June 1938 Volume

JUNE 1938

VOLUME XXI NUMBER 4

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BYTHE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN i»MUM*ltllllMMIinil*l*MMIIMUMHUMIUtMIIIIIII»»(ltlllMIMI»MIIIIMtllll»MllllUllltlMIHIM»IUHIIMMMMMMM

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OP WISCONSIN is a state- aided corporation whose function is the cultivation and en- couragement of the historical interests of the State. To this end it invites your cooperation; membership is open to all, whether residents of Wisconsin or elsewhere. The dues of annual members are three dollars, payable in advance; of life members, thirty dollars, payable once only. Subject to certain exceptions, members receive the publications of the Society, the cost of producing which far exceeds the membership fee. This is rendered possible by reason of the aid accorded the Society by the State. Of the work and ideals of the Society this magazine affords, it is believed, a fair example. With limited means, much has already been accomplished; with ampler funds more might be achieved. So far as is known, not a peuny entrusted to the Society has ever been lost or misapplied. Property may be willed to the Society in entire confidence that any trust it assumes will be scrupulously executed.

• MlimiMIMIMIIIIIHHllMtMllltlllllimtlll IMltllllltlllllllllllltllllllllllllllllf ••••••IIIIIIIHIIIIIHMIMItfltlll t«l(tt

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OP HISTORY is published quarterly by the Society, at 116 E. Main St., Evansville, Wisconsin, in September, Decem- ber, March, and June, and is distributed to its members and exchanges; others who so desire may receive it for the annual subscription of three dollars, payable in advance; single numbers may be had for seventy-five cents. All correspondence concerning the magazine should be addressed to the office of the State Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin.

Entered as second-class matter, January 1, 1927, at the post office at Evans- ville, Wisconsin, under the act of August 24, 1912. VOL. XXI 1987-1938

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCON- SIN. JOSEPH SCHAFER, Superintendent and Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXI ARTICLES: PAGE D. O. KINSMAN (INTERVIEW)—Genesis of Wis- consin's Income Tax Law . 3 THOMAS PEDERSON—Some Recollections of .... 16, 175, 301, 405 LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG—'On Wisconsin'—The Football Song 35 Burnt W. JONES—Reminiscences of Nine Decades 39 EDWARD A. BIRGE—Burr W. Jones .... 63 ALBERT O. BARTON—Muskego: The Most His- toric Norwegian Colony 129 ISABEL BACON LA FOLLETTE—Early History of the Wisconsin Executive Residence 139 JOSEPH SCHAFER—Civil War Historiography— Carl Russell Fish 151 LILLIAN KRUEGER—Madame Mathilda Fran- ziska Anneke: An Early Wisconsin Jour- nalist . 160 H. E. ROETHE—Pierre Calame 168 EMIL BAENSCH—J. H. A. Lacher, 1856-1936 . . . 251 MRS. H. E. COLE—In Memory of Alfred C. Kingsford 256 BAYRD.STILL—The Growth of Milwaukee as Re- corded by Contemporaries 262 W. A. TITUS—Historic Spots in Wisconsin: Brothertown 293 GRANT FOREMAN—Settlement of English Pot- ters in Wisconsin . . 375 LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG—Wisconsin's Eminence 397 DOCUMENTS: Immigrant Letter 68 A 'Native's' Return 191 Diary of George W. Stoner—1862 194, 322, 420

EDITORIAL COMMENT: Peopling the Middle West 85 Beginnings of Civilization in the Old Northwest . . 213 State Boundaries in the Old Northwest 337 Ferries and Ferryboats 432

BOOK NOTES . 107, 237, 356, 457

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE 114, 241, 363, 463

VOL. XXI, No. 4 June, 1938

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCON- SIN. JOSEPH SCHAFER, Superintendent and Editor

COPTEIGHT, 1938, BY THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OP WISCONSIN CONTENTS

SETTLEMENT OF ENGLISH POTTERS IN WISCONSIN Gi*ant Foreman 375

WISCONSIN'S EMINENCE Louise Phelps Kellogg 397

SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF THOMAS PEDERSON 405

DOCUMENTS: Diary of George W, Stoner—1862 420

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

Ferries and Ferryboats 432

BOOK NOTES . 457

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE . .Louise Phelps Kellogg 463

The Society as a body is not responsible for statements or opinions advanced in the following pages by contributors. Paid for out of the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund Income Previous numbers of the Wisconsin Magazine of History are indexed in the International Index to Periodical Literature to be found in many public libraries. SETTLEMENT OF ENGLISH POTTERS WISCONSIN

GRANT FOREMAN

CENTURY ago in the days of acute labor troubles in Eng- A land, the potters, in common with other classes, suffered from low wages and oppression by their employers. Their situation produced an altruist named William Evans, who conceived an organ to represent them. This made its appearance on December 2, 1843, under the name of The Votters3 Examiner and Workman's Advocate. It was published weekly, first circulated in the pottery towns of Staf- fordshire, and sold for Id. a copy.1 Volume i, no. i, was prefaced by a salutatory addressed *To the Working Classes of the Staffordshire Potteries.5 It contained sage counsel on the relative rights of labor and capital, an announcement of the policy of the paper, and sub- jects of articles planned for future issues. Following Mr. Evans' two-page introduction was a long contribution by Aaron Wedgewood, of Burslem, a sympa- thetic appeal for the down-trodden colliers of England. Mr. Wedgewood contributed other well written articles that appeared frequently in issues of the Potters' Examiner for several months, and while his name is associated with that of the great pottery employers of England, his appeals were uniformly in the interest of labor. After a few issues when the magazine had become known to the workmen, Evans wrote an article suggesting that the potters consider the subject of emigrating to America where

1 It contained eight pages each about 8 x 10 inches, of two columns. The Urst nine issues were printed at Hanley, and later publication was at Burslem. 376 Grant Foreman [June

they might improve their condition. There was a surplus of labor in their industry, and the potters had effected an organization which contributed to a fund out of which pay- ments were made to idle workers in order to prevent competition with their fellows at reduced wages. Emigration was already a live subject; Englishmen had migrated to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, and letters from them to their relatives and friends in Eng- land were widely published and read. Later Evans became more specific about his project. He quoted alluring descriptions of the abundance of food and the cheapness of land in America.2 He said:

Now, it is iny suggestion that as there are Seven Thousand operative Potters in these districts and not more than Six Hundred out of employment a joint Stock emigration Company of 5,000 shares at £l per share be established to be paid by installments of 1 s. per week for 20 weeks, which would realize the sum of Five Thousand Pounds Ster- ling. This sum would purchase the one-half of a township or 12,000 acres of land; and clear the migration expenses of one hundred families, of five in each family, 3 adults and 2 under age. This, it will be per- ceived, will take up, at the very least, one half of the unemployed labor in the Potteries and leave those who remain in a better position to demand a reasonable price for their labor. To each of these 100 families the company might give 20 acres, making in the whole two thousand acres and yet have remaining the enormous quantity of ten thousand acres.

He called their attention to the fact that they had

to work 12, 14 or 16 hours a day in a heated and confined atmosphere, amid whirling dust and rattling engines; so long as they feel themselves wasting away from excessive toil and poisonous workshops; so long as they see infancy in rags, youth in decrepitude, manhood in graves, with the ever present prospect haunting the imagination like some frightful dream of blighted hopes, broken hearts and parish shells, they will fly—fly to the beautiful prairies of the fair west and the freedom of nature, to the most liberal institutions of present man, to the un- taxed plains, rivers and lakes of a free country; they will abandon the loom for the spade; the factory for the farm; they will leave, with 2 Potters' Examiner and Workman's Advocate, i, 73-75. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 377 bounding hearts, this great 'unwieldy Workshop of the world';—this slaughter house of human lives; with its steam, smoke, cinders and wheels; to pursue an unfettered life of happiness and content amid the varied scenes of nature and the handiworks of God. Within a few weeks the Examiner announced the launch- ing of the United Branches of Operative Potters' association, comprising all the various branches of the craft theretofore organized separately, namely: slip-makers, throwers, look- ers-to-ware, turners, handlers, hollow-ware pressers, flat pressers, printers, oven-men, sagger-makers, kiln-men, packers, ware-house men, china potters, painters and gilders. The principles, regulations, rules, and government of the proposed union embraced also a proposition that a Joint Stock emigration company be formed along the lines of Evans' proposal 'f or the purpose of placing on the land in easy and comfortable circumstances numbers of our unfortunate fellow-operatives.'3 In the March 2, 1844, issue of the Examiner began another stirring appeal by the editor to the potters, calling their attention to the subject of emigration. These oppressed laborers who had never owned and who never could own a foot of land in England, he thrilled with the headline 'The Land! The Land!! The Land!! !'4 He stirred their emotions with the picture of liberty and plenty that awaited them in America as compared with their hopeless situation in Eng- land. The proposed emigration company was incorporated in May, 1844, by the name of 'The Potters' Joint Stock Emi- gration Society and Savings Fund,' under an act of parlia- ment, and in the issue of June 22 the editor of the Examiner devoted more than two pages to a further exposition of its purposes and plans. The potters of Staffordshire, he said,

3 Ibid., 101-104. 'Ibid., 105. 378 Grant Foreman [June were paying £60 to £70 per week to the unemployed members of their society, producing scarcely any other benefit than that of removing a burden of the parish and of reliev- ing the pockets of the rich, who do not pay a single farthing into the funds of their union. Consequently it was thought that if a general plan of emigration could be brought into practical operation this £60 or £70 per week might be dispensed with by the removal of its claimants to happy homes in the western world where they would not have to starve on the charitable pittance of their breth- ren, and to waste their days in idleness, where all the powers in their existence will be called into active operation and where industry and economy will be certain of producing independence in the progress of time. ... The projectors did not expect a direct return for the money invested. They merely hoped to secure better wages for the employed potters by making labor in that field as scarce as possible. This they could do by using the union funds to promote emigration instead of to feed the unemployed at home. Lands would be bought in America as money should accumulate, buildings would be constructed on the land and small tracts brought under cultivation. Then a lottery would be held to determine which families would go first to occupy the tracts of 20 acres that were then ready. 'This system of lottery will be continued periodically until the objects of the company are obtained, or the 12,000 acres of land disposed of.'5 The editor continued to publish arguments intended to impress his readers with the beauties of America and the advantages to accrue to them by emigration. Extracts were printed from Birkbeck's account of the English settlement in Illinois, from George Flower's The Errors of Emigrants, Cleave's Emigrant's Hand Book, Mann's Emigrant's Com- plete Guide to the U.S.A., and other sources of information

5 Ibid., ii, 25-27. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 379 on the absorbing subject. Letters from English immigrants in the United States, collected and printed in the Examine?*, gave much interesting information about that fabulous part of the world. Application was made to the general land office at Washington for information relating to the public lands available for purchase, and the answer of Thomas H. Blake, commissioner, written at Washington, July 27, 1844, was published in the Examiner. Meetings began in numerous places in June and enrollment was brisk. At the second meeting in the society's quarters at Talbot Inn, Hanley, 'business was so great that the secretary could attend to no other work than that of enrolling names and the receiving of subscriptions.'6 A spirited meeting was held also at Mrs. Woodwards, Ring of Bells, Swinton, and other places in Yorkshire.7 While Evans' interest was at first directed toward Illi- nois, a committee of three sent out in 1846 to locate the proposed promised land, made the first purchase in Wisconsin territory. The method of financing the scheme and making allot- ments to members8 had the elements of a lottery, compara- ble to the current 'Bank night.' Each member was required to pay into the society fund at least a penny a day. When the total contributions reached £50, a drawing was held, participated in by all the members, or labor union branches, who had paid as much as £l.ls.6d. each. A member might sub- scribe for as many memberships as he could pay for and thus increase his chances in the lottery. The fortunate drawer of a prize was entitled to a twenty-acre tract of land in Wiscon- sin and necessary funds to take him and his family there, estimated as follows: allowing £2 or £3 for ocean passage,

, 28. 'Ibid., 53. 8 Manchester Examiner and Times, July 22, 1848, Supplement. 380 Grant Foreman [June and £l for provisions on the way, the emigrant could reach New York at the expense of about £4. From New York to Milwaukee transportation for 1,200 miles and other expenses were reckoned at as much more. So that it was estimated each member could make the journey to his future home, ninety miles west of Milwaukee, at an expense of £8 or £9. On his arrival he would be put in possession of his twenty-acre tract of land, on which a log cabin had been erected for his home at an expense of £10; with five acres of land broken and 'sown with wheat or Indian corn.' The emigrant would then have ten years in which to pay the society the sum of £50 at the rate of £5 per year. This £50 was intended to reimburse the society without interest for the emigrant's transportation, price of land and improvements, and any other funds expended by it. The emigrant was also to have credit at the society store for provisions during the first two years of residence. A paid-up member, prepared to meet the expenses of his family's removal need not wait for the drawing or the 'ballot' as they called it, but could go, on giving a month's notice, and at once take possession of his allotment. A lucky drawer in the lottery could and frequently did sell his prize at a premium to another, anxious to emigrate without delay. Or, if he preferred, the member, by continuing to pay a penny a day for the full period of between nine and ten years before leaving England, could finance the purchase of his farm without going in debt to the society. A member could pay as much more than the minimum amount as he wished and thus advance the day that he could participate in the lottery or 'ballot.' To make the project self-sustaining the twenty-acre al- lotments to the emigrants were not to be contiguous, but alternate, and the intervening twenty-acre tracts were to be 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 381

held for sale at the greatly enhanced valuation which it was supposed would result from the settlement by the English emigrants, and 'the gathering together of a numerous population on the estate.' These drawings were made festive occasions:

On the sixth day of August, 1847, the third ballot for a share in the society was held at New covered Market, Hanley, in connection with a soiree.9 At the first drawing the share was won by the Oven Men's branch. At the second ballot the Hollow-ware Pressers were the fortunate drawers, and on the third drawing the lot again fell upon a branch, the Hollow-ware Pressers, instead of an individual share-holder. The Hollow-ware Pressers then decided by ballot the individual to receive the allotment, which entitled the lucky drawer to twenty acres of land in Wisconsin. After the ballot the North Staffordshire waltz and qua- drille band took position on the stage and played for the soiree. Songs were rendered and many of the 1,200 visitors took part in the dancing.

We were informed that the emigrants who last went out had arrived safely at their destination and that the society had since sent out £100 to stock their store and intend in a few weeks to send another sum of equal amount to be applied for the same purpose. Other societies not connected with the potters are fast springing up amongst other trades; one has already been established at Hanley, another at Burslem, another at Glasgow, and several others are in course of formation. In a lecture delivered at Manchester in July, 1848, by W. Coates,10 a lecturer for the Potters' emigration society, he explained how the potters' organization had developed from small beginnings without government support, paral- leling the growth of the Anti-corn law league, started in a neighboring town. Six thousand potters recently had gone on a strike, which entailed a loss of £9,000 and in the long run they had gained nothing by it. They had now found

9 Staffordshire Mercury, August 7, 1847. 19 Manchester Examiner and Times, July 29, 1848. 382 Grant Foreman [June something better in an emigration society that would take care of the surplus labor in their craft. The lecturer then drew a glowing picture of the advantages of living in the states, the cheapness of provisions, the beauty of the country, the liberality of the institutions, etc. Men had gone there without a sixpence in their pockets, been supplied with provisions for the first year through the stores of the emigrating society and were now comfortable and happy on their own farms. Two thousand additional acres of land were about to be purchased 'which would be located by ballot from such members of the society as had paid one share of £l. 1 s. 1 d.' Evans lectured in Manchester in the 'large room of the Bird in Hand public house' late in August, 1848, to a large gathering that listened with great interest. He explained that while the movement had not attained the magnitude they had hoped for, they had raised £2,000 in two years, with which they had been able to purchase 1,600 acres of land in the territory of Wisconsin, on which they had settled 134 individuals. They had the money with which to purchase 2,000 acres more on which they could settle members of any other trades joining them as branch societies. The movement had been a success in that the emigration had stopped 'the persecution of the working man in their district and pre- vented the reduction of wages.'11 By the autumn of 1848 the emigration society had ex- panded until it had branches throughout the pottery towns, Manchester and other cities, where lectures were delivered by Evans, Coates, and other officers of the society. Evans addressed a gathering of workmen at Old Meal House, Nicholas Croft, in Manchester late in September, 1848.12 He explained the advantages of emigration to America in

31 J&iU, September 2, 1848, Supplement. 12 Ibid., September 30, 1848, Supplement. The 'Emigrants Column' was almost a regular feature in the paper. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 383 comparison to their hopeless condition in England. He said the location of 134 members of the society in Wisconsin 'had kept up the prices of labour in the Potteries, although 70 out of 170 factories were not working.' The Potters' society had succeeded in establishing 39 branch societies in six or seven weeks, and he expected the number would reach 100, which would make it possible to locate 100 more families in Wisconsin before the end of the year. They proposed in the next allotment to issue agricultural implements so the colonists could go to work immediately on their arrival. These meetings usually concluded with numbers of workmen signing up for membership in the society. Experiences of one family of emigrants, probably typi- cal of most of them, are described in the following letter:

Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, Sep. 16th, 1849. Dear Cousin, . . . We set sail from Liverpool on Sunday, July 8th, landed at New York on Friday, August 10th. We started for Albany on board a steamer (the Isaac Newton), at seven o'clock at night; got there next morning at six; left Albany at 11:40 A.M. the same day, on board a canal boat, drawn by two horses, landed at Buffalo on Sunday morning the 19th; left there on Tuesday the 21st, on board a powerful steamer, landed at Milwaukee on Saturday morning the 25th, 1480 miles from New York. We hired a teamster to take us and our luggage to 'Emanci- pation' on Fox river; we had two good horses and a waggon. We now found out that we had got into a newly-settled country; conveniences and comforts scarce, miserable beds at most stopping places. Got to Water- town on Monday at noon, the 27th. It is a nice little town, 50 miles west of Milwaukee. Got to Fox River at 11 a.m. on Wednesday the 29th, crossed the river by the society's boat; saw Mr. Twigg, the society's agent, the same day, presented our land certificates' got the necessaries of life and lodgings at the society's store; saw Thomas B , one of our members, who had landed three months before us; took two days to look round part of this new settlement; one man who got here in May last has a good crop of Indian corn; several have a few potatoes growing. There are about 60 houses built, inhabited by nearly one hundred families; the society have twenty-eight oxen, three horses, waggons, ploughs, harrows, &c. and a smithy; two stores, plenty of corn, &c; a draw bridge, a boat, and a canoe. My house was nearly built; it is ten miles up the 384 Grant Foreman [June country from head-quarters, amongst the woods and Indians; the very west end of civilization; but there is a chain of colonists down to the river, and one of our society's stores is not quite two miles distant, and there are two houses within half a mile of us, inhabited by London members. We got here a fortnight ago. The society have now agreed that each member must have 'forty acres of land/ and Mr. Twigg has sent us here. My sons James's forty acres are up to mine on my right hand. Our house is built of oak logs, 14 ft. by 12 ft. inside, two storeys high, in a wood. We have plenty of fine timber, which we, like others, burn to get out of the way. We have about three acres of ploughed land, and are busy grubbing it, viz. clearing it of tree roots, brushwood, &c. and burning them. We have four kinds of oak on our estate; some of the trees are very large. We have also poplars, walnut, hickory, tamrack, &c. We have little clear land, but have some good marsh land, growing good hay grass, on which we have got plenty of good hay since our arrival. The weather is yet hot enough; I have mown grass four feet high in the morning, let it lay as it fell, and stacked it next day, being good hay. We have no stream of water, but have dug a well, and found water down at the Marsh, and have sunk twenty feet near home, but have found none yet. We have no coal nor rock in this part, only here and there a stone; very thin soil, scarcely any clay, nearly all sand. Seven fires burning at once, on our ploughed land on Friday to get rid of wood; we cut a road, 200 yards through our wood last week, with ax, spade, and scythe, to carry our hay. We have got a milk cow from the society, value thirteen dollars, to be paid for in labour; also seven hens and a rooster, and a kitten. B H and her son Ben and daughter Betsey are living with us until their house is built; they will then be our neighbours; they have a cow, three pigs, and six hens. . . . Mosquitoes are the greatest drawback we have; they are much worse than bugs in England. This climate is hotter than England, but we seem to stand it very well; I am, I guess, 30 lb. lighter than when I left England. I feel at home amongst this hard labour; and thank my God, what is more than all, we are all in good health. . . . The nearest village is Portage, near the Port [Hope], 20 miles from here, but we a^re only 70 miles from Watertown, where provisions could be got for money; and I am told that severe as the winter is in this country, it is possible for oxen to travel and draw sledges; but cash, where art thou ? . . .13

An emgirant working and saving for the day he could send for his family to share his life in Wisconsin, wrote at

13 Ibid., November 10, 1849, Supplement. These papers had a most unfortunate policy in most instances of shrouding the identity of correspondents in anonymity. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 385

Fox river, September 24, 1849. He was pleased with the news from home and was glad to know that Hannah and Elizabeth ply their needles, instead of frittering their time away in worthless pursuits; it will be a great advantage to them some day, and likewise, it is setting a good example to the younger children ; but women that can use the needle need never want in this country; and I hope the day is not far distant, when the rattling of the looms will no longer ring in their ears, but with me enjoy the peace and quietness of the woods; tell Jane she must learn to sew instead of galloping about from house to house; I am glad that Emily is forward with her knitting, as she must make our stockings wfaen she comes here, and our little John must drive the oxen, for we plow and do everything with oxen here. I assure you that I am well satisfied, and have no thought of coming to old England again. If I was not satisfied, I could come home any day, but instead of that, I am preparing for your coming. I have worked hard all summer, and got a very good sum of money which I am laying out in a house, as I have got a good one, 16 feet by 14 with rooms up stairs. I have also got three acres of land ploughed and sown with wheat, which is up and looking well; these things, together with a stove, scythe, spade, hay-fork, and other things, have cost me about 100 dollars; perhaps the house has not a very pleasing appearance, being built of trees, laid length ways and crossing each other at the ends; but when you come I know that you will make it quite comfortable, for they are warm and dry, besides there is no one comes for rents and taxes; the house is our own, and the land the same round about it; our little ones can run about picking wild fruit and flowers, without trespassing on any one. . . .14 It is obvious that one vital feature on which success of the enterprise depended was the constant flow of money into the treasury to enable the society to finance the obligations it had assumed.15 This involved not only the continued enrollment of new members but the regular payment of dues by old members and the debts assumed by the immigrants; the latter depended, naturally, on the realization of their often fatuous hopes of changing over night from factory hands to successful farmers, capable of making a living and

14 Ibid., November 24, 1849, Supplement. This letter as published was unsigned. 13 Sheffield Times, November 24, 1848; Ten Towns Messenger, November 24, 1848. 386 Grant Foreman [June more, from twenty acres of land. Fatal infirmities inhered in both these features. When inevitable disappointment met the badly directed efforts of incompetent would-be farmers, it was human nature to direct the blame elsewhere. Letters were written to friends back in England telling of disappointment and disillusionment, stressing the poor quality of the soil on which they were settled, charging Evans and Twiggs and other officers of the emigration society with misrepresenta- tions and with defaulting in their obligations, and warned all laborers to have nothing further to do with the society. These discouraging reports began arriving in England in 1849. To meet the criticisms and reassure future prospects, Thomas Twiggs, agent of the society, returned from Wisconsin and with Evans appeared before audiences through the winter of 1849-50. In the first 'at Mr. Brown's, Flying-Horse, Dale Street,' in Liverpool, Twiggs, two days after his arrival, spoke to the members of the society.16 It appeared from Twiggs's account that some of the emigrants had wasted their time in fishing and hunting instead of applying themselves to the cultivation of their land. They had used the credit at the store to supply themselves with provisions instead of trying to produce it from the soil. The great abundance of fish and game in the country and the novelty of hunting wherever they pleased without subjecting themselves to punishment for poaching, was too great a temptation to resist, so that a certain class of the emigrants spent their time in idleness instead of improving their allot- ments and accumulating funds with which to reimburse the society. This naturally led to difficulties and dissatisfaction between the society and the members. Revision of rules and regulations became necessary. Some of the emigrants,

"Liverpool Mercury, December 4>, 1849. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 387

Twiggs said, had been led to expect too much of their new home and were not prepared to meet the hardships of rural life and the novel problems presented by the radical change from their environment in England. Twiggs explained that the society was now supplying agricultural implements as well as food to the emigrants upon credit, of course, with the understanding that they might repay their debt in labor, as well as cash. The land, he said, was producing about twenty bushel of wheat per acre, which, however, would be of restricted value until they could build a mill, which the society was then trying to finance. There was no local market for the wheat, but they hoped to find an outlet by way of Fox river to Green Bay and by way of the Wisconsin river to New Orleans. Some reports had been circulated, said Twiggs, calculated to misrepresent the character of the Menominee In- dians, the tribe living in the vicinity; but in course of his experience among them he had never known a single act of depredation committed by them; on the contrary the kindliest feelings subsisted between the colonists and the Indians. ... In concluding his remarks the speaker urged perseverance and energy as the great essentials of their success; and he had no doubt that with their assistance the happiest results might with confidence be expected. This ris- ing society has already 350 families located on its lands, 50,000 acres of which they have already purchased, and its branches now extend to the princpial towns in the kingdom. A meeting held in the town hall at Hull the next month17 was presided over by George Sheppard, editor of the East- ern Counties Herald. The first speaker was Evans, who claimed for his project a great success in that the wages of the potters had risen about 25 per cent and the trade was now actually 'underhanded.' Evans was followed by Twiggs, who brought to the meeting the latest news from Potters-

1T Eastern Counties Herald, January 17, 1850. 388 Grant Foreman [June ville. He said that the society had suffered loss by trusting some of the emigrants, who, during the first year had lived on credit from the store and had done no work on their allot- ments. On the contrary they had taken employment elsewhere, but he hoped they would in that way make enough money to pay their debts. A new rule had therefore been made to let the emigrants have food only upon their working for it on the reserved lands of the society. He estimated the land at Pottersville could be sold at $4.00 per acre, giving the society a profit of £500 or £600 instead of being, as had been said, a bank- rupt concern. The new tract of land which he had selected for the society was situated about fourteen miles from Pottersville on the Fox River, and was as good land as any he had seen in Wisconsin. . . . The settlers upon the lands on the Fox River would have a ready market for their produce; since by means of a canal which was going to be cut at Fort Winnebago between that river and the Wisconsin the produce might be carried down the latter into the Mississippi and so on to New Orleans, or, by means of the former, to New York and Canada. Potters- ville was ninety-five miles from Milwaukee and it took about three days to make the journey. The principal object now was to obtain funds to be used in the erection of a grist mill upon a fall in the Fox River, which would greatly increase the profits of corn growing and the convenience of the settlers. It would also enable the society to sell its building lots, which, he believed in two years would realize $200 per acre, and thus enable it to give a start to the emigrants who went out.

Complaining and discouraging reports continued to reach England, and while they alternated with favorable news from Wisconsin, they continued to depress the prospects of the society. James and Martha Hammond wrote a cheerful letter18 from Pottersville in December, 1849, which identified them as industrious and provident people. They had acquired ninety-six acres of land on which they had produced ten acres of wheat and two of oats; and a half acre had yielded seventy-five bushel of potatoes.

18 Manchester Examiner and Times, August 3, 1850, Supplement. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 389

Accompanying this Hammond letter, reflecting the op- timism and enterprise of emigrants destined for success, was a long screed in the Manchester Examiner and Times19 written by a man named James Buck, who had nothing but condemnation for everything connected with this adventure in America. In the first place, he said:

We left London on the 24th of February. . . . We had a most dread- ful voyage of eight weeks across the Atlantic; my wife was confined to her bed twenty-nine days; and when we landed she could scarcely walk. . . . We made all speed with our overland journey and reached our destination on the 3rd of May, 1850. . . . During the last hundred miles we met swarms of English persons coming back, who gave the most awful accounts of the settlements We were going to. The writer devoted nearly 3,000 words to condemnation of the project and charges against the officers. He said the country ail along Fox river, including the lands of the potter emigrants, was a succession of dry, sandy ridges, and between most of these a swamp where the soil is as black and deep as any bog in Ireland. The sandy ridges are covered with a stunted, poor timber, a sure indication of the poverty of the soil.

Another letter was published in the Manchester Eocanl- iner20 in which criticism was almost as intemperate and damaging. The writer, M. G. Ellison, who had evidently gone to Wisconsin with no resources whatever, was cheered by the return of his son who had been working away from home. The son had brought back a few bushels of Indian corn, corn meal, turnips, one of potatoes, a pound of tea, two pounds of sugar, and a small package of garden seed. The

19 Ibid. 20 Ibid., August 17, 1850, Supplement. Ellison dated his letter 'Ellison Farm,' May 13, 1850, and said that in the future all letters and papers for him should be directed to Port Hope, a new post office near Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin. 390 Grant Foreman [June son was working three miles from home for ten dollars a month and board.

Thus, you see, while my sons are working for money, provisions, farming stock, &c. I am at home doing all I can on my own land; and after a hard battle of eight months on little more than bread and water, I can see a better prospect. May the Lord continue us in good health and strength until the harvest, and then we shall be out of danger, for we shall then be a year's march in advance of famine, and shall never, we hope, see the meagre villan any more. Another recent arrival, Richard Tinker, wrote on May 24, 1850, from Milwaukee.21 He told of reaching Emancipation Ferry and described the destitution he found among the emigrants in that neighborhood. He said that Twiggs had been driven to borrow money wherever he could, with which to purchase tools for the emigrants. He had been quick to preceive the obvious fallacy of trying to get established in the country without some money. The land was good, he said, but 'every settler ought to have one hundred pounds when he arrives, and not one cent less, namely, fifty pounds for food, fifty pounds to clear the land, oxen, implements, seed, &c.' The prospect was so discouraging to him that he decided to seek a location elsewhere. The discontent of the emigrants continued to grow until it found expression in a meeting at Fort Winnebago on June 3, 1850.22 What purported to be a memorial by members of the Potters' emigration society was prepared though it does not undertake to say who or how many members were present, other than Walter Kellogg, chairman, and L. A. Bliss, secretary. The memorial was directed 'To the People of Great Britain.' It was a long catalogue of condemna-

21 Ibid., August 24, 1850, Supplement. He wished to be addressed at *W'm. Goulding's Coffee house, Water-street, Mihvaukee, Wisconsin, North America.' 22 Ibid.9 copied from the Nottingham Review. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 391 tion and complaint of the administration of the project, charges of misrepresentation made by its agents, and disillusionment by the emigrants. Instead of the land being rich and productive as was represented, they found it poor and incapable of supporting them. 'The greater part of the land is sandy, or wet marsh land, and in the opinion of many practical men, very unsuited for farming.5 James Spurr of Liverpool submitted for publication a long letter23 written by John Wood, giving a dismal picture of the potters' settlement. He had just been at Emanci- pation Ferry on Fox river. On his arrival at Milwaukee, he said, he fell in with eight or ten families on their way back, and they prayed to God that we would stop. They stated that two of the settlers had died of want, and that the whole of them were without money and were in a state of starvation; that the settlers were fighting one amongst another, and that they were swearing vengeance against Twigg, Evans and Rob- inson for deluding them into a barren wilderness. The soil is bad; 'tis nothing but sand. The timber is scarce and stunted. There was much more to the same effect. Wood visited a family from Ashton-under-Lyne and saw other settlers named William Robinson and Mr. Noble, both from Liver- pool, and a Mr. Miller. One of them told him he would not have the land as a gift. A man who shared with other correspondents the repre- hensible habit of writing initials instead of names, and who otherwise would have identified a number of his English neighbors, wrote an interesting letter at Tort Hope near Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin,' January 12, 1851.24 He was in a sour humor.

Our wheat harvest only yielded 12 bushels; so much for 'Twiggite' cultivation. But the man Twigg is, I am told, nearly dead; his complaint 23 Manchester Examiner and Times, August 31, 1850, Supplement. 24 Ibid., March 22, 1851, Supplement. 392 Grant Foreman [June is disease of the lungs; he lives at Port Hope, 9 miles from here. The Emigration Society is 'done up'; the society's store is sold up for debt,— therefore the bubble has burst.

However, he had much to be grateful to Wisconsin for.

