materials will not infringe the rights of third parties. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Journal of Marine Research, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University PO Box 208118, New Haven, CT 06520-8118 USA (203) 432-3154 fax (203) 432-5872 [email protected] www.journalofmarineresearch.org Journal of MARINE RESEARCH Volume 36, Number 1 Model of world ocean circulation: m. Thermally and wind driven by George Veroois1 ABSTRACT A model of world ocean circulation driven by wind-stresses and differential heating is de- veloped for a two-layer ocean with idealized boundaries and constant depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic/Site Index
    OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM CUMULATIVE INDEX GEOGRAPHIC AND SITE INDEX AABW • Africa SW 1 A Aeolian Islands morphology, 107A2:9 AABW. See Antarctic Bottom Water obsidian, 152B7:85–91 AAIW. See Antarctic Intermediate Water Afanasiy-Nikitin Seamount (Indian Ocean equatorial) Abaco event, geology, 101B27:428–430; 29:467 comparison to Ninetyeast and Chagos-Laccadive Abakaliki uplift ridges, 116B23:28 sedimentary instability, 159B10:95 deformation effects, 116B22:272 thermal history, 159B10:97–99 emplacement, 116B23:281, 283 ABC system. See Angola-Benguela Current system gravity anomalies, 116B23:281–283, 286–288 Abrakurrie limestone (Great Australian Bight) load models, 116B23:283–289 biostratigraphy, 182B3:17 location, 116A7:197–198 equivalents, 182A2:8; 182B1:6; 4:11 sediment source, 116B17:208 Absecon Inlet Formation (New Jersey coastal plain) seismic reflection profiling, 116B23:282–283 biostratigraphy, 150X_B10:118–120, 122; Afar hotspot, Red Sea, 123B42:797 174AX_A1:38; 174AXS_A2:38, 40 Afar Triangle-Bay of Aden rift system, volcanism, clay mineralogy, 150X_B5:60–63 123B10:210 lithostratigraphy, 150X_B2:19–20; 174AX_A1:22, 24; Afghanistan. See Zhob Valley 174AXS_A2:29–31, 53 Africa stratigraphy, 150X_B1:8–10; 18:243–266; aridification, 108B1:3 174AXS_A2:3 biostratigraphy, 120B(2)62:1083 Abu Madi sands (Egypt), sediments, 160B38:496 clast lithology, 160B45:585–586 Acadian orogeny climate cycles, 108B14:221 muscovite, 210B4:4 geodynamics, 159B5:46–47 tectonics, 103B1:10 glacial boundary changes, 108B14:222; 117B19:339 ACC. See Antarctic Circumpolar Current mass accumulation rates, 159B43:600 ACGS unit (New Jersey coastal plain), lithology, paleoclimatology, 160B19:327–328 150X_A1:23–24 paleopoles, 159B20:203 ACGS#4 borehole sandstone, 160B45:584 biofacies, 150X_B16:207–228 seafloor spreading, 120B(2)50:920 Oligocene, 150X_B8:81–86 See also Kalahari region (Africa); North Africa paleoenvironment, 150X_B17:239 Africa E, active rifting, 121A1:8 ACZ.
    [Show full text]