OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 47 NO. 4 FALL 1997

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1998 President Carmel "Bud" Tackett. 906 Charleston Pike, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614)-772-5431. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1998 Vice-President Jeb Bowen, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, BACK ISSUES OH 43211, (419)-585-2571. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1998 Executive Secretary Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street. Ash­ Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $37.50 add $4.50 P-H land, OH 44805, (419)-289-8313. Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Recording Secretary Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Greenville, OH 45331. (513)-548-0325. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)-873-5471. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1998 Immediate Past President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)-653-6642. business office for prices and availability. ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Aboriginal Explorers Club Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dick Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH 43150, (614) 536-7855 or 1 -800-736-7815. Alum Creek Chapter President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43801, President: Clarence K. Thomas, 291 Harrison Ave., Buffalo, NY (614)-297-2641. Blue Jacket Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, President: Jim Bartlett, 6044 East Rt. 36, Cable, OH 1-330-723-7122. Chippewa Valley Chapter 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Avenue, Columbus, OH 43224, President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)-262-9615. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1998 Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Road, Patriot, OH 45658, President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (513)-281-8827. Dividing Ridges Chapter 2000 James G. 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Warden, 350 Watson Grove Rd., Cheshire, OH Lake County Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Miamiville Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Raymond Lovins, P.O. Box 86, Miamiville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Mound City Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Painted Post Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Brian Zack, 511 Pershing, Salem, OH Plum Run Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Christopher Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Rd,. should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Lisbon, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sandusky Bay Chapter ness Manager. President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Terri Hesson, 12440 St. Rte. 103, E, Carey, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Don Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six River Valley Chapter President: Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter President: Ben Burcham, 3811 S. County Line Rd., Johnstown, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E ToNUMBEm HornbrookR, 4665 Carmont Ave., SW, Navarre, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE

Welling 1964-1966: Postscript byOlafH. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde 4

A Very Unusual Inscription on a Tombstone from the Reminder: All candidates for the upcoming election for the Board War of 1812 in Auglaize County, Ohio of Directors of the A.S.O. please send a brief biography to Bob by Claude Britt, Jr 7 Converse for A.S.O. magazine publication. The January '98 A.S.O. meeting will probably be very crowded Excavation of the Sidner Mounds, An Overlooked so please try to make maximum use of table space. We are allo­ Part of Ohio Prehistory cated 140 tables and we used 160 tables at the January '97 byD. Ft. Gehlbach 8 meeting. Hopefully, we will be fortunate enough to obtain addi­ tional tables again. The Board of Directors is working on possible A Van Wert County Birdstone and Fluted Point rearrangement of the tables and speakers' podium. First concern byBobMohr 10 is for the safety of all participants. Exit doors must be clear in case of emergency. Room setup also must permit a smooth flow Dr. James B. Griffin-1905-1997 11 of members and guests through the aisles while viewing the dis­ Ohio Artifacts From The Norman Spang Collection plays. by Jeff Carskadden 12 Best Wishes to Rocky Falleti in his endeavor in organizing a new An Extraordinary Birdstone chapter in the Youngstown area. To date, his recruiting efforts by Lloyd Harnishfeger 15 for new members have included professionals from many dif­ Scenes From The Meeting ferent occupations. This new chapter appears to be another by Elaine Holzapfel 16 exciting and promising asset for the Society's future. Musings on a Meuser Membership dues are payable January 1, 1998. Please send your dues to the business manager, Paul Wildermuth (address by John R. White and Rocky Falleti 18 on opposite page). End Scrapers by Robert N. Converse 20 Fort Salem Chapter will host an artifact show February 8, 1998 at A Fortuitous Fluted Point Find Ripley High School, 50 miles East of Cincinnati, Ohio. For more by Robert N. Converse 22 information call Richard Boehl 513-553-3822. A Putnam County Copper Adze See you at the January meeting, byDonEberle 23 Carmel "Bud" Tackett Defining the Bounds of the Hopewell Core and President Periphery Utilizing The Geometric Earthworks by James A. Marshall 24

An Analysis of Chesser Notched Points and Peters Cordmarked Pottery From the McGrady Rockshelter #2 in Coshocton County, Ohio by Nigel Brush and John Oswald 33 Glacial Kame Elliptical Gorgets by Robert N. Converse 35 Weapons of the Iroquois by Craig S. Keener '. 36 Archaic Banded Slate Preform by Jeff Vance 42 A Salvaged Dovetail by Thomas Gargas \ 42

ERRATA The geniculate shown on the cover of Vol. 47 Number 3 1997 was found by Randy Johnson, Winchester, Ohio.

Front Cover: Among the rarest of all prehistoric artifacts are Intrusive Mound picks. There are probably less than two dozen of these enigmatic objects most of which are in museums. Always square in cross-section and made of igneous stone, they pleasingly taper to a point at each end. Intrusive Mound picks were found by William C. Mills at Mound City and were included in the Intrusive Mound Hilltop and Heinisch col­ lections from Scioto County now in the Ohio Historical Society. This pick, made from a dark brown amphibolite, was found when a fence row was cleaned out on the Buffalo Site near the Kanawha River in West Virginia. It is 11 inches long. WELLING 1964-1966: POSTSCRIPT by Olaf H. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde Kent State University

Prompted by the death, in 1997, of Dr. Archaic remains. For stratigraphic rea­ house, does not reflect professional Norman L. Wright of Coshocton, Ohio, sons, it proved difficult to segregate excavations, but the recovery and plot­ and by recent developments in Ohio these cultural units. During this process, ting of materials derived from the backfill Palaeo-lndian studies (Brose 1994; Prufer began plotting the distribution of accumulated during the construction of Seeman ef al. 1994), we thought it useful documented Palaeo-lndian materials on a the house and its driveway. At the time, to re-open the case of the Welling site, site map. Surface finds, by local investi­ Prufer insisted that all Palaeo-lndian near Nellie, in Coshocton County, Ohio. gators, which could not be plotted were materials recovered in this area be Prufer and Wright had been associated excluded from this map. Early in 1968 located as precisely as possible on a in Palaeo-lndian studies of the upper Prufer's house was destroyed by fire and map. In any event, the distribution map Muskingum drainage since the early many (but not all) of the field notes and clearly shows four separate concentra­ 1960s. Others involved were the late photographic records perished in the tions of material. This is consonant with Marion Haight, Carroll Welling, Charles conflagration. The plotting of Palaeo- the artifact distribution at other Ohio and Sofsky, Drs. John E. Blank, C. Owen lndian artifacts ceased at that time; the eastern North American Palaeo-lndian Lovejoy, Orrin C. Shane (then graduate incomplete plotting map, although in a sites such as Nobles Pond (Seeman et al. students in Anthropology), Dr. Douglas H. singed condition, has survived. In 1968 1994; also personal communication), Bull McKenzie, Robert Williams, the late Arthur Prufer returned to Ohio and, with the help Brook, Massachusetts (Byers 1954), and George Smith, and a number of other of Dr. Wright decided to publish the pre­ Shoop (Witthoft 1952). individuals ranging from professional liminary report (1970) which thus entered In addition, we should like to present geologists to avocational archaeologists. the archaeological literature. Subsequent photographs of the actual 1965 excava­ Early in 1964 Prufer, through his local to this publication, about 1971-72, Wright tions showing the extent of operations contacts, obtained information on a indicated that various local individuals, (Figs. 2 and 3). The house in the back­ major concentration of fluted points and including himself, who were involved, at ground of these pictures is the structure other early Palaeo-lndian artifacts recov­ one time or another, in the Welling inves­ represented on the site map, from the ered from a terrace spur at the eastern tigation wanted to have some of the construction backfill of which much outskirts of Nellie village on the Wal- materials repatriated to the local area. Palaeo-lndian material had been recov­ honding River in Coshocton County, This was done with some reluctance on ered prior to formal excavation. Ohio. At the time this was the first legiti­ Prufer's part. Prior to, and in view of, the Finally, we offer a photograph (Fig. 4) mate early Palaeo-lndian site discovered repatriation, the plotting of provenienced of a test pit excavated in April of 1965 by in the State. Welling site material was resumed. Thus Prufer, Shane and Welling. This shows There is no reason to detail all of the it was possible to map the approximate (arrow) the precise location of a com­ facts that led to, and resulted from the location of 40 fluted points and 43 pleted but broken fluted point (Fig. 5). operations undertaken at the Welling site. scrapers. Other presumed Palaeo-lndian This specimen has also been illustrated They were described by Prufer and artifacts were not plotted. For the sake of by Prufer and Wright (1970: 268, Fig. 5d). Wright in the pages of this Journal (1970). the historical record, we would like to Like many others found at the Welling All data in the present paper, unless oth­ quote from a memo Prufer wrote on site, it was recovered from the interface erwise noted, refer to that study. In addi­ December 10, 1989 as to what transpired between the terminal Pleistocene weath­ tion, Blank (1970) dealt with the Archaic (on file, Department of Anthropology, ered and denuded old land surface and components of the Welling site. Kent State University); we omit from this the later forest soil characterized by the citation personal observations not rele­ The Prufer and Wright publication massive Archaic occupations described vant to the issue: (1970) was intended to be no more than a by Blank (1970). In a written comment of preliminary report on the Welling site. The Most of the Palaeo-lndian Welling February 6, 1966 to Sofsky, accompa­ plan was to write a final report on this material, including specimens found nying a dated copy of this photograph, locality. For a variety of reasons this by Welling, Wright and Haight, as Prufer noted that this picture represents never came to pass. In order to under­ well as some excavated by Prufer ef the profile of Test Pit A "showing stratig­ stand what transpired at the time, we al....were returned to Coshocton.... raphy & boulders. Shane's flute[d] point offer the following historical account, and This transaction occurred in or about came from the yellow zone near the white will add additional data of significance to 1971-2. Since then this stuff (not just boulder on the right side." Most of the the understanding of this major Palaeo- the points; also the scrapers, etc.) Palaeo-lndian artifacts, to the extent that lndian locality. evidently traveled to various places, they had not been assiduously washed and scrubbed, show adherent traces of Consequent to the discovery of the site, some probably changing hands. A the yellowbrown, terminal Pleistocene Prufer obtained a NSF emergency grant number of items ...ended up as a soil matrix in which they were originally (GS-705) to excavate the site. Prior to donation by Wright in the new imbedded; this is also true of the spec­ that, in April of 1965, test excavations at Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum.... I imen here illustrated. We trust that these the site were conducted by Prufer and his am certain that the original collection additional data on the Palaeo-lndian associates. In the late summer of 1965 full has been emasculated. Welling site will add to our understanding scale excavations were carried out. The Having thus recounted the historical of early Palaeo-lndian cultural processes results of these operations which, inter­ events it seems pertinent to add to the in Ohio. mittently lasted through 1966, were pre­ Welling site record certain data and illus­ sented by Prufer and Wright (1970). trations of increasing relevance to the In 1967 Prufer moved to Amherst, interpretation of the early Palaeo-lndian Bibliography Massachusetts. Here he attempted to record of Ohio. Figure 1 details the clus­ Blank, J.E. analyze the voluminous Welling material ters of securely located fluted points and 1970 The Archaic Component of the Welling Site, 33 Co-3 Coshocton County, Ohio. which, in addition to the Palaeo-lndian undoubted Palaeo-lndian endscrapers. It should be noted that of the four clusters, Ohio Archaeologist 20(4):269-281 . component, had yielded a vast assem­ Brose, D.S. the western-most, in the area of the blage of assorted debitage and many 1994 Archaeological Investigations at the

4 Paleo Crossing Site, a Paleoindian Prufer, O.H. and N. L Wright The First Discovery of America, pp. 77- occupation in Medina County, Ohio. In: 1970 The Welling Site (33CO-2): A Fluted Point 93. The Ohio Archaeological Council. Dancey, W.S. (Ed.), The First Discovery Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Columbus. of America, pp. 61-76. The Ohio Ohio Archaeologist 20(4):259-268. Witthoft, J. Archaeological Council. Columbus. Seeman, M., G. Summers, E. Dowd and L 1952 A Palaeo-lndian Site in Eastern Pennsyl­ Byers, D.S. Morris vania: An Early Hunting Culture. Amer­ 1954 Bull-Brook - A Fluted Point Site in 1994 Fluted Point Characteristics at Three ican Philosophical Society, Ipswich, Massachusetts American Large Sites: The Implications for Mod­ Proceedings 96(4):464-495. Antiquity 19(4): 343-351. elling Early Paleoindian Settlement Pat­ terns in Ohio. In: Dancey, W.S. (Ed.),

THE WELLING SITE

ABANnnNF.n PP FMT1ftNKMF-NT DITCH

DRIVEWAY

NORTH

LEGEND • Fluted point X Palaeo-lndian scraper Fig. 1 Approximate distribution plot ® Site datum (805 feet amsl) of provenienced early Palaeo-lndian fluted points and scrapers from the Welling site.

Fig. 2 View of early phase of Welling site exca­ vations in progress, looking west, Summer 1965. Note house in background. Fig. 3 View of late phase of Welling site excavations in progress, looking west, Summer 1965. Note house in background.

r4

Fig. 4 Profile of Test Pit A, taken in April 1965, showing location of fluted point (arrow).

cm I 3 mini liiiiliimiiiiliiMmiiliiimiiiliimiiiiliiiMiiiiliin iiliiii! linn IIIII

Fig. 5 Fluted point from Test Pit A.

6 A VERY UNUSUAL INSCRIPTION ON A TOMBSTONE FROM THE WAR OF 1812 IN AUGLAIZE COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 Recently I published a brief article on Shawnee history in the Wapakoneta area (Britt, 1995). That article illustrated a painting of Fort Amanda, a fort built in 1812 on the Auglaize River. This article will discuss an unusual tombstone (Fig. 1) at the site of Fort Amanda. The inscription is the most unusual that I've seen in cemeteries around the country. The words on this stone read: "Captain E. Dawson - Mur­ dered by Indians - Oct. 1812". In checking with a local Auglaize County historian as to the age of this stone, he stated that the tombstone was placed there in 1812 when the fort was still standing. Therefore, this marker is now 185 years old. I have visited a number of historical cemeteries around the nation over the years including Pioneer Cemetery in Warren County, Ohio, Boothill Cemetery at Tombstone, Arizona, Wounded Knee in South Dakota, and Custer Battlefield in Montana. However, the inscription on the one at Fort Amanda is the only stone I know of which states that the person was "murdered by Indians". Figure 2 shows markers at the site of Figure 1 (Britt) Tombstone at the site of Fort Amanda in Auglaize County, Ohio. The inscription the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Mon­ reads: "Captain E. Dawson - Murdered by Indians - 1812". tana where Gen. Custer and some of his men fell. Incidentally, do readers of this article know that General Custer was from Ohio? George A. Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio in 1839. The marker showing where Custer fell can be seen in \ the left foreground of the photo (Fig. 2). k Unlike the tombstone at Fort Amanda in |9J Ohio, it certainly does not state that Custer was "murdered by Indians"- Such a statement would cause a certain mili­ tant element of the Native American pop­ ulation to go on a rampage! The government certainly doesn't want a rampage because they shake in their boots if someone claiming to be an Indian says, "Boo".

Reference: • i nrN Britt, Claude Jr. 1995 Notes on Local Shawnee History at S r;Av Wapakoneta, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 45(2): 8-9.

Figure 2 (Britt) Markers where General Custer and some of his men fell at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana. Marker shown in left foreground marks the spot where Custer fell.