Our potato crop amounted to 40 bushels . . . therefore we have plenty for consumption and seed. We had nearly two acres of Indian corn, which is first rate for both man and beast; we like it better than oat meal in porridge, but we have not enough of corn meal to last us through the winter.

'Rose Hill Farm, Farmersville' was the poetic name given by an immigrant in Dane county, who wrote a long letter,25 March 21, 1851. In common with others, regardless of the disaster to the Potters' society, he had cause to be grateful to it for having brought him to Wisconsin. These immigrants had no trouble in locating elsewhere and soon found themselves on the road to comfort if not to prosperity. This immigrant, whose name was not given, stated his convic- tion that any farmer would succeed in Wisconsin if he were diligent and provident. He thought the newly arrived farmer would best purchase a farm already improved, of which a dozen had been offered him; such farms were quoted at from twenty to thirty shillings per acre, but the price was increasing. Among the advantages of living in Wisconsin was the fact that 'we have no rents to pay, no quarter-day to provide for. The land, when once paid for, is the possessor's, without any farther payment whatever except a trifling amount of annual taxes, amounting, upon an 80 acre farm, to twenty or thirty shillings.' Notwithstanding adverse reports that had gone to Eng- land of the Indians, he entertained a high regard for them, and found traffic with them very profitable and convenient; they brought in Venison, game or deer skins. The latter

25 Ibid., April 26, 1851, Supplement. 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 393 is a most useful article, being available for a variety of purposes.' He found the Indians civil and well-behaved, when they called at his home or when he alone met them in the woods. Concerning the grievances of others, he said:

The question is, whether or not the advantages counterbalance the disadvantages. I have no hesitancy in saying they do, so much so, that I have no desire to return to England, being well satisfied with the prospects afforded here. One great eyesore to many persons is the dwelling houses, and this I must say is well founded, most of them "being unsightly both externally and internally. For the most part, they are built of huge and untrimmed logs, the open spaces between which being filled with cement. He had no sympathy with those who complained of the solitude and loneliness of his new home.

To me it is a positive enjoyment and luxury to contemplate the vast jprairies, high bluffs, and, in some spots, romantic scenery of these districts. I care not if I never take up my abode again in a large commercial town like Manchester. If an individual has grown weary of the noise, racket, and anxiety attendant upon the business and competition characteristic of a manufacturing city, he may to his heart's content find the antidote in Wisconsin. Another evil naturally complained of is the exceeding badness of the roads; and in wet weather particularly, bad .enough they are in all conscience. Mr. H and myself were, one day, twelve hours in riding in a wagon twenty miles. The lack of circulating money in the country also caused much inconvenience and hardship. Another novel blessing they enjoyed was the absence of game laws.

Deer, rabbits, ducks, geese, wild fowl, and fish, are open to all to obtain without license. The Yankees open their eyes, and wonder, when we talk about poaching in England; they have no such word in their dictionary. I do not say that an emigrant will amass riches, popularly so- called in this country, but if riches consist in living in a state of independence on his own farm, enjoying the fruits of his own labor and his own possessions, cultivating with gratitude his eighty-acre plot of land, 394 Grant Foreman [June and possessing within his own bosom the happy consciousness of knowing that he holds securely, abundance and to spare of earthly good, then I believe that the Wisconsin farmer, generally speaking, is more worthy of the appellation of wealthy, than the commercial man of England.

It is little wonder that the English immigrants in Wiscon- sin, regardless of disappointments and hardships, preferred to remain in their new home rather than return to England. The writer of this article undertook without success to trace the fortunes of the Potters' emigration society through the files of the Examiner; only the first two volumes, covering the first year of its existence, are to be seen in the British museum. Though he tried in the principal libraries in London and Manchester and canvassed the principal rare book shops in London, he was unable to learn of another file of the paper. The proprietor of the Museum book store was the only dealer seen who had ever heard of the publication. How long it continued to appear it is impossible to say from available information, but it doubtless suspended when adversity overtook the project. In Buck's complaining letter of December 2, 1849, he deplores the fact that letters to England reporting favorably on the Wisconsin emigration project were sure to appear in the Examiner, leaving the impression that it was still being published. This writer turned thousands of pages of English newspapers in the British museum newspaper building at Colin- dale in the search for the material briefly referred to herein, and for further information touching the ultimate fate of the Potters' emigration society and the subsequent experiences of the members who came to Wisconsin, which he is obliged to leave as an unfinished story. Dr. Joseph Schafer kindly directed attention to a small book published by A. J. Turner, called The Family Tree of Columbia County, Wisconsin. It contains a brief account of the Potters' emigration so- 1938] English Potters in Wisconsin 895 ciety, as related to the localities in which the immigrants settled.26 Mr. Turner states that the first purchase of land by the society in 1846 was made at a place first called 'Potters- ville,' and later the town of Scott. That Thomas Twiggs came out in 1849 to purchase 50,000 acres and he did purchase a considerable amount, principally in the towns of Fort Winnebago and Moundville. On section 4 on the banks of the Fox River, at a place they called 'Emancipation Ferry/ now known as 'Hume's Grove/ Mr. Twiggs established a ferry, opened a store for the society and also put in operation a blacksmith shop. The store venture proved a failure. It was also a part of the plan to put a dam in Neenah Creek near Corning Station, but the project was never entered upon. The society's affairs became so involved, that suits were brought against it, judgment obtained and a levy made upon the tract of land in the town of Scott. Friends of the parties living upon the land bought it at the sale and permitted the occupants to live upon it. All confidence in the society was now lost and it soon disbanded. Some of the emigrants returned to England, but the greater part of them remained, and the sons and grandsons of the Potters' Emigration Society may still be found here in large numbers, principally in Scott, Fort Winnebago, Mound- ville, and Buffalo. Mr. Twiggs, the last manager of the society's affairs, died where he had established the ferry and is buried in the grove near by.

Dr. Schafer examined the manuscript census of 1860 and secured the names of all native English family heads in the four towns identified by Mr. Turner as those settled by the English potters. Two of the towns are in Columbia county, and two in Marquette county. The names, totalling eighty-three, of whom seventy-six were heads of farm families, are as follows:

Town of Fort Winnebago, Columbia county, Wisconsin—Charles Baker, William Burnell, James Clithers, Jacob Davis, Thomas Dean, J. D. Mercomb, John Robins, John Scott, John Singleton, Alfred Wilcox, James Wilson. Town of Scott, Columbia county, Wisconsin—John Alsosak, Thomas Bill, Harriet Bradshaw, John Cook, Hamlet Copeland, Richard Crookson, 23 See pp. 70-73. 396 Grant Foreman

Henry Dooley, James Hammond, John Hammond, Benjamin Hopkins, William Jarvis, Mary Lang, William Mills, George Robertshaw, Edward Rudd, John Sawyer, Joseph Sayers, William Smith, Charles Stancer, James Thomas, Joseph Towner, Peter Watkins. Town of Buffalo, Marquette county, Wisconsin—Thomas Boothroyd, Henry Cripps, Charles Kemplar, Benjamin Whitehead. Town of Moundville, Marquette county, Wisconsin—Joseph Barton, Benjamin Bennett, Edward Bennett, William Bennett, Crawford Brown, Samuel Cadman, Richard Clark, George Cocker, Peter Cockroft, George Denby, Thomas W. Elliot, John Ellis, Christopher Ellison, Charles Faulkner, Hugh Hall, Stephen Hill, William Hopwood, David Horton, William Hurd, Robert Keen, Thomas Keen, Thomas Mills, Thomas Moss, William Mountford, Ann Nixon, John Olive, Richard Olive, Wil- liam Page, John Peake, Thomas Potter, John Powell Sr., John Powell Jr., William Seholes, John Scott, Joseph Shaw, William Shaw, George Skinner, Ainsworth Slater, Isaac Smith, Henry C. Stanton, George Stubbins, John Sutcliffe, John Townly, Silvester Wade, William Wat- son, William Wheeldon.

A few single men were farm laborers, and several single women were working as domestics. The atlas of Marquette county, town of Moundville, shows at least fifteen of the original families still represented on farms. Most of these English settlers became very prosperous farmers. WISCONSIN'S EMINENCE

LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG

N 1936 the Dictionary of American Biography in twenty I volumes was completed, with 13,633 separate biographies of persons not living who had attained eminence or importance in their several professions or accomplishments. Re- cently has appeared an index volume classifying the subject of the biographies by their birthplaces, their geographical locations, and their several occupations. There is also a list of the college bred, and the institutions in which education was attained. We propose to make a brief study of the contribution Wisconsin has made, to what has seemed to the editors of this great Dictionary the eminence of our nation. The plans for this work and the carrying it out secured as complete historical accuracy and as impartial a choice as was humanly possible. It is based on the great prototype issued in England a generation ago, The Dictionary of Na- tional Biography, still continuing by additional contributions to present British eminence to the world. The American biographical dictionary was sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies, including the American historical association, and every effort was made to secure im- partiality, accuracy, and inclusiveness. A preliminary committee surveyed the field and appointed Professor Allen Johnson of Yale university editor-in-chief. He was responsible in large measure for the choice of persons to be included and the assignment to biographers. After the unfortunate accident in 1931 that resulted in his death and deprived the undertaking of his services, it was carried to a successful conclusion by his successor, Dr. Dumas Malone. 398 Louise Phelps Kellogg [June

Our purpose in this brief paper is to discover what share in American excellence belongs to Wisconsin as shown by this compilation. Wisconsin, as one of the younger states of the federal union, was not the birthplace of a large number of those contributing to the nation's eminence. The index shows that out of the 13,000 persons selected only fifty- seven were born in the territory or state of Wisconsin. Of these, fifteen or sixteen were the sons of emigrants from Europe; the remainder, or three-fourths, were of what we call American ancestry. This number, however, by no means represents Wis- consin's contribution to the eminent of the United States; indeed! of the Wisconsin-born more than a half attained their careers elsewhere than in Wisconsin, such as Alva Adams, who became governor of Colorado; Thomas J. Walsh, whose work for Montana took him into the United States senate; Eliza R. Scidmore, the traveler and author, who lived more in the Orient than in Wisconsin. On the other hand many children, born elsewhere, coming in youth to Wisconsin, were here educated, and here made their contribution to eminence. In order, therefore, to ascertain from these volumes of biography the real numbers of Wisconsin persons considered eminent, it was necessary to make a hand count of those who make up Wisconsin's share in this enterprise. This resulted in a list of about 225 persons, or less than 2 per cent of the full biographical list. For purposes of comparison it may be noted that the latest volume of Who's Who in America contains 31,434 names of living persons of eminence of whom 845 were born in Wisconsin, and 471 are residents. We now propose to examine some of these names and the reasons for their eminence. Wisconsin has had since its organization as a territory to the present time thirty-two 1938] Wisconsin's Eminence 399 governors, four of whom are still living and therefore find no place in the Dictionary. From among the twenty-eight possibilities remaining thirteen were accorded a place in this work, less than one-half of the number. Of the three territorial governors, Tallmadge is not recorded; James D. Doty is classified in the Dictionary's list as a 'speculator'; Dodge is given his fully deserved credit. Among the state governors, the first two, Dewey and Farwell, are not entered, while Barstow and Bashford, not really more distinguished, are included because of their picturesque quarrel. Edward Salo- mon, the German lieutenant-governor, who on the death of Governor Harvey carried the state through nearly two years of the Civil war, is deserving of a notice, but has been omitted. Of the governors since the war, Fairchild, Wash- burn, Rusk, Hoard, Peck, La Follette, and Philipp are included; Lewis, Taylor, Ludington, William E. Smith, Up- ham, Scofield, and Davidson are omitted, while Blaine died too late to be considered. Wisconsin has sent nineteen men to the United States senate, four of whom were living when the lists were made out. Of the fifteen remaining, ten find a place in the Dic- tionary—Dodge, Doolittle, Howe, Carpenter, Sawyer, Spooner, Vilas, La Follette, Stephenson, and Husting. This is probably a fair choice, although Charles Durkee, the first Free Soil senator in congress, certainly deserves a niche in the Temple of Fame. Four Wisconsin youths became senators from other states, Augustus C. Dodge, Knute Nelson, Thomas J. Walsh, and William Warner. With these groups should be considered congressmen, of whom six from Wisconsin are noted, in addition to those who were also senators and governors; diplomats, seven in number, including Fairchild, Xtufus King, and Paul S. Reinsch; cabinet officers, five—Howe, Payne, Vilas, postmasters gen- 400 Louise Phelps Kellogg [June eral; Schurz and Vilas, secretaries of the interior; and Rusk, secretary of agriculture. This count for the group of public officials is fifty-two, or somewhat less than one-fourth of the number accredited by the Dictionary to our state. With these men of affairs may be classified judges and jurists, wherein Charles Dunn, Byron Paine, Luther S. Dixon, Ed- ward G. Ryan, William P. Lyon, Harlow S. Orton, and John B. Winslow of our supreme court are given; with Gregory, Jackson, Larrabee, and Jenkins of other courts in the state. Editors and journalists belong with men of affairs; of these Wisconsin has had full share; sixteen are listed, including such well known names as David Atwood, William D. Hoard, Horace Rublee, George W. Peck, Marcus M. (Brick) Pomeroy. The last two with Edgar W. Nye are also listed as humorists. James W. Scott, Chicago's eminent journalist, was Wisconsin-born, while Horace White of New York fame lived for a time at early Beloit, where a park is named for him and his father, pioneers of that place. Foster D. Coburn, famous Kansas agricultural editor, and Freder- ick E. Pond, a sporting editor of New York, were natives of Wisconsin earning their fame elsewhere. Turning now to the academic field, it will not be considered strange that Wisconsin shows considerable eminence in this line. Thirteen college presidents are sketched, of whom Adams, Barnard, Bascom, Chadbourne, Chamberlin, Lathrop, and Van Hise served the State university; Chapin, Beloit college, and Mary Mortimer, Milwaukee college. William E. Huntington presided over Boston university, James W. Bashford over Ohio Wesleyan; Fred W. McNair was president of a Michigan college, while Christian K. Preus was for many years head of Luther college at Decorah, Iowa. 1938] Wisconsin's Eminence 401

Of the twenty-seven graduates of the State university, five of the law school and six graduate students, many went to serve elsewhere as physicians, college presidents, diplomats, senators, congressmen, and scholars in many lines; while those who remained to serve the state include La Fol- lette, Reinsch, Rublee, Spooner, Turner, Van Hise, Vilas, and Charles McCarthy. The Dictionary classifies as educators and teachers twenty-one Wisconsin persons of whom Madame Giesler-Anneke and James MacAlister of Milwau- kee, the two Salisburys, Albert and Rollin D., John W. Sterling, and John W. Hoyt are best known. Among scholars are seven historians, five librarians; ar- cheologists, astronomers, biologists, botanists, classicists, en- tomologists, geologists, ornithologists, philologists, political scientists all have representatives from Wisconsin. Thus college presidents, educators, scholars, and librarians total sixty- seven, larger than any other group from Wisconsin. Next in the academic group are the clergymen and missionaries that gave their services to the people of Wisconsin. This group is somewhat enlarged by the inclusion of the early Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth century, Allouez, Andre, Dablon, Druillettes, Marquette, and Menard. Nine- teenth century Catholic missionaries are Baraga, Heiss, Kat- zer, Mazzuchelli, Saenderl, and Verwyst. Protestant beginnings are represented by Sherman Hall, James W. Bash- ford, James Lloyd Breck, Jackson Kemper, Samuel Fal- lows, and Stephen D. Peet, as well as by that enigmatic character Eleazar Williams, mistakenly called the lost dauphin' of France. The clergymen, who accompanied and served our foreign immigrants, were for the Norwegians Claus L. Clausen, Johannes W. C. Dietricjison, Elling Eielsen, Gjermund Hoyme, Christian K. Preus, and Hans G. Stub. The German speaking clergymen noted are Au- 402 Louise Phelps Kellogg [June gust L. Grabner, John Martin Henni, Sebastian G. Mess- mer, and Friedrich A. Schmidt. With the clergymen and missionaries may be classed the reformers such as Olympia Brown, Eugene W. Chafin, Samuel D. Hastings, May Eliza Wright Sewall, Anna H. Shaw, and Frances E. Wil- lard. This group numbers forty-six, next to public servants in numerical importance. Authors usually obtain much publicity, but in a new state like Wisconsin the leisure for quiet writing was not usual, and those listed in the Dictionary index under this head number but sixteen. Include with these the poets, such as Peer O. Stromme, James Gates Percival, Ella Wheeler Wilcox; the dramatist, George C. Hazelton; and the historians (already classed among scholars), Frederick Jackson Turner, Charles Kendall Adams, Lyman C. Draper, Reuben G. Thwaites, and the Wisconsin-born James B. Perkins, and authorship attains the respectable propor- tions of twenty-five in the claim of Wisconsin to eminence. It should, however, be noted that most scientists, professors, and scholars may also be ranked as authors. Artists are still more rare in a newer state; the only accredited architect is Father Mazzuchelli; the sculptors are two women of whom Wisconsin is proud, Vinnie Ream Hoxie and Helen F. Mears; musicians are Peter C. Lutkin, Wisconsin-born, John C. Fillmore of early Milwaukee, and Annie Aubertine Woodward Moore, writer on musical sub- jects, totaling but six names. Among the physicians that have served Wisconsin, or having been born here have carried their fame elsewhere, are many quiet, notable men, whose names do not appear in any lists. However, several from Wisconsin have been sufficiently acclaimed to be included in the list we are examining. William Beaumont, Henry B. Favill, Walter Kempster, 1938] Wisconsin's Eminence 403

John B. Murphy, Albert J. Ochsner, and Nicholas Senn are found among the eminent, with Seth S. Bishop as a laryngologist. Turning aside from the professions, what has Wisconsin achieved in business and manufacturing? It may be noted that several of Wisconsin's capitalists are included for other reasons than their riches. Thus Philetus Sawyer and Isaac Stephenson were exploiting lumbermen, but also United States senators; Alexander Mitchell, the Milwaukee banker, also went to congress. The Dictionary list includes as bank- ers Mitchell and his partner, George Smith, noted only for his money making achievements; Francis M. Smith, also a capitalist, who made his money by cornering borax in another state. Lumbermen, besides those named above, include Edward E. Ayer, also a bibliophile and book collector. Wisconsin manufacturers are Edward P. Allis, Jerome I. Case, George Esterly (also an inventor), Cadwallader C. Washburn, miller, and Michael Cudahy, meat packer. Two are classified as miners, George Wallace Jones and Moses Meeker. Railway builders are Alexander Mitchell and Henry C. Payne, while George W. Goetz and Richard G. G. Moldenke are metallurgists of the list. With this group may be listed Charles Ringling, circus magnate, and possibly Harry Houdini, magician, making sixteen or seventeen devoted wholly or in part to capitalism. Soldiers and naval officers total fourteen; among the former Joseph Bailey, Edward S. Bragg, Jonas M. Bundy, Lucius Fairchild, and Rufus King of Civil war fame; Wil- liam G. Haan of the World war; while Zebulon M. Pike, William E. Merrill, Zachary Taylor represent officers of regular or professional status. Miscellaneous groups are agriculturists, eight, including Franklin H. King, Hiram Smith, William D. Hoard, and 404 Louise Phelps Kellogg

John W. Hoyt. There are five engineers, including John B. Johnson and Roland D. Irving. Four are listed as fur traders including Ramsay Crooks, Robert Dickson, Peter Pond, and Joseph Rolette. From this group is omitted Hercules L. Dousman, who might have been also put among the capitalists, being one of Wisconsin's earliest millionaires. Inven- tors also are listed as follows: Carl E. Akeley, John F. Appleby, George Esterly, and the inventor of the type- writer, Christopher L. Sholes. Stephen M. Babcock, of milk tester fame, died too late to be included. Travelers and explorers may be classed together: of the latter ten belong to the seventeenth century; three, Charlevoix, Peter Pond, and Jonathan Carver to the eighteenth; while Zebulon M. Pike, John Muir, Jeremiah Curtin, and Mrs. E. R. Scidmore are nineteenth century travelers and explorers. This study is of necessity empirical and without full accuracy. Numbers of persons are included herein who belong to one or more other states; while probably some who contributed to Wisconsin's fame have been omitted. If the research is worth anything it is to show in a general way in what fields Wisconsin men and women have attained eminence. Thus public service, education and scholarship, and the self-denying activities of missionaries, clergymen, and reformers brought greater rewards in fame than the efforts of capitalists, manufacturers, or business men. Those devoted to the arts were few, and even authorship did not flourish to the extent it does in the present, when Who's Who classifies forty of Wisconsin residents as writers. Perhaps this brief study may in some way aid ambitious youth in choosing a vocation that may add to the luster of Wisconsin's name in future years. SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF THOMAS PEDERSON

HE rigorous winter of 1888 was followed by a very T nice spring. Bright sunshiny days, one just like the other. Days ran into weeks, and weeks into months without change. We did our spring seeding and planting, hoping for rain every day, but no rain came. The plant- ings came up but looked yellow and sickly. The water from all that snow had, of course, run into sloughs and low places while the ground was frozen solid and left little or no moisture for the crops. People began to get discouraged and talked of leaving, some did go. No one was financially able to stay without raising a crop. They would have nothing to live on. I didn't know what to do. I hated to leave my new home where all my future hopes were centered. But I had a wife and child to consider, besides her parents had had enough of North Dakota and wanted to leave. But where to go? We had no information in regard to the boundaries of the drought. In this crisis we had a visitor, A. L. Gorden, a distant relative of my wife's folks. His home was in Hen- drum, Norman county, Minnesota, right in the heart of the Red river valley. He had moved up there from the place where I was born and raised, Long Coulee, Wisconsin, and knew my parents very well. Having sold eighty acres of his farm for a town site, the village of Hendrum being located on it, he was now prosperous. He had quit farming and was the proprietor of a large general store. During a day's visit he talked me into leaving this Devils lake country and coming down to Hendrum. That, he said, was God's country, but here, no future here. Of course, he saw the country at its worst when everything was parched and withered. 406 Recollections of Tliomas Pederson [June

I made him no promise, but after he had left, we talked it over seriously. I had no capital to sustain us for another year without raising a crop, and the prospect of a crop was very slim, indeed. So we decided to go, but I was determined to hold on to my land and come back when that drought was over. I rigged up a prairie schooner, getting the necessary bows and canvas from one of the Indian traders. This we filled with the most necessary articles such as clothing, bed clothes, cooking utensils, etc. The rest of our stuff we gave away to our neighbors, no one having any money with which to buy anything. It was with mixed emotions that I started up the oxen that morning, leaving behind everything with which I had knit such high hopes for the future. But I was coming back, of that I felt sure, but I've never been back. I had rented my field, now somewhat more than the first five acres, to our nearest neighbor. He cut what little there was and sent me my share, four dollars. The next two years nothing was raised although the field was sowed every spring. The few settlers who were left there .because they could not get away went through a frightful experience. There was no organized relief then, such as we have now. I heard later that they had eaten prairie dogs (gophers) to sustain life. We escaped, but also lost our land. There were no roads to follow, not even a trail. I steered my schooner true marine fashion by the compass. I knew that Hendrum lay in a southeasterly direction, and that the distance was about 125 miles straight across country, but what lay in between I knew nothing about. It proved to be very little except 'wide open spaces.' As we slowly drew away from the 'Devil's backbone,' it looked for all the world as if we were heading out into an ocean. No landmark, nothing to catch the eye, only the distant horizon where the 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 407 sky and prairie met. We each had a cow. We did not like to give them away so we took them along. The progress was necessarily slow. Oxen are not noted for speed; neither are cows. But each day we made some progress. The women rode in the wagon, and we men folks walked. We finally lost sight of the 'backbone' and it seemed as if we were alone in an uninhabited world. One day we came upon a building which proved to be a large granary, painted and in first class condition. Since it was nearly night, we camped there till morning. We could then see that a large tract of the prairie had been under cultivation. The scene was mute evidence of blasted hope. Someone, no doubt settling there under promise of a railroad coming through, had started farming on a large scale only to find himself without any market for his products. One day we came to the bank of a river which I knew must be the Sheyenne. It wasn't in our way. We just followed the bank for a ways, then it swung away from our course. It was most welcome though. We had brought what water we could, but the supply was exhausted. Now we re- plenished besides letting the animals drink what they could. A few miles from the river we came upon a faint trail, and as it went in nearly the right direction, we followed it. Late that night we came upon the first outpost of civilization again, a sod house, with a family living in it. From them we got the welcome information that we were on the right course and were close to settlements. I do not know how straight a course we had traveled, but we did come out exactly where I had planned that we should. Our route took us through Portland and Mayville, lying one on each side of the Goose river. Having passed through Mayville we came on to the great Grandin farm. I do not know how large it is, or if it still exists under one management, but at that time it cov- 408 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June ered several townships. We traveled a whole day without getting off of the farm. Shortly we came to the bridge across Red river, and there was Hendrum less than a mile from the river. Our journey was nearly ended, for soon our schooner came to anchor in front of A. L. Gorden's store, and that genial gentleman gave us a hearty welcome. It felt good to be able to sit down and rest after that long walk, and the women certainly enjoyed the change from their cramped positions in the schooner. But after a few days of idleness, I became restless. I still had a little money, but it wouldn't last very long if I didn't earn some more. I broached the subject to Mr. Gorden one day. 'Oh, that's all right,' he said. 'You can start working in the store right away. I need another clerk. I will pay you $500 a year.' Well, that was fine, and wages not bad for those days. Next step was to get a house to live in. Mr. Gorden offered me his old farmhouse and an acre of ground in the outskirts of the village. I do not recollect the price now, but it was cheap. The house, quite a large one, needed remodeling. I hired this done at once and commenced working in the store. I wasn't without experience at this work, having clerked in two different stores at Holmen, Wisconsin, so I got along fine, that is, as far as selling goods was concerned. But there was another clerk, recently from Norway, who was highly educated and trained to the business. He resented my intrusion into that store with all the intensity of his fiery being, and quite openly made everything as difficult for me as he could. When Mr. Gorden was in the store, he behaved quite well, but when we were alone, his ugly mood came out. As my temper also was very short, it was difficult at times to avoid coming to blows. I was too proud to speak to Mr. Gor- den about it. Instead, I kept my own temper under control 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 409 and ignored him. What he resented most was that we were getting the same wages, and he suspected that I would re- place him. In time we became great friends. His name was Albert Eckman. He has long been a banker at Hendrum. I soon became very popular as clerk in Gorden's store, and for no other reason than that I was honest. For instance, a customer wanted a pair of shoes, and I would set out a few pairs stating the price of each. Mostly they would pick up the cheapest pair, perhaps try them on, and then ask: 'Are these good shoes?' I would answer: 'No, they are not very good shoes. They are cheap shoes. If you want good shoes, you better buy these. These are guaranteed. If they are not good, you can get your money back.' Or some women would be buying dress goods. They would pick out some bright colors and ask: cAre these fast colors?' If they weren't, I would say: 'No, I am afraid not, but here are some that are. If these fade, you can bring them right back, and I'll give you your money back.' Thus, by simply doing my plain duty, my fame as an honest store clerk spread over the country, and I found myself very busy. People would stand around for an hour until I could wait on them although the other clerk perhaps had nothing to do. It was some time before I learned the reason for my popularity. I resented the fact that I was doing twice as much work as the other clerk. The volume of business also increased. People who had been trading at other stores came to Gorden's, so most of the time we were very busy. I always opened the store between five and six o'clock in the morning, and seldom could we lock up before ten or eleven in the evening. Many a dinner did I miss because there was no time to eat it. 410 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June

The Hendrum post office was also located in the store, Mr. Gorden being the postmaster. I was sworn in as assistant. I had an awful time memorizing the names of the owners of all the boxes. At last I made a large chart with all the boxes on it, together with the number and name of each owner, and hung it over the sorting table. After that it was easy. The store was quite large with two departments, one for groceries and hardware, the other for shoes, dry goods, and clothing. Also an extensive line of drugs was carried, there being no law to prohibit their sale then. The conditions under which we labored in a store at that time, forty-five years ago, differed vastly from what they are today, even in the smallest stores. All the goods, from spices up, came in bulk and had to be weighed out in ounces or pounds as the case might be. And there were no paper bags as now. We had to make our own packages, or containers, mostly out of heavy brown paper that came in folded sheets of various sizes. Now nearly all groceries are sold in neat pasteboard car- tons, or tin cans. All a clerk has to do is to set them out on the counter. Not so in those days. A customer would call for a dollar's worth of sugar. You would scoop it up into the scoop on the scales, grab up a large sheet of the folded paper, spread it out on the counter, and pour the sugar onto it. Out of this you must make a neat package, also one that would not spill the sugar. For a very small package, spices for instance, you tore off a small piece of paper, turned it deftly around your left thumb, and behold you had something that looked exactly like an ice cream cone. Into this you poured the spices after first closing up the pointed end by doubling it over a couple of times and closing the large end in much the same way. Prunes were always bought by the hogshead. A hogshead of prunes weighed 600 pounds. 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 411

The big barrel was rolled into the store, the head of it knocked out and there it stood till emptied. The prunes had to be dug out with a three-pronged iron hook. I always hated that job, and it seemed that everybody bought prunes. Syrup came in fifty-gallon barrels and had to be measured out and poured into jugs through a funnel, kerosene the same, there was no pump. In those days there were no ready made ladies' or children's dresses sold. Every store had to carry a great variety of dress goods, from cheap calicos and ginghams to fine woolens, velvets and silks, and it took about ten yards for an ordinary woman's dress. The yard measure was marked off on the counter with round headed brass tacks. It was Some- times quite a trying ordeal when some lady customer was unable to decide what to buy, and everything on the shelves had to be taken down and unrolled for her inspection. And then, perhaps, after an hour of this she would walk out without buying anything and proceed to another store. There were always a few chronic cases of this kind, and when we saw them coming in we would try hard to avoid them. (Going into a modern store today I can not but envy the clerks who work there. They do not have to dig around in a hogshead of prunes, or mess around a barrel of sticky syrup, or fish out herring, white fish, or trout from big barrels with the brine dripping all over the floor and sometimes over one as well. Progress has certainly been made along this line, and it is all to the good.) The Red river valley may be called the heart of the Middle West. In richness and fertility it rivals the Nile valley. The loam soil is very deep, from perhaps five or six feet to forty. Even in that distant day nearly every foot of it was farmed, and the farmers were generally well to do. My wife's parents bought five acres of land on the Wild 412 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June

