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Marine Fronts at the Continental Shelves of Austral South America$ Physical and Ecological Processes

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Marine Fronts at the Continental Shelves of Austral South America$ Physical and Ecological Processes Journal of Marine Systems 44 (2004) 83–105 www.elsevier.com/locate/jmarsys Marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral South America$ Physical and ecological processes Eduardo M. Achaa,c,*, Hermes W. Mianzanb,c, Rau´l A. Guerreroa,c, Marco Faveroa,b, Jose´ Bavab,d a Facultad Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1906, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina c Instituto Nacional de Investigacio´n y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo V. Ocampo no. 1, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina d Instituto de Astronomı´ayFı´sica del Espacio, (CONICET) Pabello´n IAFE, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina Received 9 January 2003; accepted 4 September 2003 Abstract Neritic fronts are very abundant in austral South America, covering several scales of space and time. However, this region is poorly studied from a systemic point of view. Our main goal is to develop a holistic view of physical and ecological patterns and processes at austral South America, regarding frontal arrangements. Satellite information (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration), and historical hydrographic data were employed to show fronts. We compiled all existing evidence (physical and biological) about fronts to identify regions defined by similar types of coastal fronts and to characterize them. Fronts in austral South America can be arranged in six zones according to their location, main forcing, key physical variables, seasonality, and enrichment mechanisms. Four zones, the Atlantic upwelling zone; the temperate estuarine zone; the Patagonian tidal zone and the Argentine shelf-break zone, occupy most of the Atlantic side. The Chile–Peru upwelling zone, on the Pacific, is the largest and best-known region. The Patagonian cold estuarine zone encompasses the tip of South America, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and remains poorly studied. When observed at a continental scale, the Pacific coast dominated by two large frontal zones appears simplest than the Atlantic coast in terms of frontal richness. The extension of the continental shelf in the Atlantic coast allows for the development of a great diversity of mesoscale fronts. Though frontal zones we defined are extensive areas of the continental shelves, fronts inside the zones are comparatively small areas. Even so, they play a paramount role in ecological processes, allowing for high biological production; offering feeding and/or reproductive habitats for fishes, squids, and birds; acting as retention areas for larvae of benthic species; and promoting establishment of benthic invertebrates that benefit from the organic production in the frontal area. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Marine ecology; Physical oceanography; Fronts; Neritic province; South America; Southwestern Atlantic; Southeastern Pacific; Review; 20–57j Lat. S; 40–76j Long W $ Contribution INIDEP no. 1267. * Corresponding author. Instituto Nacional de Investigacio´n y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo V. Ocampo no. 1, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina. Tel.: +54-223-4862586; fax: +54-223-4861830. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.M. Acha). 0924-7963/$ - see front matter D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.09.005 84 E.M. Acha et al. / Journal of Marine Systems 44 (2004) 83–105 1. Introduction primary production at fronts. If the frontal region is sufficiently long-lived, populations of herbivorous A common-sense view of the marine environment zooplankton will increase, and convergence concen- as a fluid medium would probably imply pro- trates zooplankton in the front promoting secondary gressive changes and smooth gradients in physical production. Fronts are also important in benthic pro- properties. Sharp boundaries, however, are actually ductivity. Benthic invertebrates take advantage of quite widespread and are generally known as primary production and detritus generation in the ‘‘fronts’’... Le Fe`vre (1986) photic zone (Largier, 1993; Mann and Lazier, 1996). High food availability at fronts attract nekton In general, a front can be thought as a meeting of organisms (fish, squids, etc.), transferring the energy waters. Circulation at the fronts is usually associated to higher trophic levels. Free swimmers like tunas, with a density difference between the two waters, swordfish or sperm whales detect fronts by sophisti- which generates a convergence at the surface or cated sensorial systems (Olson, 2002). Strong conver- bottom boundary and maintains the front as a sharp gence velocities associated