7 EXCAVATION OF THE SIDNER MOUNDS, AN OVERLOOKED PART OF OHIO PREHISTORY by D. R. Gehlbach 3450 Sciotangy Rd. Columbus, Ohio

Continuing a series of short articles on Coshocton flint, numerous copper and The importance of the salvage excava­ the excavation of significant generally shell beads, two banded slate quadricon- tion of the Sidner Mound materials in the unpublicized prehistoric sites in the Cen­ cave two hole gorgets, two clay blocked early 1960's included the occurrence of tral Ohio area, the following is a summary end tubular pipes, and a diagnostic array an unusually large burial population in of work at the two Edward Sidner of hardstone celts, abrading stones, cup- relation to the relatively small diameter Mounds. Located on the second terrace stones and a miniature paint cup or mound, and the unusual variety of place­ overlooking the west bank of Little Darby mortar. ment of the burials at their final intern­ Creek in Pleasant Township, Franklin Sidner Mound #2 located about 100 ment. Perhaps, the significance or County, the two Adena mounds were yards from number one, was about the reasons for the mortuary treatment of excavated by The Ohio Historical Society same diameter with an above ground- these Early Woodland people will never in the summers of 1962-63. Both mounds level height of three feet. The major fea­ be determined, but several speculations lay in a heavily cultivated, relatively level tures of Sidner #2 were two elliptical can provide food for thought. It can be farm field and were barely perceptible burial pits, the first about four feet deep concluded that the number of interments, above ground level even when crops and the second almost six feet below the which, by the way, is not totally unusual were absent. mound surface. Obviously, both had for Adena mortuary sites in the Central Ohio area, were not all either local in Mound #1 was 50 feet in diameter and been excavated into the originally subsoil origin or placed at one burial episode. 1.7 feet high and was comprised of prior to mound preparation. No post- The red ocher coating on bone materials loaded dark to reddish earth mixed with molds were noted. These two pits con­ strongly suggests reburial after decom­ charcoal. Major mound features included tained a combined 24 burials, (there were position some time later and when family a series of contiguous burial pits, each 31 total in the mound). At least seven of or kin groups wanted to once again use containing multiple cremated and non the burials were placed in an extended the "family" plot. Of course, mound con­ cremated human remains mostly covered prone position and the same burial tech­ struction would have continued at those with bark. Red ocher was liberally sprin­ niques as mound one were noted both in special occasions with the eventual kled over a majority of the burials, sug­ the pits and in randomly placed inhuma­ mound size being roughly dictated by the gesting reburial or an elapsed period of tions surrounding the burial pits. Orna­ number of times this affiliated or related time before final inhumation. An unusual ments, probable ceremonial artifacts and group of prehistoric people utilized this form of burial was found with four of the utility tools, all closely associated with the cemetery location. fourteen burials in mound #1. These indi­ human remains, were abundant in Sidner viduals were placed in a prone or face #2. A sampling includes: three quadricon- Of note, in my research I have exam­ down position, a rare mortuary practice. cave two hole banded slate gorgets, ined materials from a number of other Of the remaining burials, one was cre­ three rectangular two hole banded slate central Ohio Adena sites. I have found mated, several were extended on their gorgets, a one hole rectangular slate pen­ that several diagnostic artifacts, such as backs, or on their sides and at least one dant, fragments of two blocked end clay blocked end tubular pipes made primarily was a bundle burial. The prone place­ tubular pipes, many disk shaped shell of clay and the identically styled quadri- ment of inhumations was also noted in at and rolled copper beads, at least two concave gorgets of banded slate, in addi­ least one other Adena site, the nearby banded slate undrilled rectangular tablets tion to early Adena point types of McMurray Mounds where at least four without ornamentation or engraving, shell identical materials, are found in most prone burials were found in a similar mor­ cups, bone awls, several leaf blades and mortuary locations. Perhaps a localized tuary context. stemmed points of the same local cherts craft guild or trade network was present and Coshocton flints. A specialized tool, Artifacts at Sidner #1 included diag­ to be used exclusively for these types of a highly polished antler atlatl handle, was nostic early/middle Adena square- important activities. found with one of the tubular pipes. stemmed points of local gray cherts and

8 Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Banded Slate Quadriconcave Gorget, Sidner Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Diagnostic Adena stemmed points/knives from Mounds Sidner Mounds

Fig. 3 (Gehlbach) Two clay Blocked End Tubular Pipes, Sidner Fig. 4 (Gehlbach) Shell Necklace, Sidner Mounds Mounds

9 A VAN WERT COUNTY BIRDSTONE AND FLUTED POINT by Bob Mohr Holgate, Ohio 43527

When the contents of the Conley family farm were sold at public auction two significant artifacts were included in the sale - a birdstone and a fluted point. They had been passed down to Wilfred and Galen Conley, both bache­ lors in their 80s, who are in a rest home. The farm is located on the south side of Lincoln Highway - old Rt. 30 - just 1/3 mile west of Van Wert, Ohio. I inter­ viewed Wilfred "Doc" Conley and he told me that his mother had found them behind their chicken coop probably around 1942 since she had shown them to him when he was a soldier in WWII. His mind is still sharp and he needed no prompting when he saw the artifacts. They had been stored in a coffee can for more than 55 years but he still remembered them. The birdstone is 4 1/2 inches long and made of banded slate. Part of the tail was broken prehistorically and smoothed down. There are tally marks along the back and along each side of Fig. 1 (Mohr) Tally marked slate birdstone from near Van Wert, Ohio. the neck and part of the head. The fluted point is made of what appears to be Logan County chert of high quality. It is thin and well chipped with heavy basal grinding. It is 3 3/4 inches long.

Fig. 2 (Mohr) Fluted point of Logan County chert from Conley farm near Van Wert, Ohio.

10 DR. JAMES B. GRIFFIN - 1905-1997

Dr. Griffin died May 31, 1997. To say and when I introduced myself to him he cussed some of the articles I had written that he was the leading archaeologist of was as friendly and cordial as if we had on Hopewell most of which I am happy to his day would be an understatement. No known each other for years. He had a say he agreed with. One point we didn't one in the field of archaeology can look rapport with non-professionals and col­ agree on he told me about and said I back at such a distinguished career and lectors and it gave me great pleasure wasn't "converse-ant" with the literature. few scholars in any field have had such when he commented on the quality of He liked his puns and jokes. an influence and impact on their science. The Ohio Archaeologist. We talked about We had our picture taken together the His career spanned three quarters of a a number of things that day including a last day of the conference. He was on his century and began at a time when there picture of a pot in an old publication way to Columbus and had driven all was no radiocarbon dating or any of the which he knew all about - he had total alone from Washington, D.C. to Chilli­ technological tools available to today's recall. We renewed our acquaintance cothe at the age of 88. archaeologists and yet many of his ideas some years later when he gave a talk at Unfortunately, there will never be are as valid now as they were when he Newark. He was outspoken to say the another archaeologist with the knowledge proposed them. least and was quick to give his opinion on and stature of Jimmy Griffin. He will be I first met Dr. Griffin when he came some then current theories on the missed but his work, clearly and con­ down from the University of Michigan to Hopewell culture. cisely written, will stand as a testimonial talk to our Society in the early 1970s. I When I saw him at the Chillicothe to a unique and eminent career. had had some correspondence with him Hopewell conference in 1993 we dis­ Robert N. Converse

Robert Converse and Dr. James Griffin at the Chillicothe Hopewell conference in 1993.

11 OHIO ARTIFACTS FROM THE NORMAN SPANG COLLECTION by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

In December 1888 the prehistoric arti­ Hart's Hart's Prehistoric Pipe Rack, or Hillsdale, and Lake Shore) and one is fact collection of Norman Spang of Etna Byron Knoblock's Banner-Stones of the identified as coming from the Miami Pennsylvania was sold at a New York North American Indian. Nor did the name River Valley. City auction house. There were 1706 lots appear in the list of old-time collections According to the auction catalog, in this auction, including several Mexican in H.C. Wachtel's Who's Who in Indian Spang numbered and marked his arti­ and European items, as well as some Relics No. 1. Although the number of facts "in ink and sealing wax," and nearly items from the New England states. By individuals I contacted or publications I all were documented to at least the far, however, the vast majority of the col­ examined is certainly not exhaustive, one county level. Since some of the docu­ lection was from the southeastern and would think that one of these sources mentation was quite lengthy, the artifacts midwestern United States, including 119 would have been familiar with this indi­ may have been simply numbered and the lots from Ohio. Among the Ohio items in vidual if, as the auction catalog states, he locations and other pertinent data the Spang collection was an assortment "stood second to no man for his accu­ entered in a notebook of some kind, of slate bannerstones, birdstones, and mulations of relics ..." which was made available to the auction tubes, and from descriptions in the cat­ The 1888 Spang auction catalog was house when the catalog was prepared. It alog some of these items must have purchased for me recently by a friend at is unlikely, however, that the item num­ been quite spectacular. Other items in a local yard sale. He knew I would be bers in the auction catalog corresponded the collection were three duck-shaped interested in the catalogue because item with numbers Spang may have put on effigy "great pipes," including one from 181, a slate tube, was from Muskingum the artifacts. It is also quite possible that Gwinnette County, North Carolina, one County. There is no information as to in the years following the 1888 auction from Macon County, North Carolina, and why this catalog showed up in a the artifacts from the Spang collection one from Barton County, Georgia. Zanesville area yard sale, however. There changed hands many times, and any According to the auction catalog, Mr. were no known "bigtime" artifact collec­ documentation connecting the individual Spang had at one time the largest collec­ tors around here in the late 19th century pieces with Norman Spang was lost. On tion of discoidals in the United States, that I am aware of who would have bid the other hand, perhaps the county and although most of these had been sold on items from such a collection. Interest­ state names were written on the artifacts previously to A.E. Douglas, a collector ingly, the realized prices of all the lots at some point, either by Spang or later from New York City; only 103 stone dis­ were penciled beside each description, owners, and at least the locational infor­ coidals remained in the Spang collection suggesting that the catalog owner might mation was preserved. In any case, I at the time of the auction. Perhaps the have personally attended the auction. think it is entirely possible that many of most interesting item in the collection The proceeds from the sale totaled the artifacts from the 1888 auction have was number 1658, which is described in $1,348.32 for the artifacts and an addi­ survived and are languishing in some the catalog as follows: tional $57.50 for two oak display cases. present-day collections. With this Beaded pouch, formerly the property These cases were the most expensive thought in mind, I have transcribed the of the great Indian Shawnee chief, items at the auction. The most expensive catalog entries for the Ohio artifacts and Tecumseh, and taken from his body artifact was a jade celt from Australia, have reproduced them in the pages that by Col. Johnson. Presented to Col. which sold for $19. Next was a three and follow. There is enough descriptive infor­ U.S. Monroe by Senator Allen in a quarter pound grooved hematite axe mation for some of the artifacts, and 1840 at a dinnerparty in Ohio, when from Franklin County, Missouri, which measurements for nearly all of them (to Allen and Col. Johnson were sold for $16.50. Then came two of the the nearest fourth of an inch), that per­ stumping the State for President duck effigy pipes. The one from Barton haps someone will be able to identify William Henry Harrison. The recent County, Georgia sold for $16 and the items in their collections that once election making Gen. Harrison Presi­ one from Gwinnette County, North Car­ belonged to Norman Spang. If so, per­ dent of the United States, has given olina sold for $16. (Tecumseh's beaded haps they would be willing to publish this renewed interest to anything relating pouch sold for $6.) Realized prices for information in the Ohio Archaeologist. to Tippecanoe and his Indian enemy the Ohio items are included at the end of The following are the artifacts in the Tecumseh. With the pouch are flint each description in the following pages. Spang collection from Ohio, organized and punk. Thirty-two Ohio counties are repre­ into various classes just as they were in Considering number and quality of sented in the Spang collection. Huron the catalog. Some items may seem out of items in the Spang collection, it is some­ County leads the way with 23 artifacts; place, however. For example, a celt and a what surprising that no one who I have second is Shelby County with 16; third is boat stone were included in the "Stone talked to or corresponded with had ever Seneca with eight; followed by Williams Bead" section. Measurements are in heard of Norman Spang. Bob Converse, and Wyandot with six each, Darke and inches and realized prices are in paren­ for example, who has probably handled Logan with five each, Allen, Fulton, thesis at the end of each description. more Ohio slate artifacts than anyone in Licking, and Miami with four each, Wood the state, has never come across this with three, Franklin, Hamilton, Knox, PENDANTS AND GORGETS Item 93: Pendant, square oblong, two holes; of metamorphic name. Although Spang was from Etna, Pickaway, Trumbull, Warren, and Wash­ slate, very handsome; Huron County, 4 x 2,5 (one dollar twenty-five Pennsylvania (near Pittsburgh), Gary ington with two each, and Champaign, cents). Fogelman also stated that he was unfa­ Defiance, Hardin, Holmes, Loraine, Item 94: Gorget of veined and clouded slate, quadrangular, two partly finished perforations; Miami County, 4x2 (one dollar thirty- miliar with the name. Nor does Spang's Mahoning, Marion, Mercer, Morrow, seven cents). name show up in such classic publica­ Muskingum, Richland, and Union with Item 95: Gorget, same form and material as the last; Darke tions as Warren K. Moorehead's The one each. Three other Ohio artifacts County, 3.75 x 1.75 (one dollar). Item 97: Pendant, sides contracted, of dark purple slate; two Stone Age in North America, Gordon were identified only by town (Greenwich, small perforations; Huron County, 5 x 2.5 (eighty cents).