Rice river southeast of town and built themselves a snug little house among the trees on the river bank. A couple of years later I sold my Hendrum property and built a house close to theirs so their daughter could be near them. They were getting old. Through the four years that we stayed in the valley many things happened. Only a few can be recorded. Two more children came to us, a girl and a boy. We were living a most happy life, no worries of any kind and perfectly satisfied with the change that we had made. Two freak hailstorms occurred while we were there. One came on a hot sultry afternoon in June, I think it was, of our second summer there. Heavy clouds forecast rain, but no rain seemed to come, but a distant roar was heard which continued. We stood out in the street looking and listening, wondering what it could be. Then a hailstone as big as a hen's egg fell close to us, then another and another, and we scur- ried for shelter. Then they came down so thick that nothing could be seen even across the street. The hail ended ab- ruptly, and the rain came in torrents, then a wind of almost cyclonic force. If that wind had come with the hail, I doubt that a building would have been left standing. As it was, about all the window glass was gone, the shingles all knocked off or ruined, and even the siding on the houses was splintered. When we ventured out, the hailstones lay eight inches deep on the ground and nearly all were the uniform size of a hen's egg. All in all, it was the fiercest storm of its kind I've ever witnessed. A coulee or ravine between town and the Red river could not be crossed with teams late that evening, the hailstones in the bottom being three feet deep. The river rose seven feet in a short time and nearly wrecked the bridge. Where the hail struck, in a width of between two and three 1938] . Recollections of Thomas Pederson 413 miles, not a green thing was left. The marks of those hailstones showed in the ground all that summer, and the timber along the river was ruined. Only the very largest trees had any limbs left, the others stood like trimmed poles. We could see the houses on the Dakota side through what before the storm was a half-mile of timber. The other hailstorm that struck the next summer was less severe, but a freak in that the hailstones instead of being round and smooth were jagged chunks of ice with sharp points and corners, some very large. These again played havoc with the roofs. The worst and most sad affair was a diphtheria epidemic that swept the country one winter. Antitoxin had not been discovered, and the doctors seemed unable to check the disease, or to save the lives of those who became ill with it. In some families every child died, in others, one or two would be left. There was no attempt at quarantine, and if the doctor did attempt it, it was utterly ignored. Every day some member from those stricken families would come into the store and stay there for hours, just to get away from the misery at home. This was especially true of the fathers, and this, of course, was the cause of the spread of the disease. It swept the whole territory adjacent to Hendrum. How I escaped bringing it home to my children is well nigh a miracle, but we did escape. About two years after I commenced working for him, Mr. Gorden sold his store—buildings and all. It was sold to two men from Ada, county seat of Norman county. Con- trary to all expectations, the new owners retained my services. I didn't like it so well under the new management but I stayed with them about a year. Mr. Eckman, the other clerk, together with Mr. Gorden's youngest brother bought out the hardware store and lumberyard which business he 414 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June conducted for many years until he entered the bank as cash- ier and later as president. That same year another large store was started in Hen- drum by two brothers named Anderson. They owned and operated a large farm on the banks of Red river and decided to go into business as a sideline. They had been our best customers. Not long after they had started, they found that they needed experienced help and approached me with a proposition of a higher salary if I would come to them. I knew them well as old customers but didn't know what kind of business men they were, so I declined. But they came again and again, and one day begged me to come over to their store and pick out their first stock of clothing. That I thought I could do and got a half day off and went over. The salesman was there with at least a hundred samples of ready made men's and boys' clothing. When I saw the amount of samples, I asked Mr. Anderson how much money he wanted to put into the first stock of clothing. He named an amount, and I went at it. Every coat in that lot of samples was a perfect fit for that salesman. He would put them on, one by one, and strut up and down the store for my inspection. Every suit I chose was laid aside and when we were through, it was quite a pile. Anderson had been watching all the time without making any comment. When the amount was figured up, it proved to be three times as much as the sum he had indicated. He didn't know what to do, neither did I. I said: 'Mr. Anderson, I've done the best I could with all these samples to choose from. It is now up to you to dis- card those that you do not want.' He studied awhile and then to the huge delight of the salesman he said: Til take them all.' 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 415

I then asked permission to come back when the goods had arrived and mark the retail price on each suit. To that he agreed, and to finish this yarn, six months later there was scarcely one of those suits left in the store. They had all been sold. Later I yielded to Mr. Anderson's continued pleas and resigned my old job and came over to sell goods for him. And only for one circumstance, I would no doubt still be in Hendrum, now perhaps a prosperous merchant. And that one thing was the alkali water. At that time there was no water to be had for drinking or cooking purposes except that from shallow surface wells. I had always enjoyed robust health; except for measles in my childhood, I had never had a sick day in my life. That water affected me from the beginning, but being strong and healthy I tried to fight off the effects and to use as little of it as possible. But I had to use some, and gradually the bad effects became more serious. My stomach was upset all the time till I scarcely could eat anything without suffering misery afterwards, and I commenced getting sick headaches that nearly drove me crazy. I would wake up in the morning with a headache which would get worse all day until towards evening I would nearly lose my senses. It got so that this came on nearly every other day, and still I had to prance up and down behind the counter, waiting on customers, good-natured and smiling. I sought the doctor's help, oh, yes, but the doctor could do nothing for me. That alkali was simply poison for my system. At last I told Anderson that I would have to quit and move away from there. He offered me a partnership in the business if I would stay. He thought there must be some remedy, but I had suffered so much that I was discouraged. I was also run down physically to a degree where my will power could no longer drive the body into functioning. I 416 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June could no longer digest any food, and the almost constant severe headaches were reducing me to a nervous wreck. I knew that if I didn't get away from there, I wouldn't last much longer, and even in my misery I didn't want to die. But before leaving Hendrum I must relate a couple of experiences I had with blizzards while there. The first one was during the first winter we were there. For some reason, or rather lack of reason, the schoolhouse had been built nearly eighty rods outside of town instead of in town where it belonged, and it was only after many years that this was corrected. One day a fierce blizzard struck, so bad that it was out of the question for either teacher or pupils to get home. The Gordens had six or seven children at school, and their mother was anxious for fear that they would venture out into the storm. Mr. Lee, another merchant who had two boys at school, also came over, wondering if anything could be done. Finally Mr. Gorden asked me if I thought that I could get to the schoolhouse with the team. I said I would try if someone would go with me. There were quite a few men in the store but no one volunteered. Then Mr. Lee went home and got his clerk, a big strapping reckless fellow. He said that he would go. There was plenty of help to get the horses harnessed, a hayrack put on the sled, and all the robes and blankets that could be gathered thrown in. At the last minute Mr. Gorden brought three or four strings of sleigh- bells that were buckled on to the horses. This last precaution was useless, the bells filling up with snow almost instantly. But a kind Providence guided the horses to the schoolhouse, we got all the inmates loaded on to the sled, and the horses found their way back again. Except for the children living in the nearest houses, all were kept at Gorden's home that night. The whole affair lasted only a few minutes, but was fierce while it lasted, and we were perhaps foolhardy. 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 417

On the other occasion, a year later, I was going after grandma, my wife's mother, Mrs. Gorden wanting her for some purpose. I had three miles to drive, the last half-mile or so through the timber along the river. It had started to storm before I left, but I was confident that I could make it. It was easy going down, having the wind in the back, besides Gorden's driving team was very fast. I noticed that the storm was rapidly increasing in velocity, so hurried the old lady to get ready. Coming out of the timber on my way back I was met by a dense smother of snow that shut out all vision. I put the old lady down in the bottom of the sled, covered her up with robes, and started again on my way home. I had to depend entirely on the horses; there were times when I couldn't see their heads. I was driving cross country following no road, and my only salvation was to keep the horses straight against the wind. If I could do that, I would get back to town or hit the road close to it. When I located myself, the horses were turning down the alley to the barn. I had driven down the street without knowing it. Both of my cheeks were solidly covered with ice, but I had been able to keep my eyes and nose open. Grandma had not suffered, lying under the robes warm and comfortable not realizing what a perilous journey she had made. The horses couldn't see any more than I could. It was pure instinct that took them home. It was hard for us to leave Hendrum. We had acquired a host of friends, besides it was such a pleasant place to live in. In addition to the Gordens there were two more families, farmers in the neighborhood, who were relatives of my wife's folks. One was the George J. Newland family the other the P. O. Ingberg family, both prominent farmers, the latter one of the outstanding men in Norman county. They objected to our leaving, as did also all of my customer friends who had 418 Recollections of Thomas Pederson [June followed me from one store to the other, besides I was well aware that I was leaving the best financial prospect that would ever come to me. And that proved true. But I had no choice. I was 'all in' physically and could stand it no longer. As we had no place to move to, I wrote my parents that we were coming back there for awhile, knowing that that was one place where we always would be welcome. I didn't tell them about my poor health. The day we arrived back home my head ached so that I didn't care whether I lived or died. Anything to get relief from the misery. It took quite a while for me to get well again. I got so that I could eat again without suffering agonies, but the headaches stayed with me for years. They became less frequent and violent, but I suffered a great deal with them. I did what work I could at home that summer and when the harvest season came, had so far recuperated that I went west to work through harvest and threshing. I went as near to Hendrum as I dared, staying in the outskirts of the alkali district, but near enough to run in once in awhile to greet old friends. As I was an expert grain stacker, I didn't get any threshing to do but stacked grain all fall. There was an enormous crop in the valley that summer and considerable of the grain didn't get threshed till the next spring. A number of the stacks I made stood over winter. When I got home, I hired out to C. A. Scholander of Holmen and clerked in his store that winter. Having secured some plats of vacant lands in Minnesota, my brother-in-law, Math T. Munson, and I took a trip out there to look them over. We first landed at Little Falls, but didn't like the country around there, so went on to Randall, ten miles farther up the line. Here we found fine land and good timber. After looking the country over carefully, we each 1938] Recollections of Thomas Pederson 419 selected eighty acres of railroad land and on our way home stopped off at St. Paul and bought it. My parents didn't want me to go away again and offered the home farm to me on most any terms, but to be frank, I dreaded the idea of two families, one old and one young, living together even in a house as large as theirs was. It hurt me to turn their offer down, knowing as I did that I was the son they expected to lean on in their old age. I also knew that I again was turning down an opportunity that would have made me financially independent for life. But my own family was very dear to me, and I wouldn't risk that their lives should be made unhappy. [To be continued] DOCUMENTS DIARY OF GEORGE W. STONER—1862—Continued Friday Aug 1st 1862 Cool & pleasant—wind in the west—finished up the 48 a[cre] piece—-my left wrist gave out at night—changed work—went to shocking Was fearful I should be obliged to give out entirely—Boys had quite a time sparing after supper jumping &c Saturday 2d Pleasant—went to work in 28 a L north side of House near old Pond. Fif [e] W.[heat] & much better than the other—continued on shocking—during the forenoon—came in town with Joe & wife—after dinner found Seth Bartlett & Jerush here—went over to a race with seth— proved to be a failure Sunday 3d cloudy—but pleasant Arose rather late—did not go to C[hurch] A went to Bapt[ist] Elder Johnson preached for the first—went down home got a basket of Green Corn &c. wrote to John. Mr & Mrs H & C. in Started for Vromans afoot got a chance to ride most of the way— Monday 4th Pleasant—all went over to Vs South farm—to work Wheat very heavy—took dinner over there—Showery—comcd to rain about 4 o clock—came home to Joes through the rain—rained very hard after we arrived —Joe pretty well set up Tuesday 5th clear & pleasant—got a good start for work—comcd as soon as we arrived had a lame finger— troubled me a considerable—all the remainder of the hands discharged but me—Joe & 2 Boys staid over—the rest came back J tighter than ever Wednesday 6th Pleasant—Jim the Irishman Geo. V. & myself finished binding & stacking up the bal. of wheat cut yesterday—cool day to work—strong indications of rain— but blew over Joe tighter than ever so bad as to stagger —took supper at 5 oc V came home—worked till 7 oc & walked over— Documents 421

Thursday 7th Pleasant but rather sultry—went over to work in good season—bound wheat for Alph Bitmun in forenoon—Ed & Mat came back to work again Worked in oats in after11 Was very hot—the hotest day in harvest Everything cut down on S farm—Moon light nights Friday 8th Pleasant but still very warm—worked at binding oats all day—Joe left in morn'g—dident get back again—comcd to rain after 5'oc. Got the oats nearly all up Had a chance to work to morrow for Alp B—Rode home in rain Saturday 9th cloudy—rained a heavy shower this morng at day light—too wet to work at harvesting—all hands came to town—rod in in Double team—Rode in with Elick Winston from Plow Inn.1 Found Dexter Kasson & Jerush here—Mowed the grass in door yd—went up town after dinner. Got $10 of Joe Vroman—Pd rent $8.33 on house to Sept 1st Saw about getting money on Camp R[andall] orders—filed my papers with Secr'y of State— shall get it when there is more money in Treas. Went up to Lodge Room in eveng. Dave Wright posted me in F.[ellow Craft] D [illegible] Burnam called Sunday Aug. 10th Pleasant but warm Deck came in at 12 oc last night—went up to P.O. with him this morng —remained at home all day—Hills folks came in after Din- ner—Comcd raining at % Pst 4'oc—raned [sic] till sun down— Monday 11th Pleasant but very warm Rained hard early this morng—went up town great excitement in regard to war—had a number of offers to enlist—Dex. left at 12 oc—124 the ratio of troops for city of M2—rode out to Vromans with a Mr McKinney. Tuesday 12th Pleasant—but not as warm as yesterday—worked at oats near house—all day did not finish them —Quite an excitement in the country in regard to the war— 1 Plow or Plough inn was a red brick tavern on the Verona road. It still stands on Monroe street, Madison, and has been remodeled into a home. 2 The draft for soldiers began in August, 1862. Any community that had filled its quota by volunteers was exempt from draft. Madison was required to raise 124 men or draft them. 422 Documents [June

People all have a great fear of drafting Meetings are being held all oover [$ic~] the country Wednesday 13th Cloudy—all went over to South farm & finished binding up grain—came back at 2 oc— worked on oats left yesterday Worked till % pst 4 or 5 oc when it comcd to rain War meeting at Oak Hall to night—again—continued to rain all night—will stop stacking— Thursday 14th Still raining this morn'g rained nearly all night Came in town with Joe Vroman this forenoon found the state of war excitement running high, tomorrow the last day of enlisting—cleared off at 10 oc Went to a great war meeting in the eveng at As- sembly Hall—A. & Miss Larkin with me—Great enthusi- asm prevailed—G B Smith—Judge Orton3 Jusen Slavan & others addressed the meeting—quite a crowd of Ladies present a large number enlisted—Good vocal & Instru- mental music for the occasion—Broke up at % pst 10 Friday 15th Clear & Pleasant—helped A wash in morng—Sen Cole called also Mrs Norton—Went fishing as far as the mill—couldent get any bate .& came back Great excitement up town—Stores all closed at l'oc & every body turned to recruiting—cannon firing—& bells ringing— A large number of people in from the country—Bot & Vilas going in one Co.4—another large meeting in the evening Sen Cole called again in afternoon also Miss Bright— went up to war meeting—a very large crowd in attendance— Dr Norris, Orton & others spoke—gave $10.00 Saturday 16th Pleasant—wind in South The public mind quieted the full quota for Dane co made up —Prof Martin wanted me to engage in his record business— Fire broke out in camp this afternoon, part of the barracks 3Harlow S. Orton (1818-95) came to Milwaukee in 1847. His first public service was secretary for Governor Farwell. He was elected to the supreme court in 1859. 4 Sinclair W. Botkin, graduate of the university in 1857, and William F. Vilas, enlisted in Company A, Twenty-third Wisconsin infantry. Vilas was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and commanded the regiment at the siege of Vicks- burg; Botkin was captain of Company A. 1938] Documents 423 burned Mrs Dorn took tea with us Went home with her—saw Dr Warren. Sunday 17th P 1 e a s a n t—breakfasted at 9.oe. Walked out to Hills stoped at Botkins—B. not at home —Hills folks all at home—young Jenkins there staid till after dinner & came home—rode part the way back— Vroman came in after me about 6 oc—looked like rain Monday 18th Pleasant—prospects for a fair day— stacked wheat in south Lot on old farm Stacked 35 Loads—found it pretty hard work—put it all into one stack —Laboring for my country this week—to pay up my subscription of $10.00 Tuesday 19th Pleasant but rather warm—Stacked all day finished the large field near the house— Wednesday 20 Rained in the morning Drawed one load before Dinner—came off pleasant in afternoon. Stacked oats & put in Barn—Slept poorly last night Thursday 21st Cloudy—Went over to south farm & stacked for A Bitney—put up 24 Loads when it began raining—came home in a heavy shower. Stoped stacking for to day Slacked up towards night Friday 22d Cloudy in the morning Had a very good nights rest—too wet to stack to day—came in town with Vroman—Mrs. V. & Geo. came in. Found Jerusha here— made out my tax list certificate & swore to it for P. H. Turner. Went up town. Recd of Joe Vroman 1200 [sic'] for work. Remained at home in afternoon—A &c I took old Mrs. Robinson up some vegetables Saturday 23d Pleasant—spent most of the day up town—went out to Hill in forenoon after butter Ex- amined Enlistment roll at Court H. found my name down—Quite a number of teams in from the country Recd news of the Indian masacre in Minnesota Sunday 24th Pleasant—& rather cool in forenoon— A & I went to Baptist church in morning—heard Elder Johnson preach—read Gil Blass most of af ter'n Went to Baptists C in evening—heard Rev E Johnson. Sanitary Agt for supplies—large crowd out 424 Documents [June

Monday 25th Warm & Pleasant Went up town— Saw Gov. Lewis about work was full & was going to discharge one of his hands this week—Heard of Gertrude Atwoods death—Hill in town—Town full of military— Went down home before noon—heard of Sam1 Miller's being here last week—did not stay long—A perfect jam of soldiers & recruits in T—and more coming in—Ran acrost M'Connel—wanted a hand to help on Portage RR went down saw Mr Nutter & agreed to go with him Tuesday 26th Pleasant—went up to R. R office— found the men waiting—left at 9 oc. 9 in the load Drove to Token Creek took dinner—came on & stoped with Mr Pinney—(Geo P.s father) Done a little work on Road before night— Wednesday 27th Pleasant—was disturbed by a big rat most of the night—very warm finished up the curve took all the forenoon McConnels father came after him— run on to Whiskey creek near forest ville5—F V to be a R R Station Thursday 28 Pleasant—Had quite an exciting time last night Caught a large Rat took him by stratagem —Spent most of the day on curve just beyond F'ville Rode out to work Marley came on to work Rather slow work—Mr. Mulligan sick—Waded the creek 3 times & run about 1 % m[iles] & quit—Codfish for supper Friday 29th Cool & had the appearance of rain this morng—codfish for breakfast—commencd curve on Island— ran through marsh to foot of big hill & curved—Col absent most of the forenoon Finished up to top of big hill & came home—all rode back in big wagon—took supper at Token Creek—arrived at 12 oc Saturday 30th Cloudy—was awoke by the sound of fife & drum Was the 20th Reg leaving for the seat of war6—went up town Recd a letter from Mrs. Dear- born Went out to Hills—walked out with H. J.—staid 5 Now known as De Forest, Dane county. 6 The Twentieth Wisconsin infantry was the first raised and officered by Governor Edward Salomon. It was largely a German regiment and had the heaviest casualty list of any Wisconsin regiment. 1938] Documents 425 the afternoon & rode in—H. J gave me a ck [check] on State Bk for $66. A. & Callie came in—Jerush gone to Columbus— Sunday 31st Raining this morng—a fine shower— Remained at home during forenoon Called on Mr Mul- ligan in afternoon at Capital House found him much better Showery most of the day A. Callie & I went down home at night—folks all well Monday Sept 1st 1862 Cloudy & looked like rain- cleared off about 10 oc—Went up to State carpenter shop & made table leaf—also shlves [sic] for book c Went up again & got Tent at Mil. Store took it to R R office— Recd a letter from John Got Ma's Slips at shop & took them down home—Cap Sherwin called at dinner time—He went to Depot & brought up Mrs. S. Went up T with him— Pd Rent of H[ouse] to Oct 1st Got Hills Chk cashed— Quite an exciting time in regard to war news Went up town with Capt S. in the evening Tuesday 2d Pleasant—Left home at % pst 7 oc— Went down home after a couple of Blankets—took till ten to get ready—Wallis along. Thorn gave out—went via of Token Creek—had a full supply of provisions & Tent prepared for camping—Camped on top of big hill where we left off work Had 2 Guns along—woods full of game—Boys killed 13 pidgeons & 2 Squirrels—Had a Wild goose chase but proved to be a tame one Spent the evening sitting around the camp fire by moon light Pomeroy had his banjo along—he played & sang & crowd joined in the chorus all retired in good season Wednesday 3d Pleasant—Strong south W blowing Arose at day light—had a very good nights rest, had a Pidgeon stew for break fast—All of us cooks no system established. Gathered up tools & started out on the work— Had good running all day—went about 2 ms Camped at a Mr. Robinsons near County line Had hot biscquit for supper Boys rode all over the neighborhood after butter and bread—finally succeeded in getting a little Moon light night—Warm & windy—Scouts out for melons 426 Documents [June but failed-—brought in some Green corn Did not get to sleep till late— Thursday 4th Pleasant but strong W. Wind still blowing—had boiled corn for breakfast Took till noon to run in a big curve where we camped—Wallace plunders a Melon Patch—The Col comes down on him generally— took till noon to complete the curve—Ran till about 2 oc— when it commencd to rain—all quit & went into camp— Pitched tent & got supper—camped near Hans Oleson a Norwegian—Rained hard during fore part of evening— slept in the barn Friday 5tJx Still rainy & wet Had breakfast— comcd work about 10 oc but soon began to rain again—quit & came into camp—Boys amused themselves by shooting tame Doves at 5cts a shot Col bought a large Turkey— had him for supper—Col & E went up to P.O. near by & staid all night—A crazy man came into C at night—Boys had great sport with him—3 of [us] slept in the Barn again Rather a gloomy day in Camp Saturday 6th Weather same as yesterday—After breakfast Col concluded to go to M[adison]—took all the traps up to P.O. pitched the tent there & left the things— then started for home—a wet rainy day—got here about 3 oc. found A. at home alone—Went up town, got 2 letters •—one from Dex-—& one from Curtices folks N.Y.—Legisla- ture convene [s] next Wednesday—heard a considerable news in regard to the recent battle7—W H Wallace had a brotherinlaw killed in it. Sunday 7th Cloudy at first but soon cleared off Went up to the foundery at 9 oc & saw a Baptismal—(a Miss Kimbal) Wrote to Mat in forenoon Went out to Camp The first time since last winter—things greatly changed Wrote to John in the evening Monday 8th Pleasant—A. not very well—Went up town came acrosst Dutcher was looking after a man 7 Probably a reference to the second battle of Bull Run, or Manassas Junction. 1938] Documents 427 for the Co—went with him after John Dearborn—bad news from the seat of War—Rebels crossed over into Maryland8 Tuesday 9th Pleasant—Strong S wind—Went a fishing Got Churches boat—took it through the race into 3d Lake—Lake very rough on this side—went around by the water cure9—caught 4 Pickerel & came back same way— A. went out to Mrs Dunnings with Mrs Wiser—a few of the Members [of the legislature] in— Wednesday 10th A beautiful day—Went up Town saw several mem8 & Senators—Went down to Camp—found Jerush & Mrs Hazelton there—Regt on Battalion drill— Legis. convened at 12 oc New Speaker & Sergt at arms elected in House—Sen. same quite a heavy thunder shower at night Thursday 11th Rainy—Went up to Legislature—no enrolling to day—They met and adjourned Paid Flesh $8.00 being an old debt due—since 58 [1858] Chancellor left for home at noon10—Remained at home in evening Friday 12th Pleasant—Went down home after basket of vegetables—contemplated going to Pr du C [Prairie du Chien] but did not—saw Elmore about pass—Went out to Hills in afternoon after Plumbs—rode out with Sherwin —attended caucus in the evening—quite cold Saturday 13th Cloudy—started to go down to see the 23d Regt off—found that it was not to go till Monday Strong S. wind—Sen. [ate] Conference] came off at C. H. Keyes & At wood elected to go to Water town11 The 23d Regt up town on parade— Sunday 14th My birthday—Pleasant Remained at home during forenoon—Ma came up at 11 oc—A. went to church—Had a chicken dinner at 2 oc Lewis here also— after D him & I went out to Camp Staid till after dress 8 Lee's advance into Maryland, resulting in the battle of Antietam. 9 The water cure was the Lake Side sanitarium built in 1854-55 by Delaplaine and Burdick on Lake Monona, opposite the city of Madison, where later the Monona assembly grounds were, now Olin park. 10 Chancellor John Lathrop, formerly of the University of Wisconsin, at this time acting president of the University of Missouri, Columbia. 31 Elisha W. Keyes and General David Atwood, delegates to a political convention at Watertown. 428 Documents [June parade—a great many citizens A & I went to Baptist C in evening—Looks like rain, warm Monday 15th Cloudy—Dearborn here to breakfast— transcribed for Stewart in the forenoon—made a set of shelves for Callie in afternoon—attended Hiram Lodge in the eveng not many there—good news from the seat of war Tuesday 16th Cloudy & Misty—rained quite hard at 8 oc—had work all day—engrossing—copied 2 bills—bill passed Sen allowing soldiers to vote 19 to 5. Damp & cloudy all day—Dan Tenney12 returned home Saturday night last —went up to Benedicts office to night saw Rev. Mr Johnson—raining hard at 9 oc Wednesday 17th Cloudy & wet—rained all night— spent the forenoon engrossing—Rained most of the day— went down to Spinks after dinner—He gave me a turn at posting—Went to capitol at 3 oc—two bills to engross— one was the Militia B. wrote a spell in the eveng— Thursday 18 Pleasant—cleared off last night—went down home after breakfast & back Nothing to do in Leg- islature Went part way to Camp with Spink—he posted me some—good news from seat of war—saw Pickart Regis of d[eeds]13 also Dan Tenney—attended the Lodge—news still better to night 40,000 prisoners taken Friday 19th Pleasant—heavy dew—Good news from seat of war—continues to improve—Nothing to do to day in Legislative line—Wrote one or two private letters—saw Dan Tenney about certain matters relative to the future. Cory ell in town—Thought some of going to P du C. went down to Depot—saw Gill Darwin in regard to pass on R.R. came down home & started to go out to Hills—got to be so 12 Daniel K. Tenney, younger brother of Horace A. and Henry W. Tenney. He came to Madison in 1850 and was one of the first students at the university and founder of the Athenaean literary society. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Chicago from 1870 to 1897. On his retirement he returned to Madison where he lived until his death in 1915. Tenney park was named for him. 13 Andrew Pickarts died in Madison in 1875 at the age of forty-seven. He was a native of Prussia, emigrating in 1854. He married Mary, daughter of David Holt. He was eminent as a musician and organist. 1938] Documents 429 late concluded not to go—Spent the evening at home—no frost yet—beginning of Indian summer Saturday 20th Pleasant—Walked out to Hills before breakfast Took out Callie a set of Swing shelves—came back at 10 oc. Enrolled two bills in forenoon—saw Col. Mil- ler about pay said I could have it any time—Mowed my yard—for the 3d time attended the Democratic Co Con- vention in the afternoon—The ticket well intersperced with foreigners—Think it will not be hard to beat—Mrs Hill & Callie in—Cal staid all night—Rode out as far as Mr Jacks with them—Had a long talk with J. seems to be all right walked home—10 oc Sunday 21st Pleasant—Strong S. w Indications of a storm Repaired fence for Jusen Mr & Mrs Hill in to meeting—remained at home A. Mrs H & C went to church—A & I walked down to Mrs Nortons at night— after went to Baptist C— Monday 22d Pleasant—Strong S.W. Went up to Senate nothing to do—went after Butternuts—Lewis went with me Went over to Woodwards—Got 8 Bush- [els]—saw Mr W. in relation to another matter. Said he would do all he could—returned at % past 5 Tuesday 23d Pleasant—went down home with a view of going after more butternuts but did not—asked Pa for the Old Mare to go to Wyota with did not like to let her go—Dr Warren sent down after me—went up Him & Stewart both going to Mini Point—None but Gov. Camp- bell & me to run the machine Enrolled one short bill Comcd raining about noon Took dinner with Charley Wakeley—Assembly have had the suffrage bill14 under consideration all day rained hard all the afternoon Wednesday 24 Pleasant—but little doing in the Leg- islature—War news quiet—prospects of election look quite favorable—Cory Dunning came in to attend school— Thursday 25th Pleasant—Enrolled 2 or 3 bills to day —Legislature going to adjourn tomorrow—went to the The- 14 This relates to the soldiers voting in the field, an object for which Gov- ernor Salomon called the special session of September 1862. 430 Documents [June atre in the evening—saw Richard 3d played also the farce of Perfection—not a very crowded house Col Bryant & Hank Vilas back—also E S Oakley & Col Wood of 11th Reg15 Friday 26th Pleasant—Spent a good portion of the morng in constructing side walk—went up to Capitol- enrolled 2 bills before Legislature adjourned—Mr & Mrs Hill in—Mrs Jusen about to leave—New side walk to be constructed in front of house— Saturday 27th Pleasant—was up in pretty good season—Mrs. Jussen staid here over night, has broke up & moved to Watertown16 A good many country [sic] in from country. Attended caucus in the even'g—was elected delegate to Assembly Dis[trict] Contention]17 attended Theatre in eveng A Rode out with Hill— Sunday 28th Pleasant—quite warm & showery— arose at 7—walked out to Hills to breakfast—Staid till afternoon—A brisk shower about 2'oc—Rode in with H. at 4 oc—turned into a steady rain at night—no frost yet Monday 29th Cloudy & wet—heavy dew—worked on side walk in morning—went to Depot to see about trunks— quite a number of delegates in town—went down to see old man Hawes about getting horse to go to Wyota with—Comcd raining in afternoon— 15 These were all well known Madison officers. Colonel George E. Bryant (1832-1907) was captain of the 'Madison Guards,' which became Company E of the First Regiment of Volunteers. In January, 1862, Bryant was commissioned colonel of the Twelfth Wisconsin infantry and served through the war. Henry (Hank) Vilas enlisted in the Eleventh Wisconsin as a non-commissioned officer. He Went out in 1862 with the Twenty-third as lieutenant in Company E under his brother, William F. Vilas. Later he became captain of Company A and served through the war, dying in 1872 at Milwaukee. Eri S. Oakley of Madison was captain of. Company B of the Eleventh regiment. He died soon after the close of the war; he was the father of Minnie A. Oakley of this society's staff. Colonel Charles A. Wood was lieutenant colonel of the Eleventh Wisconsin infantry. 16 Mrs. Edmund Jussen was Antonie, the youngest sister of Carl Schurz. She came to America in 1853 and in 1856 married her cousin. As Edmund Jussen had just gone to war as lieutenant colonel of the Twenty-third, Mrs. Jussen was returning to her relatives in Watertown. See Joseph Schaf er, editor, Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz (Madison, 1928), 95. 17 The convention for the nomination of delegates for the legislative assembly of 1863. There were five assembly districts in Dane county at this time. 1938] Documents 431

Tuesday 29 [sic] Cloudy and rainy—went up town —found a few of Dane Co Delegation in—Rained most of the fore'n Wrote a number of tickets for the Conven- tion—Coryell a cand. for Clk of Ct. Con. met & adj'd till after din. after d. met & all passed off harmonious—Pick- arts nom. for Reg. of Deeds—R. E. Davis of old Univ notoriety there as del. from Cross Pins.18 Looked natural as ever—is married & lives at C. P. A few of the old Boys got together in the eveng & had a good time—all went to Thea- tre—afterwds had a social set to—Theatre Boys participated at St Nichols. [To be concluded] 18 R. E. Davis was a student at the university, 1850-53; he settled at Cross Plains, as a shipper of grain; in 1865 he removed to Middleton, where he was active in local politics and where he died in 1908. EDITORIAL COMMENT

FERRIES AND FERRYBOATS

YTHOLOGY, which often conceals history under a poetic M disguise, hints both at the absoluteness with which wide and deep water courses sever countries from one another, and at the importance of mastering them through the means of boats managed by ferrymen. Even the land of the dead was conceived of as being separated from the country of living souls by a dark, deep river—the Styx—thus imparting a grim significance to the function of Charon, the ferryman. History gives the ferryman a much more engaging character, yet one of very real importance. The divisive influence of deep waters had to be overcome; the material and human means of accomplishing the result made a strong social appeal. When the California missions had been established all along the coast from San Diego to the Golden Gate, Father Junipero Serra looked over that deep-flowing strait and remarked: 'Our father St. Francis, with the holy cross of the procession of missions, has reached the last limit of the Cali- fornia continent. To go farther he must have boats.' In that case the obstacle was not overcome, and the Golden Gate proved the permanent northern limit of the line of California missions. The history of travel in America includes the story of how Indian paths became horse trails, these in turn settlers' 'traces,' and finally well-worn roads. It shows how the rivers, bays, straits, lakes and bayous, once navigated by both In- dians and whites in dugouts or bark canoes, bore succes- sively larger and better water craft, until the steamboat revo- lutionized travel on that element. It opens to the view new **&?£: • Cassville ferry on the Mississippi when driven by horse power The wood-hulled gasoline ferry, Cassville, 1913. Bottom: The steel-hulled gasoline ferry, Cassville. Modern. Editorial Comment 433 countries settling up with an industrious, creative population; the extension and expansion of the cultivated area, the building of villages, towns, and cities. In a word, the history of travel supplies a moving picture of advancing civilization. That history, for the United States as a whole, has been so admirably done by Seymour Dunbar in his four-volume History of Travel in America,1 that, aside from gleanings in one or another of the significant fields into which his activities divide, one who follows him can hope to make contributions only through local research. One footnote, for such it can be called, to his comprehensive work, may well concern itself with ferries. Not that Dunbar omits to treat that often crucial travel factor, but because there seem to be interesting detailed matters which help to illuminate the very general data on ferries contained in his volumes. Since ferries are the means of making travel continuous over extended highways by bridging critical chasms in their course, the traffic crossing by the ferries represented the general use of the roads, and laws governing ferries throw light on the conditions and modes of travel at different periods. Seventeenth century enactments respecting ferries prove, for example, that wheeled vehicles were not then in use on the roads. A Boston ferryman, whose claim against the colony treasurer, dated 1709, is quoted by Dunbar, mentions twelve items charged on his book. These extend over three years' time and include the carrying of a sheriff and 33 men, 13 men and 1 horse, 13 men and 2 horses, 10 men and 1 horse, 6 men and 1 horse, 1 man and horse, 30 soldiers, 31 men and 3 horses, 7 men, 14 men, and 7 men and 1 horse. No vehicle of any kind is included in the detail. That ferry, to be sure, was over an arm of the sea from Bloody Point to Kittery. If the situation was otherwise on

