PS97 16 February – 8 April 2016 Punta Arenas – Punta Arenas Chief Scientist Frank Lamy Coordinator Rainer Knust

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PS97 16 February – 8 April 2016 Punta Arenas – Punta Arenas Chief Scientist Frank Lamy Coordinator Rainer Knust PS97 16 February – 8 April 2016 Punta Arenas – Punta Arenas Chief Scientist Frank Lamy Coordinator Rainer Knust 1 CONTENTS 1. Überblick und Fahrtverlauf Summary and Itinerary 2. Weather Conditions 3. Marine Geology and Paleoceanography 3.1 Background of Marine Geology and Paleoceanography 3.2 Surface sediment sampling 3.3 Sediment coring and core documentation 3.4 Multi-sensor core logging and physical propertiesmeasurements 3.5 Preliminary results Marine geology and paleoceanography 4. Geoscientific Work on Land 4.1 Paleoenvironmental records from Chilean islands 4.2 Patagonian Ice Sheet Dynamics 4.3 Thermotectonic & glacial evolution of crustal fragments around the Scotia Sea. 4.4 Repeated GNSS measurements in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula to investigate neotectonics 5. Physical Oceanography 6. Hydro-acoustics 6.1 Bathymetry 6.2 Marine sediment echosounding (PARASOUND) 6.3 Seismic imaging for IODP pre-site survey 7. Biology 8. Water Column and Surface Sediment Sampling for Microfossil-based Proxy Calibrations APPENDIX A.1 Teilnehmende Institute / Participating Institutes A.2 Fahrtteilnehmer / Cruise Participants A.3 Schiffsbesatzung / Ship´s Crew A.4 Stationsliste PS97 / Station List PS97 A.5 Core Photos A.6 Core Descriptions A.7 Smear Slides A.8 Coarse Fraction A.9 Physical Properties A.10 PARASOUND profiles A.11 List of Hydrocasts 2 1. ÜBERBLICK UND FAHRTVERLAUF Frank Lamy AWI Zusammenfassung Die Drake Passage (DP) ist die wichtigste geographische Engstelle für den Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom und spielt eine herausragende Rolle für die heutige Ozeanzirkulation und das globale Klima. Trotz ihrer Wichtigkeit für unser heutiges und wahrscheinlich auch zukünftiges Klima, ist bisher wenig über klimatische und ozeanographische Veränderungen auf längerfristigen, geologischen Zeitskalen bekannt. Das wichtigste wissenschaftliche Ziel der geologischen Arbeiten in der Drake Passage und vor dem angrenzenden Südamerika ist deshalb unser Wissen über die paläozeanographische Rolle der Drake Passage bei globalen Klimaänderungen im Quartär auf orbitalen und sub-orbitalen Zeitskalen zu verbessern. Schwerpunkt der Polarstern Expedition PS97 waren marin-geologische Arbeiten auf zwei Nord-Süd Profilen über die westliche und zentrale Drake Passage. Die dabei gewonnenen Oberflächenproben und Sedimentkerne in der offenen Drake Passage sind die ersten Tiefseesedimente, die seit den geologischen Beprobungen mit dem amerikanischen Forschungsschiff El Tanin in den 1960er Jahren gewonnen werden konnten. Ein weiteres Hauptarbeitsgebiet der geologischen Arbeiten waren der argentinisch/chilenische Kontinentalhang der Scotia Sea und der südchilenische pazifische Kontinentalhang zwischen Kap Hoorn und der Magellan Straße. Im Bereich der Antarktischen Halbinsel wurden Oberflächenproben und Sedimentkerne im Bereich der Bransfield Straße genommen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der geologischen Arbeiten während PS97 sind: • Während aller Transitstrecken (genehmigt außerhalb der 3-Meilen Zone vor Argentinien und Chile) und Stationssuchfahrten in den Arbeitsgebieten wurden Hydrosweep- und PARASOUND-Daten aufgezeichnet (insgesamt ca. 5900 nm). Diese Daten bildeten die wichtigste Grundlage, um geeignete Sedimentkern-Lokationen zu indentifizieren. Die PARASOUND-Daten dokumentieren eine nur sehr lokal vorhandene Sedimentbedeckung im Bereich des argentinisch/chilenische Kontinentalhanges der Scotia Sea und der Polarfrontzone im Bereich der westlichen Drake Passage. • Oberflächensedimente konnten mit dem Multicorer an 53 Stationen und mit dem Großkastengreifer an 11 Stationen, insgesamt sehr erfolgreich gewonnen werden. 41 Schwereloteinsätze, davon 33 erfolgreich, erbrachten ca. 160 m Sedimentkerne. 32 Kolbenloteinsätze, davon 30 erfolgreich, erbrachten ca. 300 m Sedimentkerne. Der längste Kern war 22,73 m lang. • Das wichtigste geologische Ergebnis ist die Gewinnung von Sedimentkernen entlang eines N-Süd Profiles über die zentrale Drake Passage im Bereich der Shackleton Störungsszone. Dieses Transekt beginnt südlich der Polarfront und erstreckt sich bis in die zentrale Polarfrontzone. Erste sedimentphysikalische Messungen und stratigraphische Einstufungen an Bord deuten auf überwiegend zeitlich hochauflösende Sedimentabfolgen hin, die einen kompletten Glazial-Interglazial Zyklus abdecken. • Vor Chile konnten wir Sedimentkerne über ein Tiefenprofil zwischen ca. 600 und 4000 m Wassertiefe gewinnen, um Änderungen der Wassermassenstruktur im nördlichen Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom vor dem Eintritt in die Drake Passage zu rekonstruieren. • Die geophysikalischen und geologische Vorerkundung von potentiellen International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Kernlokationen am chilenischen Kontinentalhang im Bereich einer Sedimentdrift mit höchster zeitlicher Auflösung (Sedimentmächtigkeit bis zu 900 m) war sehr erfolgreich. Ein zweites geophysikalisches Kreuzprofil wurde an einer Lokation ca. 50 nm westlich des Chile Grabens mit Sedimentmächtigkeiten von ca. 500 m durchgeführt. Auch diese Lokation ist sehr vielversprechend. 