12 Item 101: Gorget, oval, handsome metamorphic slate, polished; PIPES Trumbull County, 3.5 x 1.5 (twenty cents). Item 818: Celt of black two small perforations; Shelby County, 6 x 2.5 (one dollar fifty-five Item 208: Frog pipe of sandstone; an unique form; Durkee slate, polished; Huron County, 5.5 x 2.5 (forty-five cents). cents). [Darke] County, 4x3 (one dollar). Item 823: Celt of diorite, beautifully mingled white and black; Item 102: Gorget, two small perforations, sides contracted nar­ Item 209: Turtle pipe, sandstone, very curious; Logan County Huron County, 4x2 (twenty-five cents). rower than the ends; of dark purple slate; Warren County, 3.25 x 4.5 x 4 (one dollar fifty cents). Item 875: Celt, patinated with a separate crust, which has 1.75 (sixty cents). Item 221: Prehistoric pipe, figure presumed to be an Indian or largely peeled off. Marked by Mr. Spang "Curiosity"; fine; Wash­ ttem 110: Gorget, for perforations; Seneca County, 2x2 (thirty Mound Builder; notice the peculiarity of the eyes and mouth, which ington County, 6 x 2.5 (thirty cents). cents). are believed to be unusual; Durkee [Darke]] County, 2 x 1.5 (three Item 116: Gorget, ends nearly pointed, large perforations; San­ dollars twenty-five cents). HAMMER STONES dusky River, Wyandot County, 6 x 1.75 (twenty cents). Item 226: Pipe of calcite; Shelby County, 2.5 x 1.5 (fifty-five Item 1016: Grooved hammer stone; Seneca County, 3x2 (fif­ ttem 120: Gorget, three perforations, brown slate and broken cents). teen cents). off; Seneca County, 2.5 x 1.5 (fifteen cents). Item 230: Pipe of ribbon slate, fine and a rare form; Shelby Item 124: Slate Pendant, polished, a rare form; Allen County, 5 x County, 2.5 x 1 (one dollar twenty-five cents). 2.5 (eighty cents). UNFINISHED WORK Item 236: Stone tube or pipe; Mr. Spang says of this: "The only Item 1142: Partly perforated tube; Defiance County, 4x2 Item 125: Pendant, sides contracted, one large perforation; object of this kind and form that I have ever owned." A rarity from (twenty-five cents). Huron County, 4x2 (forty cents). Washington County, 4.5 x 2.5 (one dollar thirty cents). Item 1143: Pipe or tube, partly perforated, very fine and neat Item 129: Pendant, large perforation; Huron County, 3.5 x 1.5 Item 243: Pipe of stone, marked with lines and deep incised fig­ perforation; Shelby County, 3.5 x 1.5 (thirty cents). (25 cents). ures; appears to be and doubtless is of Mound Builder's origin; Hills­ Item 1145: Tube, partly perforated; Fulton County, 4 x 1.5 Item 131: Pendant, approaching elliptical in form; Shelby dale, Ohio, 3 x 2.5 (ninety-five cents). (twenty-five cents). County, 2.75 x 1.5 (25 cents). Item 250: Mound pipe, marked by the same characteristics as Item 1146: Tube for a pipe, partly bored; Fulton County, 3.5 x 1.5 Item 133: Pendant, or ornament of ribbon slate; Logan the last; Miami County, 2 x 1 (one dollar). [Previous item was a clay (twenty-five cents). County, 3.25 x 2 (sixty cents). pipe "with the usual large bowl and contracted stem."] Item 1147: Nearly square, partly perforated tube, Fulton County, Item 136: Pendant, broken across the middle; Seneca County 5x1 (ten cents). 1.5 x 1 (five cents). Item 1148: Large tube, perforated throughout; Licking County, 5 Item 137: Pendant, large perforation near the middle, marks by OBJECTS OF HEMATITE x 2 (thirty-five cents). disintegration of age; Seneca County, 4.5 x 2 (forty-five cents). Item 301: Celt of polished brown hematite; one of the very finest Item 1149: Large perforated tube, one end narrowed, perhaps a Item 143: Pendant, large perforation; Warren County, 3 x 1.5 1 have even seen; Guincy, Logan County, 3.25 x 1.75 (five dollars). natural formation; Licking County, 4x2 (twenty-five cents). (twenty-five cents). Item 312: Truncated cone of red hematite, polished, and of dark Item 1159: Imperfect gorget; Shelby County, 3.5 x 2 (ten cents). Item 151: Another fine implement, in form and color resembling liver color; Mammal, so called by Mr. Linney, for a fancy preference Item 1162: Gorget, two perforations, rude; Seneca County, 4 x 1.5 the last; near Greenwich, Huron County, 3 . 75 x 2 (forty-five cents). on the part of savage man, very fine, scarce; Scioto Township, Pick­ (ten cents). [Previous items was quadraconcave gorget of red slate.] away County, 1.5 x 1.25 (two dollars thirty-eight cents). Item 1167; Imperfect banner stone of curiously marked ribbon Item 152: Gorget, has two finished perforations, thick in the Item 328: Polished cone or sinker, grooved near the end; slate; Williams County, 5x2 (two cents). middle; Shelby County, 3x2 (thirty cents). Franklin County, 1.5 x 1 (one dollar). ttem 1175: Amulet, shaped like the last, slate, irregularly fin­ Item 153: Amulet shaped gorget, sides contracted, edges ished; Wyandotte County (twenty-five cents). [Previous item is nearly parallel, green slate; Huron County, 4 x 1.25 (thirty-five cents). AMULETS described as "bifurcated in form, blocked out but not polished."] Item 154: Gorget, elliptical, with ends truncated, green slate, Articles thus designated by archaeologists, are amongst the Item 1176: Banner stone of ribbon slate, imperforate; Lake fine; Huron County, 4 x 1.5 (thirty-five cents). most beautiful of prehistoric relics, being finely wrought and the Shore, Ohio, 6.5 x 3 (thirty cents). Item 157: Gorget, surface marked with incised lines, green material frequently of exquisite beauty. A group of such objects Item 1181: Winder of slate, banner form; Logan County, 7.5 x 5 slate; Seneca County, 4x2 (fifteen cents). reminds one of a nest of weasels or little puppies, which they (fifteen cents). Item 1182: Banner stone, imperforate; Hardin resemble. The most striking peculiarity is the transverse perforation County, 4.5 x 3 (five cents). Item 1185: Partly finished object of iron BANNER STONES at each extremity. They are sometimes called Saddle stones, or Bird ore; Shelby County, 3x3 (ten cents). Item 1186: Object similar to stones, of which forms they are strikingly suggestive. Nearly all of Item 160: Banner stone, of ribbon or metamorphic slate, the last in form; Marion County (ten cents). the finest of these objects are from Ohio. shaped like a cocked hat, very large perforation; extra fine and well Item 346: Amulet of ribbon slate, highly polished, excessively made; Holmes County, 4.5 x 2.25 (four dollars). STONE BEADS, ETC. rare; Champaign County. 7x2 (twelve dollars). Hem 161: Banner stone, metamorphic slate, handsomely made, Item 1244: Broad celt, nearly triangular; Huron County, 2.5 x 1.5 Item 347: Amulet of ribbon slate, polished; Allen County, 5.5 x 2 with small unfinished perforation; Williams County, 5.5 x 2.5 (sixty (fifteen cents). Item 1246: Canoe-shaped object; near Greenwich, (ten dollars). cents). Ohio, 2.5 x 1 (fifteen cents). Item 348: Amulet of dark brownish slate; from Greenwich, Item 162: Banner stone with deep notches at the sides, of pol­ Huron County, 4.5 x 2 (eight dollars twenty-five cents). ished ribbon slate, a very unusual form; Williams County, 4.5 x 3 Item 350: Amulet, long, arching neck; Wyandotte County, 4.5 x SPEAR HEADS, FISH SPEARS AND (two dollars fifty cents). 2 (seven dollars seventy-five cents). Item 163: Banner stone, green slate, small perforation, butterfly ARROW POINTS Item 352: Amulet, the head resembles a tortoise, the body that shape; Wood County, 5.5 x 2,5 (three dollars ten cents). Item 1286: Another long spear head or dagger, of blue horn- of a duck; of ribbon slate, extremely fine; Allen County, 4.5 x 1.5 Item 165: Banner stone of red jasper or slate, a very fine imple­ stone, very fine; Darke County, 7 x 1.75 (two dollars and thirty (three dollars). ment and of singular form; Shelby County, 4.5 x 2 (one dollar cents). Item 353: Amulet of duck and bird form, of ribbon slate, very twenty-five cents). Item 1294: Large shield-shaped spear head, of handsome light fine; Darke County, 4 x 1.5 (four dollars twenty five cents). Item 167: Banner stone, shaped like a pair of curved horns, colored feldspar; Williams County, 4.5 x 3.5 (three dollars). Item 354: Amulet of dark slate, neck elongated, very graceful; dark slate; Shelby County 5.5 x 1.25 (two dollars ten cents). Item 1295: Spear head of handsome color and finely wrought; Hamilton County, 4.5 x 2 (six dollars fifty cents). Item 168: Banner stone, butterfly shape, elliptical in form; Union Miami County, 4x3 (three dollars sixty cents). Item 355: Amulet, much like the last, but head less pointed; County, 5x2 (one dollar twelve cents). Item 1297: Triangular spear head with long stem, fine; Huron Pickaway County, 5x2 (six dollars twenty-five cents). Item 169: Banner stone of ribbon slate, formed like a pair of County, 5.5 x 2.25 (one dollar ten cents). Item 356: Amulet of ribbon slate, eyes much enlarge and horns polished and very fine; Bear Creek, Fulton County, 3.5 x 1 Item 1299: Rotary spear head, a choice implement; Shelby prominent, one eye broken; near Allica, Seneca County, 5x2 (six (one dollar ten cents). County, 4.25 x 2.25 (one dollar twenty-five cents), dollars). Item 170: Banner stone of ribbon slate, handsomely polished, Item 1301: Spear head deeply serrated, triangular; Huron Item 358: Amulet of brown slate, fine and very- rare; Morrow similar to last in form; Shelby County, 3.5 x 1.25 (one dollar fifteen County, 6x2 (one dollar ten cents). County, 4.5 x 1.5 (five dollars). cents). Item 1302: Spear head of chalcedony, leaf-shaped, fine; Shelby Item 360: Amulet of ribbon slate; Richland County, 3.5 x 1 (three Item 171: Banner stone, shaped like a pair of horns, with the County, 5.25 x 2 (thirty cents). dollars twenty-five cents). ends enlarged; Licking County, 3.5 x 1 (one dollar ten cents). Item 1322: Spear head, broad triangular, rotary, Columbus, Item 361: Small amulet of ribbon slate, fine, but broken and Item 172: Banner stone, in form like a two-bladed axe, polished, Ohio, 3.25 x 2.25 (one dollar). repaired; Wyandotte County, 3.5 x 1 (one dollar seventy cents). fine; Wood County, 3.5 x 1.5 (ninety cents). Item 1331: Spear head, deeply barbed and rotary, coarse seri- Item 363: Bar amulet of rare form; Knox County, 4.5 x 1 (two dol­ Item 173: Two-horn-shaped banner stone, metamorphic slate, ation, rare form; Miami County, 2.5 x 1.5 (one dollar twenty cents). lars twenty-five cents). large perforation; Shelby County, 4 x 1 (sixty cents). Item 1334: Spear head of black chert, serrated; Mahoning Item 364: Bar amulet, of hematite, a purple colored stone, fine, Item 175: Banner stone, in shape a double-bladed pick-axe, County, 3x2 (thirty cents). long and rare; Allen County, 6x1 (four dollars). slate, fine; Shelby County 5 x 1 (ninety cents). Item 1356: Triangular spear head, thin; Lorraine County, 3x2 Item 177: Banner stone of strange form, slate, has deeply (ten cents). grooved perforation, ribbed from end to end; Huron County, 3 x 2.5 CANOE OR BOAT-SHAPED OBJECTS Item 1371: Broad spear head, one barb broken; Huron County, (seventy cents). Item 370: Boat-shaped object; double perforation through the 3.5 x 2 (thirty cents). body; of handsome ribbon slate; Fenton, Wood County, 3.75 x 1.5 Item 1375: Small triangular spear head, serrated and rotary; TUBES (two dollars twenty-five cents). Shelby County, 3 x 1.5 (sixty-five cents). Item 1475: Spear head, triangular and clouded; Huron County, Item 178: Tube of indurated clay. Concerning this tube, Mr. Item 379: Canoe-shaped object; two large perforations, but has 2.5 x 1 (seven and a half cents). Spang remarks: "The only specimen of this material I have ever no marked depression; appears to be of slate; Huron County, 3 x 1 Item 1493: Broad spear head; Huron County, 3 x 1.5 (ten cents). possessed." Beautifully polished inside and out. They are of the (thirty-five cents). same class as those found in the old burial ground at Swanton, Vt., Item 391: Canoe-shaped object, longitudinal depression described in my catalog No. 92; at the present these tubes are extending from end to end, one partly finished perforation; sand CELTS, GROOVED AXES, ETC. sometimes classed as pipes: Wyandot County, 3.5 x 1 (two dollars stone; Mercer County 2.25 x 1.25 (twenty-five cents). Item 1566: Granite gouge, partly polished, a scarce implement; ten cents). Hamilton County, 5.5 x 2.5 (thirty five cents). Item 181: Tube with large perforation, of ribbon slate, polished, GROOVED AXES Item 1677: Buffalo head, carved from slate; Wyandot County, 2 fine; Muskingum County. 4 x 1.75 (two dollars). Item 592: Grooved axe, polished all over, and of stone almost x 1.5 (twenty-five cents). [No state given, but presumably Ohio.] Hem 184: Fine tube of polished slate, ribbed on both sides over as beautiful as No. 591; Huron County, 4.5 x 3 (one dollar seventy- a large perforation; Bear Creek, Williams, County, 3 x 1.5 (one dollar five cents). [Item 591 was fashioned of black diorite.] OBJECTS OF POTTERY forty-five cents). Item 632: Grooved axe, of granite, head shortened; Tumbull Item 1700: Mortuary urn or pot, has three handles for suspen­ Item 185: Polished tube of ribbon slate, handsomely marked; [Trumbull] County, 5 x 3.5 (twenty-five cents). sion over embers or fire, partly glazed; Miami River, Ohio. Height 3.5 surface find, Huron County, 3 x 1 (one dollar twenty-five cents). Item 651: Grooved axe, partly polished; Huron County, 5x3 inches, diameter 5 inches (two dollars and seventy-five cents.) Item 193: Tube of ribbon slate, nearly ball-shaped; Williams (seventy cents). County, 2 x 1.5 (one dollar five cents). Item 703: Grooved axe, broad deep groove and partly polished; Item 195: Tube, in the form of double-headed axe, ribbon slate; Huron County 5x3 (fifty cents). Licking County, 2 x 1.5 (one dollar). Item 196: Tube, in shape a small tomahawk, of ribbon slate; Huron County, 2 x 1 (eighty cents). CELTS Item 19: Small tube of ribbon slate, large perforation; Logan Item 780: Celt of dark grained granite, nicely polished; Knox County 1.5 x 1 (seventy-five cents). County, 6 x 2.75 (seventy-five cents). Item 800: Small celt, polished;

13 TABLE 1 ARTIFACT CATEGORIES IN THE SPANG CATALOG

DRY LOTS »OF LOTS «OF OHIO ITEMS % OF OHIO ITEMS

Mile. New England 1-92 91

Pendants & Gorgets 93-159 66 22 33%

Banners tones 160-177 17 14 82%

Tubee 178-198 20 8 40%

Pipes 199-295 96 8 8%

Hematite Objects 296-345 49 3 6%

Amulets [bird stones] 346-368 22 14 83%

Canoe or Boat-Shaped Objects 369-394 25 3 12%

Misc. Celts, Axes, and Beads 395-420 25

Discoidals, pottery discs, etc. 421-554 133 -

Grooved Axes 555-769 214 4 1%

Celte 770-950 180 5 2%

Pestlee 951-983 32

Nutting Stonee 984-1001 17

Hammers tones 1002-1042 40 1 2%

Great Spades 1043-1139 96

Unfinished 1140-1194 54 16 29%

Stone Beads, Etc. 1195-1261 86 2 2%

Spear Heads, Arrow Points 1282-1512 230 15 6%

Knlvee 1513-1539 26 "

Miscellaneous 1540-1600 60 2 3%

Beads 1601-1674 73

Pottery 1675-1706 30 1 3%

CATALi t ILLUSTIUTING THEJH0ICEST SPECIMENS ARCHAEOLOGY, l.VC.'l.lll.lM,

AMULETS. BASSES STONES, DISCOIDAL STONES, PIPES, AXES, CELTS, SPEAR HEADS, ARROW POINTS, Kl

ILL SELECTED Fill TIE WEST roiTWIJ OF TEE C0LLECT10I OF MR. NORMAN SPANG, ETNA, PENN. '

Mr. Spans; hae long been known ua n leading Archaeologist, and amongst Collectors he has stood second to no man for hla accumulations of relics In Stone, Iron, Bronze, Copper and Shell. THIS COLLECTION WILL BE SOLD BY AUCTION, INCLODIMJ TEE CABINETS,

Messrs. B^AJKTG-S cfc OO.F 789 and 741 Broadway, Now York, THURSDAY, FRIDAY AND SATURDAY, December 37, 28 and 29, 1888,

Catalogue by (EH, uElliot dJoootoatD.

BOSTON : T. R. MARVIN * SON, NUMISMATIC PRINTERS. Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Cover of the Spang Auction Catalog.

14 AN EXTRAORDINARY BIRDSTONE by Lloyd Hamishfeger 203 Steiner Ave. Pandora, Ohio 45877

The birdstone shown above was found The material is a very dark, close- Several old-time collectors have exam­ in Allen County, Ohio by Vernon Rhodes grained slate. The surface polish is truly a ined and praised this birdstone over the while farming with horses in 1940. The work of prehistoric art. Exactly five and years. Among them are Dr. Russell Long, piece was lying in the soil, completely one-quarter inches in length, the bird has formerly of Lamar State College, Beau­ exposed. Mr. Rhodes picked it up, pronounced anterior and posterior bridges. mont, Texas; Mr. Dean Driscoll, of Ada, wrapped it in an old stocking, and placed Eye protrusions are most pleasing, as is Ohio; and Mr. Archie Diller, Pandora, it in a dresser drawer. Today, it rests the spinal ridge, which runs from the head Ohio. securely in good hands having survived to the center of the fan tail. The elongated This artifact may rank among the finest unscratched for centuries buried in the beak has a definite but gentle rise, which of its type ever found. ground. adds greatly to its visual appeal.

^PfPf^^ Fig. 1 (Hamishfeger) Pop-eyed birdstone from Allen Co., Ohio

15 Frank Otto, of Westerville, Ohio, has been an officer and Past President in the ASO. He is now in charge of field-found material brought to Society meetings.

Laurie Pahdopony of Columbus, an Don Gehlbach, of Columbus, Ohio, fre­ archaeologist and graduate of Ohio quently writes articles for the Ohio State University, serves as Secre­ Archaeologist magazine and has served tary of the Standing Stone Chapter. both as Trustee and President of the The newsletter she sends monthly ASO. He is shown with his new publica­ to chapter members is always tion, The Archaeology of Franklin informative, entertaining, and well County, Ohio. written. Martha Otto, of Westerville, Ohio, is curator of archaeology at the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus. She has been President of the ASO and currently serves as Trustee.

Dr. Jonathon E. Bowen, (Jeb) of Columbus, Ohio, is one of Ohio's best known, highly- respected, and most liked Receiving award is Steve Parker, of Lancaster, archaeologists. He has prob­ Ohio, who has served in many capacities in the ably studied more surface col­ ASO. Mr. Parker has been both Trustee and lections than anyone else in the President of the organization, as well as Past state. Jeb has published President of the Standing Stone Chapter. numerous articles and books and frequently is the speaker at Chapter meetings.

President Carmel "Bud" Tackett presented awards to sev­ eral individuals for service and dedication to the Archaeo­ Accepting award is Don Casto, of Lancaster, logical Society. President Tackett, of Chillicothe, Ohio (on Ohio, who has filled numerous important posi­ the right), has previously served as Vice President and tions in the ASO, such as Trustee, Executive Jim Beckman, of Dayton, Trustee, as well as President of the Mound City Chapter. Secretary, and President. Mr. Casto, a recip­ Ohio, a long-time ASO Receiving the award, on the left, is Carl Szafranski, of ient of the Converse Award, has been a pillar member, is well known as an Medina, Ohio. He is President of the Chippewa Valley of the Society for many years. expert on artifact restoration. Chapter and serves as Trustee for the ASO.