1 (Indianapolis, 1915.) 434 Editorial Comment [June roads leading into the interior, that would be evidenced also by the ferry laws. When the thirty-eight year old town of Springfield needed a ferry, or a new ferry over Connecticut river, in 1674, the county court authorized it and stipulated that the ferryman might charge 8 pence for a horse and man, 2 pence for foot passengers, and 3 pence for troopers on training days. And in 1691 the same court authorized a ferry at a different point over the Connecticut and limited the tolls to 4 pence for a horse and 2 pence for a man. In neither case is a vehicle mentioned. A vote of the year 1727 recorded in the Springfield town records, as edited by Henry M. Burt, shows that the town's ferry privilege was considered valuable, a Mr. Huggins agreeing to pay for it at the rate of 60 shillings per year, for five years; but, unfortunately, in that case the tolls were not mentioned. Sixty years later a regular stage traffic passed between Boston and New York via Springfield. Brissot de Warville,2 the distinguished French officer, says under date of August 9, 1788: 'We passed in a ferry boat the river that washes the environs of Springfield.' And, later: 'We passed the inconvenient ferry at Stratford.' He was riding in the Boston- New York stage. Leaving the latter city en route for Phil- adelphia, he 'passed the North river in an open boat, and landed at Paulus Hook. They reckon two miles for this ferry, for which we pay sixpence, money of New York.' He was in a kind of open carriage. From Trenton he crossed the Del- aware in a ferryboat. As illustrating the importance of ferries in the years of the Revolution, Chastellux,3 another French officer, furnishes valuable information. He shows, for example, that Boston can be reached landward, only by the ferry at

2 Travels in the United States (London, 1792). 3 Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781, and 1782 (London, 1787). Merrimac ferry The push-off. Bottom: In mid-stream. Merrimac ferry Top: Nearing shore. Bottom: Landing. 1938] Editorial Comment 435

Charlestown, or the ferry at Winnisimmet. Since the last named ferry carried twenty horses on the occasion of his crossing, its capacity was great. He describes it as 'a large scow/ and says that when the wind became contrary 'we made seven tacks and were near an hour in passing.' A sail- boat 'tacks,' and this boat, as well as that at New York which crossed to Paulus Hook, was wind driven. Before Chastellux's book was actually published, as it was in an English translation in London in 1787, the Charles- town bridge had been completed—the bridge on which Harvard students of so many generations 'stood ... at midnight, when the clock was striking the hour.' It had a span of 1,503 feet, was 42 feet wide, and was lighted with forty lamps. This abolished the further need of the ferry. Travel on the upper Hudson and on the Mohawk was seen by Chastellux to be conditioned upon the existence of frequent ferries, or in winter by thick, strong ice. At Albany he and his party crossed from the east side of the Hudson to the west side in a ferryboat in full view of their friends at the mansion of General Schuyler, seated on its noble river hill. Wishing to cross the Mohawk above Cohoes Falls, they found the first ferryboat so 'entangled in ice and snow' as to be unusable. Directed to a second ferry two miles farther up, the boat got off with three of their horses and his valet de chambre but was forced to return. The river was too much obstructed by ice. Leaving the northeastern portion of the United States where by reason of the progress of population and wealth, bridges soon displaced many of the ferries, we might proceed with adventurous travelers into the far interior of the country. A hint as to the way ferrying began in the far West can be gained from the Travels of John Bradbury, an English scientist who accompanied the Astor party on their 436 Editorial Comment [June expedition up the Missouri in 1811. Under date of June 22 he records that the party, marching along the Missouri above Mandan, reached Knife river just at dusk. Hallooing across the river, where was a village of the Minitaree Indians, some of their men came down to the shore. Learning what was wanted, they ran back to the village. A few minutes later they returned with six squaws, each of whom was carrying a skin canoe on her back and a paddle in her hand. The squaws paddled over, stowed saddles and men in their canoes, and quickly crossed the river. The Indian men drove the horses across. 'After saddling our horses,' says Bradbury, 'and giving the squaws three balls and three loads of powder for each man, being the price of ferriage, we passed through the village, having several miles still to travel in order to reach the Fort.'4 The skin canoe, usually called the bull boat, was a primi- tive craft devised by the plains Indians. They stretched the heavy green skin of a buffalo bull over a framework of light sticks tied with rawhide thongs. The skin shrinking, all became taut and strong. Natives of the forests used the dugout or the bark canoe. White frontiersmen, of course, made use of whatever means of crossing rivers the Indians possessed, and the latter—as in the above case—were often the ferrymen. In fact, many of the federal government's treaties with Indian tribes stipulate that the latter shall maintain ferries for the accommodation of travelers on the principal roads and trails through their country. These, of course, were to the tribesmen valuable monopolies. Beginning now at the east and proceeding westward through Pennsylvania, the long state within whose borders lay the principal roads across the mountains to the Ohio country, we find early ferries far west of Philadelphia. The 4R. G. Thwaites, editor, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1904), v, 152-153. 1938] Editorial Comment 437

Moravian missionary, Christian Frederick Post, journeyed to the West in 1758 as a special commissioner for the state of Pennsylvania to confer with certain Indian tribes. Meeting a group of their delegates to whom he presented his propo- sitions, they resolved to go to Harris' ferry and consider about the matter on the way. Harris' ferry over the Susquehanna, established by the fur trader, John Harris, some time after he settled at that point in 1705, became so important a crossing place on the western road that a village grew up there, the village became a town, and the town, Harrisburg, became and remains the seat of government of the Keystone state. The towns and cities of today which still retain the word 'ferry' in their name, as Harrisburg does not, are a vestigial testimony to the one-time importance of the travel aid which from time immemorial passed under that name. Harpers Ferry is a good example; and it is grandly historic, for over it passed a vast army of settlers in the last two-thirds of the eighteenth century, as civilization pressed southward along the great valley into Virginia and beyond. We obtain another glimpse of Harris' ferry about fifty years after Post's view of the place. Fortescue Cuming, an intelligent Englishman, made a pedestrian tour to the West from Philadelphia in 1807, beginning in the month of Janu- ary. He writes from Harrisburg on the twenty-fourth, saying he embarked 'in a large flat, with the western mail and several passengers and horses.' The river was frozen over, but the ice was not yet strong enough, and a passage had been cut through it for the ferryboat. This was operated by ten men. Nine of them had short setting poles 'to keep the boat from being forced by the current against the ice,' eight men 'setting' on the lower side, while one 'set' on the upper side and the tenth handled a large sweep oar at the rear of the 438 Editorial Comment [June boat. 'In twenty-two minutes,' says Cuming, 'we were landed on the western shore of the Susquehanna.'5 On the same expedition, Mr. Cuming made his way to Pittsburgh, where he delayed until summer, being unfit for travel for some months. He then descended the Ohio and, at the frontier village of Marietta, he saw and described a very interesting ferry over the Muskingum river. Inasmuch as this represents a type of ferry which became exceedingly popular in the West, and was not unknown in the East and in Europe, Cuming's clear and definite description of it should go into this record. Following is his account in full:

The Muskingum is about two hundred yards wide, and has a rapid current of from three to four miles an hour, by which a ferry-boat is carried across in something more than a minute, by a very simple but ingenious piece of machinery. A rope of five or six inches in circumfer- ence is extended across from bank to bank, and hove taught [taut] by a windlass: two rollers play on it fixed in a box [block] to each end of which the ends of two smaller ropes are fastened, whose other ends are led to the two extremities of the ferry flat, and taken round winches with iron cranks, on which the rope at the end of the flat which is to be foremost being wound up, presents the side of the flat to the current at an angle of about thirty degrees. It is then pushed off—the current acts upon it, and it arrives at the opposite side in the time above-mentioned.6 Here we have, with an explicitness that would enable any bright boy to construct it, a description of the most popular ferry for strong-flowing streams of limited width, say 200 yards. In the course of the nineteenth century the 'current ferry,' as it was generally called, appeared on all rivers for which it was adapted, not only throughout the Middle West but also on the Pacific coast. The rivers of western Oregon, in the period 1900 to 1920, presented to the traveler an array of them, usually publicly owned and free. Examples of the type are still to be found both in the United States and in

5 Ibid., iv, 42. 6 Ibid., 124. 1938] Editorial Comment 439

Canada. Several are said to be operating at this time in northern Wisconsin. That the Marietta ferry proved a subject of keen interest to strangers is evidenced by the fact that three other travelers whose records are available in print took the pains to describe it. One, Christian Schultz, who was a German then living in New York City, followed closely on the heels of Cuming in the same year, 1807. Schultz adds a point or two to Cuming's description.7 Two prominent travelers of the year 1818, James Flint, the Scotchman, who wrote Letters from America, and Thomas Hulme, an intelligent English farmer, were attracted by the 'contrivance of great ingenuity' seen in the Marietta ferry.8 About the inception of that very economical ferry one can but speculate. If it originated at Marietta, the natural impulse would be to ascribe it to Captain Jonathan Devol, who seems to have been the inventive genius of the place in the early days—if one is to trust S. P. Hildreth's sketch of his career.9 Devol was a ship carpenter by trade, but in addition to building boats and even seagoing vessels, he devised the current mill, and built several other mills, aside from designing and constructing a perpetual motion machine for Griffin Greene—an idea in which Devol did not himself have faith. There is no doubt that Devol would have been quite capable of building the current ferry, as he did the current mill. However, it is said he had heard a report about a current mill from some one who had seen it operated in Holland. In like manner he could have learned about current ferries in use on the Rhine and possibly elsewhere on the continent

7 Travels on an Inland Voyage (New York, 1810), i, 145. 8 The writings of both those gentlemen were reprinted by Thwaites in Early Western Travels; Flint (1904), ix, 110, and Hulme's Journal (1904), x, 39-40. 0 Memoirs of the Early Settlers of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1852). 440 Editorial Comment [June of Europe, in England, and on the upper Hudson. A writer on bridges and ferries calls attention to such ferries, particularly one on the Rhine at Nimwegen, on the Thames at Gravesend, and on the Hudson at Troy.10 The dating is vague, yet all may have been and one or two almost certainly were in existence as early as 1807. The type of the Rhine ferry referred to was known as the 'swing bridge.' It is also properly called the pendulum ferry. Instead of a hawser stretched across the stream, as at Mari- etta—and also at Troy and below London—the hawser was attached to a buoy in the middle of the river. Its lower end was attached to the ferryboat which, by being held at an angle of 54° 44' to the current, was promptly swung back and forth across the stream in an arc, like that described by a pendulum. The longer the connecting hawser the flatter the arc described. The principle of propulsion was the same as in the Marietta ferry, but the arrangement was more satisfactory for a river which was so largely navigated. It is said that a swing ferry of the Nimwegen type is today in operation on the Muskingum a few miles above Marietta. It is clear that the current ferry playing on a hawser stretched from bank to bank was available only on comparatively narrow streams, those not much in excess of 200 yards in width. Larger streams could use the swing bridge or ferry, but on a great river like the Ohio, which in places was 800 yards wide, one would naturally find it more satisfactory to employ some kind of artificial power. That power might be applied at oars or paddles as in skiffs or canoes; at a pole or poles when the depth of water was not too great; when a large flatboat was used for ferrying, it was necessary to use the power of several men applied at long sweeps terminating in wide planks. By working a pair of these on the down-

10 See Journal of the Franklin Institute, N.S., ix, 412-418. 1938] Editorial Comment 441 stream side, and holding the flatboat pointed upstream, the force of the current could be taken advantage of to some extent. That, moreover, was the natural method because, in order to land a ferryboat directly opposite the point of departure, it was necessary to work it upstream sufficiently to counteract the drift downstream. The favorite power finally came to be steam applied to paddle wheels. But there was a considerable interval, after the settlement of the West, during which the traveling public was served by ferrymen in other ways. We have noticed the sailing craft at New York and at Boston; doubtless sails were used elsewhere also. Travelers on the Ohio speak of horse ferries at various points along that river, such as Wheeling, Maysville, Cincinnati, and elsewhere. Several were very large and employed a number of horses. Hulme says, of the Maysville ferry: 'It takes over passengers, horses, carriages, and stock; as a road on the opposite side takes the most of the land-travelers through the state of Ohio, that cross so low down as this place.'11 In 1832 Maximilian, Prince of Wied, began his great tour of the American West, of which we have his elaborate record reprinted under Thwaites' editorship. From Wheeling Maximilian reports: 'We crossed the Ohio, near the town, in a well contrived ferry, the wheels of which [a side- wheeler?] were moved by four horses.'12 Reaching St. Charles on the Missouri he found a ferry 'in which the large wheel is set in motion by six horses.'13 Here, evidently, was a stern- wheel boat used for ferrying. Maximilian gives us still a third type of ferry. Near the mouth of the Missouri he crossed the river cin a steam-ferry.'14

n Thwaites, op. cit., x, 232. ^ Ibid., xxii, 144. 13 7&2U5xxiv, 124. uIbid., 126. 442 Editorial Comment [June

This suggests that the final stage in the evolution of the ferry was already reached in 1832 at a few very important river crossings. Moreover, his description of the boat as having room for a horse and carriage and 'in the upper story of its pavilion a light airy chamber/ indicates that passenger comfort was beginning to be consulted. Possibly steam ferries were already taking on something of the character for dignity and opulence prophetic of the palatial city ferries of recent times, such as the New York-New Jersey ferries, or those on San Francisco bay. The horse ferries when fully developed employed the treadmill device for delivering the animal power to the wheel or wheels. A writer describes a certain device as having been copied 'from the horse ferry-boats which ply on the Missis- sippi, in which we may often see a number of horses harnessed in their stalls, and pushing the floor from under their feet.'15 A picture of a horse ferry used on the Mississippi at Cass- ville shows the boat to be a side-wheeler. Against each wheel is a stall in which a blind horse works in a treadmill. The wheels are turned separately, but of course in essentially the same time, while the boat is guided by a rudder at the rear. Several other Mississippi ferries have been described as arranged for two horses, and it is probable that the mode of working them described above became fairly general. Blind horses were in demand for that service. March 16, 1822, the St. Louis Enquirer carries the advertisement: Cash for horses. Wanted at St. Louis and Illinois team boat ferry, twenty large sound blind horses in good condition for present use. Apply to H. Hopkins, at the ferry.16 One traveler, of 1807, indeed, describes a keel boat of forty tons which was being forced up the Ohio at several

15 See Mechanics Magazine, xxvii, 216. 16 See Missouri Historical Review, xxxii, 229. 1938] Editorial Comment 443

miles per hour by six horses working at sweeps, 'going round in a circle/ and turning a horizontal wheel engaging cog- wheels that turned shafts, thus applying power to paddles on the ends of the shafts. The paddles appear to have been a crude forerunner of the side paddle wheels, and the hor&e power something like the sweep power used with threshing machines. Obviously, that was an inconvenient type for a water craft, and no instance has thus far been, found of its use on a ferryboat. The horse ferryboats were often spoken of as 'team- boats,' possibly in contrast to steamboats. They were used on eastern waters as well as western. John L. Kingwalt quotes a newspaper advertisement of the new owners of 'The Burlington and Bristol Teamboat Company' which was running a ferryboat of that type across the Delaware at fares 'lower than at any other ferry between Trenton and Philadelphia.'17 Mr. W. E. Martner has ascertained that the earliest ferry across the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien was pow- ered by a single mule. Wisconsin territorial laws are evidence of the persis- tence of the team-boat type of ferry. Several of the acts of early years, at least two of 1838, specify that the grant is for ca sufficient steam or horse ferry.' These were both across the Mississippi, the one at Prairie du Chien, the other at Cassville. Eleven years later, May 16, 1849, the Prairie du Chien Patriot noticed 'that a new ferryboat has been pro- cured for the upper ferry at this place. It was built at Rock Island, arranged for two horses, and is a neat, safe and fast running little craft.5

17 Development of Transportation Systems in the United States (Philadel- phia, 1888), 15. 444 Editorial Comment [June

We have a description, from memory, by one H. L. Part- ridge who many years ago saw the horse ferry at Boscobel on the Wisconsin being operated. He says:

First I noticed, while fishing near the ferry, a large windlass quite high, on timbers braced to several large trees on the bank of the river. Later discovered the cable wound around the roller. Do not know how it was fastened on the other side. There were two wheels and a cable running from each to the ferryboat, attached to capstans on each end of the boat. The capstan was used to regulate the angle of the ferryboat on returning. The ferry did not turn around. The ferryboat was open at each end, with aprons to drop down, one left closed until they landed on the other side. The horse treads were on each side, near the center. Either one could be stopped or started when necessary. To start out they used long poles to push with. Horses were started to help get away. Horses were headed the same way all the time as they went back and forth. Do not know what gearing was used to reverse the paddles. Mr. Thompson operated the levers before starting. Here we have a cable to keep the boat in line, an arrangement for utilizing the force of the current, and two horses in treadmills as a guarantee of plenty of power to pro- pel the craft across. While most of the legislative acts authorizing or chartering ferries, of which there were 205 in the period 1836 to 1873, do not specify the type of ferry to be maintained, it seems probable that the Mississippi river and Wisconsin river ferries for a number of years were team-boats. These doubtless were substituted at some moderate rate by steamboats though detailed information on the point in most cases is lacking. Martner found that the principal ferry at Prairie du Chien was equipped with an engine as early as 1857, but this was a very important boat, used by John Lawler to transport freight and passengers across the river for the Mil- waukee and Mississippi railway company. That ferry, mule and steam, served the traveling public for nearly sixty years. One would expect that the county boards, who, in Wisconsin, 1938] Editorial Comment 445 had the function of licensing ferries and supervising them, would have recorded descriptions of the ferries they authorized. Yet, in 1839 the commissioners of Dane county licensed two different ferries over Wisconsin river and said nothing about the kind of ferry except that it should be 'sufficient' for passengers and teams. A similar vagueness is observed in the acts governing ferries passed by other county boards. The number of ferries on the Wisconsin river was so great as to suggest that the river was approached by an important highway every few miles. The charters granted, to ferrymen stipulated that they were to have a monopoly of the ferriage at the given point and that no other ferry should be maintained during the life of the charter within one mile or one-half mile above and below that point. The terms of the monopoly varied from five to twenty years, the most common, by far, being ten. Certian points on the lower Wisconsin were favorite crossing places. Such a one was what is now called Bridge- port, where the military road from Fort Winnebago, laid out to Fort Crawford, struck the Wisconsin. On the seventeenth of January, 1838, the territorial legislature passed an act authorizing Jean Brunet, a well known French trader and resident of Prairie du Chien, to establish and maintain a ferry 'at the point where the military road, running from Prairie du Chien to Fort Winnebago, crosses' the Wisconsin river. His monopoly was to be for ten years and no other ferry might be maintained within one-half mile above or below that point. But a ferry had been operating at that point as early as 1835 when Sir Charles Augustus Murray crossed there. Other points favored with ferry charters were Wau- zeka, Boscobel, Blue River, Muscoda, Avoca, Lone Rock, Spring Green, Arena, Sauk City, Prairie du Sac, Dekorra, Portage, Newport, the Dells, Grand Rapids, Germantown, 446 Editorial Comment [June

Stevens Point, etc., some of the above localities having more than one, and numerous renewals of charters being recorded. Fox river received many ferry charters, also, though not so many as the Wisconsin. Besides, there were charters for the other Fox river (or the Pishtaka), for Rock, Root river, Milwaukee river, Sheboygan river, and Manitowoc river in the eastern part of the state; also for the Wolf river, Chip- pewa, Red Cedar, Black, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and other western streams. The Mississippi itself can be marked for early ferries at Dubuque, Eagle Point, Potosi, Cassville, Glen Haven, Prairie du Chien and vicinity, Lynxville, Ferryville, Victory, La Crosse, Winona and Trempealeau, Reads Landing, and Lake Pepin.18 Charges, or tolls, varied generally with the width of the stream, and the width of the crossing places on the stream. For example, Mississippi ferrymen were commonly permitted to charge $1.00 for crossing a team and wagon. That may be taken as the norm. Foot passengers, single horse, cattle, sheep, and pigs were paid for in proportion. But there were some Mississippi ferries that charged as little as 50 cents to cross a team and wagon, and others that charged $1.50. Likewise, on the Wisconsin the usual rate was 50 cents, but there were several crossings where 40 cents was the rate, and at least one that cost $1.00. The smaller streams could be crossed by travelers with teams at a cost of from 15 cents to 25 cents as a rule. While documentary evidence is lacking, tradition is clear that many streams of moderate size, whose flow was strong enough, presented travelers with the type of current ferry already described, while the wide rivers had to be crossed 18The Chicago Tribune, March 26, 1938, announced that the New Boston, Illinois, ferry service would be resumed Sunday (March 27) and remarked: 'The ferry service has been operated since 1834 when New Boston was a river trading post. Syl Histed is the present owner.' 1938] Editorial Comment 447 on steam or horse ferries; doubtless the last named, throughout the ferrying period, was a dwindling type. Some current ferries were to be found even on the Wisconsin, as at Merrimac, and at narrow crossings of the Mississippi, like that which Captain Bill describes at the mouth of the Chip- pewa and Reads Landing. When we inquire what was the era of the ferryboat in Wisconsin, a partial answer is found in the history of bridge building. This began early on small streams, as one would expect, where most of the bridges were constructed and maintained at the expense of counties or of incorporated towns and villages. In a word, such small, inexpensive struc- tures were regarded as features of local road upkeep. To illustrate, a bridge of forty-foot span, set upon two log cribs filled with stone, might cost from $100 to $150 and the local people would gladly pay that sum rather than be forced to ford the stream. Hence the road was not considered complete without the bridge. When, however, the river to be crossed was half a mile or more in width, the problem was very different. A bridge in that case would cost from $25,000 to $100,000 or more. Clearly, local communities, save in exceptional cases, could not finance the construction. The immediate solution was to establish a ferry the first cost of which was comparatively slight, and whose operation, which was a constant expense, could be paid for from the tolls charged for its use. That ferries must have been exceedingly profitable on popular highways goes without saying. Later, when persons of financial ability sought for profitable investments, these were sometimes found in the construction and maintenance of bridges having charters granting monopolies for definite periods, usually twenty years. 448 Editorial Comment [June

Such bridges, built where ferries had served the public, would supersede the latter whenever the tolls were the same, for no one would subject himself and team to the hazards and delays of a ferry crossing when a bridge was available as an integral portion of the road he was traveling. Wherever bridges appeared, the ferries disappeared. The decade 1850 to 1860 was marked in Wisconsin by the enactment of many bridge charters, though so far as the Wisconsin and the Mississippi were concerned, these bore fruit mainly in the next decade after the close of the Civil war. The one at Bridgeport, however, was completed in 1856, putting Barrette's ferry out of commission. It is safe to say that numerous ferries on those great streams continued to operate till 1870 or a few years beyond that date. Some continued after bridges were built. The ferry era might be provisionally defined as the thirty-five year interval between 1836 and 1871. Of course, some were operating later than 1871, and a single ferry is still operating on the Wisconsin— the last example of what once was to be encountered at many points along that river. Reference is to the gasoline driven ferry across the Wisconsin river at Merrimac, subject of several of the illustrations which accompany this article. That ferry has had a nearly continuous existence since 1844, and was run sixty-four years as a current propelled ferry. Since 1933 it has been operated by the state highway department as a free ferry. There is also a gasoline driven ferry at Cass- ville across the Mississippi, successor of a series of ferries be- gun at least as early as 1838 when William Walker and Joseph H. D. Street secured a ferry charter from the territorial legislature. Nelson Dewey's charter, obtained in 1855, would appear to have either superseded the earlier charter, or else served for establishing a rival boat. Several small local ferries of the current driven type are said to be operating at 1938] Editorial Comment 449 present on the Chippewa in Dunn county, and possibly there may be others in the state of which no report has been received. In the period of their prevalence ferries were so univer- sally taken for granted that references to them are hard to find, even in the local press. Travelers speak of 'crossing the Wisconsin' at this or that point, but they assume everyone knows how the crossing was effected; or else they merely name the ferry as the means. They make no comments about it. Such newspaper files as have been canvassed, the Prairie du Chien Patriot for about five years, the River Times of Portage, and the Badger State of the same place, yield only the most meagre information about the ferries at the respec- tive towns. One picture the last named newspaper affords. In a rambling, sentimental article on 'Our Town,' in the Badger State of June 3, 1854, the writer, after describing other features, exclaims: 'There at our feet is the ferry, where the river is narrowest, being about a sixth of a mile across. And there on the grassy knoll at the opposite landing stands the old white ferry house with its cosy look of comfort under the shadow of the dark green trees; and the old windmill in the background.' The reference to the ferryhouse adds an item to our knowledge of ferries. It appears that this was a common feature of the equipment—a kind of station or waiting room for passengers and possibly in some cases a storage place for freight also, like a steamer terminal or train depot. Doubtless in most instances the ferryhouse was the ferryman's home. Ferrymen's difficulties were by no means few or light. To say nothing about the problem of managing their machine, the horse power or steam engine, and navigating the craft normally, all providing occasions for the exercise of 450 Editorial Comment [June both patience and ingenuity, abnormal conditions occurred from time to time. Among these were freshets and floods— exceptionally swift current and an unusual spread of water to cross. Many charters permitted extra charges for ferrying in times of flood. Then, on many Wisconsin rivers, lumbering operations interfered with the movement of ferryboats and jeopardized their safety. On July 18, 1847, the Prairie du Chien Patriot reported that sixty rafts of lumber passed Barrette's ferry 'one day last week,' into the Mississippi. The editor cites this as an indication of the activity of lumbering on the Wis- consin. But it is plain, that to the ferryman—to all ferrymen on the river below the starting point of these rafts—their passage was both discommoding and dangerous. A drive of loose logs would be infinitely more dangerous and these were numerous. A. D. Polleys, pioneer of Melrose on Black river, in his article in the La Crosse Tribune of February 21, 1937, describes a thrilling and dangerous incident caused by a solitary struggling, floating log striking the ferryboat after it had waited two hours for a log mass to pass by. Sometimes, he says, the boat was held up half a day for a big drive. But probably the greatest danger was in crossing a herd of un- ruly loose cattle or horses. The pushing and plunging of the animals affected the movement of the boat like a rough sea; this increased their excitement, threatening the destruction of boat and cargo. Extremely disconcerting was the ice flow in the spring. The Mississippi and Wisconsin might both be open and clear of ice in their lower reaches, but nevertheless, the descent of ice masses from above would prevent, or endanger, the crossing with ferryboats. Yet, with the ice broken up which had supplied a good road during the cold portion of the winter, teams passing over as readily as over a bridge, there was now 1938] Editorial Comment 451 no way of crossing except in the ferryboats. Hence many risks were taken in the ice-running season. Firm ice was a more absolute bar to earning by means of a ferry than by means of a toll bridge. The ferry had to be laid up for the winter as soon as strong ice was formed across the river at that point. The bridge would always draw the custom of those who were either too timid or too circumspect to cross on the ice. Before the day of bridges everyone did so. At Prairie du Chien it was announced, on December 28, 1847:

The weather for the past week has been very cold. The Wisconsin and the Mississippi are permanently frozen for the winter, and crossing is now considered safe. These bridges of nature are the means of adding much to the business of the place, as our village is now approachable without paying the ferryman his hard-earned fees. Farmers beyond these streams here find a market for their wheat, pork, butter, and other products; and in the line of purchase, most every article of necessity or luxury can be obtained at a fair price.

