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HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons a Select Annotated Bibliography November 2005

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HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons A Select Annotated Bibliography November 2005 prepared by Ralf Jürgens with funding from the International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada For further information about this publication, contact: International Health Division International Affairs Directorate Health Policy and Communications Branch Health Canada Jeanne Mance Building, Tunney’s Pasture, A.L. 1903B Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada Further copies can be retrieved at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/activit/strateg/intactivit/aids-sida/hivaids-vihsida-pubs_e.html or obtained through the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre (www.aidssida.cpha.ca) © 2005 International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada ISBN: 0-662-43468-4 Cat. No.: H21-271/2006E-PDF Authorship note This annotated bibliography was researched and written by Ralf Jürgens. Acknowledgments This bibliography has benefited in many ways from the contributions of others. The author and the International Affairs Directorate wish to thank the members of the Steering Committee of the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons who provided input at several stages of this project; the peer reviewers for their comments on a draft of the annotated bibliography: Glenn Betteridge, Murdo Bijl, Holly Catania, Anne De Groot, Kate Dolan, KC Goyer, Rick Lines, Morag MacDonald, Martina Melis, Lars Moller, Dmitry Rechnov, Marlise Richter, Heino Stöver, Gerald Thomas, and Barry Zack; and Gord Cruess for research assistance provided. Funding for this publication was provided by the International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of the International Affairs Directorate. 2 Table of Contents Scope, Methods, and Next Steps 6 Overview Documents, Policies, and Guidelines 8 Essential Resources 8 Other Resources 12 HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C in Prisons: Prevalence and Risk Behaviours 24 Essential Resources 24 Other Resources 25 Overviews 25 Documents by region 26 Africa 26 Americas 28 Central and Southern America 28 Canada 30 United States of America 36 Eastern Mediterranean 40 Europe 41 Western and Southern Europe 41 Russian Federation 51 South-East Asia 53 Western Pacific 54 Australia 54 HIV and HCV Transmission in Prison 57 Overviews 58 Documents by region 59 Americas 59 Central and Southern America 59 Canada 61 United States of America 62 Eastern Mediterranean 66 Europe 66 Western and Southern Europe 66 Eastern Europe 74 Russian Federation 75 South-East Asia 76 Western Pacific 77 Australia 77 Transmission of STIs 82 3 Education 84 Condoms, Lubricants, and Combatting Sexual Violence 89 Essential Resources 89 Other Resources 90 Tattooing 95 Injection Drug Use: Overviews 97 Essential Resources 97 Other Resources 101 Bleach and Other Disinfectants 105 Essential Resources 105 Other Resources 106 Needle and Syringe Programs 109 Essential Resources 109 Other Resources 111 Substitution Treatment 119 Essential Resources 119 Other Resources 122 Heroin Prescription 133 Mortality upon Release 133 Other Forms of Drug Dependence Treatment 136 Essential Resources 136 Other Resources 139 Drug Supply Reduction Measures 147 “Drug-Free Units” 147 Urinalysis 148 HIV Testing and Counselling 155 Care, Support, and Treatment for HIV/AIDS and HCV 159 Care, Support, and Treatment for HIV 159 HCV Treatment 169 Housing of HIV-Positive Prisoners 171 Compassionate Release, Release Planning and Aftercare 172 Compassionate Release 172 Release Planning and Aftercare 172 4 Alternatives to Imprisonment 181 Prison Populations with Particular Needs 185 Young Offenders 185 Women Prisoners 188 Aboriginal Prisoners 191 Transsexual/Transgender Prisoners 193 Legal, Ethical, and Human Rights Issues 194 Essential Resources 194 Other Resources 195 Periodicals 199 Websites 200 5 Scope, Methods, and Next Steps Work on this select annotated bibliography started in March 2005 and was completed in November 2005. The document was intended as a background document for the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons, which took place in Toronto, Canada in October 2005 and was hosted by the Government of Canada and UNAIDS. Scope and Methods The goal is to promote effective responses, based on scientific evidence and respect for human rights, to the issues raised by HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C (HCV) in prisons. The objectives are · to increase knowledge of and access to the literature on issues related to HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons; and · to increase the capacity of governments, non-governmental organizations, and researchers to respond effectively to the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons. The bibliography did not aim to include all documents ever published on HIV/AIDS and/or HCV in prisons – there simply are too many, some are outdated, while others are very difficult to access. Instead, the author undertook an extensive search of the literature and then selected the most relevant materials according to a set of criteria, including: scope of the material (local, regional, national, or international), date of publication, topic(s) covered, whether the material is accessible, and relevance of the document. The aim was to include those publications that are most relevant in a large number of areas, ranging from prevalence of HIV, HCV, and risk behaviours, to a variety of prevention measures, to HIV and HCV treatment, drug dependence treatment, and legal and ethical issues. A number of newsletters, journals, and websites were also included to allow people using the bibliography to more easily locate new materials that will appear after the publication of this bibliography. Because of resource constraints, studies about tuberculosis and HIV in prisons could not be included in this version of the bibliography. Another important area that could not be included is that of prison reform. As one reviewer stated, “it is difficult to discuss prison health without discussing prison reform.” While we added a few resources on prison reform to the first section, it would have been useful to add more resources on the problems of prison in general, to give context to the problems of HIV in prison. We hope to be able to address these shortcomings in the next version of the bibliography. In some of the larger sections, a list of “essential resources” precedes the list of “other resources.” Papers were included in the list of “essential resources” if they were: recent (or still unique); brief (or comprehensive); readable; published by a reputable organization; published as a paper in a high impact factor journal; scientifically rigorous; focused on and relevant to developing or transitional nations; relevant to the selection criteria; and the overall impression of the author was strongly favourable. During the search process for “essential resources,” preference was given to documents that are of practical use to advocates, policy makers, program 6 managers and prison practitioners. Finally, a group of peer reviewers was set up to ensure that the selected documents were of a high standard and reflected a global perspective. Most documents have annotations, but they could not be provided for all entries. The author reviewed documents published in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German. A search of the published scientific literature was carried out using electronic databases. Several comprehensive reviews on the effectiveness of certain interventions were also drawn on extensively. Conference abstracts were reviewed, and searches of the Internet were conducted. Attempts were made to access information from developing countries and regions, especially those currently experiencing an HIV epidemic. The ‘grey’ literature was accessed via a variety of sources including professional contacts, direct contact with known researchers and research centres and the Internet. Not surprisingly, many resources are from a relatively small number of developed countries – although resources from many developing and transitional countries exist and have been included. Members of the organizing committee of the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons provided input throughout all stages of the production of the bibliography. Before finalizing the bibliography, the author obtained comments on a draft from a group of peer reviewers from a large number of countries. The author revised the bibliography taking these comments into account. Next Steps This bibliography will be disseminated widely in a variety of formats (hard copy, searchable CD- ROM, and on the Internet on various websites) in order to facilitate access to information on HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons. Depending on the feedback received and the availability of funding, the bibliography may be updated once yearly in future years. For Further Information and to Provide Additional Resources… Further copies of this bibliography can be retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc- asc/activit/strateg/intactivit/aids-sida/hivaids-vihsida-pubs_e.html; or ordered through the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre at tel +1 613 725-3434 (toll free from within Canada: +1 877 999-7740), fax +1 613 725-1205; email: [email protected], web: www.aidssida.cpha. The bibliography is available in English and French. If you would like to suggest additional resources for inclusion in the next version of the bibliography, or provide general comments, please contact Ralf Jürgens at [email protected]. 7 Overview Documents, Policies,
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