16 SCENES FROM THE MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO NOV. 16, 1997 by Elaine Holzapfel

Ensil Chadwick is a past officer in the Society and has been a member for over 40 years.

George DeMuth, of Wakeman, Ohio. George, a former recipient Dr. Bradley Lepper, of The Ohio of the Converse Award, is Presi­ Historical Society, spoke at this dent of the Sandusky Bay meeting on the fascinating his­ Chapter and has long worked on tory of the Newark holy stones. excavations with Dr. Dave Dr. Stanley Baker, an archaeologist Dr. Lepper's fields of expertise Stothers, of Toledo. with the Ohio Department of Trans­ include the Paleoindian and portation, is an authority on artifacts Hopewell periods. from the historic period.

Gary Kapusta of Ravenna, Ohio, is CZ3r l9L President of the Cuyahoga Valley Chapter. At the meeting of the Board of Directors on Nov. 16, Gary was appointed Treasurer of the ASO.

s»»\^**^ \ -^ssfl **

Bill Likens, of Plain City, Ohio, is an ardent surface collector. Bill also gives talks at schools on the subject of Ohio archaeology and the respon­ sibility inherent in surface collecting.

*U IMINMTUM The display of field-found artifacts, all recovered during the previous 3 months, is always of interest to everyone, attested to by the constant waiting line to view them.

/f^k Jon Amspaugh, of Wapakoneta, is one of Ohio's foremost experts on artifacts of the historic period.

•^ Receiving award is Charles Fulk (on left) of Ashland, Ohio, a former Trustee of the ASO, who presently serves as Executive Secretary. Mr. Fulk is an expert on varieties of flint raw materials and frequently pro­ Paul Wildermuth, of Rushville, Ohio, has vides highly-informative displays and gives served as Business Manager of the ASO for talks at chapter meetings, as well as many years. schools.

17 MUSINGS ON A MEUSER by John R. White Rocky Falleti Department of Sociology and Anthropology 176 Clarencedale Ave. Youngstown State University Youngstown, Ohio 44512

The Meuser Collection Kame only half-jokingly as Ohio's "other light we are forced to conclude that the The late Dr. Gordon Meuser of culture". Whether you prefer to address it Glacial Kame and Red Ocher are very Columbus, Ohio was the amasser/owner as a "culture" as does Converse (1980), closely related, but distinguishable, com­ of one of the finest collections of Native Cunningham (1948), Morgan (1952), or plexes manifested primarily by their burial American prehistoric artifacts in the Ritchie (1965), and, in fact, most others; customs. country. Just a casual glance at Con­ or as a "complex" (Griffin 1978); or, in a The Meadowood assemblages of New verse's book The Meuser Collection more roundabout way, as a "phase" York state also resemble those of the (1977) gives one some indication of the (Willey and Phillips 1970), it still has to be Glacial Kame with the exception of flint breadth of Meuser's efforts. After the dealt with. It is a prehistoric manifestation artifacts which represent a paucity in death of Dr. Meuser in 1971, the collec­ in Ohio and adjacent areas essentially Glacial Kame sites. tion fell into a kind of curational "limbo" known from a series of burials in gravel wherein discussion and arguments as to knolls or kames. Glacial Kame and the Adena its final disposition took place. Finally, in Temporally, most scholars put the There is no question of the contempo­ the mid-1970's, the collection was Glacial Kame in a transitional position raneity and contiguity of the Glacial divided into lots and sold at auction by between the Late Archaic and the Early Kame and the Early Woodland Adena. Garth's Auction Service (Converse Woodland or roughly between 1500 B.C. They were well aware of each other's 1977:7). One piece from that extensive and perhaps 100 -150 B.C. The Glacial existence. Two such groups in such collection ultimately came into the pos­ Kame, as a recognizable though "semi- close proximity would be expected to session of Mr. Rocky Falleti and is the distinct" cultural manifestation, appears have a reasonably pronounced influence subject of this brief discussion or to have taken its rise in the Late Archaic on each other; but, actually the opposite "musing". of the Great Lakes area - some specifi­ is closer to the truth - at least as far as cally point to the Old Copper Culture for the archaeological evidence now stands. The Meuser Goret its roots - and extended, over the course While some burial traits and items such The gorget in question is the type com­ of its existence, into the moundbuilding as the use of red ocher, copper beads, monly referred to as an expanded center Adena Culture. Archaic artifacts that por­ bundle burials, etc. are found in both cul­ gorget. The specimen was purportedly tend the transitional Glacial Kame include tures, these are essentially non-diag­ found in 1942 in Perrysburg Township, two-holed bar gorgets, coffin-shaped nostic features and as such are not Lucas County, Ohio and came into Dr. stone gorgets, and perhaps, if Cun­ primary evidence of diffusion. In fact, as Meuser's possession shortly after. Made ningham (1948) is correct, even a sandal- of this date - and with the exception of from brown banded slate, this typically sole gorget. some early, Adena-type points found as Adena gorget measures 14.5 cm in In much of the area that it occupies, unattached surface finds - no unarguably length, by 6 cm in width, by 1.8 cm in Glacial Kame is co-occupant with the Adena artifact has been recovered in a thickness. Polished and symmetrical, the cultural complex referred to as the Red confirmed Glacial Kame context. obverse surface (Fig. 1) carries what Ocher Culture. For instance, in Lake Which brings us to our Meuser gorget. appears to be a small plow scar while the County, Illinois, a Glacial Kame site is Does it, in fact, represent such missing reverse side (Fig. 2) bears the artifact's located just a few miles from a classic evidence? cataloging information along with pro­ Red Ocher site. How are they differenti­ nounced striations resulting from the arti­ ated? Ritzenthaler and Quimby The Meuser Musings fact's manufacture. None of these (1962:243) identify a series of "nuclear" If we concede, as most do, I think, that characteristics by themselves are worthy traits such as red ocher burial treatment; despite their areal and temporal prox­ of special attention, but a genuine flexed burials; large, subtly-tanged, cere­ imity, there is nothing concrete to show interest is imparted to the object by the monial blades; "turkey-tail" blades; small, the direct diffusion of an actual artifact type of perforation employed by the crudely rendered, unnotched, ovate- tri- from one group to the other; what must maker and by the circumstances of its anguloid points; copper tools; and we make of this Meuser gorget? Let's finding. tubular shell beads. To the authors, these recapitulate: One end of the gorget is biconically distinctive traits are diagnostic of, and 1. The Meuser gorget was purport­ drilled from side to the other. This is what unique to, the Red Ocher Culture. Certain edly found near Lake Erie in an area we would expect. The second perfora­ other traits are "peripheral" to Red generally identified as Glacial Kame. tion, however, is the problematic one. Ocher, i.e. they may be found in Red 2. The gorget itself is of the shape This hole begins on the reverse side in a Ocher sites but are not confined to them and type i.e. expanded center recog­ normal manner but, instead of meeting at and may be found in Glacial Kame. nized as Adena and conversely midpoint with a hole drilled from the These marginal traits include unworked decidedly not Glacial Kame. opposite face, it connects with a perfora­ galena cubes, circular or ovate shell gor­ 3. The gorget is drilled in a manner, tion drilled into the end of the gorget (Fig. gets, birdstones, interment in natural i.e. a lateral birdstone-type perfora­ 2). In effect giving the gorget a birdstone- mounds, bar amulets, three-hole rectan- tion, common to the Glacial Kame type hafting configuration. How often do guloid gorgets, tube pipes, grooved axes and totally unfamiliar to Adena we find lateral birdstone drilling in an and celts. Two artifacts seem to unequiv­ craftsmen. Adena gorget? ocally set the Red Ocher apart from the What conclusions might we draw from Glacial Kame. The Glacial Kame has its this? Here are some suggestions - and hallmark sandal-sole or moccasin last Glacial Kame Relationships to Other the list is by no means exclusive: gorget; the Red Ocher, its turkey-tail Cultural Complexes 1. The expanded center gorget was blade. Unless new evidence comes to Converse (1980) refers to the Glacial traded, undrilled, to the Glacial

18 Kame who drilled it in the manner they were accustomed to. simple and elegant as possible are much more likely to be the This would also seem to imply - because of the unusual correct ones. birdstone hafting configuration - that it was used in a dif­ !f the tool is authentic and the circumstances of its finding are ferent manner, than by the Adena. correct, it appears to evince the face-to-face contact of Glacial 2. The gorget was lost by an Adena while on Glacial Kame Kame and Adena. land in perhaps the same way that so many Adena points Any other suggestions? were lost. This would obviate the necessity of there having to be any direct culture contact at all. References 3. The gorget was made by a Glacial Kame artificer on an Converse, Robert N. Adena model. This, of course, would require having a proto­ 1977 The Meuser Collection. C - H Books: Plain City, Ohio. type from which to work and would again raise the question 1980 The Glacial Kame Indians. Archaeological Society of Ohio: Wor- of how the prototype got into Glacial Kame hands. thington, Ohio. Cunningham, Wilbur 4. The gorget is a forgery. It was made by a modern artifact 1948 A Study of the Glacial Kame Culture in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. fabricator. Always a possibility, the accuracy of this conclu­ University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor. sion, of course, makes the rest of the discussion moot. Griffin, James B. Any other explanations are likely to fly directly in the face of 1978 "The Midlands and Northeastern United States." \n Ancient Native Sir William of Ockham and hence subject themselves to his Americans edited by Jesse Jennings. W. H. Freeman: San Fran­ deftly wielded Razor. cisco, pp. 221-279. If we disallow Proposition 2 as being too unlikely (How prob­ Morgan, Richard able is it that an Adena itinerant would be carrying an undrilled 1952 "Outline of Cultures in the Ohio Region," In Archaeology of the gorget with him on his traverse of Glacial Kame territory?) it Eastern United States edited by James Griffin. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. leaves us with Propositions 1, 3, and 4. Ritchie, William A. Proposition 3 requiring, as it does, that an Adena prototype be 1965 The Archaeology of New York State. Natural History Press: Chicago. in the hands of the Glacial Kame fabricator does not bring us Ritzenthaler, Robert F. and George I. Quimby any closer to understanding whether or not the Meuser gorget is 1962 "The Red Ocher Culture of the Upper Great Lakes and Adjacent primary evidence of direct culture contact. Areas," Fieldiana Anthropology 36 (11), pp.243-275. Proposition 1 appears to be the most provocative. It fits the Willey, R. Gordon and Phillip Phillips Principle of Parsimony, to wit, "entities are not to be multiplied 1970 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago beyond necessity" or, in plain words, explanations that are as Press: Chicago.

Fig. 1 (White-Falleti) Obverse of a Dr. Meuser gorget from Lucas Co. Fig. 2 (White-Falleti) Reverse of gorget.

19 END SCRAPERS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The end scraper is one of the most more showy and diagnostic artifacts. recently showed me the prehistoric common of all prehistoric artifacts. There Most end scrapers are made from a hafted end scraper shown in Figs. 1, 2 is scarcely a surface hunter who hasn't uniface flake or blade on which the distal and 3. It is probably from St. Lawrence found at least one example of these end is chipped to create a rounded and Island in the Bering Strait whose Eskimo unique tools and most hunters have sharp but heavy working surface. Most of residents often dig up prehistoric trash found hundreds of them. They occur in all them show the bulb of percussion at the heaps for the artifacts they contain. This cultures from Paleo to Fort Ancient. Paleo proximal end. End scrapers from Early revealing piece demonstrates that per­ end scrapers are usually fan-shaped and Woodland and Middle Woodland sites haps many of the end scrapers we find tend to be larger - rare examples have a tend to be less formally designed and may have also been hafted in bone or graver spur. End scrapers are found on may be made of scraps or amorphous antler handles by their prehistoric users. Archaic sites, often in high numbers, flakes of flint. The Bohm scraper plainly shows the while Early and Middle Woodland sites End scrapers vary greatly in size. Some stone end scraper neatly fitted into a have them in lesser quantities. are no larger than a fingernail while deep socket in the end of its bone handle. Some collectors pick up end scrapers others can be as large or larger than a and then consign them to the scrap box - silver dollar. Highly designed specimens End scrapers are fascinating artifacts I recently saw a collection from which a have a long triangular shape which can and whether any or all of them were five gallon bucket of debitage and scrap be easily grasped by all the fingers. Small hafted is unknown. Perhaps future yielded over eighty fine end scrapers. The examples fit nicely between the thumb studies of these ubiquitous tools will responsible collector will keep the mate­ and first finger - hence the name "thumb reveal for what purpose they were made rial from each of his sites separate scraper" used by some collectors. (rather than the usual "for scraping" des­ including end scrapers for they are as My friend Terry Bohm of Palmer, ignation) and how they were used. much of a window into the past as the Alaska, collects Eskimo artifacts and

Fig. 1 (Converse) Typical Archaic end scraper. Fig. 3 (Converse) Obverse and reverse of Middle Woodland end scraper and small end scraper made on a flake. Both Troyer site.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Elongated end scraper made on a uniface blade. Fig. 4 (Converse) Three views of a hafted end scraper from Alaska. Terry Bohm collection.

21 A FORTUITOUS FLUTED POINT FIND by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fluted points are sometimes found in provides the information and discoveries would have lain under the sod of the strange places. Their scarcity and the of fluted points and tools which lead to Celina High School football field for eons. nomadic lifestyle of their makers, the Paleo sites. Has there ever been a Paleo Later investigation revealed that the Paleo Indians, are factors which add an Indian site which was independently soil in which the point was found was element of alertness, acumen, luck and found by a professional archaeologist? If dredged from the west side of a bog even detective work to their discovery. there has I am unaware of such a dis­ three miles south of Celina near Rt. 306. For example, neither the important and covery. Thus, because of a perceptive collector, revealing Lamb Site in New York (Gramly Had it not been for the alertness of the presence and exact location of a - Ohio Archaeologist Vol 38 No 1) nor the Lewis Garman the fine fluted point shown Paleo Indian fluted point for Mercer equally important Vail Site in Maine in Figure 1 would have been lost forever. County was recorded. (Gramly - 1982) would have been discov­ When the football field for Celina High ered had it not been for the cognitive School was being constructed in the References: instincts of Dr. Michael Gramly who 1950s, loads of topsoil were trucked in to 1982 Gramly, Dr. Richard M. immediately recognized the importance fill low spots and provide a seedbed for The Vail Site: A Palaeo-lndian Encampment in of otherwise mundane Paleo finds. Few new grass. Volunteers, who included Maine Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of of today's archaeologists - if any - have Garman, raked and spread the piles of Natural Sciences Volume 30 Buffalo such instincts. rich dirt and removed small stones. It was 1988 Gramly, Dr. Richard M. The surface collector, often maligned while raking that German found this The Lamb Site by the professionals as a looter, fluted point - had he not been there at The Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 38 No. 1 pothunter, hoarder and worse, usually that time and place it would probably Columbus

Fig. 1 (Converse) 4 1/8 inch fluted point found on the football field at Celina, Mercer County, Ohio. It is made of blue/green Coshocton flint with shades of orange.