It is true that some were always too venturesome, both in beginning the use of the 'ice-bridge' too soon and continuing it too late. The result, almost every season, was one or more accidents, sometimes the loss of a team and wagon, occasionally the loss of human life. In order to insure that the horses would float in case of a break through the ice, some drivers provided ropes with slip-nooses to go around each horse's neck, the ends to remain within the driver's reach. Then, when the break through occurred, the driver and others -—if help was available—would operate from the ice in front of the team, choking the animals to keep the air in for a brief space, and pulling them forward to help them onto solid ice. If the ice was not too rotten, and if the work was quickly and skillfully done, it usually proved successful. That was a method known to our Revolutionary ancestors as shown by writers of the period. 452 Editorial Comment [June

On the Mississippi at Reads Landing was a ferry which had its best custom during the season of ice. Captain Fred Bill tells us that, for some reason, possibly the swiftness of the water below the junction of the Chippewa, the Mississippi for several miles was free of ice whereas Lake Pepin above and the Chippewa itself was solidly frozen in. Hence, the ferry up that reach of the river did a good winter business. Ferry owners were critically interested in roads, mails, the direction and intensity of traffic. Near the confluence of the Wisconsin, and the Mississippi were two ferries, one on the direct road from Patch Grove to Prairie du Chien, the military road, the other on a road that was less direct. In some way the owner of the second ferry seems to have had influence enough to have the mail stage routed over his ferry. At all events, Prairie du Chien people complained that the change made the distance from Patch Grove greater, the road worse: that the mail now reached their office too late at night to permit of being answered before the next day, causing great inconvenience. It looks as if the successful ferryman, who sported the title of major, had some pull with the postal authorities in the warlike period December, 1847. Four years later Alexander McGregor, the owner of the site of McGregor, Iowa, now Marquette, established a new ferry across the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Wisconsin.19 He had built a good road to enable Grant county people to reach his ferry on the Wisconsin side, and on the Iowa side had built a road into the interior, and another up the river to his village. Another road-building enterprise was promoted at Prairie du Chien in 1848 to give Barrette's ferry a cheaper, simpler and shorter crossing. The existing military road emerged from the ravine through which it ran from the pla-

19 See Prairie du Chien Patriot, June 2, 1851. 1938] Editorial Comment 453 teau to the river bottom at a kind of bayou. The ferryboat starting at that point had first to work its way upstream a considerable distance, then across, taking an appreciable time in the process. The plan was to raise a $1,200 fund to build the road farther up the river to a good crossing place, bridge the bayou and construct a short causeway to the river- side. The ferry could then reduce its tolls, which was important to a town dependent on a ferry approach. This was done. One of the most serious consequences of dependence on ferries was the uncertainty of being able to cross at a given time. The motorist of today who arrives at the south landing of the Merrimac ferry and sees that the boat is on the opposite side of the river, or in mid-stream crossing to that side, has only one thing to do, namely, wait till it returns. Should he chance to be preceded at the landing by half a dozen other cars, the length of his wait will be at least doubled. Little wonder, therefore, that under the impulse of the universal impatience to be moving which characterizes this motorized age, ferries should have been displaced by bridges at an unprecedented rate. Even in the more deliberate days of horse-drawn vehicles the inconvenience and positive losses incident to ferrying the rivers constituted an ever valid argument for the better though more costly means of crossing. Pictures of travel congestion at ferry landings are not rare. Notable in that category are descriptions of the delays at Independence and St. Joseph, Missouri, Savannah Landing, Nebraska City, Council Bluffs, and other crossing points during the California gold rush years. Not days, but weeks sometimes went by before a given team in the far stretching line obtained its chance to drive onto the ferryboat. It is not necessary, however, to go outside of our own state to discover instances of extraordinary congestion at 454 Editorial Comment [June ferry landings. 'Moving' to new regions was a seasonal activity, most agricultural emigrants selecting the early spring days for making their start. In consequence, the ferry which linked up the most popular road to a given area, like the one at La Crosse for southern Minnesota, the Portage ferry for those headed for the Baraboo country, the Lemonweir, and other pleasant valleys reaching westward and northward, was very likely to be greatly overworked during a number of days in March and April. The Badger State newspaper of Portage, on March 28, 1856, declares that: 'During three months of the past season more than ten thousand persons, with their teams, stock etc., crossed the Wisconsin river in this neighborhood, to settle the region north and west of us.' A striking incident is reported of the Mississippi ferry established by Alexander McGregor below the mouth of the Wisconsin, to which he had constructed the road referred to above, connecting with the military road from the ridge in Grant county. In a letter of January 10, 1938, Archie Reid of Janesville tells how his maternal grandfather, in the spring of 1857, tried to cross into Iowa by that ferry with his family, team, and three cows. They started from the Sugar river valley near Albany in Green county. On nearing Prairie du Chien they found so many teams ahead of them that it was necessary to stop nine or ten miles back from the river. 'The line ahead,' he says, 'was solidly packed with emigrants moving up a few teams each day.' The situation looked dubious enough, especially since pasturage for the cows was utterly inadequate, and the animals were suffering. Our emigrant therefore walked down to the river and interviewed the ferry owner. It appears that the emigrant had taught school, the usual three-month winter term, and that he carried in his pocket $60 in gold which he had received for that service. With that lure he convinced the 1938] Editorial Comment 455 ferryman that he ought to be set across out of turn. That was a difficult matter to negotiate, for the train of emigrants was policed, no one being permitted to get out of line. The ferryman (who was not McGregor if the date was 1857) says Mr. Reid, suggested to his grandfather that he turn out on the pretext of being discouraged, with the statement that he would return home. Instead of doing so, however, he should drive to the river bank at a designated spot, camp and await the dawn. At daybreak he gazed anxiously across to see if the McGregor boat was drifting down the river instead of across to the usual landing. Finally it came, took all his belongings on board, and crossed in the face of a highly indignant crowd of emigrants some of whom fired their rifles in the boat's direction, though without reaching them. Arrived on the Iowa side, the emigrant drove on toward Charles City, lighter by three gold double eagles paid the ferryman for a special favor. When the transition from ferry to bridge occurred, it can easily be imagined that the ferrymen were the people most concerned about the change. Their investments and business interests were at stake. Many probably simply ac- cepted their losses as the inevitable results of social evolution and tried other ways of making a living. But the laws chartering ferries prove that many of the owners of these monopolies were men of substance at least equal to the average mill owner, taverner, or merchant. Some, indeed, were men who already belonged to one or the other of those classes. Names like John H. Knapp, Andrew Tainter, Nelson Dewey, Samuel D. Hastings, Cyrus Woodman, George Gale, Sam Fifield identify men of large and varied business interests. 456 Editorial Comment

Under the circumstances it is not strange that the ferry owners, in some cases—perhaps in numerous instances— should themselves have been the organizers of the bridge companies that put the ferries out of commission. They simply exchanged one monopoly for another that promised safer profits. A case in point occurred at Muscoda on the lower Wisconsin. There the family of James Moore, merchants, owned the ferry when the railway was building past that place. The same Moore and his brother, Jonathan B. Moore, in 1856 were leading incorporators of the Muscoda and Orion bridge company, and it was Jonathan Moore who completed the Muscoda bridge twelve years later. He retained the monopoly for something like forty years and during at least half that time exacted from travelers the old time ferry tolls for crossing, as the original charter permitted. There is no reason to regard this as an isolated case. Just as some western 'packers' became owners of stage lines, as keel boatmen took charge of magnificent river steamers, as 'canawlers' were forced to take up railroading, so the owner of a once valuable ferry privilege, if wise and financially able, cushioned his impending business crash by buying stock in the new and popular bridge company. JOSEPH SCHAFER BOOK NOTES

The Collapse of the Confederacy, By Charles H. Wesley. (Wash- ington, D.C.: Associated publishers, Inc., 1937. 225 pp.) The author did not plan to give, and does not give, a history of the Civil war. He is concerned merely to present, in brief space, some con- siderations showing why the confederacy collapsed when it did instead of continuing its resistance to the superior pressure of the North some years longer, which it seems to him would have been possible. He thinks the confederacy was not exhausted when it gave up the struggle. But it was so Weakened in its morale by internal dissension that further resistance seemed useless. In a word, psychological collapse conditioned the collapse of the cause. It will be interesting to Wisconsin readers to consider this writer's thesis in connection with the significant history of the Civil war by Carl Russell Fish which was reviewed in the December number of the Wisconsin Magazine of History. It is clear that Wesley misses the point Fish stresses about the effect of Lincoln's reelection upon confederate morale. On the other hand, he makes more of the southern sentiment that it was 'a rich man's war and a poor man's fight.' The present essay appears to be well documented. The narrative extends to page 171, appendixes occupy pages 172 to 194, a bibliography extends to page 211, and index to page 225. J.S.

The Changing West, and Other Essays. By Laurence M. Larson. (Northfield, Minnesota: Norwegian-American historical association, 1937. 180 pp.) This attractive little volume contains eight essays, all of them dealing with the social relations of immigrants in the West, especially the Norwegians. Most of these essays were printed elsewhere in the first instance but they are so fundamental to the understanding of the Nor- wegian element in the western states that the Association and Doctor Blegen, its editor, deserve thanks for bringing them out in this unified form, all the more in consideration of the recent death of the author. Of special interest to Wisconsin readers is essay number seven entitled: 'Skandinaven, Professor Anderson, and the Yankee School.' In this we have a delightful discussion, based on the documents, of the process by which the Norwegian settlers, who were mostly Lutherans, came to the decision to support the American public school instead of insisting, as did the German Lutherans, upon a separate church or parochial school. The contest was at times sharp and bitter, and Rasmus B. Anderson of Madison, Wisconsin, bore an important part in it. 458 Book Notes [June

The history of the Bennett law controversy in Wisconsin presents the German Lutherans linked in an alliance with German and other Catholics in opposition to the Republican party's school program. At the same time, the Norwegian Lutherans for the most part supported that program. Professor Larson in this essay supplies the documentary background to explain that interesting social phenomenon. J.S.

Poetry Out of Wisconsin. Edited by August Derleth and Raymond E. F. Larsson. (New York: Henry Harrison, 1937. 334 pp.) Mark Van Doren in discussing the responsibilities of an anthologist has said that anyone who has labored over the selection of the poets and the poems to be preserved for posterity in one anthology would never be inclined to undertake another. The paucity of some of the biographical sketches included in Poetry Out of Wisconsin would scarcely measure the effort that the editors have expended upon this phase of their compilation. And still they are 'short' on this information, particularly for the younger poets. 'Our greatest difficulty was to identify writers as Wisconsin writers* say the editors, and with this the readers would heartily agree. That the poetry of William Ellery Leonard, James Gates Percival, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, and others would find its proportionate space in this volume is understandable, but that Lew Sarett should have been included seemed incongruous until it was observed that he was educated in Wisconsin, which met the editors' tests. Side by side with the seasoned poets are listed a surprising number of young writers, born in the first and second decades of the present century. When one remembers that the imagination is the workshop of the Muses, and that in this era of flux youth may have found an untried tool of expression, this disproportionate representation may be the sign of a poetic revival. Recently an audience was told by Robert Frost that a poet's private hope might well be that when he is gone 'he will have left one or two written things that will be hard to get rid of.' Great art is never weary- ing, so some of these poems will remain eternally fresh and will be re- read with avidity, but many of them will not fulfill a poet's hope. After reveling among the poems—tasting here and tasting there— one is soured by the closing pages of the volume titled, 'Here Lies! A Note on Wisconsin Epitaphs/ At best, one would find little original poetry on Wisconsin tombstones, much less would one be able to identify the authors. This portion of the book is somewhat out of harmony with the material preceding. As to the usableness of the Derleth-Larsson volume, if a student in the field of Wisconsin poetry would use the bibliography in conjunction with that contained in Mary E. Hazeltine's One Hundred Years of Wisconsin Authorship, he would, indeed, have discovered a substantial 1938] Booh Notes 459 basis for carrying on his study. To the researcher it will bring help, to those who are lifted by the rhythm of poetry it will bring pleasure. L. KRUEGER

Sons of the Wilderness. By Charles N. Thompson. (Indianapolis: Indiana historical society, 1937. 283 pp.) In character this volume is more the history of a frontier state, Indiana, than a biography of the two frontiersmen, John and William Conner, who are its professed theme. The author lacked verifiable source material for writing the biographies, but he was able to show how the characters and activities of the two woods-born sons of Indian captives played significantly into the history of their community. Learning several Indian dialects from their parents, always trusted by the Indians as well as the whites, each proved his value as an interpreter at crucial times, particularly in connection with Harrison's campaigns, the war of 1812, and the treaty-making that followed the war. The brothers also typify an interesting process of social evolution. Sons of Indian captives, they nevertheless inherited from their father and mother valuable landed properties in the Michigan peninsula. As Indian traders they added greatly to their fortunes, and each of them reared a part Indian family. Then, with the growth of the white settlements and their progressive absorption in the affairs of civilization, each brother was able to make the readjustment which gave him, in later years, the head- ship of a most respectable white family. Both participated in public affairs, as legislators, road, canal, and railroad promoters. Both left ample estates and, best of all, fine reputa- tions for good citizenship, for religious, moral, and educational leader- ship. The book evidently has been a labor of love on Mr. Thompson's part, and while not exciting from a literary point of view, it is well written and is a better introduction to the history of Indiana than many a more pretentious work. It contains a bibliography, an apparently ad- equate index, and six illustrations. J.S.

Norwegian Settlement in the United States. By Carlton C. Qualey. (Northfield, Minnesota: Norwegian-American historical association, 1938. 285 pp.) This volume embraces nine chapters, as follows: 'Migration Fac- tors,' 'The Sloopers Go West/ 'Pioneering Wisconsin/ 'On into Iowa/ 'A Glorious New Scandinavia' [Minnesota], 'The Giants' Country' [South Dakota], 'North Dakota and Beyond/ 'Michigan/ 'Islands/ There is an appendix, pp. 217-252, containing detailed statistical tables showing Norwegian elements in the population of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, at three census periods beginning with 1850. For Minnesota the figures represent 1857, 1860, 1870, and 1875; for Dakota territory, 1870 460 Book Notes [June and 1880; for South and North Dakota, 1900. There also are figures for Utah territory, 1870; Nebraska, 1860, 1870, and 1880; Mon- tana, 1900; Michigan and Texas, 1860, 1870, and 1880. Two final tables give the statistics of Norwegian migration to the United States, 1820-1910, and Norwegian Americans who returned to Norway. The bibliography includes such sources, says the author, 'as have been found of value for the study of Norwegian settlement in the United States/ The list, especially of printed books and articles, is comparatively restricted. The study is a useful contribution to our knowledge of the Nor- wegian dispersion in the United States but the author's frame of reference is unfortunately exceedingly narrow, making the book available as a geographical handbook while leaving the general reader with a sense of its monotony and flatness. Though dealing with a highly significant group of European immigrants, and concerning itself on every page with people of a gifted race, it is conceived and executed in a manner which smothers human interest effectively under a suffocating load of statistics. The statistics are excellent, and derived honestly, mainly from the manuscript census records which the author considers 'a hitherto rela- tively unexploited source/ It is apparent, however, that his study of the census records was with the eye of the statistician rather than the historian, for he detected little of their thrillingly interesting human dis- closures. He even missed the significance of certain names which are calculated to arrest the attention not only of Norwegians but of anyone who appreciates the importance of the Norwegian contribution to Amer- ican history. To illustrate. In the Muskego settlement he recognizes the importance of Even Heg, but wholly ignores his greater son, Hans Christian. The Koshkonong settlement, as outlined by him, knows nothing of the distinguished sons of Norwegian parents born there, men like Rasmus B. Anderson, and Julius C. Olson, or the famous politician, Knute Nelson, who there grew to manhood. His story of the Mt. Horeb settlement is innocent of any suggestion that it became the spring board for the political career of Robert Marion La Follette; he is able to treat the Rush river colony without a single reference to Nils P. Haugen, or the fact that the celebrated Laur. Larsen there prepared to shed his influence far and wide over the Norwegian communities. More star- tling, in view of recent publications stressing the fact, is his failure to find Thorstein Veblen among the natives of Manitowoc county. In these ways he succeeded in insulating his statistics from real life. The above suggestions are designed to point out how easy it would have been to illuminate the statistical record which Mr. Qualey produced. It is not intended as a criticism of the record itself which appears to be sound throughout and gives us, as already stated, a useful handbook. His maps and charts, also carefully executed, add to the value of that record. J.S. 1938] Book Notes 461

Letters Relating to Gustaf Unonius. Translated and edited by George M. Stephenson, assisted by Olga Wold Hansen. [Augustana historical society publications, volume vii.] (Rock Island, Illinois: Augustana historical society, 1937. 151 pp.) Professor Stephenson presents an extended historical introduction to this volume, covering matters partly ancillary to the topics treated in the letters, in particular explaining aspects of the religious controversy which some of the letters illustrate. Unonius, founder of New Upsala, or the Pine Lake settlement, afterwards pastor of a Swedish-Norwegian Episcopal church in that neighborhood, then in Chicago, was given to writing full length letters. His communications, four in number (three of them characteristically voluminous) as copied from the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet, occupy fifty-five pages of the text. The introduction fills forty pages; the other letters, by members of the Carl Friman family, who settled at or near Salem in Kenosha county, occupy, with editorial notes, about thirty pages. A few short contributions make up the balance. Of these the most revealing, from the point of view of the student of immigration, is a letter of six pages, including editorial notes, from C. W. Pahlman written at New York January 8, 1853, and published in Aftonbladet on February 3 of the same year. The writer, a Swede who had spent twelve years in America, seven of them in New York where he acted as a good angel to his immigrant countrymen, shows himself possessed of sound information which enabled him to give wise advice. It is rare, indeed, that one finds so much good sense packed in a short epistle. Two of Unonius' long letters were designed to convey information about the Wisconsin country and the conditions encountered in the effort to reach it; but they have the disadvantage of being written so soon after his arrival that many of his comments were of slight value. His other long letter was purely polemical, and the single short one dealt with the sad case of a girl who was orphaned in Chicago through the death from cholera of her parents. The Frimans (who three years after arrival began to write the name 'Freeman') convey some information about conditions in the early 1840's in western Kenosha county and comment on the settlement of Norwegians in Norway township and on Rock river. The distances given are sometimes erroneous, as when they speak of the Rock river settlement being 'five miles west' from Salem, and the Muskego Norwegian colony 'three miles north.' One short letter is from a disappointed and disillusioned immigrant. On the whole, these documents average well among immigrant contributions to the sources for early Wisconsin social history. Professor Stephenson's scholarly introduction adds much to the value of the collection. The pamphlet supplements the articles on New Upsala by Doctor Filip A. Forsbeck which were published in this magazine, volume xix, 3-31, 161-181, and 294-318. J.S. 462 Book Notes

Vanguard of the Caravans: A Life-Story of John Mason Peck. By Coe Hayne. (Philadelphia: Judson press, 1931. 157 pp.) This book is published by the Baptist press, and is the story of that worthy pioneer of Baptist preachers in the West, John Mason Peck. It is not, however, merely a religious biography, nor was Peck interesting solely as a Baptist preacher. He was one of the youths of that de- nomination, stirred by the missionary movement, but in offering his life to the cause he stipulated that it was to be invested in the West, whither the caravans were moving so rapidly to people the Mississippi valley. Leaving Connecticut with his family in July, 1817, he drove overland to Shawneetown where he arrived November 6, only to find the town in flood. Embarking on a keelboat passing by, he reached St. Louis the first of December. There the next spring Peck organized the first Baptist church; then he rode the trails for two years until ordered by the missionary society to close his mission. This he refused to do, and remained as an independent, settling at Rock Spring, Illinois. On his first Missouri trip he made the acquaintance of Daniel Boone, whose life he wrote in 1847. He was also well acquainted with the pioneers of the American bottom, where Josiah Dodge, uncle of Henry, had preceded him as a Baptist preacher. The author somewhat exaggerates Peck's influence on the movement which kept slavery from becoming an Illinois institution; nevertheless, he was always on the side of all moral and educational movements. He founded Rock Spring seminary, which became Shurtleff college at Alton. He was a thorough antiquarian, a correspondent and friend of Lyman C. Draper, although this author does not mention the fact. He does tell of the literary tragedy' whereby the diaries of Peck for fifty- three years were lost. What a pity they did not come into Draper's keep- ing ! The volume has a bibliography but no index. It is attractively written, and is a worth while biography of a fine pioneer. L.P.K.

Prehistoric Antiquities of Indiana. By Eli Lilly. (Indianapolis: Indiana historical society, 1937. 293 pp.) This volume is a fine contribution to the archeological history of Indiana. It is devoted to a 'description of the more notable earthworks, implements and ceremonial objects left in Indiana by our predecessors, together with some information as to their origin and antiquity, and the prehistory of Indiana/ It is illustrated with a large number of full- page plates of mounds and other earthworks, ornaments and pottery. The opening chapter on 'The Origin and Antiquity of the American Indian' is especially well written and instructive. A bibliography on Indiana archeology appears at the close of the book. C.E.B. THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE

LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG

I THE SOCIETY

HE following members joined the society during the quarter ending April 10: T Life: Henry P. S. Smith, Edwardsville, Illinois. Annual: Dr. Augustus L. Beier, Chippewa Falls; Brown county historical society, Green Bay; Rev. N. L. Gross, Appleton; Dr. Dennis F. Pierce, Hales Corners; Morris Swadesh, Madison; Robert S. Zigman, Milwaukee.

NECROLOGY

In Milwaukee died January 15 Samuel M. Williams, a lawyer of wide connections. He was a descendant of Micajah T. Williams, sur- veyor-general of the Northwest territory when Wisconsin became a territory. His grandson contributed a sketch of his career in Wisconsin Magazine of History, vi, 303-313. Samuel M. Williams was a life member of the society and an honored member of the Milwaukee bar. At Milwaukee also died January 20 George A. West, life member, and eminent archeologist. Wisconsin archeological society held a memorial meeting for Mr. West on February 21. At Madison February 5 died Charles E. Buell, well known legal light, and a life member since the time of Dr. R. G. Thwaites. At Wausau Judge A. H. Reid, a nationally known jurist, died March 26; he was also a life member. Other deceased life members are Honorable Willis Ludlow of Monroe, February 21; John L. Wilcox of Janesville, March 17; Dr. William Henry Gunther of Sheboygan, March 27. Annual members who have died are William Perry Wagner of Green Bay, November 13, 1937; and Judge Emil H. Naber of Mayville, Feb- ruary 8, 1938.

Professor Laurence M. Larson, whose election as president of the American historical association was noted ante 370, died March 9 at his home at Urbana, Illinois. Dr. Larson received in 1902 the degree of doctor of philosophy from the University of Wisconsin, and taught in our state until 1907. He was a ripe historical scholar, making contributions to the history of Norway, Britain, and America. 464 The Society and the State [June

Miss Orpha E. Leavitt died February 4 at her home in Madison. She was a sister of the Rev. John Nelson Davidson, and had taught history at Rockford and Milwaukee colleges, and at River Falls teachers college. She was acting principal of Downer college at Fox Lake, immediately preceding Ellen C. Sabin. Miss Leavitt retired from teaching some years ago, making her home in Madison. She contributed a scholarly article 'British Policy on the Canadian Frontier, 1782-92: Mediation and an Indian Barrier State* to the Proceedings, 1915.

ACCESSIONS A diary kept by Charles A. Booth, first lieutenant of Company G of the Twenty-second Wisconsin, during Sherman's campaign in Georgia in the spring and summer of 1864, has been loaned by Mrs. Max Booth, Monroe, Wisconsin, for reproduction. It forms an interesting addition to the Civil war material. The diaries of John Stewart, a Scotchman from Perth, who in 1855 sailed for San Francisco, remained there eight years and returned to Scotland, have been lent for transcribing. Mr. Stewart in 1867 emigrated to the United States and settled in Iowa, where he died in 1893. His daughter, Mrs. Tina S. Bickley of Waterloo, Iowa, sent the material for copying. A number of letters belonging to the estate of Eddy Harding of Hudson were copied for our collection. The most interesting are those of Harding's son Frank, who was at the capture of New Orleans in 1862 and gave a good description of the event; and one written in 1865 from Colonel Pearsall of the Forty-eighth Wisconsin. A list of thirty-five soldiers of the American Revolution known to have been buried in Wisconsin has been presented to the society by Mrs. Helen K. Stuart, regent of the Wisconsin Daughters of the American Revolution. With most of the names, a brief account of their services is given. A volume of records of the circuit court of Marquette county, 1902-1906, including the justices of the peace, 1910-11, 1921-23, was sent us by the agency of the Historical Records survey. An article on the life of Nils Otto Tank, an interesting Norwegian pioneer and capitalist, has been presented by Curator William A. Titus.

PUBLICATIONS The Proceedings of the society at its eighty-fifth annual meeting, held October 21, 1937, have been printed and sent to the members. The reports of nineteen local historical societies complete the pamphlet. 1938] The State 465

THE STAFF

Superintendent Sehafer took part in March in the first Minnesota conference for social studies, held at the State university. He spoke March 22 before the state conference of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Madison. He is recovering from his recent illness, and will be at his office again by the time this magazine is issued. Research Associate Kellogg attended the meetings of the Mississippi valley historical association at Indianapolis, April 28-30.

II THE STATE

April 21 was the centennial of the birth of John Muir at Dunbar, Scotland. Muir was eleven years old when his father brought him to Wisconsin. The elder Muir had intended to make his future home in Canada, but the sight of a fine load of wheat from Wisconsin deflected him thither. The land he 'took up' was in Marquette county, that portion of the state being then opened for immigrants. A small lake, whose outlet ran into Fox river, lay on the estate, where the Muir boys swam and fished when they had a respite from the hard work of making a farm. Muir had had the foundation of a classical education before leaving Scotland. He was, however, a born naturalist, and his descriptions of bird and animal life on their Wisconsin farm are delightful reading in The Story of My Boyhood and Youth. Muir attended the university before his trek to California began; 'Muir Knoll' on the university campus commemorates his years here. Secretary of the Interior Harold I. Ickes calls upon the country to observe the Muir centennial. A John Muir association has been formed under whose auspices a book of his unpub- lished journals edited by Linnie M. Wolfe is being issued by Houghton, Mifflin company, entitled John of the Mountains.

Founders' day exercises at the University of Wisconsin had more than ordinary historical importance. Miss Susan Sterling, daughter of Professor John Sterling, who taught the first class in 1850, spoke of her father's early efforts to keep the university afloat. Superintendnet Sehafer spoke on 'The University Reorganization of 1866,' and credited John W. Hoyt of the State agricultural society with arousing the farmers of the state to support the university in securing the Morrill grant and the agricultural college, thus putting new life into the institution.

PERSONALS

Sketches entitled 'Wisconsin Leaders I Have Known' are appearing in the Madison Wisconsin State Journal. They are being written by the paper's associate editor Winter Everett, and give much interesting historical and personal material. Among the leaders described are Theo- 466 The Society and the State [June dore Kronshage, Charles H. Crownhart, Judge John B. Winslow, George B. Hudnall, Charles McCarthy, Justice R. D. Marshall, Henry Allen Cooper, and other well known Wisconsiners.

A young musician, Guila Bustabo, who as a violinist has been heard in London, Berlin, Prague, Budapest, and had the honor of playing in February with the Philharmonic orchestra of New York, is a native of our state. Her grandparents are Bohemians who settled near Manitowoc. Her father is a musician now residing in Chicago. Guila began her in- structions under his tutelage, later she studied with Louis Persinger. She was hailed in 1932 as a prodigy, and held her first Town hall recital in New York November 18, 1933. She played at the London jubilee in 1935 when she was acclaimed as 'born in the wilds of Wis- consin/ Manitowoc is proud of its youthful musical genius.

J. P. Martin of Sutherland, Iowa, is a survivor of Wisconsin's Civil war troops, having enlisted in the First Wisconsin heavy artillery. Mr. Martin was born in 1847 in Scotland, came to America when five years of age, and at sixteen enlisted and served for the last year of the war. In 1887 he removed to Iowa.

Dr. P. L. Scanlan in the course of his researches on early Prairie du Chien learned that an uncle of Solomon Juneau, founder of Milwaukee, lived at the former place, and that young Solomon was with his uncle, Joseph Galarneau, before settling on the Milwaukee river. The Doctor also obtained from the Montreal archivist the genealogical record of Juneau, showing that both parents were of Canadian origin as far back as the seventeenth century. It also proves that Juneau was born at Repentigny, not at Assumption as usually stated. The Milwaukee Journal has published Dr. Scanlan's researches on the first mayor of the city.

August W. Derleth, Sauk City author, has been awarded a Guggen- heim fellowship to assist him in his creative authorship concerning early Wisconsin life.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

The Dodge county historical society was organized February 11 at Beaver Dam. The new society was incorporated as a non-profit organization and affiliate of the State historical society. Joseph E. Hoyt was elected president; Charles A. Starkweather, vice-president; Arthur Andorfer, secretary; and Arthur Bedker, treasurer. It was announced at the meeting that Mrs. Peter Beule, a life long resident of Beaver Dam, was donating a thousand dollars to further the purposes of the new society, which it had been her dream to see organized and at work. 1938] The State 467

She has long been collecting historical material, and the new society will have rooms in the concert hall, used for a city hall in early days.

Brown county historical society was the subject of three articles early in March, by John B. Torinus, published in the Green Bay Gazette. The oldest local historcial society in the state, it was founded in 1899 and has had the support of the most prominent citizens of Green Bay.

The Green county historical society obtained articles of incorpora- tion early in January and held January 21a meeting to reelect officers, see ante, 244. The only change in the personnel was in the secretary. Miss Dorothy Potter having removed to Madison her place was taken by Miss Nell Miller. An appeal was launched for historical objects and for a building in which to house them.

Milwaukee county historical society is at work assembling a collection of marine photographs to represent the time when Milwaukee was a ship-building center on the Great Lakes. At the dinner meeting Feb- ruary 23 the society listened to an address by Dr. Schafer on 'The Ordinance of 1787/

The Outagamie county pioneer and historical society held its annual meeting at Appleton on Washington's birthday. Lewis F. Nelson, mayor of Kaukauna, was reflected president. About 200 listened to an address by Dr. Schafer on 'The Old Northwest/ The immediate object of the society is to purchase and restore the Grigr&on house at Kaukauna.

Watertown historical society held its annual meeting in January. An arrangement has been consummated whereby the society has the use of the octagon house for five months during the summer. As a museum it is now open to visitors over each weekend.

Reedsburg's old settlers association met on February 18 in the auditorium of the new south side school. Dr. F. P. Daly was the speaker of the occasion. Mrs. Victor Craker, the secretary, read a number of letters from former residents of Reedsburg fom Kansas, Arizona, Wash- ington, and several Wisconsin cities. A number of relics were donated and plans for their care and display made.

MUSEUM NOTES

The unusual discovery of one copper artifact and one or two stone arrowheads in connection with the bones of the extinct bison in Inter- state park, St. Croix Falls, has shown the existence of man in Wisconsin 468 The Society and the State [June much earlier than has heretofore been supposed. The discovery was made under the auspices of the well known archeologist, Alonzo Pond. The state historical museum has on exhibit a number of the bones, teeth, and skull of these extinct animals, and the man-made implements.

A recent search for the American cougar or panther by A. W. Schor- ger of Madison revealed that the only specimen in any state museum is in the scientific museum of Lawrence college, where the stuffed animal was placed over eighty years ago. It was killed near Appleton, and measured seven feet in length.

Beloit historical museum has recently received from William Acker a gift of twenty-two clocks, both American and foreign. Among the latter are specimens from Norway, Sweden, and France.

The Dwight-Foster museum at Fort Atkinson has had on exhibit the Lawton collection of Indian relics made in Jefferson county during thirty-five years. The city council is forming plans for the purchase of this valuable collection.

The Platteville Witness which was recently sold—see ante 367— had maintained a museum of pioneer relics for many years. This collection has been given to the Teachers college by the former editor, William M. Rindlaub.

Colonel E. J. Barrett has donated to the Sheboygan county historical museum a number of relics of the Philippine Islands acquired during service in the Spanish-American war.

The Milwaukee public museum has been presented with the General William Mitchell collection, which he acquired in wide travels. It con- sists of Indian ceremonial dresses, weapons from the Philippines, armor from Persia, and bronzes from India, and many other remarkable and rare objects.

ANNIVERSARIES

Sauk City's centennial occurred in January when several newspapers recounted the early history of the town. Berry Haney of stagecoach fame was the first resident; the village, however, was laid out by the Hungarian Count Agoston Haraszthy and given his name. See ante, ix, 336. The name was later changed to Westfield, and then to Sauk City.

The village of Milton celebrated its centennial March 3 when a number of old settlers met at the Seventh Day Baptist church for an observance. 1938] The State 469

The Oshkosh Northwestern was established January 6, 1868, and noted on that day this year its seventieth birthday with an editorial making comparisons of the presses of seventy years ago and of the present.

The Wisconsin State Journal noted February 27 that it was thirty- four years since the fire occurred that destroyed the state capitol and the stuffed body of the war eagle, 'Old Abe.' Pictures of the ruins taken by Chief Justice John B. Winslow were included in the account.

The thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the Wisconsin mining school at Platteville occurred in May. When Governor Davidson appointed the first resident regent he said: 'See to it that the school is easy to get into, but hard to get out of/ The school occupies the building of the Platteville academy, later the Teachers college, removed in 1907 to another location.

CHURCH ANNIVERSARIES

The centennial of several important churches was held early this year: St. Paul's Episcopal church of Milwaukee held a centennial com- memoration beginning January 20 and concluding February 27, the exact date when the first group of Milwaukee Episcopalians met in 1838 and soon formed the parish. The first church built in 1844 stood on the site of the Layton art gallery. The present structure was built fifty- seven years ago. The church has had but three rectors in fifty-eight years.

Waukesha (then Prairieville) Congregational church was organized in 1838 by the missionary Rev. Cyrus Nichols. Its centennial was held January 16-21, the story of the church appearing in the Waukesha Free- man January 12 and 14, and in the Milwaukee Journal January 16.

The First Baptist church of Sheboygan Falls held centennial services February 10-11 and 14, with an anniversary drama written by local church members. The original church of six members was organized at the home of Mrs. A. G. Dye, when William Trowbridge was chosen deacon. Its history appeared in the Sheboygan Press, February 9.

The Seventh Day Baptist church of Albion held a ninety-fifth anniversary January 30. The church was organized January 22, 1843, as the Dane County Seventh Day Baptist church.

Appleton's first church was the Methodist Episcopal, founded in 1848; its history was related by Viola Hellerman February 16 in the Appleton Post-Crescent. 470 The Society and the State [June

The eighty-eighth anniversary of the De Pere Presbyterian church coincided with the ninetieth birthday of Dr. Howard A. Talbot, retired pastor who served the church for thirty-two years. The celebration January 26 honored Dr. Talbot.

The eightieth anniversary exercises of the Reedsburg Presbyterian church were held November 22 last, when R. P. Perry, a member for many years, gave a history of the church. The present pastor is Rev. Charles P. Melcher.

The eightieth anniversary of the West Salem Congregational church saw the demolition of the building, erected in 1895, and not in use for several years for services. The history of the church appeared March 3 in the West Salem Nonpareil-Journal.

LANDMARKS

The Benjamin Church house on Fourth street, Milwaukee, is said to be the second oldest structure in the city. The Milwaukee historical society and the city council propose to remove this house to one of the city parks, where it may be restored and become a permanent landmark.

The Wayside shrine, twelve miles northwest of Chippewa Falls, was removed during the construction of a highway. It has now been restored to its original site. It was erected by Victor Bohl, a pioneer of Chippewa county, as a thanksgiving to God for being rescued when lost from a northern lumber camp.

The new Winnebago county courthouse is being adorned by sculp- ture representing scenes in Wisconsin life—a court of justice, a board of supervisors, a school with a teacher, an agricultural agent, and an Indian village. These groups are the work of Alfonso Iannelli, a Chi- cago sculptor.

Excavations in the basement and grounds of the Villa Louis (the Dousman house) at Prairie du Chien are yielding many relics of the first Fort Crawford. Rev. Leland Cooper is in charge of the work. The Villa Louis was the mecca for the meeting of the club women of Wis- consin on May 15, which marked the opening of the house for the summer.