3 • Im Bereich der Antarktischen Halbinsel (Südshetland Inseln und Bransfield Straße) konnten zahlreiche lange Sedimentkerne gewonnen werden. Diese beinhalten zeitlich höchstauflösende holozäne Sedimentabfolgen, die u.a. zur Bestimmung von Schmelzwasser-Einträgen und der Weiterentwicklung von Meereisrekonstruktionen mit Biomarkern dienen sollen. Ergänzt wurden die marin-geologischen Arbeiten durch paläoklimatische Landarbeiten. Ziel dieser Arbeiten waren die nur mit dem Helikopter vom Schiff aus erreichbaren äußersten chilenischen Inseln (Isla Noir und Isla Cabo de Hornos). Trotz widriger Wetterbedingungen, konnten auf beiden Inseln Sedimentkerne aus Seen gewonnen werden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Expedition PS97 waren ozeanographischen Arbeiten, um den bisher wenig bekannten Cape Horn Strom und die westliche Drake Passage besser abzubilden. Dabei ging es insbesondere um Strömungsmessungen. Darüber hinaus wurden aber auch umfangreiche Wasserproben und Planktonfänge für die Verbesserung, Kalibrierung und Validierung mehrerer Mikrofossil-basierter Proxymethoden gewonnen. Insgesamt wurden 69 CTD/Rosette Stationen durchgeführt. Umfangreiche Wasserbeprobungen und Laboruntersuchungen an Bord von Polarstern wurden von der biologischen Arbeitsgruppe durchgeführt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf der Untersuchung, wie die Limitierung von Spurenmetallen und deren Recycling funktioniert und wie sich der globale Klimawandel auf die Mikroalgengesellschaften in der Drake Passage und der Westantarktischen Halbinsel auswirken wird. Zu diesem Zweck wurde an drei biologischen Hauptstationen über etwa einen Tag eine aus Teflon bestehende Membranpumpe und ein Schlauch aus Polyethylen zur Probenahme verwendet. Damit wurde das spurenmetallarme Meerwasser aus 25 m Tiefe direkt in einen Reinraumcontainer gepumpt und anschließend für umfangreiche Experimente genutzt. Die paläoklimatischen Landarbeiten wurden durch weitere geologische und geodätische Arbeiten im Bereich des chilenischen Kontinentalrandes und der nördlichen Antarktischen Halbinsel ergänzt. Neben glazial-geologischen Fragestellungen, steht hierbei auch die Erforschung der tektonischen Entwicklung des Scotia Meer Region im Fokus. Dabei wurden an verschiedenen Lokationen Gesteinsproben für die thermochronologische Datierung gewonnen. Die geodätische Arbeitsgruppe erforschte über die Ausbringung von geodätischen Messstationen rezente Krustenbewegungen im Bereich der Antarktischen Halbinsel und des chilenischen Kontinentalrandes. Fahrtverlauf Die Polarstern-Expedition PS97 begann am 20.02.16 um 01:30 Uhr mit dem Auslaufen in Cabo Negro bei Punta Arenas, nach Beendigung der Bunker-Arbeiten. Aufgrund von logistischen und witterungsbedingten Verzögerungen konnten wir somit erst 4 Tage verspätet auslaufen. An Bord befanden sich 44 Besatzungsmitglieder sowie 52 Wissenschaftler/innen, Meteorologen, Techniker und Hubschrauberpersonal. Die wissenschaftlichen Teilnehmer aus 6 Arbeitsgruppen unterschiedlicher geologischer, ozeanographischer, geodätischer, und biologischer Disziplinen, darunter 13 Frauen, waren international bunt gemischt. So haben wir Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus Argentinien, Chile, Deutschland, Frankreich, Niederlande, Peru, Schweiz und Spanien an Bord. Eine Chilenin und zwei argentinische Wissenschaftler erfüllen dabei Aufgaben als offizielle Beobachter ihrer Heimatländer, da wir in beiden Ländern in küstennahen Gewässern innerhalb der 12 Meilenzone gearbeitet haben. Gleich zu Beginn gab es neben dem Zeitverlust zusätzlich noch Änderungen in der Fahrtroute. Aufgrund der für die nächsten Tage vorhergesagten Wellenhöhen von bis zu 8,5 m im Südost-Pazifik vor Südchile, mussten wir unser Programm komplett umstellen und über 4 die Magellanstrasse in den Südwest-Atlantik ausweichen. Dort wurde zwar ebenfalls Sturm vorausgesagt, allerdings bot das südliche Südamerika bei den vorherrschenden Wind- und Wellenrichtungen aus Nordwest etwas Schutz. Wir kamen deshalb auf „nur“ maximal 4-5 Meter Wellenhöhe und erreichten am 21.02.16 unser erstes Arbeitsgebiet am argentinischen Kontinentalhang. Etwas westlich der Banco Namuncurá (Burdwood Bank) wurde an 2 Lokationen bei 460 m und 1310 m eine CTD mit Strömungsmesser (L-ADCP) eingesetzt, sowie die Wassersäule mit der Rosette beprobt. Im Anschluss begann die geologische Stationssuche mit PARASOUND und HDROSWEEP. Dabei zeigte sich, dass feinkörnige Sedimente in diesem Bereich des argentinischen Kontinentalhangs fast nicht vorhanden sind. Zwei Versuche Sedimente
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