22 The .Archaeological Society of Ohio Now is the time to renew your membership in the Archaeological Society of Ohio for 1998. To make sure you don't miss any issues of The Ohio Archaeologist please send $17.50 individual or $18.50 husband and wife to

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City State Zip A PUTNAM COUNTY COPPER ADZE by Don Eberle Napoleon, Ohio

This 5 inch copper adze was found by Farm field finds of copper objects of any from the Keeweenaw Peninsula of Upper Leroy Klear on the Kohle farm, Greenburg kind are rare in Ohio. The copper from Michigan. Twp., Putnam County, Ohio, in 1980. which such artifacts are made comes

23 DEFINING THE BOUNDS OF THE HOPEWELL CORE AND PERIPHERY UTILIZING THE GEOMETRIC EARTHWORKS by James A. Marshall 1828 South Roselle Road Schaumburg, Illinois 60172 ABSTRACT: Over the past 29 years lack of willingness or an inability to will form geometric configurations that the author has made precise instrumental progress, would very likely also have utilize the 57 meter unit and also form surveys and maps of the remnants in the been operative in those ancient societies. simple right triangles. I call those purely field and images on the air photos of This is not to be taken as an argument abstract configurations cryptographs. more than 220 prehistoric geometric and for Old World influences on prehistoric The most commonly used right triangle is other earthworks in eastern North New World geometry. Rather, the univer­ the 3-4-5- right triangle. Other right trian­ America. The maps so derived are often sality of geometric concepts is likely gles found are base one, altitude one; quite different from well known nine­ being demonstrated. base two, altitude one; a rare base 17, teenth century published surveys of These works fall into categories indi­ altitude four; a unique 5-12-13 right tri­ these works. As many surveys as feasible cated in Tables 1,2,3, 3A and category angle at Newark, a 7-24-25 right triangle are tied to state grid coordinate systems 4 below. No attempt is made to delineate at High Banks Octagon and a 39-80-89 so that the precise distances and direc­ the Hopewellian Earthworks but the all- right triangle at the Newark Octagon. The tions from one work to those even two or inclusive nature of the lists aids in our presence of these latter right triangles is three miles away can be determined. broader understanding of the phenom­ an indication that these people knew the Information on about 100 additional enon. Besides, from these data, it Pythagorean theorem. works has been collected. Utilizing this appears that all the earthworks spring The cryptographs show concentration primary source material, the specific min­ from one school of thought. in Ross and Licking Counties, Ohio. On imum mathematical knowledge required Table 1 Works. The mounded works Tables 3 and 3A, those sites that are to have laid out each work and the math­ demonstrate only visual knowledge of marked with an asterisk have cryp­ ematical concepts monumented in each enclosures, that is, no knowledge of pre­ tographs that also demonstrate the con­ work can be determined. This paper cise units of measure, no precise circular cept of pi. A subset, works that explores this topic of whether patterns arcs, no ability to construct a right angle, demonstrate the principle of crypto­ emerge from these data that determine no cryptography and no knowledge of graphic overlay, is listed in Table 3A. the bounds of the Ohio Hopewell Core concept of pi. Possibly some of these Cryptographic overlay means that when distinguishing it from its periphery. works were paced off. the plan of one work is placed over the A shortened version of this article has Table 2 Works. In 1967, Rene Millon other so that centers of geometric fig­ been published in A View From The (1967) reported that the layout of Teoti- ures coincide or very closely agree, then Core; A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell huacan near Mexico City showed evi­ straight walls of one work match or are Archaeology, Paul J. Pacheco, Editor, dence of a 57 meter (which very nearly parallel to their counterparts on the other 1996, The Ohio Archaeological Council, equals 187 feet) module. In subsequent work and/or a circle on one work is tan­ Columbus, Ohio. years, I made grids of this unit, its diag­ gent to a circle on the other work. Cryp­ Impetus for this research began with onal 264 feet, half of its diagonal, and tographic overlay indicates strongly that conferences between myself and Dr. half the unit and placed those over my both works were drafted on the same Stuart M. Streuver in Chicago in the early precisely surveyed maps of the geo­ sand table or drafting board as such 1960s. Streuver argued that prevailing metric earthworks. facilities existed in those ancient times wisdom indicated that the mathematics There was close agreement between and were quite likely drafted by the same in Hopewellian geometric works was one or another of those grids and key person. This pairing also requires that either invented on the spot or was devel­ points on more than 100 mounded geo­ the geometries of each work in the pair oped on the lower Illinois River and then metric works at the sites listed in Table 2, be known to the builders of the other. As spread to Ohio from its highest expres­ indicating clearly that this basic unit was to where the unknown octagons are that sion. To this I replied that mathematical utilized in the layout procedure of those are listed in Table 3A, three unconfirmed learning is a linear, step-by-step process: eastern North American works. Modular sites are reported: at mouth of Hurricane one must learn and understand each use of multiples of those units is also evi­ Creek in Livingston County, Kentucky, step before proceeding to the next. The dent on those works. For examples, there on farm of Van Shipp in Woodford mathematics utilized in the geometric are square works six times 187 feet on a County, Kentucky and near Graves earthworks clearly was the culmination of side and circles eight and nine times 187 Creek Mound in Moundsville, West Vir­ many such steps and it is simply impos­ feet in diameter. I have still not found ginia. The shapes and dimensions of sible to believe that series of these steps facts to indicate a unit of measure near a these possible octagons have not been were spontaneously invented and foot or a meter. Those works were prob­ documented so the relationships learned at several places on demand. On ably measured with a wooden rod or a hypothesized to exist cannot as yet be the contrary, all the earthworks are likely length of wild grapevine. Those marked tested empirically. I have discovered to be expressions from one school of with an asterisk (*) also demonstrate several large geometric earthworks pre­ thought. The realities of geometries used influence of concept of pi. viously unknown and believe that addi­ tional such sites await discovery. in the ancient Old World would very likely Table 3 Cryptographs. If one locates be found here in the New World: one unit the center of the mounded enclosure that Category 4. Works and cryptographs of measure with small variations over is geometric, such as a square, circle, demonstrating influence of the concept space and time expressed as were feet rectangle, octagon or ellipse, then draws of pi, the relation of the circumference to and cubits - one unit the side of a square straight lines from it to the centers of the diameter of a circle; pi is approxi­ and the other the diagonal. Likewise, a nearby geometric figures and then mated today as the value 3.1416. These reality regularly observed in today's world passes true north-south and true east- works and cryptographs are indicated on - the mathematics ceiling - a step west lines through these centers, the Tables 1,2,3 and 3A. The ancient earth­ beyond which learners demonstrate a resulting lines on some of those works work builders apparently created a nine

24 unit square of 81 units total area, and to build monuments to them. These would not be visible to the builders in the inscribed a nine unit diameter circle in it efforts are shown by attempts at bisec­ first place. The cryptographs numbered and drew the octagon as shown in Figure tion of angles. Bisections are expressed 17, 18 and 19 are very large - more than 8. This I call the Basic Octagon. The in some of the cryptographs, for example two and a half miles long -and must have octagon interior area is easily calculated at Alexandersville (Figure 1), Liberty required great ability to first locate a site as 63 units. Township (Figure 2) and Newark Works which would accommodate the work and The octagon was presumed to approxi­ (Figure 7). Furthermore the octagons at second to lay out such figures with mate the area of the circle, meaning that Newark and High Banks, Marshall (1987), exactness but those by themselves are the overlaps equaled the underlaps. This Figures 15B and 15C, I have found to be not unique to the Core. There is a crypto­ yielded a value lor pi: monuments of alternative octagons to the graph numbered 4 about as large as any basic octagon for determination of areas of these there formed by the works 4.52 • pi = 63 of circles. A third alternative octagon is around Fort Center, Florida. expressed in the cryptographic overlay of Table 3A cryptographic overlays, I pi= 63 =3.11 + Baum Works in Figure 3C. The respective argue strongly define the bounds of the 20.25 areas of the circle and octagon at High Core. Such required long term coopera­ Banks (Figure 4) using the Smithsonian tion and record keeping to have accom­ However, there is also evidence that data (Thomas 1894) were turned over to plished what exists in the field. Note the Ohio Hopewell people recognized (cor­ Charles O'Conner and Joan Pintozzi of close ties indicated between first, the rectly) that the overlaps on this basic Chicago, Illinois who computerized the Newark octagon by its appearance at octagon diagram were greater than the data and found that the circle and Seip and the Mound City-Hopeton-Cedar underlaps meaning that the actual area of octagon are within about four percent Banks-Dunlap's configuration north of the circle is between 63 units and 64 units: (4%) equal in area. Newark Octagon also Chillicothe and second, the High Banks expresses a 14 sided regular polygon octagon and its appearance at Baum and 4.52 • pi = 64 trapped within a smaller and a larger Newark works. radius circle from which a more exact Category 4, works and cryptographs pj= 64 =3.160+ value of pi could be determined. High demonstrating influence of the concept of 20.25 Banks Works, Figure 4A, expresses a pi, I also argue strongly define the Core. similarly trapped regular polygon of 22 Let us view the pi phenomenon as cov­ Therefore, the area of a circle nine units sides for the same purpose. All such dia­ ering much of the area of eastern North in diameter could be trapped between a grams were apparently worked using only America over which the basic octagon square of 64 units area, and a rectangle integers. Clarification of the specifics of was used to monument pi in the con­ of 63 units area. these geometries are beyond the scope struction of precise large circles. The cir­ This analysis parallels that in Old of this overview of all these works. cles were built also so that they could be World Histories of pi such as Beckmann With these data, the bounds of the measured more exactly to yield a better (1970) and Gillings (1972). A facsimile of Ohio Hopewell Core and Periphery can value for pi. In only one region are there the template in Figure 8 can be found on be defined. The works in Table 1 I would remnants of works that indicate attempts page 23 of Beckmann and pages 143 place in both the Core and the Periphery to develop octagons and polygons with and 144 of Gillings. They proceeded one even though the builders indicate by greater numbers of sides that might yield step further and a circle was inscribed in what they constructed that they more precise values. That region the 64 unit square and superimposed on received no training in mathematics but encloses Liberty Township, Newark, High the basic octagon. This Figure 8 to var­ apparently had only seen or heard about Banks and Baum earthworks. I would ious scales, each differing from the next the enclosures of the other tables. A argue that these works are evidence of by the ratio of the diagonal of a square to more complex picture presents itself. the work of a school of Pythagoreans its side, or 1.414, I have found was the Table 1 works occur in close proximity similarly preoccupied with mathematics template from which they built a large to works in the other tables and in Cate­ and they resided nearby. I would argue number of their geometric figures, most gory 4 at Mt. Horeb in Kentucky, Milford that these four works define the true Core of them in Ohio but some in Indiana, Works, North Fork Works, and Fort of Ohio Hopewell and if there is an ulti­ Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Ancient in Ohio, and Pinson Works in mate geometric center to that Core, it has Florida. A surprisingly large number of Tennessee as if to monument a unity of to be the High Banks Work with its these prehistoric circles have within one the work of the builders with no mathe­ strongly implied 22 sided figure. percent the same radius even though matics training and those with consider­ they are hundreds or even a thousand able mathematics training. CONCLUSIONS miles apart. Some basically circular Works in Table 2 I would place in both These facts demonstrate stable use of works also show the octagonality of this Core and Periphery. The precise use of closely related units of measure, specific basic octagon module such as the Fort the unit of measure and its diagonal and mathematical principles and methods, Center, Glades County, Florida work, multiples thereof offer no criterion sepa­ the means of diffusing that knowledge Marshall (1987), Figure 11, p. 44. As rating the works in one part of eastern over wide areas of eastern North shown in Figures 8 and 9, this template North America from those in another. America, and ability to transmit that with each square equal to 132 feet on a Cryptographs in Table 3 I would place knowledge through many generations. side or 187 feet on a side fit a large in the Core and Periphery also, but the The geometric works require a system of number of prehistoric geometric earth­ pattern of such remains curious. There is counting possibly by sticks and stones works. Templates with each square mea­ a concentration of works near Holly Bluff, and tallying similar to Roman numerals or suring 264 feet on a side, which is the Mississippi that "should" show crypto­ the bar-dot system of Meso-America. diagonal of a square of 187 feet, fit addi­ graphic lines connecting their centers, Use of standard drafting triangles, pre­ tional geometric figures. Other geometric considering their close proximity, but sumably of wood similar to those used in figures fit this template with each square they do not. Cryptographic constructions Europe and America well into the twen­ equal to 93.5 feet on a side. can be assumed to be more difficult to tieth century are implied also. Further Given this widespread interest in pi, construct due to the fact that nearly all demonstrated are how knowledge of there is evidence of much thought and such are much larger than the typical specific mathematics has influenced effort to develop a more exact value of pi geometric figure and the relationships these peoples' religious and political sys-

25 terns. By inference, legal and judicial sys­ Gillings, Richard J. Menninger, Karl tems of comparable extent, complexity 1972 Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs. 1969 Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. MIT Press, stability and rigorousness must also have MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pages 139-146. Cambridge, Massachusetts. existed over a long period of time. Kline, Morris Millon, Rene The extensive use of grids in these 1962 Mathematics: a Cultural Approach. 1967 Teotihuacan. Scientific American, June works indicates that the works were Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachu­ 1967. planned on a sand table or drafting board setts. Phillips, Ford and Griffin as such facilities existed in those ancient 1972 Mathematical Thought from Ancient to 1970 Archeoloqical Survey in the Lower Yazoo times with the intent of replicating what Modern Times. Oxford University Press, Basin. was planned to a much larger grid out in New York. Sears, William H. the field. Such is confirmed by the facts Lee, Thomas E. 1982 Fort Center; An Archeological Site in the Lake Okeechobes Basin. of the cryptographic overlays. Grids were 1958 The Parker Earthwork. Coronna. Ontario. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. Squier, Ephriam G. and Edwin H. Davis clearly the means by which a figure, geo­ XXXVIII, Apr. 1958, No. 1, 3-30. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi metric or otherwise, was expanded from Mainfort, Robert C. Valley, Smithsonian Contributions to a drawing, at the very largest a meter on 1986 Pinson Mounds; A Middle Woodland Knowledge Vol. 1, Smithsonian Institu­ a side to a layout in the field about 2,000 Center, Tennessee Dept. of Conserva­ tion, Washington, DC. times that size. tion, Division of Archaeology, Research Thomas, Cyrus The facts indicated by this precise sur­ Series, No. 7. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the veying and mapping have told us about Marshall, James A. Bureau of Ethnology; Twelfth Annual the specifics of their mathematical princi­ 1969 Engineering Principles and the Study of Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1890-1891, ples and methods and that they were dif­ Prehistoric Structures: A Substantive Example, American Antiquity Vol. 14, Washington, DC. fused over wide areas and across No. 2, April, 166-171. 1889 The Circular, Square and Octagonal language boundaries. 1970 A Project for Amateur Archaeologists, Earthworks of Ohio, Bureau of It is hoped that grant money will Earth Science Magazine, January. American Ethnology Bulletin eventually be available to publish all 1978 American Indian Geometry, Ohio Archae­ No. 10, Smithsonian Institution, these maps. ologist, 28(1): 29-33. Washington, DC. 1980 Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks, 1889 etseq Unpublished Materials in Smith­ References Ohio Archaeologist, 30(2): 8-12. sonian Anthropological Archives. Beckmann, Peter 1982 Discovering the Lost Race of Mound Whittlesey, Charles 1970 A History of pi. The Golem Press Boulder. Builders, Professional Surveyor, 1852 Descriptions on Ancient Works in Ohio, Colorado, pages 18-24. March/April Vol. 2, No. 2. Smithsonian Institution, June 1852. Critchlow, Keith 1987 An Atlas of American Indian Geometry. 1976 Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cos- Ohio Archaeologist 37(2): 36-49. molooical Approach. Schocken Books, New York

26 TABU 1 HOOKS

Figure Number in Squire ft Dates of Davis unless not*d otherwise JMter's 9** FLORIDA

Platt or Lakeport work, Glades County 1981-1982 B16 Gopher Work, Palm Beach County 1984-1985

ILLINOIS

Golden Eagle work, Calhoun County 1966-1982 Ogden-Fettie work, Fulton County 1978-1980 Apple Creek Pike House, Greene County Marshall (1969) p.167 1962-1965

INDIANA

Work two miles west of New Washington, Clark County 1979-1980 Strawtown enclosure, Hamilton County 1979-1981 Baker Park work in Newcastle, Henry County 1981-1983 Newcastle works, Henry County 1981-1983 Brushy Prairie Work in Springfield Township, LaGrange County 1982 Rushville Work, Rush County 1979-1980 Works west of Cambridge City Road and north of Goose Heaven Road, Wayne County 1979-1986

KKHTUCKT

Mt. Horeb enclosure, Fayette County XIV No.3 1976-1980

OHIO

Serpent Mount Oval and Spiral, Adams County XXXV by others Seven Mile work, Butler County XI No.l 1976-1980 Oxford Township work, Butler County XI No.2 1976-1980 Colinsvllle work, Butler County XXXI No.3 1976-1979 Luella work, Butler County XXXI No.2 1972-1979 Alston work, Butler County XXXI No.4 1976-1979 John Speare work, Butler County XI No.3 1976-1979 Barich, Butler County VI 1982-1984 Haddix Hill, Clark and Greene Counties 1979-1981 Milford large oval, Clermont County XXXIV No.l 1976-1979 Highbanks Metro Park work, Delaware County XIV No.2 1980 Pleasanton work, Franklin County XXIX No.3 1977-15 Oat. Cedarvilla work, Greene County XXXIV No.3 1982-1984 Yellow Springs work, Greene County XXXIV No.4 1985-1987 Coleraln works, Hamilton County XIII No.2 1976-1980 Fort Hill, Highland County V 1981-1984 Norwalk works, Huron County XV No.l 1975-1979 Larimore works west enclosure, Knox and Licking Counties 1984-18 Jan. Jacktown work. Licking County V No.2 Whittlesey (1652) 1977-1980 Granville Hilltop work. Licking County IX No.l 1982-8 Jan. Col. John Johnson work, Miami County VIII Mo.3 1978-1980 Calvary Cemetery work, Montgomery County VIII No.4 1980-1982 Bolander-Rauscher work, Montgomery County 1979-1981 Glenford Fort, Perry County V No.3 Whittlesey (1852) 1982-1991 Evans Fort Picksway County XII No.4 1979-1981 Banta's Fork work, Preble County XII No.2 1966-1978 Junction works. Roes County XXII No.l 1976 Dimmiek works (1 mile south of junction) Ross County II 1992 Bainbridge works, Ross County XXXII No.5 1970-1984 North Fork Works (west enclosure), Ross County X 1973-1981 Spruce Hill, Ross County IV 1981-1984 Fort Ancient, Middle and South Fort, Warren County VII 1982-1984 TENNESSEE