WISCONSIN HISTORY IN THE STATE PRESS

The Prairie du Chien Courier published February 1-March 15 a series of articles on the building and occupancy of the second Fort Crawford from the pen of Dr. P. L. Scanlan, who obtained the official records from the War department at Washington. 1938] Of Wider Interest 471

President Marshall Cousins contributed several articles on Eau Claire history for the Leader at that place in January. The article of January 27 corrected some misstatements concerning the famous war eagle, 'Old Abe/

A. D. Polleys, a pioneer of Melrose, wrote a series of articles concerning lumbering on Black river. These were published in the Melrose Chronicle, the Black River Falls Banner-Journal, and the La Crosse Tribune-Leader from January to March. The last mentioned paper carries a column for the historical society in which H. J. Hirshheimer had a series of articles on manufacturing, 1853-80, at La Crosse.

The Fountain City Republican had several articles in January and February by Ivan Kaste, about the editors of the Buffalo county Repub- lican in the early sixties of last century and its transformation into a German paper, the Republihaner.

Balsam Lake Ledger carries a headline 'Spotlights on the Early History of Polk County' prepared by Worthy A. Prentice.

Curator Samuel M. Pedrick edits a column of local history for the Bipon Commonwealth. The article for January 7 was 'Glimpses of Ripon in 1855,' followed by an account February 4 of the 'Newspapers of I860,' and March 4 an account of the Ceresco newspaper of 1855.

The Monroe Times and the Beloit News presented January to March a series of articles on counterfeiting in southwestern Wisconsin in the early seventies, when a band utilized the Bogus cave as their headquarters.

The Fennimore Times, Muscoda Progressive, and the Lancaster Independent published in February a full biography of Governor Nelson Dewey, prepared by a WPA worker on the Nelson Dewey memorial park at Cassville. C. L. Harrington, director of state parks, sponsored the article.

Scott McCormick of Princeton wrote an early history of creameries in Portage county, which was published December 30, 1937, in the Stevens Point Journal.

Ill OF WIDER INTEREST

The Mississippi valley historical association met at Indianapolis April 28-30 with Indiana historical society, the State historical bureau, and Butler university acting as hosts. President Clarence E. Carter's address was on 'The United States and Documentary Historical Publica- 472 The Society and the State tion.' Professor William D. Lynch of Indiana university, editor of the Indiana historical magazine, was elected president for the ensuing year.

The pioneer caravan of the sesquicentennial celebration for the founding of the Northwest territory left Marietta, Ohio, April 10, on its pilgrimage throughout the six states of the Old Northwest. With the caravan is shown a pageant entitled 'Freedom on the March/ The group entered Indiana in mid-May and will exhibit in Wisconsin in twenty-five localities, July 8-29, August 19-26. It may be seen in Milwaukee, July 9-10, and in Madison, July 13.

NOTICE

Under the customary practice, the two prizes awarded by the Ameri- can historical association for essays in American history would be awarded in 1939. In order to separate these two prizes, hitherto awarded in the same year, the executive committee has decided that the Dunning prize should be awarded this year, the Winsor prize next year, and so alternately thereafter. The last date for presenting com- peting essays for the Dunning prize to be awarded in 1938 is September first. All persons submitting essays for the Dunning prize should address them to the chairman: Dr. Kathleen Bruce, Chesterfield Apartments, Richmond, Virginia.

OUR CONTRIBUTORS

Grant Foreman ('Settlement of English Potters in Wisconsin'), of Muskogee, Oklahoma, a writer on Indian and western history, has several volumes to his credit. For many years Dr. Foreman has been associated with the Oklahoma historical society, and his articles frequently appear in its magazine.

Louise Phelps Kellogg ('Wisconsin's Eminence') research associate of the society's staff, is well known to the readers of the magazine.

Thomas Pederson ('Some Recollections'), of Mildred, Minnesota, formerly of La Crosse county, writes of his experiences in Minnesota in a further installment of his memoirs.

Documents—The diary of George W. Stoner, 1862, continued in this issue, is annotated by Louise Phelps Kellogg, of the society's staff. INDEX ABOLITION party, fanaticism of, 158; 'Anneke, Madame Mathilda Franziska: governor, 229. An Early Wisconsin Journalist,' by Adams, Gov. Alva, of Colorado, 45, 398. Lillian Krueger, 160-167; educator, Adams, Charles K., sketch, 234; pres- 401; death, 167; portrait, 163. ident of university, 400; historian, Anthony, Mary S., attends suffrage 402. convention, 165. Adams, Dr. Thomas, quoted on income Anthony, Susan B., History of Woman tax bill, 13-14. Suffrage, cited, 162-163; sister of, Ainsworth, Mrs. , pays visit, 203. 165. Ainsworth, C, Madison resident, 205- Antietam (Md.), battle of, 427. 206, 209, 323. Appleby, John F., inventor, 404. Akeley, Carl E., inventor, 40£. Arena, ferry, 445. Albany, removal from region, 454. Argonaute, ocean vessel, 69. Alcott, Bronson, visits Madison, 148. Arpin, Edmund P., death, 363. Allen, Gideon W., graduate of Wiscon- Arvilla (N.D.), employment near, 301, sin university, 331. 306; wheat delivered at, 305. Allis, Edward P., manufacturer, 403. Assenisipia, proposed name for state, Allouez, Claude, Jesuit missionary, 401. 338. Allstaedt, J. E., advice to immigrants, Astor party, expedition on Missouri 71. river, 436. Alsosak John, potter, 395. Atwater, Caleb, Ohio historian, 221, Alvord, Clarence W., Centennial His- 229, tory of Illinois, cited, 230. Atwood, David, sketch, 334; journal- American Council of Learned Societies, ist, 400; attends convention, 427. sponsors work, 397. Atwood, Mrs. David, aid acknowl- American equal rights association, edged, 139. meeting, 162. Atwood, Gertrude, death, 424. American expeditionary force, plays Avoca, ferry, 445. 'On Wisconsin,' 38. Ayer, Edward E., bibliophile, 403. American historical association, sponsors work, 397; offers prizes, 472. B , Thomas, potter, 383. American Revolution, soldiers of, bur* Babcock, Stephen M., inventor, 404. ied in Wisconsin, 464. Bach, Christian, conducts concerts, 291. American university, faculty member Bache, Soren, Norwegian pioneer, 130. of, 3-4. Baensch, Emil, reads eulogy on Lacher, 251-255; sketch, 371. Ames, Levi F., wood carvings exhib- Bailey, Joseph, soldier, 403. ited, 116. Baker, , Madison resident, 206. Anderson, , magician, 198. Baker, Charles, potter, 395. Anderson, Prof , lectures, 333. Bancroft-Whitney company, law book Anderson, Ole, Norwegian pioneer, 131. publishers, 39, 42. Anderson, Prof. R. B., aid acknowl- Baptists, at Madison, 198, 206-207; cir- edged, 139; cited, 457; birthplace, cuit riders, 225; at Brothertown, 299. 460; memorial to, on campus, 121. Baraboo, resident, 256; school superintendent, 257-258, 260; walking club, Anderson, Capt, Thomas G., early 259; settlement in region, 454. trader, 263. Baraga, Frederic, missionary, 401. Anderson brothers, store proprietors, Barber, H., at snooting gallery, 196. 414-415. Barber, L. I., newspaper contributor, Andre, Louis, Jesuit missionary, 401. 265. Anneke, Capt. Fritz, German revolu- Barnard, Charley, on fishing trip, 325. tionist, 160; in Civil war, 162; op- Barnard, Henry, university president, poses typographical union, 166. 400. 474 Indent

Barnes, Rev. R. A., record book ac- Black Hawk war, interest in, 230. quired, 116. Black river, described, 26; ferries, Barnstein, , German immigrant, 73- 446; village on, 450. 75, 77. Blaine, John J., request, 55; governor, Barrette, Pierre, operates ferry, 448, 399. 450, 452. Blaine, Mrs. John J., death, 364. Bars tow, William, colonel of Third Blake, Thomas H., land commissioner, Wisconsin cavalry, 206; governor of 379. state, 399. Blegen, Theodore C, Minnesota: Its Bartlett, Dr. John K., letter to, 275- History and Its People, . . , re- 276. viewed, 239. Bartlett, Seth, Madison resident, 326, Bliss, H. H., death, 241. 334; pays visit, 420. Bliss, L. A., potter, 390. Bartlett, Mrs. Seth, pays visit, 333. Blizzards, in Minnesota, 416-417. Barton, Albert O., 'Muskego: The Most Blue River, ferry, 445. Historic Norwegian Colony,' 129- Bodwell, , Madison resident, 327. 138; aid acknowledged, 139; sketch, Bodwell, Miss , pays visits, 197, 248. 325. Barton, Joseph, potter, 396. Bodwell, Mrs. , pays visit, 202. Bascom, John, university president, Bohemians, in Nebraska, 103. Boisseau, Oscar G., death, 363. 400. Bonsall, , mentioned, 326. Bashford, Coles, governor of state, 399. Book Notes, 107-113, 237-240, 356-362, Bashford, James W., college president, 457-462. 400; missionary, 401. Booth, Charles A., diary copied, 464. Beadle, William H. H., sketch, 234. Boothroyd, Thomas, potter, 396. Beaumont, William, physician, 402. Borden, Charles, friend of, 45. Beck, Carl, university student, 35; Boscobel, ferry, 444-445. writes words of 'On Wisconsin,' 36-38. Boston (Miass.), ferry, 434-441. Beeson, Lewis, co-author, 239. Boston university, president, 400. Beloit, residents, 169, 400. Botkin, Mrs. , pays visit, 208; vis- Beloit college, president, 400. ited, 335. Beloit historical society, activities, 117, Botkin, Sinclair W., on fishing trips, 468. 209-210; enlists, 422. Benedict, Stephen G., arrival at Mad- Botkin family, home near Madison, 202, ison, 212; visited, 428; in Masonic order, 197. 206, 322, 326, 329, 423. Bennett, Benjamin, potter, 396. Bradbury, John, Travels, cited, 435-436. Bennett, Edward, potter, 396. Bradford, William J. A., Notes on the Bennett, William, potter, 396. Northwest, cited, 270-271. Bennett law controversy, light on, 458. Bradshaw, Harriet, potter, 395. Benton, Charles R., death, 241. Beule, Mrs. Peter, donor, 466. Bragg, Gen. Edward S., in politics, 58; Bill, Capt. Fred A., information on soldier, 403. ferry, 447, 452. Breck, James Lloyd, missionary, 401. Bill, Thomas, potter, 395. Bremer, Fredrika, visits Madison, 148; Bird, Chit., encountered, 335. Bird, G. W., Madison resident, 325. Milwaukee, 274; Homes of the New Birge, Dr. Edward A., remarks on World, cited, 274-275. Burr W. Jones, 63-67. Bridgeport, ferry, 445; bridge, 448. Birkbeck, Morris, Illinois pioneer, 229; Bright, Miss , at war meeting, 422. account of English settlement, 378. Bright, John, paper on, 64. Bishop, , buys farm, 173. Brisbois, , encountered, 206; on Bishop, Seth S., laryngologist, 403. fishing trip, 327; illness of, 329; Bitmun, Alph, harvesting, 421. leaves, 330. Bitney, A., Dane county farmer, 423, Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre, Bjorn, Halvor A., letters acquired, 115. cited, 434. Index 4*75

British, in Wisconsin, 95, 97, 263; in Burslem (England), paper published Middle West, 103; in Illinois, 229; at, 375; cooperative society, 381. potters, article on, 375-396. Burt, Henry M., edits records, 434. British-Americans, in Wisconsin, 95; Burwell, -, burial, 324. in Michigan, 103. Bush, Judge D. C, Madison resident, British museum, files, 394. 336. Bromme, , mentioned, 77. Bushnell, Dr. Horace, article cited, Brothertown (N.Y.), visited, 193; In- 219. dian village, 294. Bushnell, Soph, pays visits, 201, 205, Brothertown (Wis.), residents, 192-193; 325. history of, 293-300. Bustabo, Guila, musician, 466. Brothertown Indians, in Wisconsin, Butler, Prof. James D., of University 191-192, 296; in New York, 294-295; of Wisconsin, 65, 330. build flour mill, 297; religious his- Butler, Ruth Lapham, A Check List of tory, 298-299; records of, lost, 300. Manuscripts in the Edward E. Ayer Brothertown township (Calumet Collection, reviewed, 112. county), survey of, 296. Byrne, J. A., owns house, 333. Brown, Crawford, potter, 396. Brown, Olympia, reformer, 402. CADMAX, Samuel, potter, 396. Brown county historical society, re- Calame, Adelaide. See Mrs. John Coker. ceives Cotton house, 366; articles on, Calame, Hortense. See Mrs. John 467. Soward. Browne, F. See Artemus Ward. 'Calame, Pierre,' by H. E. Roethe, 168- Bruncken, Ernest, Wisconsin's Deutsch- 174; portrait of, with wife, 168. Amerikaner, cited, 161. Calame, Mrs. Pierre, marriage, 171; at- Brunet, Jean, operates ferry, 445. tends French school, 172. Bryan, William J., presidential candi- California, missions in, 432. date, 58. Calumet county, Indians in, 192, 295- Bryant, Col. George E., of Twelfth 296. Wisconsin infantry, 195, 430. Camp Randall, in Civil war, 195, 202, Buck, James, potter, 389; letter, 394. 421, 427-428; fire at, 205; changes at, Buck, Mrs. O. C, pays visit, 327. 426. Buckeyes. See Ohio. Campbell, Gov. , clerk, 429. Buehler, Dr. Alfred G., Public Fi- Canada, migration to, 376; ferries, 439. nance, cited, 3. Canajoharie (N.Y.), Indian school at, Buell, Charles E., death, 462. 191. Buffalo township (Marquette county), Carey, , blacksmith, 324. potters in, 395-396. Carpenter, Matthew H., United States Bull, Ole, marriage, 144-145; home senator, 399. furnishings, 146, 150; plays for Carpenter, Mrs. S. H., pays visit, 325. guests, 147; bust of, 143. Carter, Clarence E., editor, Territorial Bull, Mrs. Ole, marriage, 143-145; en- Papers of the United States, re- tertains, 146-147. viewed, 356. Bull Run (Va.), second battle, 426. Carthage (111.), Mormons at, 230. Bundy, Jonas M., soldier, 403. Carver, Jonathan, explorer, 404. Burdick, Elisha, property of, 139. Case, Jerome I., manufacturer, 403. Burdick, Mary, aid acknowledged, 139; Cass, Lewis, exploration, 264. reminiscences of, 141-142. Cassville, ferries, 442-443, 446, 448; Burlington and Bristol teamboat com- ferries pictured, 432-433. pany, ferry, 443. Caster, T. W., at Madison, 206; re- Burlington historical society, gifts, 366. turns home, 207. Burnham (Burnam), Dr. S. B., at Mad- Catholics, at Milwaukee, 278. ison, 421. Chadbourne, Paul A., university presi- Burnell, William, potter, 395. dent, 400. Burns, , visited, 208-209, 211. Chafin, Eugene W., reformer, 402. 476 Index

Chamberlin, Thomas C, university Clifton township (Grant county), farm president, 400. in, 170-171. Chandler, , mentioned, 196. Clinton, pioneers near, 129. Chapin, Aaron, Beloit college presi- Clithers, James, potter, 395. dent, 400. Coates, W., interest in potters, 381-382. Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., traveler, 404. Cobb, residents, 173-174. Chastellux, Francois J,, Travels, cited, Cobden, Richard, paper on, 64. 434-435. Coburn, Foster D., editor, 400. Chersonesus, proposed name for state, Cocker, George, potter, 396. 338. Cockroft, Peter, potter, 396. Chicago, residents, 35, 141-142, 252- Coker, Charlotte. See Mrs. Reuben Ells- 253; visited, 45, 272, 2T4, 284; lake worth. port, 76; population increase, 91-92, Coker, John, pioneer farmer, 169; mar- 96, 106, 265; orchestra, 145; fort, 227; riage, 173. employment at, 251; guide, 264; tele- Coker, Mrs. John (Adelaide), mar- graph, 278; railroads, 279, 283; de- riage, 173; children, 174. scribed, 282. Coker, Verner, burial, 174. Chicago Times, editor, 333. Cole, Mrs. H. E., reads eulogy on Chicago Tribune, cited, 446. Kingsford, 256-261; sketch, 371. Chickamauga (Ga.), Heg killed at, 134, Cole, Sen. Orsamus, pays visits, 196, 203. 199, 202, 207, 326, 329, 422; ill, 201; Chilton, route via, 193. attends entertainment, 206. Chinch bugs, invasion of, 32-33. Coles, Edward, sketch, 229. Chippewa Falls, resident, 46. Collier, John, 'The Experiment in Mil- Chippewa Indians, harmless, 314. waukee . . . ,' cited, 291. Chippewa river, ferries, 446, 449; ice Collins, Judge A. L., relative of, 140. covered, 452. Colman, Henry, conducts Evansville Cholera, in Wisconsin, 132. seminary, 65. Christmann, , innkeeper, 73. Columbus, resident, 196. Christmas, as celebrated by Norwe- Commuck, Thomas, Brothertown In- gians, 175-178. dian, 191. Church, C. C, owns boat, 427. Congregationalists, church records of, Church and Hawley, Madison shop, 199. acquired, 115-116; ministers, 232, 298. Cincinnati (Ohio), founded, 227; farm Congress, members, 63, 179, 209, 228, near, 251; ferry, 441. 352; and Ohio company, 213-216; Civil war, book on, discussed, 151-159; powers, 217, 339, 349, 351, 353. officers in, 162, 171; women employed Connecticut river, ferry, 434. during, 164; Wisconsin men in, 210, Conner, John, frontiersman, 459. 287; Milwaukee during, 282. Conner, William, frontiersman, 459. 'Civil War Historiography—Carl Rus- Conover, Prof. O. M., delivers address, sell Fish,' by Joseph Schafer, 151- 202. 159. Cook, John, potter, 395. Clark, Julius, Madison resident, 329. Cooperative associations, in Wiscon- Clark, Richard, potter, 396. sin, 33-34. Copeland, Hamlet, potter, 395. Clausen, Rev. C. L., pioneer minister, Cornell university, president, 234. 132, 401; successor to, 133; par- Corning Station, dam near, 395. sonage, 136. Coryell, , visited, 199, 208; pays Clayton, John, on senate committee, visit, 210; candidate, 431. 349-350. Coumbe, John, sketch, 367. Cleave, , Emigrant's Hand Book, Council Bluffs (Iowa), ferry, 453. cited, 378. Counsel bay, farm at, 26. Cleghorn, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, pay visit, Cousins, Col. Marshall, writes histor- 198; at Madison, 329. ical series, 122. Clemons, Mr. and Mrs. , pay visit, Crary, Isaac, interest in education, 201. 232, 234, 236. Index 477

Cripps, Henry, potter, 396. Dearborn, Mrs. , pays visits, 325, Crocker, Hans, Milwaukee editor, 265. 327. Crooks, Ramsey, fur trader, 404. Dearborn, John, enlists, 427. Crookson, Richard, potter, 395. Decker, Maud K., Charles Henry Cross Plains, resident, 431. Keyes. , . , reviewed, 240. Crow, William L., Wisconsin Lives of Decorah (Iowa), college at, 400. National Interest, reviewed, 357. De Forest, railway station, 424. Crownhart, Charles H., in supreme Dekorra, ferry, 445. court, 55; law student, 56. Delaplaine, Florence, birth, 150. Cudahy, Michael, meat packer, 403. Delaplaine, George P., property of, Cuming, Fortescue, tours West, 437- 139, 141-142. 438. Delaplaine and Burdick, build water Curtin, Jeremiah, traveler, 404. cure, 427. Curtis, , visited, 209. Delavan historical society, organized, Curtis Jr., George, on tax commission, 366. 43. Delaware river, ferry, 443. Curtiss, Daniel S., Western Portraiture Dells of Wisconsin, ferry, 445. and Emigrants9 Guide, cited, 278. Democratic party, on income tax, 9; Cushman, J. O., auctioneer, 174. supporter of, 58; presidential can- Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, represents didate, 171; caucus, 196; members of, Ohio company, 213-214. 198, 334; in Dane county, 429. Demokraten, Norwegian newspaper DABLOST, Claude, Jesuit missionary, 401. published, 135. Dahle, Onon B., Norwegian pioneer, Denby, George, potter, 396. 132. Denton, Prof. , delivers lecture, Dahlen, , German immigrant, 84. 200. Dahmen, , carpenter, 71. Der Auswanderer an Niederheim, pa- Dairying, in La Crosse county, 33. per cited, 68. Dakota territory, population increase, Derleth, August, awarded prize, 466; 92, 96. and Raymond E. F. Larsson, Poetry Dane county, Norwegians in, 132; offi- out of Wisconsin, reviewed, 458. cers, 194, 445; first reaping machine Des Moines county (Wis.Ty.), settled, in, 334; settler, 392. 91. Dane county circuit court, judge, 43; Desor, Prof. Edouard, letter, 270. witness, 54. Detroit (Mich.), newspapers, 268; route Danes, in Wisconsin, 287. via, 284; preference for, 345. Danielson, Gitle, Norwegian pioneer, Deutsche Frauen-Zeitung, published, 131. 163; sketch, 164-167. Danielson family, Norwegian pioneers, Devils lake, in North Dakota, 304, 314, 136. 405. Darwin, Gill, issues railway passes, Devol, Capt. Jonathan, ship carpenter, 428. 439. Daughters of the American Revolution, Dewey, Nelson, homestead refitted as records of, acquired, 365. museum, 121; secretary, 141; state Davidson, James O., governor of state, governor, 399; secures ferry charter, 399. 448; business interests, 455. Davidson, R. M., home, 174. Dexter, Rev. Frank N., A Hundred Tears of Congregational History in Davis, Jacob, potter, 395. Wisconsin, cited, 298. Davis, Jefferson, judgment of, 158. Dick, Thomas, organizes congregation, Davis, R. E., of Cross Plains, 431. 299. Davis, Mrs. W. P., pays visit, 201. Dick, Mrs. Thomas (Deborah), at Dean, J. S., business with, 196. Brothertown, 299. Dean, Thomas, potter, 395. Dickinson, J. M., visited, 330; land in- Dearborn, , pays visits, 202, 211, formation, 332. 322, 428; on way East, 331. Dickson, Robert, fur trader, 404. 478 Index

Dictionary of American Biography, Dunn county, ferries, 449. Wisconsin men in, 397-404. Dunning, Clat, pays visits, 327, 330, 332. Dictionary of National Biography, pro- Dunning, Cory, attends school, 429. totype, 397. Dunning, Coty, pays visit, 211. Diederichs, J. F., German pioneer, 74- Dunning, Girard, mentioned, 211. 76, 80. Dunning, Jane, pays visit, 327. Diedrich, Nicholas and Gehl, John B., Dunning, Philo, visited, 197; pays visit, History of Clintowoille, Wisconsin, 202. reviewed, 359. Dunning family, visited, 195, 336, 427. Diedrichs. See Diederichs. Durkee, Charles, United States sena- Dietrichson, Rev. J. W. C, Norwegian tor, 399. pioneer minister, 132, 401. Dutch, in La Crosse county, 24-25, 308. Diphtheria epidemic, in Minnesota, 413. Dutcher, , enlisted, 426. Dixon, Luther S., judge, 400. Duvergier de Hauranne, Ernest, Huit Dixon, Ora A., owns farm, 173. Mois en AmMque, cited, 282-283. Documents, 68-84, 191-212, 322-336, 420-431. EAGLE Point, ferry, 446. Dodge, Augustus C, United States sen- Easterbrooks, Mrs. , dinner guest, ator, 399. 203. Dodge, Henry, territorial governor, Eastern Counties Herald (England), 235, 399; United States senator, 399. editor, 387. Dodge, Josiah, Baptist preacher, 462. Eastman, , sells farm, 173. Dodge, Mary A. See Gail Hamilton. Eastman, N., letter, 332. Dodge county historical society, or- Easum, Chester V., Americanization of ganized, 466. Carl Schurz, translated, 362. Doerfler, Judge Christian, in supreme Eau Claire, removal from, 142, 147. court, 55-56. Ebenezer, pioneer, 170; cheese factory Dooley, Henry, potter, 396. near, 174. Doolittle, James R., sends speech, 209; Eckman, Albert, occupations, 409, 413. United States senator, 399. Eden, resident, 174. Door county museum, started, 117. Editorial Comment, 85-106, 213-236, Doran, John L., colonel of Seventeenth 337-355, 432-456. Wisconsin infantry, 206. Education, in Wisconsin, 22-25; in Dorn (Doarn), Mrs. C, pays visits, Northwest territory, 214; in East, 330, 423. 220; Ohio, 222; Indiana, 223; Illi- Doty, James D., property of, 139; ad- nois, 230; Michigan, 232-233. ditional papers acquired, 243; and Edwards, Ninian, sketch, 228. boundary controversy, 353-354; ter- Edwards county (Illinois), colonizer, ritorial governor, 399. 229. Doty, Mrs. James D., relative of, 140. Eggleston, Edward, Indiana historian, Douglas county (Minn.), pioneers, 178- 223, 225. 179, 183; described, 180. Dousman, Hercules L., capitalist, 404. Eielsen, Rev. Elling, Norwegian pio- Draft, in Civil war, 421-422. neer minister, 130, 132, 401. Drake, , mentioned, 209. Einong, Anne Jacobson, marriage, 136. Drake, L. P., examined, 204. Einong family, misfortunes in, 136. Drake, Maggie, marriage, 196. Eisenberger, , hotel proprietor, 72. Draper, Lyman C, obituary by, cited, 161; historian, 402. Eleventh Wisconsin infantry, officers, Druillettes, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, 430. 401. Ellertson family, Norwegian pioneers, Dubuque (Iowa), ferry, 446. 136. Dubuque county (Wis.Ty.), settled, 91. Elliot, Thomas W., potter, 396. Dunbar, Seymour, History of Travel in Ellis, John, potter, 396. America, cited, 433. Ellison, Christopher, potter, 396. Dunn, Charles, chief justice, 235, 400. Ellison, M. G., potter, 389. Index 479

Ellsworth, Reuben, Beloit resident, 'Ferries and Ferryboats,' by Joseph 169; relates incident, 172; marriage, Schafer, 432-456. 173; home, 174. Ferryville, ferry, 446. Ellsworth, Mrs. Reuben (Charlotte), Fifield, Sam, business interests, 455. marriage, 173; burial, 174. Fifteenth Wisconsin infantry, colonel Elmore, Andrew E., offers pass, 329, of, 134, 203; at Camp Randall, 202. 427; letter to, 331. Fillmore, John C, musician, 402. Emancipation Ferry, on Fox river, 383, Finger lakes, settlers from, 97. 390-391, 395. Firman, Frank, talk with, 332. England, Rev. , at suffrage conven- Fish, Carl Russell, American Civil War tion, 163. volume, discussed, 151-159; cited, 457; English. See British. portrait, 151. Episcopalians, in Grant county, 172; Fitchburg, band, 330. lay preacher, 298. Fitchburg township (Dane county), Erie canal, causes migration to West, pioneers, 334. 88-89, 222. Flesh, A., debt paid, 427. Erie lake, route via, 73; settlements Flexner, James T., Doctors on Horse- on, 89; as a boundary, 341-342, 344- back, reviewed, 361. 345. Flint, James, Letters from America, Erkton, Charley, trial of, 211. cited, 439. Erskine, Thomas, account of, 64, 66. Flower, George, Errors of Emigrants, Esarey, Logan, Indiana historian, 225- cited, 378. 226. Flower, J. M., at Madison, 326. Eschweiler, Judge Franz C, in su- Fond du Lac, route via, 193; village preme court, 55. near, 293; on lake, 296; pioneers, Esterly, George, inventor, 403-404. 298-299. Evangelical alliance, papers acquired, Fond du Lac Commonwealth-Reporter, 243. cited, 299. Evans, Mrs. Anna Wells, retires, 114. Ford, , visits California, 45. Evans, William, interest in potters, 375- Ford, Thomas, History of Illinois ... 5 376, 379, 382, 386-387, 391. cited, 228-230. Evansville seminary, pupil, 65. Foreman, Grant, 'Settlement of English Everett, Edward, lecture by, 328. Potters in Wisconsin,' 375-396; Ewing, Thomas, argument of, 349-350. sketch, 472. Forestville. See De Forest. FAIRCHILD, Cassius, colonel of Six- Forsbeck, Dr. F. A., 'New Upsala,' teenth Wisconsin infantry, 204; fa- cited, 461. ther of, 334. Fort Atkinson, museum at, 117, 468. Fairchild, Charles, father of, 334. Fort Crawford, hospital register repro- duced, 365; military road at, 445. Fairchild, Jairus C, sketch, 334; bur- Fort Henry (Tenn.), news of capture ial, 335. of, 200. Fairchild, Lucius, father of, 334; gov- Fort Recovery (Ohio), as a boundary, ernor of state, 399; diplomat, 399; in 341. Civil war, 403. Fort St. Antoine, ceremony at site of, Falk, Clarence R., death, 241. 117. Fallows, Samuel, bishop, 401. Fort Totten Indian reservation, farm Falls, settlement on Sheboygan river, near, 313. 74; road to, 75. Fort Wayne (Ind.), land sales at, 92. Farmersville, resident, 392. Fort Winnebago, resident, 383; canal, 388; settlers near, 389; potters' meet- Farwell, Leonard, secretaries, 141, 422; ing at, 390; military road at, 445. state governor, 399. Fort Winnebago township (Columbia Faulkner, Charles, potter, 396. county), potters in, 395. Favill, Henry B., physician, 402. Forty-eighth Wisconsin infantry, colo- Fennimore Times, sketch in, 168. nel, 464. 480 Index

Fowler, Almira, Brother town Indian, German typographical union, organ- 192. ized at Milwaukee, 166. Fowler, David, Indian, sketch of, 191. Germans, immigrant letter published, Fowler, Emily A., Brothertown Indian, 68-84; church services for, 76; in 192. Manitowoc county, 80; employment Fowler, Lyman P., sketch, 192. of, 82; as housewives, 83; in Wiscon- Fowler, Mrs. Lyman P. (Aurilla), sin, 95, 97-98, 162, 236; Middle West, letter to, 192-193. 103; Ohio, 221, 439; studies of, 253- Fowler, Prof. O. S., delivers lecture, 255; at Milwaukee, 270, 272, 275, 279, 203. 285, 287-291; in Calumet county, 293, Fowler, Rodolphus, Brothertown In- 297; clergymen, 401-402; in Civil war, dian, 192. 424. Fox Indians, on Milwaukee river, 263. Germantown, ferry, 445. Fox (Pishtaka) river (111.), ferries, Giesler, Karl, daughter of, 161. 446. Gill, C. R., Madison resident, 326. Fox river (Wis.), Indians on, 295, 298; Glazier, Willard, Peculiarities of Amer- settlers on, 383, 385, 388-389, 391, ican Cities, cited, 284-287; sketch, 395; transportation route, 387; fer- 286. ries, 446. Glen Haven, ferry, 446. Fox-Wisconsin waterway, historic Goes, Edmund, 'Milwaukee: The Ger- travel route, 296. man City of America,' cited, 284, 290- Franklin, Jesse, resolution, 348. 291. Franklin Institute, Journal of, cited, Goetz, George W., metallurgist, 403. 440. Goodnow, Henry, visited, 202. Frauen-Zeitung, published at Cologne, Gorden, A. L., Minnesota pioneer, 405, 161. 417; occupations, 408-410, 413; fam- Free Soil party, first senator, 399. ily, 416. French, Brad, employee of, 203; loans Gorden, Mrs. A. L., request of, 417. horse, 204. Gould, Judge , head of law school, French, in Wisconsin, 168, 262; in 220. Middle West, 227; trader, 445. Goulding, William, Milwaukee resident, Frey, F. J., death, 241. 390. Friis, Capt. Hans, Norwegian pioneer, Grabner, August L., clergyman, 402. 132, 136. Grand Forks county (N.D.), champion Friman (Freeman), Carl, family, 461. wrestlers, 303-304. Fuller, Sarah Margaret, sketch, 271- Grand Rapids, ferry, 445. Grand river, harbor, 266. 272, 284; Summer on the Lakes in Grandin farm, described, 407-408. 1843, cited, 272. Grant, Albert W., papers of, acquired, GAGE, Matilda J., History of Woman 243. Suffrage, cited, 162-163. Grant county, teacher, 171; pioneers, Gale, George, business interests, 455. 452; road, 454. Gray, Asa, letter, 270. Gale, Zona, writes on Milwaukee, 291- Great Lakes, route via, 130; tours on, 292. 271-273, 283-284, 292; for commercial Galena (111.), land office, 92; visited, use, 352. 168; in lead region, 227. Great Miiami river, settlers on, 221; as a boundary, 339, 341, 345. Galena and Chicago Union railway, Greeley, Horace, visits Madison, 140. initial run, 278. Green Bay, income tax assessor at, 11; Gardner, Rev. and Mrs. J. L., home, road to, 75; land office, 90; visited, 174. 192; market, 387. Gatermann, , German immigrant, Green Bay Republican, cited, 271. 73-75, 77. Green county, removal from, 454. 'Genesis of Wisconsin's Income Tax Green county historical society, organ- Law,' by D. O. Kinsman, 3-15. ized, 244, 467. Genessee river, settlers from, 97. Index 481