with fronts are very transition, approximating an interface, even in the efficient in accumulating floating matter along the presence of diffusive effects (Largier, 1993). Fronts convergence line. Flotsam often includes detritus such are an integral part of the sea, of its fluid processes as dust, foam and timber (Bowman, 1978). Bakun and of its ecological functions. (1994) stressed the widespread attraction of fish and The fronts are caused by diverse forcing such as other marine animals to drifting objects, and proposed tides, continental run-off, currents convergence, wind, this as a mechanism of front detection. solar heating, bathymetry, etc. There is no agreement Coastal birds like gulls and terns, may detect prey about the classification of fronts, but a partial listing aggregations by using visual cues, both by direct of those occurring in neritic waters would include location of prey or identifying the active presence of tidal fronts, shelf-break fronts, upwelling fronts, estu- other subsurface predators (large fish, seals, whales, arine fronts, plume fronts, and fronts associated with dolphins and even penguins) which drive preys close geomorphic features such as headlands, islands, and to the surface. Pelagic seabirds, like large albatrosses canyons (Mann and Lazier, 1996). and petrels, may travel thousands of kilometers during Fronts are zones of increased mixing both laterally their foraging flights and may use olfactory cues to and vertically, the result of which often is increased detect remote sources of food like zooplankton, fishes primary and secondary production (Olson and or squids which concentrate at fronts (Nevitt, 1999). Backus, 1985). It is well accepted that fronts are The physics of fronts provides unique opportuni- likely to be characterized by high phytoplankton ties for various types of organisms, while at the same biomass and in many cases, enhanced activity at time, an acute set of physiological challenges. Some higher trophic levels as well (Le Fe`vre, 1986; Largier, fauna would use fronts as prime foraging grounds 1993; Mann and Lazier, 1996). Marine populations making use of the fact that some organisms are at a exist in a moving fluid medium that is highly struc- disadvantage in the front because of thermal, haline or tured and often turbulent. Moreover, primary organic nutritional stresses (Olson, 2002). production in the sea must take place in the illumi- Marine environment at austral South America is nated surface layers which tend to be isolated from poorly studied from a systemic point of view. Not- sources of necessary plant nutrients. Thus, essentially, withstanding, there is enough information to show the entire living system of the ocean is crucially that this region is rich in coastal fronts, having dependent on various processes by which organisms different forcing, and temporal and spatial scales. and materials are transported and redistributed Marine front patterns may be seen as part of the (Bakun, 1994). Fronts are usually vertically inclined structural complexity of the pelagic realm at the interfaces between water masses of different proper- seascape scale. Satellite information (sea surface tem- ties, where nutrient rich waters are moved up. Nutrient perature and chlorophyll concentration), and historical pumping due to stratification weakening or disruption hydrographic data, were employed to show fronts. We generates enrichment in the photic zone, enhancing compiled all existing evidence to identify regions E.M. Acha et al. / Journal of Marine Systems 44 (2004) 83–105 85 defined by similar types of coastal fronts and to Sea Surface Temperature (SST) estimates were characterize them. Our main goal is to compare obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Pacific versus Atlantic coasts regarding their frontal Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the NOAA-14 polar arrangements, and to develop a holistic view of orbiting satellite. Level 1B local area coverage (LAC) physical and ecological patterns and processes, at data were acquired through the NOAASatellite Active austral South America. Archive (SAA) (http://www.saa.noaa.gov)andthe CENPAT receiving facility at Puerto Madryn, Argen- tina. Forty relatively cloud free AVHRR scenes, for 2. Data sources and methodology the period February 25 to March 15 of 1999, were processedtoobtainSSTimagesusingtheErdas The geographic domain covered in this review Imagine software with the goal of generating a mean corresponds to the coastal zone in the Southern Cone SST map of the entire study area. The composite SST of South America (20j to 60jS) (Fig. 1). On the map is employed to show thermal fronts. Atlantic side this area coincides with the Southeast Isopleths of mean surface salinity of specific South American Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, as regions are presented in order to display salinity described by Bisbal (1995). On the
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