Plnson State Park West Citadel, Madison and Chester Counties 1982-1985 ONTARIO, CANADA

Parker works near Corunna, Moore Township, Lambton County Lee (1958) p.4 by others

27 TABU 2 WORKS Figire Hiiber in Squire I Dates of Davi* unless ootid otkerwise Aitkor'i Simr .twin

fort Cuter, 8 GL 13, circilir swale, * Glide Coioty Seirs (1982) p.4 1981-1982 Glides circle, 8 GL 38, * GUdei Cotntf 1981-1982 Big Tony's, * Hendry County 1981-1982 Big Hound City, *Pali Beach County 1981-1984

11)1111

lnderiOB State Park works, * Hadlson Coioty 1979-1982 Hann Site in Hack Towoskip, Posey Coioty 1980-1981 liockester work, * Randolph Coioty UIII1 Ho.2 1966-1968

IIITICIT

Xt. Horeb circles, Fayette Coioty 1976-1980 Portsioith Groip 1 (lest), * Greenup Coioty mm 1982 Portiioith Grosp C (last), * Greeoip Coioty mm 1982-1983 Hay's Lick work, Kasoo Coioty 1979-1980

OIIO

Old Stone Pord, Id 22, * Tiffin Township, Adais Coioty 1993 Tke Plains Dorks, Atkens Coioty IXIII ipper 1984 Vide Kill work, *!itler Coioty III No.2 1972-1982 Jio Betty work, Butler Coioty 1976-1980 Pairplay vork, Butler Coioty III Xo.l 1972-1982 Blanckester Works, Bemoo Township, Clinton Cointy 1980 lockiill work, Fairfield Coioty IUTI Ho.3 1975-1979 Dublin Ohio work, Perry Township, Franklin Coioty III Ro.3 Vkittlesey (1852) 1987 Briggsdale works, franklin Township, Franklin Coioty 1979-1980 Newark work, * Licking Coioty m 1966-1980 Granville Circle west of Clone Ln., Licking Cointy XXXVI No.4 1975-1977 Granger work, Kedina Coioty TI No.3 Vkittlesey (1852) 1979-1981 Aleiandersville work, 'Hontgoiery Coioty IIII 1970-1973 Lesker work, Kontgoiery Cointy 1977-1979 Circlerille work, * Pickaway Coioty P.60 Fig. 10 1979-1981 Seal Towoskip, * Pike Coioty BIT 1976-1981 BoorneTille work, loss Cointy III Ho.3 1976-1985 Dinlaps works IIIII lower 1974-1984 North Fork works* (easterly rectaogle), loss Coioty I 1973-1981 High Baoks works, * loss Cointy (see Figire 4A) HI 1970-1977 Hopeton works, loss Cointy XVII 1970-1977 Cedar Baoks works, loss Coioty mn 1974-1984 Hound City forks, * loss Coioty in 1978-20 Feb. 19 Liberty Towoskip, * loss Coioty II 1967-1977 Ban works, * loss Cointy III Xo.l 1968-1984 Seip works, * loss Coioty III Ho.2 1970-1984 Frankfort works, * loss Coioty III No,4 1976-1990 Fort Ancient* northeast will of lortk Fort, Warren Coioty (see Figire 41} Til 1982-1984 Karietta work, Vaskinjtoo Coioty mi 1977-1980

TIUISSIl

Pinion State Park listen Citadel*, Madison and Ckester Coioties Kiiifort (1986) p.7 1982-1985

28 mil i ciniocuni

ri)iu lieber ia lliiai lad Dieii if pot aillioaili noted Willi

1. linn Siti ii llict lomslip, Poier Ceutr mm

i, lent Horeb eorli in Initio Coutr i. •ill Lick IOII, luei Coutr nam

4. 'tit Clltll III nelrlj (till, Glides Coint)

Hit

S. Thi filial vorl, mini CaiatT 1. Jii lull IOII, litlu Ceutr 1. lliiekiitir votli, lemon Tevoibip, Clinton Coutr 1. loci Hill .aril, liirfiald Caiatr lri||ldlll loill, Irllklia CoiltT 11. llwl WItll, < Liclioj Cent) (ill linn 1) 11, lliiudetnitlt nerli, • lontgoierr Coyotj III! 11)111 1) 11. Ilia IBIII, * Eon Coutr 11. Libiitr >aiti, • Ion Caiatr (in lijiii )) 11. llll lOlll, > Ion Coutr (ill linn Jl) IS. Itiilfort loilo, leu Caiatr 11. 11)1 liali leili, leu Caiatr 11. loud Citj, loaetoa, Colli lleli ill lullll •etti, leu Coini 11. li)l lull lull, lilt llll ud Libert) Tembio, leu Cauti III, III le.l II It. lii), lui ul leituellli >orii, leu Coutr •ill IOIII, leu Cent) n. lertl foil nili, leu Cent) iin. . llicliitu voili, lou Cenatr n. lllilttl ml, lubilltei Ceutr nn iiisiiii

14. liie clieilu villi (ictnllr tbiie no it lint 10 nek) lopottod br lifiauiu it c-illiaelii lain, liioa Ceutr

TABU 3A CRYPTOGRAPHIC OVERLAYS

Figure Number(s) TH03B PAIRS IM WHICH NEITHER WORK WAS ENLARGED: in Souier and Davis

25. High Banks *(ROBS County, Ohio - Figure 4A) rotated clockwise and placed over the northeast corner of Port Ancient North Port (Warren County, Ohio, as in Figure 4B).

26. Newark Octagon and Circle (Licking County, Ohio) XXV and XXI No.2 rotated clockwise and placed over Seip (Ross County, Ohio) so that the centers of the west circles coincide as in Figure 5.

27. Liberty Township Works rotated clockwise and placed XX and XXI No. 1 over Baum (both in Ross County, Ohio) so that their respective squares match as in Figure 6.

28. Blackwater Works matches an octagonal work that XXII No.2 and unknown has not been found but probably exists someplace.

THOSE PAIRS IN WHICH ONB OF THE WORKS WAS BNLARGSD:

29. High Banks Octagon (Ross County, Ohio) greatly XVI and XXV enlarged (to about 6.65 times its size) and placed over the Newark earthworks (Licking County, Ohio). This fits with great exactness without rotation. Marshall (1987), Pigure 25, page 49.

30. High Banks Octagon enlarged to about 1.75 times XVI and XXI No.l its size, rotated and placed over Baum, both in Ross County, Ohio (see Figure 3B).

31. Newark Octagon (Licking County, Ohio) enlarged, XXV and XXI No.2 rotated and placed over Seip works (Ross County, Ohio).

32. A second octagonal work that remains unknown but Unknown and XXI No.l likely exists somewhere of size also unknown was likely enlarged and placed over the Baum works in Ross County, Ohio. It has the proportions shown in Figure 3B. Interestingly enough this type of octagon is within 2% equal In area to a circle of radius 10.

33. A third octagonal work that remains unknown but Unknown and XXIX also probably exists somewhere is enlarged and placed over Alexandersville cryptograph as shown in Figure 1.

34. Newark Octagon greatly enlarged placed over XXV and XIX, XVII, the cryptograph formed by Mound City, Hopeton, XVIII, XXIII lower Cedar Banks, and Dunlaps in two places.

29 Fig. 1 Alexandersville work traced from survey by James McBride and the author's finished survey and map of the images of the work on air photos F/g 2 Liberty Township work traced from Thomas' (1889) and (1889 with picture points consisting of intersections of existing streets, railroads et seqj parx\a\ survey, the author's finished survey and map of the and fence rows to a scale of 100 feet per inch, 1970-1973, herein images of the work on air photos and remnants in the field with pic- reduced to scale shown. Centers of small and large circles are at A and B tum p0lnts consisting of existing paved roads, railroad, dirt roads, dri- and that of the square at C. The dimensions of the cryptograph are veways and fence rows to a scale of 100 feet per inch in which he shown. An octagonal cryptograph is shown also. Proportions of the cryp- was ass/Sfed by Rick Pack of Chillicothe, Ohio and herein reduced to tograph triangles are shown in circled numbers, a 3-4-5 right triangle is to sca/e shown. Center of the ellipse is at A, the half circle at B and the southwest; a base 5, altitude 8 right triangle is to northwest and a base 1, square at C. The dimensions of the cryptograph are shown. Note the altitude 2 to southeast. Note interest in bisection of angles: angle indi- interest in bisection of angles shown by 1/2 °c,

fence rows to a scale of 100 feet per inch 1968-1984 in which he was assisted by Monica Parish of Yellow Springs, Ohio, herein reduced to scale shown. Centers of small and large circles are at A and B, center of square at C. The dimensions of the cryptograph are shown.

30 Fig. 3C. Shows unknown octagon of the proportions shown placed over the interior triangle of the cryptograph indicating again close agreement.

Fig. 4. High Banks work. Figure 4A. From the surveys of Thomas (1889) and the author's surveys of the remnants of the work and images of the work on aerial photographs to a scale of 100 feet per inch 1970-1973 in which he was assisted by John Morici of Worthington, Ohio, herein reduced in scale. The work is rotated and placed over a map of the north­ east corner of the North Fort of Fort Ancient from an aerophotogrametric map produced for the Ohio Historical Society by Henderson Aerial Sur­ veys, Columbus, Ohio. Note parallelism and close dimensional agreement between fort wall and the walls and interior lines of octagon.

Fig. 5. Newark octagon and circle from survey by Thomas (1889) and the author rotated and placed over Seip from survey by Thomas (1889) 0 1000 and (1889 ef seq.) partial survey and author's survey and map of the FHI images on air photos and remnants in the field with picture points con­ sisting of railroad, dirt roads and fence rows to a scale of 100 feet per Fig. 6. Liberty Township work and Baum work rotated and one placed inch 1970-1984, herein reduced to 400 feet per inch, in which he was over the other, each to this same scale so that their respective squares assisted by Monica Parish of Yellow Springs, Ohio. Note proximity of coincide, keeping in mind that each work is about 3,200 feet end to end. openings in octagon to those of the large circle and the parallelism of When so aligned respective large circles become very nearly tangent at one side of the octagon to the near side of the square. point A, which is about 1,500 feet from the centers of the squares.

31 Fig. 7 Map of Newark earthworks from Thomas (1889) and (1889 ef seq.) partial survey and the author's survey and map of the images of the work on air photos with ground control pro­ vided by municipal aerophotogrametric maps of Newark and Heath, Ohio. Center of octagon is at A, center of square at B and center of Moundbuilders circle is C. The dimensions of the cryptograph are shown. There is a 3-4-5 right triangle to the southwest, a base 1 alti­ tude 2 triangle to the northeast and a 45° -45° - 90° triangle to the southeast. Interest in bisec­ tion of angles is indicated by the * angle and 2 « angle.

187 Foot Square

Fig. 8 With each square in this basic octagon template measuring on a Fig. 9. With each square in this basic octagon template measuring 132 side 187 feet, circles of radius 4 times 187 feet (which equals 748 feet) feet on a side, circles of radius 4 times 132 feet which equals 528 feet and 4.5 times 187 feet (which equals 841.5 feet) were built. For example, and 4.5 times 132 feet which equals 594 feet were built. The diagonal of the large circle at Seip measures 821.5 feet in radius, a 2.5% error, that each square of 132 feet equals 187 feet. For example the circle at High at Baum 1,667 feet in diameter, a 1% error. At Leist in Sharkey and Banks radius is 527.2 feet; Newark Golf Course radius is 526.9 feet; Cir- Issaquena Counties, Mississippi the circle was by preliminary survey cleville works (shown above) large circle has radius of 594 feet, interior found to be 768.5 feet in radius, a 2.7% error. The Glades Circle was circle radius is 528 feet; Moundbuilders circle at Newark has radius of found to have a radius of 374 feet, which equals 2 times 187 feet, Baum 598.27 feet; Fort Center circular swale has radius of 594 feet; Wade Mill square of dimensions 1,107, 1,129, 1,113 and 1,118 feet, Liberty square Circle has radius of 597 feet; Pinson East Citadel where it is precisely of 1,110, 1,106, 1,108 and 1,103 feet, Seip square of 1,113, 1,140, circular has radius of 597 feet; Big Tony's Mound has a circular area of 1,113 and 1,140 feet all neatly fit a square of 6 times 187 feet on a side. 528 feet radius, etc.

32 AN ANALYSIS OF CHESSER NOTCHED POINTS AND PETERS CORDMARKED POTTERY FROM THE MCGRADY ROCKSHELTER #2 IN COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Nigel Brush John Oswald 772 Kimber Rd. 4216 Rugby Dr. Wooster, OH 44691 Toledo, OH 43614