Green Lake county, records acquired, Harvard university, students, 147-148; 366. 284. Greene, Griffin, machine built for, 439. Harvey, Gov. Louis P., visited, 197; Greene, Howard, The Reverend Rich- death, 210, 212, 399; arrival of body, ard Fish Cadle, reviewed, 238; resig- 323; burial, 322; resolution on death, nation, 364. 328. Greenville, treaty of, 88. Haskins, Prof. Charles Homer, death, Gregg, Kate L., Westward with Dra- 114. goons, reviewed, 358. Hastings, Samuel D., employee of, 323; Gregory, Charles N., friend of, 63; aid reformer, 402; business interests, 455. acknowledged, 139; letter, 147-148. Hastreiter, Lena, visits Madison, 141. Gregory, John G., Milwaukee historian, Hattestad, O. J., Norwegian editor, 132. cited, 164, 254. Haugen, Nils P., and income tax, 4, Gregory, S. S., judge, 400. 13-14; home, 460. Griffin, , mentioned, 207. Hawes, W. N., Madison resident, 200, Gutormson family, visited, 26; tragedy 430. in, 27. Hawes, Mrs. W. N., visited, 198-199; pays visits, 202, 210. HAAGENSEK, Ole, Norwegian pioneer, Hayne, Coe, Vanguard of the Caravans, 131. reviewed, 461. Haan, William G., soldier, 403, Hazeltine, Mary E., One Hundred Hall, Baynard R., sketch, 223-224. Years of Wisconsin Authorship, re- Hall, Hugh, potter, 396. viewed, 356; cited, 458. Hall, Sherman, missionary, 401. Hazelton, Mrs. , at Camp Randall, Hamburg, Wisconsin settlement, 75. 427. Hamilton, Gail, sketch, 284; Wool- Hazelton, George C, dramatist, 402. Gathering, cited, 284. Hazleton, , Madison resident, 208. Hamilton college, graduate, 35. Heathcote, Ed., neighbor of, 172. Hammond, James, potter, 388, 396; Heathcote, Mrs. Ed., recognizes por- letter, 389. trait of pioneers, 169; neighbor of, Hammond, John, potter, 396. 172. Hammond, Martha, potter, 388. Heg, Even, emigrant leader, 130-132, Hancock, John, sketch, 171. 134-137, 460. Hancock, Mrs. John (Elizabeth), Heg, Col. Hans C, Norwegian pioneer, sketch, 171. 132, 134, 460; marriage, 136; statues, Hancock, Sarah. See Mrs. Pierre Cal- 137; in Civil war, 203. ame. Heg, Mrs. Hans C, marriage, 136. Hancock, Gen. W. S., relative, 171. Heg, Ole, Norwegian pioneer, 136. Hanks, L. M., pays claims, 355. Heiss, Michael, clergyman, 401. Hanley (England), paper published Heller, Otto, operates creamery, 297; at, 375; potters' headquarters, 379, owns Brothertown collection, 300. 381. Hendrum (Minn.), residents, 405, 412, Hanson, Johannes, Minnesota pioneer, 414-417; location, 406, 408; banker, 178. 409; postmaster, 410; diphtheria epi- Hanson, Mrs. Johannes, Minnesota pio- demic, 413; employment near, 418. neer, 178. Hengell, Rev. H. C, death, 114. Harding, Eddy, letters acquired, 464. Henni, Rev. John Martin, describes Milwaukee, 276-278; letters cited, Harding, Frank, letters acquired, 464. 277-278; archbishop, 402. Harper, Mrs. , employment of, 205. Hense-Jensen, Wilhelm, Wisconsin's Harper, Ida H., Life of Susan B. An- Dentsch-Amerikaner, cited, 161. thony, cited, 165. Hildreth, Samuel P., Lives of Early Harpers Ferry (W.Va.,), historic cross- Settlers of Ohio, cited, 218; Memoirs ing at, 437. . . . , cited, 439. Harris, John, establishes ferry, 437. Hill, Stephen, potter, 396. Harrisburg (Pa.), naming of, 437. Hill, Thomas, buys farm, 174. 482 Index

Hill family, visited, 195-196; related to Hume's Grove, potters at, 395. Stoners, 200; mentioned, 199, 201-202, Huntington, , rents house, 208. 204-205, 208, 211-212, 323, 325-326, Huntington, William E., university 328, 331-333, 335, 423. president, 400. Hinsdale, Burke A., The Old North- Hurd, William, potter, 396. west, cited, 221. Huron lake, route via, 73; settlements Histed, Syl, operates ferry, 446. near, 89. Hoard, William D., at Madison, 148; Husting, Paul O., United States sena- governor of state, 399; journalist, tor, 399. 400; agriculturalist, 403. Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, 344. Hodge, Frederick W., Handbook of the Huth, Prof. William, aid acknowl- American Indians, cited, 294. edged, 165. Hoffmann, M. M., The Church Found- Hyer, Charley, visited, 199. ers of the Northwest, reviewed, 238. Hyer, George, Madison resident, 198. Holand, H. R., historical interest of, Hyer, Mrs. George, burial, 327. 134. Holland township (La Crosse county), ILLINOIA, proposed name for state, 338. Dutch in, 308. Illinois, part of Northwest territory, Hollanders. See Dutch. 86; population increase, 91, 94; land Plolmen, birthplace near, 16; residents, offices, 92; population analysis, 96, 17, 418; prairie, 306. 101, 103-104, 106, 231; Norwegians Holmes, Fred L., Alluring Wisconsin, in, 130; settlement discussed, 226-230; reviewed, 361. and education, 233-234; removals Hoist, Hermann E. von, Constitutional from, 235; boundary dispute, 236, History, cited, 253. 347, 349, 351-352; territory created, Holt, David, daughter married, 428. 342; state created, 343; lands in, 379; Hoosiers. See Indiana. ferry, 442. Hopkins, , encountered, 196. Illinois canal, proposed, 352. Hopkins, Benjamin, potter, 396. Illustrations: Hopkins, H., advertisement, 442. Mr. and Mrs. Nels Pederson, 16. Hopkins, Jim, pays visit, 205. Log Cabin of the Kremers Family, Hopwood, William, potter, 396. 78. Horner, John S., secretary of territory, Population Elements—1920 (chart), 346. 104. Horton, David, potter, 396. Houdini, Harry, magician, 403. Wisconsin Executive Residence, 139. Howard, Rev. , sermons by, 206- Carl Russell Fish, 151. 207. Mathilda Franziska Anneke, 163. Howard, William W., The City of Mil- Mr. and Mrs. Pierre Calame, 168. waukee,' cited, 284, 287. Thomas Pederson, 184. Howe, Julia Ward, visits Madison, 147. J.' H. A. Lacher, 251. Howe, Timothy O., United States sen- Alfred C. Kingsford, 256. ator, 399; postmaster general, 399. Boyhood Home of Thomas Pederson, Hoxie, Vinnie Ream, sculptor, 402. 308. Hoxie and Miller lumber company, rec- Northwestern States As Planned and ords acquired, 116. As They Are (map), 337. Hoyme, Gjermund, clergyman, 401. Cassville Ferries, 432-433. Hoyt, John W., employee of, 201; edu- Merrimac Ferries, 434-435. cator, 401, 465; agriculturalist, 404. Immigrant letter, published, 68-84. Hubbel, , at Madison, 330. Income tax law. See Wisconsin. Indiana, part of Northwest territory, Hudson river, travel on, 435; ferries, 86, 341-342; population increase, 91- 440. 92, 94; population analysis, 96, 101, Huggins, , ferry owner, 434. 103-104, 231; removals from, 102, 228, Hull (England), potters' meeting at, 235; settlement discussed, 222-226; 387. and education, 233; state created, Hulme, Thomas, Journal, cited, 439, 342; boundary dispute, 347, 349, 351- 441. 352. Index 483

Indiana university, educator in, 223. Johnson, Osker, mentioned, 193. Indianapolis (Ind.), Democratic con- Johnson, Thore, cousin of, 184. vention at, 58. Johnson, Watson, friend of, 322. Indians, described, 83; removal, 88; Johnson, Zeruah, pays visits, 199, 322. name for Muskego, 131; letter of, Jones, Burr W., 'Reminiscences of published, 193; in Wisconsin, 384, Nine Decades,' 39-62; remarks by 392-393; navigation of, 432; canoe, . Dr. Birge, 63-67. 436; commissioner, 437. Jones, Mrs. Burr W. (Katharine), Ingberg, P. O., Minnesota resident, 417. companionship of, 46-47. Ingebretson, Syvert, Norwegian pio- Jones, Mrs. Burr W. (Olive), visits neer, 131. California, 42, 45; death, 45. Ingersoll, Ernest, 'Milwaukee,' cited, Jones, George Wallace, sketch, 235; 284. miner, 403. Internal improvements, interest in, 229. Jones, Marion. See Mrs. Walter M. Iowa, of Middle West group, 86; popu- Smith. lation increase, 91; population analy- Jorgenson, Theodore, Norway's Rela- sis, 96-98, 101-105; removals from, tion to Scandinavian Unionism, re- 106; roads, 452. viewed, 111. Iowa county, county seat question con- Juneau, Solomoli, sketch, 246, 466; at sidered, 196. Milwaukee, 264. Irish, in Wisconsin, 95-97, 306; in Mid- Jtissen, Col. Edmund, at Madison, 196, dle West, 103, 302. 429; address, 422; leaves for war, Iron Age, editor, 253. 430. Irving, Roland D., engineer, 404. Jiissen, Mrs. Edmund, sketch, 430. Isaac Newton, steamboat, 383. KAASA, Nils Johnson, Norwegian pio- JACKS, -, Dane county resident, 429. neer, 131. Jackson, Mortimer M., judge, 400. Kansas, part of Middle West, 86; Jackson county historical society, ac- population analysis, 96-98, 101, 104- tivity, 367. 105; editor, 400. Jacobsen family, Norwegian pioneers, Kasson, Dexter, correspondence, 201, 134, 136. 426; at Madison, 203-204; pays visit, Jacobson, Aslaug, marriage, 136. 421. Jacobson, Cornelia. See Mrs. Hans C. Katzer, Frederic X., clergyman, 401. Heg. Kaufmann, Wilhelm, Die Deutschen in Jacobson, Gurina. See Mrs. Elias amerikaniscJien Biirgerkriege, cited, Stangeland. 160, 162. Jameson, Dr. J. Franklin, death, 242. Janesville, residents, 199, 454. Kaukauna, Indians near, 295. Jarvis, William, potter, 396. Kavanaugh, James, pays visit, 332. Jefferson county, lands, 132. Keen, Robert, potter, 396. Jellarviken, H., Norwegian pioneer, Keen, Thomas, potter, 396. 131. Jenkins, , pays visit, 423. Keenan, , sketch, 302; employee of, Jenkins, James G., judge, 400. 305-306. Jennings, William J., diary of, copied, Keenan, Mrs. , in West, 302. 243. Kellogg, Louise Phelps, '"On Wiscon- Johanneson, Johannes, Norwegian pio- sin"-—The Football Song,' 35-38; neer, 130. 'Wisconsin's Eminence,' 397-404. Johnson, , Baptist elder, 420, 423, Kellogg, Walter, potter, 390. 428. Johnson, Prof. Allen, editor, 397. Kemper, Jackson, pioneer bishop, 192, Johnson, Rev. E., sanitary agent, 423. 401. Johnson, John, pays visit, 201; encoun- Kemplar, Charles, potter, 396. tered, 333. Kempster, Walter, physician, 402. Johnson, Mrs. John, attends picnic, 333. Kennan, K. K., on tax commission, 43. Johnson, John B., engineer, 404. Kenosha county, pioneers, 91, 235. 484 Indeoo

Kentucky, removals from, 96, 101-102, Krumrey, Louise. See Mrs. J. H. A. 221-222, 226, 228, 231, 235. Lacher. Keokuk (Iowa), trip to, 211. Kruszka, Rev. Waclaw, death, 363. Kerwin, James C, in supreme court, Kupfer, Mrs. Theodore, aid acknowl- 55; law clerk, 56. edged, 139. Keyes, Elisha W., Madison politician, 427. LACHER, Catherine, son of, 251. Kielsmeier brothers, papers acquired, Lacher, Gilbert, father of, 253. 243. Lacher, J. H. A., eulogy, 251-255; por- Kilbourn, Byron, newspaper contribu- trait, 251. tor, 265-266; Milwaukee promoter, Lacher, Mrs. J. H. A., marriage, 252. 267-268. Lacher, Martin, son of, 251. Kileen, Sen. E. W., and income tax bill, Lacher, Otto, father of, 252. 9, 13. Lacher, Walter, father of, 252. Kimbal, Miss , baptized, 426. La Crosse, settled, 31-32; visited, 179; King, Capt. Charles, 'The Cream City,' milk supply, 307; ferry, 446, 454. cited, 284; sketch, 287-288. La Crosse and Milwaukee railway, King, Franklin H., agriculturalist, 403. stocks endorsed, 270. King, Rufus, diplomat, 399; soldier, La Crosse county, resident, 16; records 403. acquired, 365. King Philip's war, allies, 294. La Crosse county historical society, ac- Kingsford, Alfred C, eulogy, 256-261; tivities, 244, 367. portrait, 256. La Crosse Tribune, cited, 450. Kingsford, Alice D., son of, 256. La Follette, Isabel B., 'Early History Kingsford, Edwin, son of, 256. of the Wisconsin Executive Resi- Kinsley, , Chicago caterer, 147. dence,M39-150; sketch, 248. Kinsman, D. O., 'Genesis of Wiscon- La Follette III, Robert, age, 149. sin's Income Tax Law,' 3-15. La Follette Sr., Robert M., favors in- Kjonaas, O., Norwegian pioneer, 131. come tax, 4; request, 55; governor, Kleczka, Sen. John, supports income 146, 149, 399; entertains Schurz, 148; tax bill, 13. United States senator, 399; gradu- Kloten, , on trans-Atlantic trip, 69. ate of university, 401; early career, Knapp, John H., business interests, 460. 455. La Follette Sr., Mrs. Robert M., enter- Knife river, expedition on, 436. tains, 148-149. Kohler, Sister M^ary Hortense, Life Laframboise, Alexis (Alexander), Mil- and Work of Mother Benedicta waukee trader, 263. Bauer, reviewed, 112. Lake Side sanitarium, sketch, 427. Koss, Rudolph A., Milwaukee, cited, Lands, sales in Middle West, 89-90, 92; 160-161, 164-166. in Northwest territory, 213-216; pot- Krech, George S., papers acquired, 365. ters, in Wisconsin, 379-396. Kremers, Dr. Edward, translates doc- Landt, Sophronius S., recollections ac- ument, 125. quired, 115. Kremers, Gerhard, immigrant letter Lang, Mary, potter, 396. published, 69-84. Langlade county, records acquired, 116. Kremers, James, German immigrant, Langlade county historical society, ac- 78. tivity, 118. Kremers, Peter, son of, 84; log cabin Langland, Knud, Norwegian editor, pictured, 78. 132. Kreutzer, Andrew, friend of, 45, 47. Langley and Alderson, papers ac- Kroken, Ole H., Norwegian pioneer, quired, 243. 131. Lapham, Darius, letters to, 268-270. Krueger, Lillian, 'Madame Mathilda Lapham, Increase A., newspaper con- Franziska Anneke: An Early Wis- tributor, 265; sketch, 267-268; quoted, consin Journalist,' 160-167; sketch, 269-270. 248. Lapham, Seneca, father of Increase A., Krumrey, Karl, daughter of, 252. 268; letters to, 269-270. Index 485

Larimore (N.D.), wheat delivered at, Long Coulee, described, 16; pioneers, 305. 31, 184, 306; removal from, 405. Larkin, Miss , attends war meet- Long Island, Indian habitat, 293. ing, 422. Longfellow, Anne, marriage, 148. Larkin, Frank, mentioned, 208-209, 211; Lowell, James R., rents home, 148. Madison resident, 325. Lucas, Gov. Robert, recommendation Larrabee, Charles H., judge, 400. of, 346. Larsen, Laur., influence, 460. Lucian, Life of Demonax, cited, 67. Larson, Laurence M., The Changing Ludington, Harrison, governor of state, West and Other Essays, reviewed, 399. 457; elected president, 370; death Luraas, Halvor O., Norwegian pioneer, noticed, 463. 131. La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, in Wis- Luraas, John Nelson, emigrant leader, consin, 263. 130-132. Lathrop, John H., visits Madison, 329- Luraas, Knut N., Norwegian pioneer, 330; delivers addresses, 331-332; uni- 131. versity president, 400; returns home, Luraas, Torger O., Norwegian pioneer, 427. 131. Laval, Francis, bishop of Canada, 263. Luther college, president, 400. Lawler, John, uses ferry, 444. Lutherans, in La Crosse county, 23. Lawrence fire engine company, records Lutkin, Peter C, musician, 402. acquired, 116. Lutz, Prof. Harley L., Public Finance, Leavitt, Orpha E., obituary, 464. cited, 3. Le Claire, Antoine, Milwaukee trader, Lynde, Charles J., letter, 275-276. 263. Lynxville, ferry, 446. Lee, , merchant, 416. Lyon, William P., judge, 400. Lee, Gen. Robert E., fixes boundary point, 346. MACALISTER, James, educator, 401. Lemonweir river, valley lands, 454. McBride, E. S., visited, 199. Lewis, H., Sun Prairie resident, 196. McBride, Mrs. E. S., pays visit, 328. Lewis, James T., at Madison, 196, 199; McBride's Point, now suburb of Madi- secretary of state, 202; governor of son, 199; fishing trips to, 325, 332; state, 399, 424. picnics at, 333, 336. Lewis, John, in company of, 327. McCarthy, Dr. Charles, favors income Lexington (Kentucky) Intelligencer, tax law, 4; serves the state, 401. cited, 267. McConnell, Col. , railroad builder, Liberty township (Grant county), farm 424-426. in, 170. McCord, Bill, at Madison, 329. Lilly, Eli, Prehistoric Antiquities of McCord, Wallace, at Madison, 329. Indiana, reviewed, 462. McDermott, Capt. John G., letters of, Lincoln, Abraham, author's appraisal acquired, 115. of, 158. MacDonald, Katharine. See Mrs. Burr Linden, removal from, 170. W. Jones. Linderman, , employment of, 208. McDonald lumber company, records ac- Litchfield county (Conn.), pioneers quired, 116. from, 218. Macdonell, Archibald G., A Visit to Livermore, Mrs. Mary A., at suffrage America, cited, 283. convention, 163. McDougall, George W., sheriff, 211. Liverpool (England), route via, 383; McElroy, W. J., death, 114. lecture at, 386; residents, 391. McFall, James, death, 363. Liverpool Mercury, cited, 386. McGilvray, Angus, Chippewa Falls Lohner, Hamar N., Norwegian pioneer, resident, 46. 131. McGovern, Gov. Francis E., favors in- Lone Rock, ferry, 445. come tax law, 5. Lonflok, Halvor T., Norwegian pio- McGregory, Alexander, establishes fer- neer, 131. ry, 452, 454-455. Long, John D., idea of, 155. McGregor (Iowa). See Marquette. 486 Index

McHugh, Pat, employee of, 306, 308. Marquette, Father Jacques, tercenten- Mackinac (Mich.), British post, 263. nial of birth, observed, 116-117; McKinney, , at Madison, 421. Jesuit missionary, 401. McNair, , in boundary dispute, 346. Marquette (Iowa), site of, 452. McNair, Fred W., college president, Marquette county, records acquired, 400. 464. Madison, A., cheese company, records Marsh, , visited, 199. acquired, 116. Marsh, Rev. Cutting, among Indians, Madison, football game at, 36; home- 298. coming, 37; lawsuits, 47, 50; reaJ Marshall, John, paper on, 64. estate, 57; statue, 137; residents, 139- Marston, J. T., store robbed, 207. 140, 142, 194, 334; visited, 144, 259; Martin, Prof. , Madison resident, suburb, 199, 207; cemetery, 211, 322, 422. 326-327; described, 288; Good Temp- Martin, J. P., Civil war veteran, 466. lar material, acquired, 365; war meet- Martner, W. E., furnishes information, 443-444. ings at, 422; theatrical performance, Maryland, removals from, 101-102, 220- 430. 221, 231; resident, 228. Madison Cardinal, quoted, 37. Mascouten Indians, on Milwaukee river, Madison Daily Argus and Democrat, 263. cited, 140; associate editor, 333. Mason, John T., son of, 343. Madison literary club, members, 63. Mason, Stevens T., property of, 139; Madison mutual insurance company, sketch, 343; plan of, 346, 353; opin- visited, 197. ion, 348. Madison Patriot, office, 208. Masonry, father of, in Wisconsin, 334. Madison State Journal, cited, 143-144; Massachusetts, and income tax, 3-4, 6. founder, 334. Mathiason, Helge, Norwegian pioneer, Mahican Indians, mentioned, 293; Pe- 131. quots join, 294. Matts, , mentioned, 196. Malmin, Gunnar J., America in the Maumee river (Miami of the Lake), Forties, cited, 273-274. boundary point east of, 344-345. Maximilian, Prince of Wied, tour, 441. Malone, Dr. Dumas, editor, 397. Maysville (Ky.), ferry, 441. Manchester (England) Examiner and Mazzuchelli, Father Samuele Carlo, Times, cited, 379, 381-382, 384-385, photostatic letters of, acquired, 115; 388-392, 394. missionary, 401; architect, 402. Manchester (England) Guardian, sub- Meacham, Jesse, account book acquired, scribed to, 257. 116. Manitowoc, immigrants at, 73, 76, 253; Mears, Flora, aid acknowledged, 139; road to, 75, 296; topography in represents photograph, 144; recollec- gion of, 77; region settled, 80; tions of, 149. market, 84; post-office records ac- Mears, Helen F., sculptor, 402. quired, 243. Mechanics Magazine, cited, 442. Manitowoc county, records acquired, Meeker, Moses, mentioned, 403. 116. Melrose, pioneer, 450. Manitowoc Rapids, residents, 68, 74; Membre, Father Zenobius, missionary, road to, 75; region settled, 80, 84. 263. Manitowoc river, valley, 75; ferries, Menard, Rene, Jesuit missionary, 401. 446. Menasha, view of, 296. Mann, , Emigrant's Complete Guide Mendota lake, view, 60; executive resi- to the U.S.A., cited, 378. dence on, 140, 145; ice breaks up, 209. Mariah Bird vs. Sheriff et ah, lawsuit, Menges, Adolphus, sketch, 335. 211. Menominee Indians, characterized, 387. Marietta (Ohio), founded, 218, 220, Menomonie river, as boundary, 353. 227; ferry, 438-440. Mercomb, J. D., potter, 395. Marley, —-, railway hand, 424. Merk, Frederick, article cited, 164. Index 487

Merrill, James A., The Wonderland of Milwaukee Advertiser, early news- Lake Superior, reviewed, 360. paper, 265-267; cited, 268. Merrill, William E., soldier, 403. Milwaukee and Mississippi railway Merrill, resident, 43. company, transportation, 444. Merrimac, ferry, 447-448, 453; ferries Milwaukee and Rock river canal, in- pictured, 434-435. terest in, 266. Mertz, Mrs. Ida A., aids researcher, Milwaukee college, president, 400. 170. Milwaukee county, pioneers, 91, 235. Messmer, Sebastian G., archbishop, 402. Milwaukee county historical society, ac- Methodists, at Madison, 198, 210; cir- tivities, 245, 467. cuit riders, 225; among Brother- Milwaukee Free Press, articles in, 253. towns, 299. Milwaukee Freidenker, cited, 161, 167. Mesopotamia, proposed name for Milwaukee Herold, cited, 160, 163. state, 338. Milwaukee mutual life insurance com- Meyer, Ernest L., 'Twilight of a Gold- pany, representative, 196. en Age,' cited, 291. Milwaukee public museum, gift to, 468. Michigan, part of Northwest territory, Milwaukee river, settlement on, 90, 275; 86; population increase, 88-92, 94; Indians on, 263; explorer, 264; fer- population analysis, 93, 96, 101-104; ries, 446. settlement discussed, 230-234; re- Milwaukee Seebote, cited, 165. movals from, 235; and education, Milwaukee Sentinel, cited, 14; centen- 236; territory of, created, 342, 345; nial celebration, 118-119; editor, 333. state created, 343; boundary dispute, Milwaukee Tdgliche Banner, cited, 165. 346-350, 352-353; mines in, 355. Milwaukee Volksfreund, extends aid, Michigan lake, route via, 73; settle- 164. ment on, 75, 84, 90; harbor, 266, 351; Milwaukee Wisconsin Banner, extends as a boundary, 339-343, 345, 349. aid, 164, 166. Michigan university, founded, 233; stu- Milwaukee Wisconsin Banner und dents, 234. Volksfreund, cited, 161. Michigania, proposed name for state, Miner, Rev. Jesse, among Indians, 298. 338. Mineral Point, land office, 90; burial at, Middle West, on peopling of, 85-106; 168-169; farm near, 174; visited, 429. graph, population elements, 1920, Minitaree Indians, village, 436. 104. Minneapolis (Minn.), Lutheran semi- Midelfart, Dr. H. C. U., sketch, 363. nary at, 134; visited, 179, 283; stu- Military road, marker placed on, 121. dent, 256. Miller, , potter, 391. Minnesota, part of Northwest territory, Miller, Col. , in legislature, 429. 86; population analysis, 96-98, 101, 103-105, 287; pioneers, 179; salesman, Miller, Samuel, visits Madison, 424. 251; visited, 301; iron deposits, 355; Mills, Simeon, visited, 197; pays bill, lands, 418; Indian massacre, 423; re- 198. movals to, 454. Mills, Thomas, potter, 396. Minnesota university, offers prize, 35; Mills, William, potter, 396. football song, 36. Milwaukee, lobbyists, 12; music house Mississippi river, as a boundary, 87, 338-339, 353-354; settlement along, at, 38; residents, 43, 55-56, 1605 162, 164, 167, 390; lake route to, 71, 73; 91, 101-102, 227; valley explored, 264; lands near, 74, 235; road to, 75; lands west of, 283; transportation topography in region of, 76; market, via, 352, 388; ferries, 442-444, 446- 77-79, 84, 388; employment at, 81, 447, 450, 452, 454; bridge, 448; ice 251; land office, 90, 92; route via, 130, covered, 451. 380, 383, 390-391; suffrage conven- Mississippi valley historical association, tion, 163; removal from, 166; teacher, meeting, 471-472. 171; 'Growth of, As Recorded by Missouri, of Middle West group, 86; Contemporaries,' 262-292; population, population analysis, 101-105; remov- 265; lawyer, 335; Civil war meeting, als from, 235. 336; musician, 402. Missouri Historical Review, cited, 442. 488 Index

Missouri river, settlers near, 227; Astor NAREAGANSET Indians, sketch, 293-294. expedition on, 436; route via, 441. National teachers association, meets at Missouri university, president, 427. Madison, 148. Mitchel, Rev. —-—, Baptist preacher, ' "Native's" Return,' document pub- 323. lished, 191-193. Mitchell, Alexander, capitalist, 403. Nattestad, Ansten, emigrant leader, Mitchell, John, boundary on map of, 129-130. 34&_344 349, 351. Nattestad, Ole, Wisconsin pioneer, 129. Mitchell, Mrs. John, mansion, 290. Nauvoo (111.), Mormons at, 230. Mohawk Indians, conflict, 294. Nebraska, part of Middle West, 86; Mohawk river, settlers from, 97; In- population analysis, 96-98, 101, 103- dians on, 191; travel on, 435. 105. Moldenke, Richard G. G., metallurgist, Nebraska City (Neb.), ferry, 453. 403. Neenah, records acquired, 116; view of, Molee, Elias, Norwegian pioneer, 132. 296. Molee, John Evenson, Norwegian pio- Neenah creek, dam in, 395. neer, 131; marriage, 135. Nelson, Knute, visited, 179; United Mollerflaten, O., Norwegian pioneer, States senator, 399; early home, 460. 131. Neue Kolnische Zeitung, published, 160. Monona assembly grounds, near Madi- Neville public museum, collection en- son, 427. larged, 118. Mont auk Indians, on Long Island, 191; Nevius, Allan, American Social History mentioned, 293. As Recorded by British Travellers, Monteith, Ed., erects house, 171. cited, 265. Monteith, J. R., recognizes portrait of New England, removals from, 96-97, pioneers, 169; neighbor, 172. 101-102, 218, 221, 226, 285, 293; In- Montfort, residents, 169, 174; farm dian tribes, 191, 294-295, 298; sup- near, 173. port education, 214, 222; opposition Montfort Junction, cemetery, 168. to slavery, 215; characterized, 269; Montreal river, as boundary, 353. author, 284. Moore, Annie Aubertine Woodward, New Jersey, removals from, 102, 222; musical author, 402. ferries, 442. Moore, James, merchant, 456. New Ulm (Minn.), Indian massacre, Moore, Jonathan B., owns bridge, 456. 313. Moravians, missionary, 437. New York, removals from, 96-97, 101- Mormons, in Illinois, 230. 103, 105-106, 222, 226, 231, 235, 269, Mortimer, Mary, college president, 400. 285; Indians in, 294-295, 298. Moss, Thomas, potter, 396. New York City, residents, 38, 171, 439; Moundville township (Marquette coun- visited, 47; route via, 68, 71, 73, 82, ty), potters in, 395-396. 380, 383; described, 72; paper pub- Mt. Hope, resident, 174. lished at, 166; school, 172; book pub- Mountford, William, potter, 396. lishers, 229; ferries, 434, 441-442. Mueller, William, aids researcher, 169. New York Herald, contributor to, 284. Muir, John, explorer, 404; centenary of New York Tribune, contributors to, birth, 465. 272, 284. Mulligan, -, Tailway hand, 424-425. New Zealand, migration to, 376. Munson, Math T., relative, 418. Newell, Emory, neighbor, 173. Murphy, John B., physician, 403. Newell, Lucien, neighbor, 173. Murray, Sir Charles Augustus, tour, Newland, George J., Minnesota resi- 445. dent, 417. Muscoda, ferry, 445; railroad, 456. Newport, ferry, 445. Muskego lake, pioneers on, 130-131; Newton township (Manitowoc county), visited, 273. study of, 75. 'Muskego: The Most Historic Nor- Niantic Indians, mentioned, 293; Pe- wegian Colony,' by Albert O. Barton, quots join, 294. 129-138. Nichols, R., Madison resident, 528. Muskingum river, city on, 227; ferry, Nineteenth Wisconsin infantry, guards 438, 440. confederate prisoners, 324. Index 489

Nixon, Ann, potter, 396. Ohio river, settlements along, 88, 101- Noble, , potter, 391. 102, 227; transportation route, 226; Noonan, J. A., at Madison, 199, 329; as a boundary, 337-339, 341; route newspaper publisher, 265-266. via, 438; ferries, 440-442. Nordlyset (Northern Light), Norwe- Ohio Wesleyan college, president, 400. gian newspaper published, 134, 274. Oklahoma, population increase, 88. Norris, Dr. , speech at war meet- Oleson, Hans, Dane county farmer, ing, 422. 426. North Carolina, and income tax, 6; re- Olin park, at Madison, 427. movals from, 101-102, 222. Olive, John, potter, 396. North Dakota, part of Middle West, Olive, Richard, potter, 396. 86; population analysis, 101, 103-106; Olson, Julius C., birthplace, 460. farm in, 309, 405; drought, 312, 406; Oneida Indians, donate land, 191, 294, storms, 316-321. 298. Northern Pacific railway, route, 283. Oneil, , mentioned, 322, 325. Northwest territory. See Ordinance of '"On Wisconsin5'—The Football Song,' 1787. by Eouise Phelps Kellogg, 35-38. Norton, Miss , pays visit, 203. Ordinance of 1787, discussed, 213-236, Norton, Mrs. J. B., friends of, 195-197, 337-355; sesquicentennial celebration, 199, 203, 206, 209, 211, 324-325, 328, 244, 472; map of northwestern states, 422, 429; home, 210. 337. Norwegian Lutheran church of Amer- Oregon (state), population increase, ica, president, 132. 88; ferries, 438. Norwegians, recollections of, published, O'Rell, Max, A Frenchman in America, 16-34, 129-138, 175-190, 301-321, 405- cited, 290. 419; settlements, 459-460; at Mil- Orth Sr., Mrs. Philip, death, 363. waukee, 272-273, 287; clergyman, 401. Orton, Harlow S., judge, 400; sketch, See also Scandinavians. 422. Nottingham (England) Review, cited, Orton, Myron, funeral, 206. 390. Oshkosh, museum at, 118; view of, 296. Outagamie county pioneer and histori- Noyes, Mrs. M. L., pays visit, 335. cal society, activities, 118, 467. Nutter, -, working on railway, 424. Owen, Walter C, in supreme court, 55; Nye, Edgar W., humorist, 400. law student, 56. OAKLEY, Eri S., in Civil war, 430. PAGE, William, potter, 396. Oakley, Minnie A., librarian, 430. Paine, Byron, delivers address, 202; Oberlin college, student, 284. Wisconsin judge, 400. Paine, George, ill, 208. Ochsner, Albert J., physician, 403. Paine, Mrs. George, visited, 199, 206. Occom, Samson, Indian missionary, 294, Palmer, Gen. John M., in politics, 58. 298. Pannebecker, , German immigrant, Oconor, , Madison resident, 326. 73-74. Odlin, William H., letter, 270. Park, Byron B., friend of, 45. Parke, Benjamin, resolution of, 347. Ohio, part of Northwest territory, 86; population increase, 88, 94; popula- Parker, George S., death, 241. tion analysis, 96, 101, 104-105, 231; Parks, Rev. , visits Madison, 324. removals from, 102, 222, 225, 228; set- Partridge, H. L., describes ferry, 444. tlement discussed, 218-222, 228; and Patch Grove, route from, 452. slavery, 223; history cited, 229; Paxson, Frederic L., History of the boundary dispute, 232, 343, 346-347, American Frontier, cited, 279. 349-352; and education, 233-234, 236; Payne, Henry C, postmaster general, state created, 344; legislature, 345; 399; railway builder, 403. route via, 436. Peake, John, potter, 396. Ohio company, purpose of, 213; re- Pearsall, Col. Uri B., letter, 464. quirements, 214-215, 217; manager, Pease, Theodore C, Short History of 218. Illinois, cited, 230. 490 Index

Peck, Eben, first Madison settler, 194. Pierce, Bessie Louise, A History of Peck, George W., at Madison, 148; gov- Chicago, vol. i, reviewed, 109; As ernor of state, 399; journalist, 400. Others See Chicago, cited, 262, 278. Peck, John Mason, life of, 462. Pierce, John D., sketch, 232; Michigan Pederson, Hannah, marriage, 184. educator, 233-234, 236. Pederson, Hans, Minnesota pioneer, Pierce, Sally, conducts girls' school, 183. 220. Pederson, Mrs. Hans, Minnesota pio- Pierson, A., Madison resident, 335. neer, 183. Pike, Zebulon M., soldier, 403; explorer, Pederson, Henry, cousin of, 183; mar- 404. riage, 184. Pike river, settlement on, 90. Pederson, Marie, cousin of, 184. Pineries, employment in, 184-190. Pederson, Martha, cousin of, 184. Pinney, George, father, 424. Pederson, Nels, son of, 16; pictured Pittsburg Landing (Tenn.), battle of, with wife, 16. 323, 326. Pederson, Peter, cousin of, 183; oper- Platteville Witness, sold, 367, 468. ates elevator, 184. Platto, , visited, 197. Pederson, Thomas, 'Some Recollections Plough Inn, sketch, 421. of,' 16-34, 175-190, 301-321, 405-419; Plum lake, visited, 45. portrait, 184; boyhood home, pic- Plymouth, residents, 252. tured, 308. Polish, at Milwaukee, 288. Pederson, Mrs. Thomas, sketch, 308- Polk county historical society, incorpo- 309. rated, 117. Peet, Stephen W., clergyman, 401. Polleys, A. D., cited, 450. Pelisipia, proposed name for state, 338. Polypotamia, proposed name for state, Pelton, E. W., pays visit, 204; at Madi- 338. son, 207, 209, 329; leaves, 330. Pomeroy, , railway hand, 425. Pennsylvania (Keystone state), re- Pomeroy, M. M. (Brick), journalist, movals from, 96, 101-102, 221-222, 400. 225; Iowans in, 106; and slavery, 223; Pond, Frederick E., editor, 400. ferries, 436-438; capitol, 437; Indian Pond, Peter, fur trader, 404. commissioner, 437. Poole, Lieut. Col. De Witt, of Twelfth Pennsylvania Germans (Dutch), in Wisconsin infantry, 195. Ohio, 221. Pope, Nathaniel, delegate in congress, Pennsylvania railway company, official, 352. 45. Port Hope, potters settle near, 384, 389, 'Peopling the Middle West,' by Joseph 391-392. Schafer, 85-106. Portage, potters settle near, 384; rail- Pepin lake, ferry, 446; ice covered, road to, 424-426; ferry, 445, 454. 452. Portage Badger State, cited, 449, 454. Pequot Indians, conflict, 293-294. Portage River Times, cited, 449. Percival, James Gates, poet, 402. Post, Christian F., Moravian mission- Perkins, James Breck, Wisconsin-born, ary, 437. 402. Potawatomi Indians, on Milwaukee river, 263. Petersen, William J., Steamboating on Potosi, ferry, 446. the Upper Mississippi, reviewed, 237. Potter, Thomas, potter, 396. Philadelphia (Pa.), ferries, 436, 443; Potters' Examiner and Workman's Ad- route via, 437. vocate, English newspaper, 375, 377; Philipp, Emanuel, appointee, 49, 55; cited, 376, 379. governor of state, 399. 'Potters' Joint Stock Emigration and Philipsen, , German pioneer, 74. Savings Fund,' incorporated, 377; lec- Phillips, Wendell, paper read on, 64; turer for, 381; expansion, 382; meat Madison, 207. morial, 390; failure, 392, 395; history Pickarts, Andrew, Madison resident, traced, 394. 428; nominated, 431. Pottersville, settlement of potters, 387- Pier, Mrs. Fanny, death, 298-299. 388, 395. Index 491

Powell Sr., John, potter, 396. Reid, Archie, letter, 454-455. Powell Jr., John, potter, 396. Reinsch, Paul S., diplomat, 399; scholar, Pradt, L. A., friend of, 47. 401. Prairie du Chien, visited, 428; ferries 'Reminiscences of Nine Decades,' by at, 443-444, 446, 454; resident, 445; Burr W. Jones, 39-62. route to, 452; excavations at, 470. Republican party, favor income tax, 9. Prairie du Chien Patriot, cited, 443, Revolutionary soldiers, list acquired, 449-450, 452. 464. Prairie du Sac, ferry, 445. Reymert, James D., Norwegian editor, Prairie fires, described, 315-316. 132, 134-135; sketch, 136. Presbyterians, at Madison, 210; mis- Richards, D. H., founds newspaper, sionary, 298. 265-266. Preston, resident, 168; farm near, 173. Richardson, James, papers opened for Preus, Christian K., college president, research, 364. 400; minister, 401. Richardson, Mrs. Lamont, father of, Preussing, Elizabeth, author's assistant, 257. 238. Ringling, Charles, circus magnate, 403. Protestants, compete with Catholics, Ringwalt, John L., Transportation 278. System . . . , cited, 443. Proudfit, Adjt. James K., of Twelfth Robertshaw, George, potter, 396. Wisconsin infantry, 195. Robertson, Samuel, diary cited, 263. Proudfit vs. Bishop and Stowell, law- Robins, John, potter, 395. suit, 209-210. Robinson, , Dane county farmer, Purdy, William T., musician, 35; com- 425. poses 'On Wisconsin,' 36; sells song, Robinson, , interest in politics, 391. 37-38. Robinson, Mrs. , Madison resident, Putnam, Rufus, Massachusetts farmer, 423. 218. Robinson, William, potter, 391. Rock county, pioneers, 132, 235. QUAIFE, Milo M.j Wisconsin, cited, 254. Rock Island (111.), ferry built at, 443. Quakers, in Ohio, 221. Rock river, portage, 264; ferries, 446. Qualey, Carlton C, Norwegian Settle- Roethe, H. E., 'Pierre Calame,' 168-174; ment in the United States, reviewed, sketch, 248. 459. Rolette, Joseph, fur trader, 404. Quarles, Joseph, friend of, 45. Rolfson family, Norwegian pioneers, Quentin, Charles, on committee, 197; 136. resolution on death, 327. Root river, settlement on, 90; ferries, Quiner, Fannie, gives aid, 200. 446. Rosenberry, Judge Marvin B., in su- RACINE county, pioneers, 91, 119, 130, preme court, 55-56. 134, 235; museum gift, 367. Rosoino, P., Norwegian pioneer, 131. Rasder, Ole Munch, tours United Ross, Dr. Laura, at suffrage conven- States, 273, 284. tion, 163. Railway, to Portage, building, 424-426. Railway Age, editor, 253. Ruben, Regina von, cited, 163-164. Randall, , engrossing clerk, 206. Rublee, Horace, journalist, 400-401. Rapids. See Manitowoc Rapids. Rudd, Edward, potter, 396. Reads Landing, ferries, 446-447, 452. Recollect missionaries, in Wisconsin, Rudd, Dr. J. C, Madison resident, 198, 263. 336. Red Cedar river, ferries, 446. Rural, Waupaca county, notes on early Red river, valley residents, 405, 412, settlers acquired, 115. 414; crossed, 408; land along, 411. Reedsburg old settlers association, Rusk, Jeremiah M., buys property, 148; meeting, 467. governor of state, 399. Reeve, Judge Tapping, head of law Ryan, Edward G., judge, 400. school, 220. SAC AND FOX Indians. See Sauk and Reid, A. H., friend of, 47; death, 462. Fox Indians. 492 Index

Sacred Heart college, faculty member, 'State Boundaries in the Old North- 251. west,' editorial, 337-355; assfstance, Saenderl, Simon, missionary, 401. 394; research, 395; 'Ferries and Fer- St. Anthony island, wilderness, 179. ryboats,' editorial, 432-456. St. Clair lake, route via, 73. Schlesinger, Arthur M., The Rise of St. Clair river, as a boundary, 344. the City, cited, 262. St. Cosme, Jean Francois, at Milwau- Schmidt, Friedrich A., clergyman, 402. kee, 263. Scholander, , owns store, 32. St. Croix river, as a boundary, 353-354; Scholander, C. A., merchant, 32, 418. ferries, 446. Scholes, William, potter, 396. St. Joseph (Mo.), ferry, 453. Schoolcraft, Henry R., sketch, 264. St. Joseph's college, faculty member, Schubring, E. J. B., lawyer, 42-43, 61. 251. Schultz, Christian, tour of, 439. St. Louis (Mo.), fur trade at, 227; ad- Schurz, Antonie. See Mrs. Edmund vertisement, 442. Jiissen. St. Louis Enquirer, cited, 442. Schurz, Carl, visits Madison, 148; Ger- St. Louis river, as a boundary, 353; man revolutionist, 160; arrival in ferries, 446. America, 162; quoted, 279; book on, St. Patrick's academy, faculty mem- reviewed, 362; secretary of interior, ber, 251. 400; memorial assured, 121. St. Regis Indians, Eleazar Williams Schuyler, Gen. Philip, mansion, 435. member of, 298. Scidmore, Eliza R., traveler, 398, 404; Salisbury, Albert, educator, 401. at Madison, 211. Salisbury, Rollin D., educator, 401. Scioto company, land purchase, 214. Salomon, Edward, governor of state, Scioto river, land on, 220. 327, 399; raises regiment, 424; calls Scofield, Edward, appointee, 43; at special session, 429. Madison, 148-149; governor, 399. Salomon brothers, parents of, 253. Scotch, in Wisconsin, 95. Sanders, Col. Horace T., of Nineteenth Scotch-Irish, in Ohio, 221. Wisconsin infantry, 324. Scott, James W., journalist, 400. San Francisco bay, ferries, 442. Scott, John, potter, in Columbia county, Saratoga, proposed name for state. 395. 338. Scott, John, potter, in Marquette coun- Sassacus, Pequot chief, 293. ty, 396. Sauk and Fox Indians, lands, 91. Scott township (Columbia county), Sauk City, ferry, 445. potters in, 395. Sauk county historical society, presi- Second Wisconsin cavalry, colonel of, dent, 256. 198. Savannah Landing, ferry, 453. Senn, Nicholas, physician, 403. Sawyer, John, potter, 396. 'Settlement of English Potters in Wis- Sawyer, Dr. John W., position, 334. consin,' by Grant Foreman, 375-396. Sawyer, Philetus, United States sen- Seventeenth Wisconsin infantry, at ator, 399; capitalist, 403. Camp Randall, 202; companies of, Saxe, John G., visits Madison, 148. depart, 206. Sayers, Joseph, potter, 396. Sewall, May Eliza Wright, reformer, 402. Scandinavians, in Wisconsin, 95, 97, Shannon, D. H., gristmill records of, 103; in Northwest, 132, 287. See also acquired, 116. Norwegians. Shaw, Anna H., reformer, 402. Schafer, Joseph, Town Studies, cited, Shaw, Joseph, potter, 396. 75; 'Peopling the Middle West,' edi- Shaw, William, potter, 396. torial, 85-106; Winnebago-Horicon Basin, reviewed, 106; cited, 298: Sheboygan, lake route to, 71, 73; immi- 'Civil War Historiography—Carl grants at, 74, 76; road to, 75; market, Russell Fish,' 151-159; 'Beginnings 84. of Civilization in the Old Northwest,* Sheboygan county, resident, 252. editorial, 213-236; Intimate Letters Sheboygan county historical society, of Carl Schurz, cited, 279-280, 430; museum, 468. Index 493

Sheboygan Falls, principal, 257. Smith, Prof. William E., edits Fish Sheboygan river, settlement on, 74; fer- volume, 156, 159. ries, 446. Society and State, 114-125, 241-247, Sheffield (England) Times, cited, 385. 363-371, 463-472. Sheppard, George, interest in potters, Sousa, John Philip, praises 'On Wiscon- 387. sin,5 38. Sherwin, Capt. , at Madison, 425. South Carolina, and income tax, 6. Sheyenne river, travel near, 407. South Dakota, of Middle West group, Shields, Gen. James, friend of, 228. 86; population analysis, 101, 103-106; Sholes, Christopher L., inventor, 404. school lands, 234. Short, Dr. C. W., scientist, 268. Soward, Alfred H., sends portrait, 170; Shove, T. C, papers acquired, 243. letter, 173. Shultz, Prof. William J., American Soward, John, Iowa resident, 170; mar- Public Finance and Taxation, cited, riage, 173. 3. Sow&rd, Mrs. John C. (Hortense), Shurtleff college, founded, 462. Iowa resident, 170, 174; marriage, Siebecker, Robert G., chief justice of 173. supreme court, 49-50, 55. Spencer, S. A., removal, 201. Silverthorn, Willis, friend of, 45. Spensley, James, owns farm, 174. Simonds, Cornelia, pays visit, 204. Spink, E. C, assistance of, 330; illness, Sinclair, John, research of, 11. 334-335; visited, 428. Singleton, John, potter, 395. Spooner, John C, United States sena- Sioux Indians, hostility, 314. tor, 399; university graduate, 401. Sixteenth Wisconsin infantry, at Camp Spooner, Mrs. John C, sings, 141. Randall, 202; receive pay, 204. Spring Green, ferry, 445. Skinner, Mrs. , Madison resident, Spurr, James, letter, 391. 333. Staffordshire (England), potteries, 375, Skinner, George, potter, 396. 377. Skofstad, Johannes, Norwegian pio- Staffordshire (England) Mercury, neer, 131. cited, 381. Slater, Ainsworth, potter, 396. Stancer, Charles, potter, 396. Slavan, John H., at war meeting, 422. Stangeland, Elias, Norwegian editor, Slavery, attitude toward, 151, 153, 157, 132; marriage, 136. 229; profit in, 154; and Northwest Stangeland, Mrs. Elias, marriage, 136. territory, 215, 223, 348. Stan ton, Elizabeth C, History of Smith, A. D., sketch, 335. Woman Suffrage, cited, 162-163. Smith, Burr, companionship of, 46. Stanton, Henry C, potter, 396. Smith, Francis M., capitalist, 403. Statia's Traveler's Pocket Companion, Smith, George, banker, 403. cited, 284. Smith, George, pioneer farmer, 173. Stearns, Prof. , lectures, 207. Smith, George B., sketch, 334; at war Stein, , bookbinder, 71. meeting, 422. Steins, Rev. , at New York, 71. Smith, George C, pays visit, 207. Stephenson, George M., Letters Relat- Smith, Hayden K., at Madison, 196; ing to Oustaf Unonius, reviewed, 461. sketch, 333. Stephenson, Isaac, United States sena- Smith, Hiram, agriculturalist, 403. tor, 399; capitalist, 403. Smith, Isaac, potter, 396. Sterling, Prof. John W., at university of Wisconsin, 65, 401, 465. Smith, J. Y., visited, 331; son of, 333. Stevens, E. Ray, sketch, 43. Smith, Janet, companionship of, 46. Stevens Point, ferry, 446. Smith, Olive, companionship of, 46. Stewart, , clerk, 206, 428-429. Smith, Walter M., marriage, 46. Stewart, A. T., relative, 171. Smith, Mrs. Walter M., on trips abroad, Stewart, Isaac N., graduate of Wiscon- 45; marriage, 46. sin university, 331. Smith, William, potter, 396. Stewart, John, diaries copied, 464. Smith, William E., governor of state, Stewart, Mabel. See Mrs. A. C. Kings- ford. 399. 494 Index

Stich, Ed., recognizes portrait of pio- Talcott, Capt. A., fixes boundary point, neers, 169; neighbor, 172. 345. Still, Bayrd, 'Growth of Milwaukee As Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., "territorial Recorded by Contemporaries,' 262- governor, 399. 292; sketch, 371. Tank, Nils Otto, article on life of, Stockbridge Indians, on Fox river, 295; acquired, 464. reports confused, 298. Tappans, Mrs. E. A., concert, 200. Stockbridge township (Calumet coun- Taxation. See Wisconsin. ty), survey of, 296. Taylor, Bayard, visits Madison, 148, Stocky, Peter, lodgers at, 71. 198. Stone, , of law book company, 39- Taylor, William R., governor of state, 40. 399. Stoner, George W., diary published, Taylor, Zachary, soldier, 403. 194-212, 322-336, 420-431; sketch, 194. Temple family, letters acquired, 115. Storrow, Samuel A., visits Northwest, Ten Towns Messenger, English news- 263; sketch, 264. paper, 385. Strauch, Nic, hotel proprietor, 72. Tendick, Peter, German immigrant, 81. Street, Joseph H. D., secures ferry Tennessee, removals from, 101-102, 222, charter, 448. 228, 231, 235. Street, Julian, sketch, 283. Tenney, Daniel K., at Madison, 196; Stromme, Peer O., poet, 402. sketch, 428. Stub, Rev. *H. A., Norwegian pioneer Tenney, Henry W., brother, 428. minister, 132-133, 401. Tenney, Horace A., Madison resident, Stub, Rev. H. G., Norwegian pioneer 335, 428. minister, 132. Tenney, Mrs. Horace A., pays visit, 333. Stubbins, George, potter, 396. Tenney, Mrs. Horace K., death, 241. Stump lake, farm on, 315. Tenney, Horace Kent, Selected Writ- Suckers. See Illinois. ings of, reviewed, 360. Sugar river, removal from valley, 454. Tenney park, at Madison, 428. Sumner, Mrs. Minnie, aid acknowl- Tester, M. N., Indian specimens of, ac- edged, 139. quired, 116. Sun Prairie, resident, 196. Testevuide, , innkeeper, 73. Superior lake, copper region, 264; route Third Wisconsin cavalry, departure, to, 286; as a boundary, 342, 353. 206. Susquehanna river, ferry, 437-438. Thom, , railway hand, 425. Sutcliffe, John, potter, 396. Thomas, A. E., sister, 174. Sutherland, James, address by, 199. Thomas, Emma, burial, 174. Svalestuen, Knut A., Norwegian pio- Thomas, James, potter, 396. neer, 131. Thomas Sr., Thomas, Wisconsin pio- Swain, Edward, donates diary, 194. neer, 170. Swedes, in La Crosse county, 32; at Milwaukee, 272-273, 287; at New Thomas and Stoltze, shoe dealers, 199. Upsala, 461. Thompson, ——, operates ferry, 444. Swinton (England), potters' meeting Thompson, Charles N., Sons of the at, 379. Wilderness, reviewed, 459. Swiss, in Wisconsin, 272. Thompson, Helge, Norwegian pioneer, Swisshelm, Mrs. Jane Grey, lectures at 131. Madison, 201. Thorn, Mrs. , home, 202. Sylvania, proposed name for state, 338. Thorp, F. O., on committee, 197. Symmes purchase, occupied, 220-221, 233. Thorp, J. G., property, 142, 147; guest of, 144; sells house, 148. TABOTJILLOT, Herr von, marriage, 162. Thorp, Mrs. J. G,. Madison social Tabouillot, Madame von. See Madame leader, 142-143, 145-147, 150. Mathilda Anneke. Thorp, Joseph G., attends Harvard, 147-148. Tainter, Andrew, business interests, Thorp, Sara. See Mrs. Ole Bull. 455. Indeoo 495

Thwaites, Reuben G., historian, 402; United States supreme court, boundary Early Western Travels, cited, 436, case, 346. 438, 441. Unonius, Gustaf, letters of, 461. Tinker, Richard, potter, 390. Upham, William, at Madison, 148; gov- Titus, W. A., 'Early Milwaukee,' cited, ernor of state, 399. 263; 'Brothertown: A Wisconsin Urbanek, Rev. Anthony, letters cited, Story with a New England Back- 277-278. ground,' 293-300; sketch, 371. Token Creek, on railway line, 424-425. VAX BERGEX, Seth M., Madison resi- Toledo strip, boundary dispute, 343, dent, 201, 212, 322. 345-346, 351. Van Hise, Richard C, university presi- Tollefsjord, John, Norwegian pioneer, dent, 400-401. 131. Veblen, Thorstein, birthplace, 460. Tollefsjord, Nils, Norwegian pioneer, Verona, road to, 421. 131. Verwyst, Chrysostom, missionary, 401. Tollefsjord, Ole, Norwegian pioneer, Vicksburg (Miss.), siege of, 422. 131. Victor, ferry, 446. Tom Thumb, exhibits at Madison, 197. Vieau, Jacques, trader, 264. Tower Hill, visited, 322. Vilas, Henry, sketch, 430. Towner, Joseph, potter, 396. Vilas, Col. William F., visits California, Townly, John, potter, 396. 45; trustee of estate, 57; United Trempealeau, ferry, 446. States senator, 399, 401; postmaster Trenton (N.J.), ferry, 443. general, 399; secretary of the inte- Trollope, Anthony, visits Milwaukee, rior, 400; residence, 329; fishing trips, 280, 284; North America, cited, 280- 202, 209-210, 323-324, 327, 335; enlists, 282. 422; commands regiments, 422, 430. Trollope, Mrs. Frances, son of, 280. Villa Louis, at Prairie du Chien, 470. Trout lake, visited, 45. Vinje, Aad J., in supreme court, 55; Troy (N.Y.), ferry, 440. law student, 56; incident about, 259- Turner, A. J., Family Tree of Colum- 260. bia County, Wisconsin^ cited, 394-395. Virginia, and income tax, 6; removals Turner, Frederick J., cited, 222; his- from, 96, 101-102, 221-222, 226, 228, torian, 401-402. 231; cession of territory, 337-338, 340. Turner, P. H., tax list, 423. Virginia bill of rights, provisions, 215. Tuttle, Charles, An Illustrated History Volkertz, , returns to Germany, 71. of the State of Wisconsin, cited, 160- Von Hoist. See Hoist. 161, 167. Vroman, George, Dane county pioneer, Tveito, Hans, marriage, 136. 334, 423; harvesting, 420. Tweedy, J. H., newspaper contributor, Vroman, Joe, sketch, 334; employee, 265. 336; wheat harvested, 336, 420-423. Twelfth Wisconsin infantry, tents for, Vroman, William, Danp county pio- 195; departure, 196; colonel, 430. neer, 334. Twentieth Wisconsin infantry, leaves for war, 424. WABASH river, city on, 227; native of Twenty-third Wisconsin infantry, offi- region, 234; as a boundary, 339, 342. cers, 422, 430; on parade, 427. Wade, Silvester, potter, 396. Twiggs, Thomas, of potters' society, Wakeley, Charles T., Madison resident, 383-384, 386-388, 390-391, 395; ill- 202, 326, 330; fishing, 323-324, 327, ness, 391. 336; dinner with, 429. Twining, Clarence W., death, 363. Waldron, Webb, We Explore the Great Lakes, cited, 292. UDSTIOX Pacific railway, route, 283. Walker, William, secures ferry charter, 448. United Branches of Operative Potters Wallace, W. H., at Madison, 208, 426. association, organized, 377. Wallis (Wallace), , railway hand, United Commercial Travelers, member, 425-426. 251. Walsh, Thomas J., Wisconsin-born, United States senate. See Congress. 398; United States senator, 399. 496 Index

Walter, Rev. , officiates at funeral, Whitney, Dr. , wife of, 196; vis- 327. ited, 197. Walworth county, pioneers, 235. Who's Who in America, cited, 398, Wamby, Tom, on fishing trip, 327. 404. Wappinger Indians, mentioned, 293. Wilce, Jack, football captain, 37. Ward, Artemus, lecture failed, 198. Wilcox, Alfred, potter, 395. Warner, Charles D., Studies in the Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, poet, 402. South and West, cited, 284, 289; Wild Rice river, settlers on, 411-412. sketch, 288. Willard, Emma, conducts girls' school, Warner, William, United States sen- 220. ator, 399. Willard, Frances E., reformer, 402. Warren, Dr. John H., legislative clerk, Williams, Rev. , Grant county resi- 197, 203, 205-206, 208, 210-211, 329- dent, 168-169, 172-174. 330, 333, 423, 429. Williams, Eleazar, sketch, 298, 401. Washburn, Col. C. C, of Second Wis- Williams, Samuel M., death, 463. consin cavalry, 198; governor of Wilson, James, potter, 395. state, 399; miller, 403. Wilson, Richard (Dick), in legislature, Washington, proposed name for state, 196-197. 338. Wind lake, Norwegians on, 130. Washington (Wis.), early settlement, Wingville, later name, 173. 75. Winnebago county archeological and Washington National Era, cited, 284. historical society, activities, 118, 245, Watertown, college at, 251; concert, 367. 279; route via, 383; market, 384; po- Winnebago county courthouse, sculp- litical convention, 427, 430-431. ture on, 470. Watertown historical society, activities, Winnebago lake, Indians on, 192, 295, 245, 467. 298; village on, 293; view of, 296. Watkins, Peter, potter, 396. Winona (Minn.), residents, 252-253; Watson, William, potter, 396. ferry, 446. Waukesha, residents, 252; museum, 254. Winona normal school, student, 256. Waukesha county, pioneers in, 130, 135- Winslow, John B., friend of, 45; humor, 136, 235; history of, 254. 54; president of literary club, 63; in Waukesha county historical society, ac- supreme court, 65, 400; death, 49. tivity, 245. Winston, Alexander (Elick), innkeeper, Wautoma, resident, 9. 420. Wauzeka, ferry, 445. Wiota, visited, 429-430. Weatherby, , in company of, 333. Wisconsin, history of income tax law, Wedgewood, Aaron, labor interests, 375. 3-15; judges, 43, 50, G5; taxation, 44; Weihe, -, German pioneer, 74-75. lakes, 45; pioneers, 64, 68, 73-74, 80; Weiskotten, Rev. , at New York, roads, 75; described, 76, 84, 270; soil, 71. 77; part of Northwest territory, 86; Welch, John, Madison resident, 205. land offices, 90, 92; territorial popu- Welsh, in Wisconsin, 95, 97. lation, 91; population increase, 93-94; Wesley, Charles H., The Collapse of the removals from, 96-98; foreigners in, Confederacy, reviewed, 457. 99-100, 287; population analysis, 95, West, George A., death, 463. 101-105; Norwegians in, 129-138; gov- Wheat, harvested, 336, 420-421, 423. ernors, 140-141, 196, 210, 235; lumber- Wheeldon, William, potter, 396. ing, 142, 184; Indians, 192-193, 295, Wheelock's Indian school, in Connecti- 298; settlement discussed, 235-236, cut, 191. 266; salesman, 251; authors, 255; White, Horace, Beloit pioneer, 400. port, 269; Baptists, 299; storms, 317; White, Julius T., property, 140; re- boundary dispute, 351-354; WJD.A. moval, 141. decision, 355; eminent men in, 397- Whitehead, Benjamin, potter, 396. 404; antiquities, 467-468; potters in, Whitish, Eleck, aids researcher, 168; 379-396; ferries, 439, 447; laws, 443; recognizes portrait of pioneers, 169; county boards, 444; bridges, 448. neighbor, 172. Wisconsin Alumni Magazine, cited, 38. Index 497

Wisconsin constitutional convention, ercises, 331; graduates, 401; literary member, 136. society, 428. Wisconsin D.A.R., records acquired, 'Wisconsin's Eminence,' by Louise 115. Phelps Kellogg, 397-404. 'Wisconsin Executive Residence, Early- Wiser, John B., Madison resident, 205, History of,' by Isabel Bacon La Fol- 209, 332; illness, 200-201; wife, 427. lette, 139-150; pictured, 139. Wolf and Richmueller, ticket agents, Wisconsin historical society, members, 71. 114, 241, 363, 463; address, for 1862, Wolf river, ferries, 446. 199; memorial for Harvey, 323; early Wolverines. See Michigan. location, 324; and W.D.A. case, 355. Woman's equal rights movement, cham- Wisconsin insurance commission, cor- pion of, 161-163, 165. respondence and papers of, acquired, Wood, Col. Charles A., commands regi- 365. ment, 430. Wisconsin legislature, of 1862, 196-209, Wood, John, potter, 391. 427-429; investigation committee, 197- Woodburn, J. A., edits book, 224. 198; manual, 208; members of, 300; Woodman, Cyrus, business interests, special session, 327-329. 455. Wisconsin Lodge of Independent Good Woodward, , Dane county resident, Templars, papers acquired, 242. 429. Wisconsin-Minnesota football game, song for, 36. Woodward, Mrs. , potters' meet- Wisconsin river, transportation route, ing at, 379. 387, 449; canal, 388; ferries, 444-447, World war, litigation as a result of, 452, 454, 456; bridges, 448; lumber 55; letters acquired, 243. rafts, 450; ice covered, 451. Wright, David H., sketch, 334; Madi- Wisconsin state hospital, at Mendota, son mason, 421. 334. Wisconsin university, students, 35, 194, Yankees, help erect building, 78; in 256; football captain, 37; alumni, 38; Manitowoc county, 80; mode of liv- early buildings, 233; presidents, 234, ing described, 82; in Indiana, 226, 400; board of visitors, member, 260; 231; Illinois, 229; Wisconsin, 235- faculty member, 288; graduation ex- 236.

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