Site Location and Description Early Archaic Artifacts Woodland Snyders cluster material and The McGrady Rockshelter #2 is one of The oldest artifacts found at the shelter Late Woodland forms such as Jack's a cluster of eight small, utilized rockshel- were two Early Archaic Thebes Points Reef Corner Notched" (1987:214). In the ters that are located in a hollow of (8000 to 6000 B.C.) (Justice 1987:54). Central Muskingum Valley, Morton sug­ Hoagland Run in northern Coshocton These points were found by the owner, gests that these points usually date County. Hoagland Run is a tributary of Vaughn McGrady, on the midden slope between A.D. 600 and A.D. 850 Killbuck Creek which joins the Wal- immediately in front of and below the (1984:43). honding River in central Coshocton shelter. Although a number of Late There were 18 Chesser Notched Points County. The Walhonding and Tus­ Archaic, Early/Middle/Late Woodland, and found at the McGrady Rockshelter #2 carawas Rivers merge together at the Mississippian points were found beneath (Figure 1). Twelve of these points were town of Coshocton to form the Musk­ the shelter during the excavation, no other complete, four had broken tips, one had ingum River. Early Archaic Points were recovered. The been reworked into a hafted scraper, and McGrady Rockshelters #1, #2, and #3 presence of the Thebes Points on the hill­ one was a basal fragment: were all within a few hundred feet of each side directly below the shelter suggested other. Water from a spring on the hillside that Late Archaic peoples may have Number Length Width Thickness above these rockshelters ran in a narrow "cleaned out" the rockshelter, tossing the 85-1-14 52.20 mm. 23.60 mm. 9.92 mm. channel between the sites. McGrady #2 refuse of earlier occupants onto the 85-1-13 51.00 mm. 23.50 mm. 9.57 mm. was the largest of the eight shelters, midden slope. In larger rockshelters that 85-1-12 +49.80 mm.* 22.00 mm. 10.05 mm. having a floor area of approximately 52 are formed at the edge of sandstone or 85-1-16 45.32 mm. 22.90 mm. 13.07 mm. square meters and a ceiling with a max­ limestone outcrops, older artifacts are 85-1-15 44.50 mm. 19.50 mm. 6.99 mm. imum height of 2 meters. Because of its often found in front of the present shelter 85-1-18 44.05 mm. 20.06 mm. 9.41mm. size and location on the hillside directly due to the erosional wearing back of the 85-1-33 42.96 mm. 19.03 mm. 7.75 mm. behind the barn, the owner(s) of the cliff face. However, since the McGrady 85-1-17 42.00 mm. 20.00 mm. 8.72 mm. property had used McGrady #2 as a sec­ Rockshelter #2 is a floatblock that has 85-1-19 41.35 mm. 20.15 mm. 7.49 mm. ondary shelter for cattle and pigs. Conse­ broken loose from the sandstone outcrop 85-1-44 40.81mm. 23.07 mm. 6.75 mm. quently the upper 10 centimeters of the on the hillside above it, there is little likeli­ 85-1-20 40.43 mm. 22.65 mm. 8.65 mm. site contained a mixture of soil, straw, hood that the shelter once extended much 85-1-21 36.70 mm. 21.15 mm. 8.75 mm. manure, and artifacts which had been beyond its present dimensions (Brush 85-1-23 34.81mm. 19.85 mm. 7.02 mm. generated by the trampling and rooting of 1991:250-251) 85-1-31 +33.30 mm." 26.50 mm. 6.92 mm. these animals. 85-1-22 +31.25 mm. 21.61mm. 7.30 mm. Late Woodland Artifacts 85-1-32 +28.20 mm. 19.75 mm. 7.80 mm. Site Excavation Following the Early Archaic occupation 85-1-24 +24.50 mm. 22.15 mm. 6.40 mm. When excavation was begun at the of the site, the McGrady Rockshelter #2 85-1 -85 basal fragment not analyzed rockshelter in the summer of 1982, the was periodically utilized by various Native * measurements preceded by a "+" upper 10 centimeters of unconsolidated American peoples over the next 10,000 had missing point tips straw, manure, and dirt was screened as years. However, the most intensive occu­ ** broken point reworked as a hafted a rectangular block 12 meters long by 4 pation of the site occurred during the scraper. meters wide. Once relatively solid ground early Late Woodland Period. The most was reached below this mixed layer, the common type of projectile point found at The ranges and means of Chesser floor area beneath the shelter was the site were Chesser Notched Points; Notched Points from the McGrady Rock­ gridded off into a series of 12 two-meter- the majority of pottery sherds were shelter #2 were as follows: square units (six units long by two units Peters Cordmarked. As Morton (1984:41) Length Width Thickness wide). (Later, 6 partial units were added notes, these two artifact types are heavily N = 12 N = 17 N = 17 along the back wall of the shelter to com­ represented in the rockshelters of the Range: 34-52 mm. Range: 19-26 mm. Range: 6-13 mm. plete the excavation of all available floor Central Muskingum Valley during the Mean: 43.01 mm. Mean: 21.62 mm. Mean: 8.39 mm. space.) Each unit was excavated in arbi­ early Late Woodland Period. Chesser trary levels of 10 centimeters. All material Notched Points and Peters Cordmarked The ranges and means of Chesser from the disturbed and undisturbed Pottery are also heavily represented at Notched Points which Prufer (1975:21) strata was screened through 1/4 inch rockshelters in the Valley of Killbuck recovered from Chesser Cave were: hardware mesh and all flint flakes, tools, Creek during this time period. Length Width Thickness bones, shell, and pottery fragments were N = 7 N = 27 N = 28 collected and bagged by unit and level. Chesser Notched Points Range: 33-56 mm. Range: 17-30 mm. Range: 3-8 mm. At a depth of 30-40 centimeters the basal Chesser Notched Points were first Mean: 30.30 mm. Mean: 23.20 mm. Mean: 5.0 mm. portions of several firehearths were identified by Olaf Prufer while excavating Based on a comparison of means, the uncovered. Excavation continued in each Chesser Cave in Athens County, Ohio Chesser Notched Points from the unit until sterile subsoil was reached at a during the summer of 1965 (Prufer 1975). McGrady Rockshelter #2 were longer, maximum depth of about 50 centimeters Justice dates these points to between narrower, and thicker than those from (Brush 1991.248-251). A.D. 300 and A.D. 700 and notes that Chesser Cave. they "fit chronologically between Middle

33 Peters Cordmarked Pottery Cave, grit and chert fragments were used References In addition to the 18 Late Woodland as tempering (Prufer & McKenzie Brush, Nigel Ronald 1991 Developing an "Archaeology of Place": A Chesser Notched Points found at the 1966:241); at Chesser Cave, nearly all the sherds had limestone tempering (only Debitage Analysis of Rockshelter Uti­ McGrady Rockshelter #2, over 100 pot­ lization in the Lower Killbuck Valley of tery sherds were also recovered. The 2.2% had grit tempering) (Prufer 1975:12). Holmes and Coshocton Counties. Ann majority of these sherds were found by The peoples at the McGrady Rockshelter Arbor: U-M-l Dissertation Information the owner on the midden slope in front of #2 made use of both grit and flint frag­ Service. the shelter, rather than in the excavation ments for tempering. However, the Peters units beneath the shelter. Most of the Cordmarked rim sherds all came from a Justice, Noel D. sherds found in the excavation units are single vessel that was flint tempered. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the quite small (<1/2 inch in diameter) and There was certainly an abundance of flint Midcontinental and Eastern United suggest that the heavy cow and pig waste available at the site—over 25,000 States: A Modern Survey and Refer­ flint flakes were recovered from the exca­ ence. Bloomington: Indiana University activity beneath the shelter may have Press. severely fragmented the pottery in that vation units. On the other hand, limestone outcrops in this area are scarce. location. The larger sherds found on the Morton, James midden slope are all cordmarked and 1984 Toward a Late Woodland Taxonomy for represent a minimum of three to four dif­ Conclusion the Central Muskingum Valley. Ohio ferent vessels. Unfortunately, diagnostic In conclusion, the Scioto (Prufer & Archaeologist 34(1 ):41 -47. rim sherds were recovered for only one of McKenzie 1966), Raccoon (Prufer 1975), these vessels. This flint-tempered vessel Hocking (Murphy 1975:309-331), and Murphy, James was partially reassembled and clearly Muskingum (Morton 1984:41) Drainages in 1975 An Archaeological History of the Hocking Valley. Athens: Ohio University Press. represents Peters Cordmarked Pottery central and eastern Ohio all contain rock­ (Figure 2). shelters that were occupied by early Late Prufer, Olaf H. and Douglas H. McKenzie Like Chesser Notched Points, Peters Woodland peoples who left behind 1966 Peters Cave: Two Woodland Occupations Cordmarked Pottery postdates the Chesser Notched Points and Peters Cord­ in Ross County, Ohio. The Ohio Journal Hopewell Period, but predates the Missis- marked Pottery. Over 500 rockshelters in of Science 66(3):233-253. sippian Period, placing it firmly in the Late the Lower Killbuck Creek Valley of Holmes Woodland. This pottery type was first and Coshocton Counties contain evidence Prufer, Olaf H. identified by Olaf Prufer and Douglas of prehistoric utilization—many with early 1975 Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland Phase in McKenzie at Peters Cave in Ross County, Late Woodland components. However, Southeastern Ohio. In Studies in Ohio out of some twenty shelters which we Archaeology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer Ohio in the summer of 1964 (Prufer and and Douglas H. McKenzie, pp. 1-62. McKenzie 1966). However, it was also have excavated in the Lower Killbuck Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. later found at Chesser Cave (Prufer Valley, the McGrady Rockshelter #2 con­ 1975:10). (Chesser Notched Points were tained the most abundant evidence of also found at both Chesser Cave and these early Late Woodland peoples. Peters Cave.) At the type site of Peters

. jjir-i-rpji |ip \i [i|i{imi|qi|i|i|'l .'I'lJI'lWI'l'I'I'I'I'W

' »» »-3mE7 >i ci m n en « ' 19, S, » ,i: I -1 t iiiiiilliiillillllll ••: ! UaMiiSiU'iiiU.tM ••••• leUmiLiUiJpiiiUil '• Fiq. 1 (Brush-Oswald) Chesser notched points from the McGrady rock- Fig. 2 (Brush-Oswald) Peters cordmarked pottery from McGrady rock shelter #2. shelter #2.

34 Fig. 1 (Converse) Glacial Kame elliptical gorget from Lake County, Ohio. Note heavy cord wear around the holes. Length 4 3/4 inches.

GLACIAL KAME ELLIPTICAL GORGETS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Dr Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Glacial Kame people were prolific A well known Glacial Kame gorget is pointed ends which prompted its owner users of slate gorgets. In fact, as every the elliptical style. It usually has two holes to engrave it. surface collector knows, the Glacial - sometime three - which often exhibit The engraving consists of a series of Kame area of northwestern Ohio, heavy cord wear. Many elliptical gorgets horizontal lines with several random lines. southern Michigan, and eastern Indiana are tally-marked - usually near the A radiating set of short lines surrounds has yielded the bulk of midwestern slate pointed ends, but occasionally around the hole on one end. As with many, of all kinds. Curiously, this same area has the entire circumference. many, engravings, it is not symmetrical or also produced the most Adena and The elliptical gorget in the color plate is well executed and its design is totally Hopewell slate pieces even though it is from Lake County, Ohio. It has tally- undecipherable and meaningless to us. out of the southern Ohio homeland of marks at each of the pointed ends. Addi­ Despite our inability to understand or these cultures. An additional perplexity is tionally, it is extensively engraved. Since interpret such engravings, they had a sig­ that classic Adena and Hopewell slate is engraving usually occurs on damaged or nificance and meaning perhaps known not plentiful in southern Ohio where it salvaged pieces, it is assumed that this only to their owners. logically should occur. gorget was damaged on one of the

3b WEAPONS OF THE IROQUOIS by Craig S. Keener

The modern American society has century scholars (Colden 1922; Morgan to 3,000 B.P. (Bradbury 1997). The bow always had a general interest in Native 1995 [1851]; Parker 1983 [1865-1892]) and arrow is a long distance striking American warfare and battle tactics which saw the Iroquois as unstoppable, all-con­ weapon which relies on propelling a dart is attested by the popularity of historical quering warriors that created an empire. tipped with a stone, bone or metal arrow at novels of the frontier period such as Alan Recent twentieth century scholarship has an opponent. The maximum range of bows Eckert's The Frontiersman (1981) or the been more critical of Iroquois warfare, varied, but they were effective and accurate success of recent Hollywood movies like viewing much of the Iroquois claims of within 200 yards (Laubin 1980). The use of Dances with Wolves (1991), and The Last victories and prowess in battles as exag­ the bow and arrow had many advantages. of the Mohicans (1992). Perhaps the gerations or myths. The debate still con­ Bows give a user long range striking power, reason for the success of these type of tinues, and although revisionist studies they are quick loading, and they are rela­ books or movies is a current trend to have rightly pointed out that the Iroquois tively silent, which allows the firer's location depict Native American culture in a more were not always victorious, they were still to remain undetermined. A warrior using a accurate light. Inaccurate portrayals of a military force that was greatly feared or bow had an advantage over opponents Native American customs, dress, and respected by other tribes and neigh­ with guns in reloading time, being able to weaponry has too often led to the universal boring Euroamerican colonies. get off several shots versus one shot by a stereotyping of all Indian cultures as the musket. The Jesuits related in the late sev­ enteenth century that the Illinois, who were same. Until recently, Sioux battle dress Weapon Types renowned as excellent marksmen, could and tactics were often depicted as repre­ Descriptions of Iroquois weapons and fire several arrows to one shot of a musket sentative of all Indian warfare in American how they were used comes from an by their enemies (JR 67:169). The Illinois, school books, movies, and television extensive analysis of Dutch, English, who had access to guns, preferred to use (Marsden 1988; Price 1973). The purpose French, and American ethnohistoric their bows (JR 59:127, JR 60:161). Guns of this article is to describe the type of records (e.g. JR and NYCD). The types of were only used for shock value against weapons the Iroquois used in combat weapons used by the Iroquois were also tribes that had no knowledge of guns. during the seventeenth and eighteenth used by other tribes in the Northeast and Against the Iroquois, the Illinois dropped to centuries. Unlike the Sioux, the Iroquois Midwest. The various tribes however had the ground when the Iroquois fired their rarely fought from horseback, but rather different weapon preferences, as did indi­ muskets, then preceded to rise and fire traveled to and fought on foot (and to viduals within each tribe, which precludes their bows with devastating effect while the lesser extent traveled by canoe). How the any attempt to define weapon use in a Iroquois reloaded. Iroquois used their weapons, how they universal manner. Use of Euroamerican functioned, and the type of combat situa­ weapons depended upon access, Bows did have disadvantages. In firing tions in which these weapons were pre­ whether it was direct (in person) or by a bow, a greater portion of the body is ferred are detailed. trade through middlemen. The use of exposed to return fire as opposed to an Euroamerican weapons was also related opponent with a gun. Bows were also not Who are the Iroquois to individual preferences. Many warriors as effective against indigenous wooden The Iroquois were and still are a League of the Iroquois adopted Euroamerican armor, and ineffective against Euroamer­ of tribes that formed a defensive confed­ weapons while others chose not to. In ican steel armor. Bows also had a shorter eracy sometime in the fifteenth or sixteenth general, for Iroquois society, Euroamer­ range compared to muskets, and had centuries. Originally the League was com­ ican weapons supplemented traditional less penetrating power. During the early posed of five tribes (the Five Nations), the weapons and did not replace them. seventeenth century the Iroquois almost Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and The types of weapons used by the Iro­ exclusively relied on bows as a long dis­ Seneca, which resided in eastern and cen­ quois are broken down into two cate­ tance weapon, as did their enemies. tral New York. In 1722, the Tuscarawa gories, 1) Traditional weapons, and 2) Indigenous battle tactics, often ceremo­ were added to the League and the Iroquois New Weapons. The functional aspects of nial in nature, typically involved two large became known as the Six Nations. Sur­ the weapons are individually described group of combatants firing arrows at one rounded by enemies, the Iroquois were as are the advantages and disadvantages another at long distances (see Figures 1 often at war. In the seventeenth and eigh­ in using a particular weapon in combat. and 2). The Iroquois, mainly the Mohawk, teenth centuries the Iroquois were first began to replace bows with guns in the 1630s and 1640s. However, all of the recorded as having conducted battles with Traditional Weapons Iroquois tribes did not become well as many as 57 different tribes, three Traditional weapons are defined as armed with guns until the 1660s, using Euroamerican colonies (Dutch, English, weapons used before contact with bows until guns and powder could be and French), and the United States Euroamericans, such as the bow and (O'Callaghan 1856 [NYCD]; Thwaites arrow, spears, war clubs, and knives. acquired easily through trade. The suc­ 1896-1901 [JR]). Iroquois warriors partici­ These weapons were used to inflict fatal cess of the Iroquois in warfare enabled pated in every Euroamerican conflict wounds or injuries from long distance or them to acquire more territory and furs. during the colonial period, including the close quarters. The Iroquois' close proximity to Dutch French and Indian War, the Revolutionary and English trade centers allowed most Iroquois to have direct access to guns. War, the Indian Wars, and the War of 1812. The Bow and Arrow Because of the effectiveness of guns the Many anthropologists/archaeologists The bow and arrow is a weapon that was bow was the one traditional weapon (Morgan 1995 [1851]; Trigger 1976,1978), probably invented or introduced into the which was readily replaced by most Iro­ and historians (Colden 1922; Hunt 1940; New World sometime between A.D. 800 to quois warriors as firearms became the Jennings 1984; Richter 1992; Parker 1983 900. However, there is some debate over Iroquois' primary shooting weapon. How­ [1865-1892]) have presented varying views the date of its first appearance, with some concerning the motivations and success- ever, Iroquois warriors continued to learn scholars suggesting a much earlier date, how to use the bow as children, and the fulness of Iroquois warfare. Nineteenth during the Late Archaic between 5,000 B.P.

36 Iroquois were still reported using bows War Clubs Knives for hunting purposes and as weapons in Traditional war clubs (Figures 3 and 4) Knives were not a primary battle the early nineteenth century (Benn 1991). were used extensively by the Iroquois for weapon, but when used it was typically in close quarter combat (Morgan 1995 close quarter combat. A knife was used as Spears [1851]). The most common war club was a secondary weapon if the primary weapon The spear is one of the oldest weapons the ball-headed club described in colo­ (spear, tomahawk or war club) failed. A brought into the New World by the early nial texts as approximately 2.5' in length warrior could also choose to use two Native American societies that first (Sturtevant 1974). Carved out of wood, weapons at once such as a war club/knife migrated here. Thrown by hand or with a the striking end was shaped into a solid or tomahawk/knife combination. Traditional spear thrower, also called a atlatl (for ball (Figure 3). Sometimes a metal spike knives were made out of flint or bone. The greater distance and impact), a spear is a was added on the end of the ball, making Iroquois, however, quickly replaced flint or medium distance to close quarter weapon it an even more effective impact weapon bone knives with iron knives once they which relies on propelling or thrusting a (Benn 1991). The main function of this became available. Iron was more durable spear at an opponent. The maximum range weapon was to crush, break, and shatter than traditional materials. Euroamerican of spears varies and depended upon the bone. Blows to the head (skull) by this spears/pike heads, broken swords, and strength of the individual throwing the weapon were devastating and usually bayonets were often converted into knives spear as well as the aerodynamic qualities resulted in the collapse of the cranium by the various historic tribes (Kuck 1977). of the dart. Spears are most effective and and immediate death. One example of Knives obviously had limitations as a accurate when thrown at opponents within the abilities of this type of club was found weapon. Knives were not made to be a pri­ 95 feet when throwing by hand, and accu­ in Ohio at the archaeological excavation mary striking weapon and if used as such rate to as far as 154 to 209 feet when using (by Dr. Michael Gramly) of the graves of one would be at a disadvantage from the a spear thrower (Howard 1973). The use of the American soldiers killed at Ft. Lau­ greater reach of opponents armed with the spear had several advantages, one of rens. One of the soldiers buried exhibited spears, bayonets, war clubs or toma­ which is that it can be thrown at an oppo­ a caved in skull from a spiked war club hawks. The use of knives by the Iroquois nent, or held on to as a close quarter (Benn 1991:74). was primarily relegated to attaining the weapon. Spears are heavier than arrows Another type of war club used by the scalp of fallen enemies. and the impact of a spear thrown at close Iroquois, although somewhat less pop­ range would be greater than an arrow ular, was the "gunstock club" so named New Weapons (Euroamerican Trade (Bradbury 1997; Short 1993: 436). Spears because it possesses the shape of an Items) also provided a first strike capability when inverted gunstock (Benn 1991) (Figure 4). New weapons are defined as weapons held onto for use in hand to hand combat. Gunstock clubs typically had a blade or used after contact with Euroamerican Because of the length of a spear, typically spike protruding from the exterior bend of cultures, such as the gun, tomahawks, ranging from 5' to 9.5' long, a user could the stock. These clubs were used in the and steel arrows/knives. These weapons thrust and use the weapon as a pike. Iro­ same fashion as ball-headed clubs and were used in the same functional ways as quois spears were advantageous against were just as vicious. traditional weapons, to inflict fatal bayonets used by Euroamerican forces, Warclubs had several advantages when wounds from long distance or close quar­ because they had longer lengths. used in close quarter combat. Their longer ters. The new weapons attained by the Spears do have disadvantages. A reg­ length gave war club users a greater reach Iroquois and other native tribes did not ular spear can only be thrown once at an versus tomahawk users. A war club's immediately replace indigenous enemy during an engagement. Several larger size and weight meant greater weaponry as has often been mistakenly atlatl darts can be prepared for a spear impact versus that of a tomahawk. Both assumed by many historians. Only a few thrower but fewer could be transported ball-headed clubs and gunstock clubs weapons were slowly replaced, such as when compared to arrows. Spears are often had carved representations of the the bow with the gun, while other tradi­ less accurate the greater the distance to owner's exploits in war or bore carved like­ tional weapons remained, although a target, particularly versus bows or nesses of a warrior's guardian spirits or sometimes made with European mate­ guns. Atlatl darts or a single spear are spirits associated with war or the under­ rials (e.g. flint knives to steel knives). thrown (and loaded) at a slower rate than world (Benn 1991: 64). These spiritual Some Euroamerican weapons, such as arrows. Throwing a spear requires more aspects associated with war clubs may swords, cutlasses, bayonets, and cross­ exposure of the thrower than for an also be an alternative explanation, not bows never became popular with Iro­ archer or when firing a gun. In close quar­ related to function, for why these weapons quois warriors. Bayonets, for example, ters fighting a spear is more fragile than a were not replaced by tomahawks. were not used by the Iroquois on their war club and more likely to break in par­ Disadvantages associated with war guns, because it was not part of the Iro­ rying blows. While the Iroquois were clubs are that they are not as easily thrown quois battle strategy to use a gun like a reported as having spears during the sev­ as tomahawks, or simply not used as a spear in close quarter combat. Rather, enteenth and eighteenth century, they throwing weapon. This author is not aware they preferred the use of war clubs. The were not reported as a common element of any studies conducted on war clubs and Iroquois, however, readily accepted the of Iroquois battle dress. The Iroquois their effectiveness as throwing weapons. gun as a long distance weapon and the relied more on bows or muskets for long Because of their size and design they tomahawk as a close quarter weapon. range weapons, and for close quarter probably were not as effective if used in combat relied heavily on war clubs such a manner. The scenes of gunstock Guns and/or tomahawks. Only in the early nine­ clubs being thrown like tomahawks as The Iroquois began to attain muskets teenth century during the war of 1812 shown in the movie The Last of the Mohi­ from the Dutch as early as the 1620s and were the Iroquois commonly reported as cans probably strays from historical fact 1630s, however, it was not until the possessing spears as part of their battle although experimental testing is needed to 1660s that all tribes of the Iroquois were repertoire (Benn 1991). This was probably confirm this premise. Because of their size, well armed with guns. The gun (musket) a defensive response to the extensive war clubs were generally more wieldy and was primarily used by the Iroquois as a use of bayonets by Euroamerican oppo­ heavier than lighter and smaller sized tom­ long distance striking weapon. The Iro­ nents in the late eighteenth and early ahawks. In traveling long distances toma­ quois mainly used Dutch and English nineteenth century. hawks would have been lighter and less guns (Figure 5), however French guns burdensome to carry as a hand weapon. were also used (Figure 6), particularly by

37 the Seneca and French Iroquois (those clubs and tomahawks are shown Colden, Cadwallader 1922 The History of the Five Indian Nations of that converted to Catholicism). In battle, together. Tomahawks, used both as a close Canada. Vol. I and II. Allerton Book Co., particularly when against Euroamerican New York. militia and other tribes, the Iroquois gen­ quarter and medium range weapon, pro­ Eckert, Alan erally fired their guns first and then vided several advantages (Figures 7 and 1981 The Frontiersman. Bantam Books Inc., charged to engage an opponent hand to 8). Because of its light weight tomahawks New York. hand. This was not generally done could be used as both a hand weapon Hamilton, T. M. against regulars, armed with bayonets, and throwing weapon. When an oppo­ 1987 Colonial Frontier Guns. Pioneer Press, where instead the Iroquois usually chose nent came within twenty yards, toma­ Union City. to continue firing at a distance (Benn hawks could be thrown with devastating Howard, Calvin D. 1991). Guns provided several advan­ accuracy giving the user a first strike 1973 The Atlatl: Function and Performance. American Antiquity. 39(1): 102-104. tages. Compared to bows, guns were edge against spear, bayonet, and/or war Hunt, George easier to aim, had a greater range club users. A description of the effective use of this weapon comes from the War 1940 The Wars of the Iroquois. University of (striking distance), had a lower trajectory, Wisconsin, Madison. of 1812, and were less affected by wind and small Jennings, Francis overhanging branches (Hamilton 1987: "When their [the Iroquois] opponents 1984 The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The 20). When fired from behind cover or were from fifteen to twenty yards in Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian defensive works, gun users were less advance of them, they threw their Tribes with English Colonies from its exposed than archers. Lead balls had tomahawks with unerring aim and Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of greater impact and penetrating power great force burying the head of the 1744. W.W. Norton and Co., New York. than arrows, and the use of shot provided hatchet up to the eye in the body of Kuck, Robert a greater target area. Guns penetrated their opponents [American forces]" 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Aldine Printing Co., (Benn 1991:65). Xenia. Euroamerican armor, negating its use. Laubin, Reginald, and Gladys Laubin Guns also provided added shock value in In close quarter situations tomahawks 1980 American Indian Archery. University of surprise attacks and against tribes unac­ were a hard hitting weapon just as effec­ Oklahoma Press, Norman. quainted with the weapon, causing con­ tive as war clubs in causing serious Marsden, Michael T. and Jack Nachbar fusion and panic. injuries to the head or body of an oppo­ 1988 The Indian in the Movies. In Handbook of As mentioned when discussing bow nent. Disadvantages associated with North American Indians. Vol. 4, History tomahawks were few. Against spears and of Indian-White Relations. Wilcomb E. use, the gun had several disadvantages Washburn ed. Pp. 607-616. Smithsonian which included a slow firing and bayonets, tomahawks had an obvious disadvantage in reach (length) although a Institution, Washington. reloading rate (versus the bow), were Morgan, Lewis H. sometimes unreliable (particularly in wet user could opt to throw the weapon. 1995 [1851 ] League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee of conditions), and produced smoke when Once thrown a user had to then rely on a Iroquois. JG Press, North Dighton. fired giving away a user's position. Unlike secondary weapon (knife) or perhaps a O'Callaghan, E.B. (editor) [NYDC] bows and arrows which could be pro­ second tomahawk. 1856 Documents Relative to the Colonial History duced for free (although they took time to To conclude, the Iroquois utilized and of the State of New York. 16 vols. Weed, make) from material attained from the adopted a variety of weapons (both tradi­ Parsons Printers, Albany. surrounding environment, guns, gun­ tional and new) that were well suited to Parker, Francis powder, and ammunition cost money. meet their battle needs. Weapons were 1983 [1865-1892] France and England in North America. Vol. I and II. The Viking Press However, even with these limitations, the used to perform specific functions in Iro­ (25th ed.), New York. Iroquois adopted guns quite rapidly, quois warfare strategies. The Iroquois, like Price, John A. replacing the bow as their primary other tribes, were cognizant of the advan­ 1973 The Stereotyping of North American weapon during the seventeenth century. tages and disadvantages of their weapons Indians in Motion Pictures. Ethnohistory. and used this knowledge well in battles. 20 (2): 153-171. Tomahawks Richter, Daniel 1992 The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples Hatchets and tomahawks were first Acknowledgements I would like to thank Erica Keener (who of the Iroquois League in the Era of acquired by the Iroquois during the sev­ European Colonization. The University of enteenth century, however it is unknown drew the illustrations), all of the pub­ North Carolina Press. how widespread their use was during this lishers who gave rights to publish their Shott, Michael J. century (Figures 7 and 8). Hatchets, not invaluable photos, and Applied Archaeo­ 1993 Spears, Darts, and Arrows: Late Wood­ tomahawks, were used during assaults logical Services, for the use of their com­ land Hunting Techniques in the Upper on palisaded indigenous villages in the puters and scanning equipment. The Ohio Valley. American Antiquity. 58(3): 1640s and 1650s (JR 22, JR 24, JR 34, author, however, accepts responsibility 425-443. JR 45). Hatchets were employed in for all ideas and information presented in Sturtevant, William C. making holes in the walls or hacking this article. 1974 Woodsmen and Villagers of the East. The down the palisades at their base. Other World of the American Indian. Franc Shor (editor), The National Geographic than these references hatchets and tom­ Bibliography Society, Washington D. C. ahawks were not commonly mentioned Benn, Carl Thwaites, Reuben (ed.) [JR] as part of the Iroquois battle dress, which 1991 Iroquois Warfare, 1812-1814. In War Along 1896-1901 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Doc­ is probably due to the popularity and the Niagara: Essays on the War of 1812 uments. 73 vols. The Barrow Brothers, continued use of war clubs in the seven­ and Its Legacy. R. Arthur Bowler, ed. Pp. Cleveland. 60-76. Youngstown, Old Fort Niagara Trigger, Bruce teenth century. Paintings and drawings Association, Youngstown. 1976 The Children of Aataentsi: A History of the from the seventeenth century generally Bradbury, Andrew P. Huron People to 1660. 2 vols. McGill- show armed Iroquois warriors using war 1997 The Bow and Arrow in the Eastern Wood­ Queen's University Press, Montreal. clubs. Tomahawks began to be traded in lands: Evidence For an Archaic Origin. 1978 Early Iroquoian Contacts with Europeans. numbers in the late seventeenth century, North American Archaeologist. 18(3): In Handbook of North American 207-233. and by the eighteenth century most Iro­ Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. B.G. quois warriors were armed with them. Champlain, Samuel de Trigger (ed.), pp. 344-356. Smithsonian Paintings and drawings of this period 1922-36 The Works of Samuel de Champlain, 6 Institution, Washington. commonly show the Iroquois armed with vols, H. P. Bigger, The Champlain tomahawks and in some cases both war Society, Toronto.

38 Fig. 1 Shows an Iroquois fortified camp under attack by the Algonkians and French in A.D. 1610. Note that the bow and arrow are the primary weapon used by both opposing indigenous groups. Drawing from the Works of Champlain (1922-36).

Fig. 2 Battle between the Iroquois and the Huron, Algonkians and French at Lake Champlain in A.D. 1609. Again note the extensive use of the bow and arrow. Drawing from the Works of Champlain (1922-36).

39 Fig. 3. Several examples of ball-headed war clubs, typically used by Iroquois warriors. The ball-headed club listed as 13/6648 was used by a Seneca in the War of 1812. This club is from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.

Fig. 4. Two examples of gunstock war clubs. The gunstock club listed as 2647 was used by Algonkians. This club is from the Department of Anthro­ pology, Smithsonian Institution. The other club is a typical Iroquois gunstock club.

40 Fig. 8. Several English style pipe tomahawks. Photo courtesy of Aldine Press (Kuck 1977).

Fig. 5. Two seventeenth century Dutch guns typically used by the Iroquois. Example A is dated to A.D. 1650. Example B is dated to the 1670s and 1680s. Both photos are courtesy of Pioneer Press (Hamilton 1987).

Fig. 6. A "Type C" French musket, dating to A.D. 1680-1730. This gun was probably utilized by some of the Iroquois (particularly the Seneca and French Iroquois). This drawing is courtesy of Pioneer Press (Hamilton 1987).

'".••--'-. -"SSfe-::

Fig. 7. A pipe tomahawk from the War of 1812. This tomahawk is representative of the kind utilized by the Iroquois and other tribes in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Photo courtesy of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation (17/6249).

41 ARCHAIC BANDED SLATE PREFORM by Jeff Vance 1160 Ronlee Dr. Milford, Ohio 45150 This bannerstone was found while sur­ face hunting with a friend, Ray Lovins in Clinton County, Ohio on May 20, 1997. It is made of banded slate, undrilled with wings, a bulb on either side and the familiar triangular outline associated with the winged bannerstone. It measures 4 inches long and 2 7/8 inches wide and the wings are 1/4 inch thick. The surface is sanded, polished, and appears to be heavily patinated which is revealed by a few disc strikes.

Reference 1978 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Slate Types The Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Fig. 1. (Vance) Slate preform from Clinton Co.

A SALVAGED DOVETAIL by Thomas Gargas Box 225 N. Bloomfield, OH 44450 This Dovetail point was apparently either broken and renotched by its pre­ historic owner or picked up by later Indians and furnished with new notches. It is made of flint ridge flint and heavily patinated.

Fig. 1. (Gargas) Renotched Dovetail from the Gargas Collection.

42 Special Offer! Ohio Archaeological Council Publications The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area (1994, William S. Dancey, editor, 212 pages, 12 articles) A View From The Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology (1996, Paul J. Pacheco, editor, 427 pages, 24 articles) Now, both publications for $44.95, a savings of $12.95 off the list price (sales tax and postage included): offer good until December 31, 1997! These two publications contain the latest research from Ohio on Paleoindian and Early/Middle Archaic, and Hopewell prehistory. The First Discovery of America includes articles on the Burning Tree Mastodon Site (Licking County), the Paleo Crossing site (Medina County), the Nobles Pond site (Stark County), and a Paleoindian, Early/Middle Archaic point type guide. A View From The Core includes articles on flint raw material used by the Ohio Hopewell, excavations at geometric earthworks, hilltop enclosures, mounds and habitation sites, and the GE Mound (Indiana). To order send check or money order to Treasurer, Ohio Archaeological Council, PO Box 82012, Columbus, OH 43202. Single copies of The First Discovery of America are available at $24.95 and A View From The Core at $32.95.

Meeting and Show The 18th Annual Hog Creek artifact meeting and show will be held at the Hog Creek Game Club March 8th, 1998. For further information call Fred Fisher 419-643-3724.

Fort Salem Show The Fort Salem Chapter Annual Show will be held at Ripley High School February 8, 1998. For information call 513-553-3822

By Lawrence N. Tully n ID) u Steven N. Tully FUJ^U b=«0 COLLECTOR BOOKS Price $9.95 Informing Today's Collector plus $2.00 postage for P.O. Box 3009 first book and 30 C for Paducah, KY 42002 each additional book. Order Toll Free ®F TOE M^TC mm wmm/m 7:00 am - 5:00 pm CST 1-800-626-5420 FEATURING: mmn m UOTlLiE) IFIKIOTOIIIMIF MEUGS mm im ®F mm mi

Back Cover: Five large Flint Ridge Adena cache blades from the collection of Dan Bartok, Scio, Ohio. Ail are from Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.