DOCSLIB.ORG

HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons a Select Annotated Bibliography November 2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons a Select Annotated Bibliography November 2005 HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons A Select Annotated Bibliography November 2005 prepared by Ralf Jürgens with funding from the International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada For further information about this publication, contact: International Health Division International Affairs Directorate Health Policy and Communications Branch Health Canada Jeanne Mance Building, Tunney’s Pasture, A.L. 1903B Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada Further copies can be retrieved at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/activit/strateg/intactivit/aids-sida/hivaids-vihsida-pubs_e.html or obtained through the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre (www.aidssida.cpha.ca) © 2005 International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada ISBN: 0-662-43468-4 Cat. No.: H21-271/2006E-PDF Authorship note This annotated bibliography was researched and written by Ralf Jürgens. Acknowledgments This bibliography has benefited in many ways from the contributions of others. The author and the International Affairs Directorate wish to thank the members of the Steering Committee of the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons who provided input at several stages of this project; the peer reviewers for their comments on a draft of the annotated bibliography: Glenn Betteridge, Murdo Bijl, Holly Catania, Anne De Groot, Kate Dolan, KC Goyer, Rick Lines, Morag MacDonald, Martina Melis, Lars Moller, Dmitry Rechnov, Marlise Richter, Heino Stöver, Gerald Thomas, and Barry Zack; and Gord Cruess for research assistance provided. Funding for this publication was provided by the International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of the International Affairs Directorate. 2 Table of Contents Scope, Methods, and Next Steps 6 Overview Documents, Policies, and Guidelines 8 Essential Resources 8 Other Resources 12 HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C in Prisons: Prevalence and Risk Behaviours 24 Essential Resources 24 Other Resources 25 Overviews 25 Documents by region 26 Africa 26 Americas 28 Central and Southern America 28 Canada 30 United States of America 36 Eastern Mediterranean 40 Europe 41 Western and Southern Europe 41 Russian Federation 51 South-East Asia 53 Western Pacific 54 Australia 54 HIV and HCV Transmission in Prison 57 Overviews 58 Documents by region 59 Americas 59 Central and Southern America 59 Canada 61 United States of America 62 Eastern Mediterranean 66 Europe 66 Western and Southern Europe 66 Eastern Europe 74 Russian Federation 75 South-East Asia 76 Western Pacific 77 Australia 77 Transmission of STIs 82 3 Education 84 Condoms, Lubricants, and Combatting Sexual Violence 89 Essential Resources 89 Other Resources 90 Tattooing 95 Injection Drug Use: Overviews 97 Essential Resources 97 Other Resources 101 Bleach and Other Disinfectants 105 Essential Resources 105 Other Resources 106 Needle and Syringe Programs 109 Essential Resources 109 Other Resources 111 Substitution Treatment 119 Essential Resources 119 Other Resources 122 Heroin Prescription 133 Mortality upon Release 133 Other Forms of Drug Dependence Treatment 136 Essential Resources 136 Other Resources 139 Drug Supply Reduction Measures 147 “Drug-Free Units” 147 Urinalysis 148 HIV Testing and Counselling 155 Care, Support, and Treatment for HIV/AIDS and HCV 159 Care, Support, and Treatment for HIV 159 HCV Treatment 169 Housing of HIV-Positive Prisoners 171 Compassionate Release, Release Planning and Aftercare 172 Compassionate Release 172 Release Planning and Aftercare 172 4 Alternatives to Imprisonment 181 Prison Populations with Particular Needs 185 Young Offenders 185 Women Prisoners 188 Aboriginal Prisoners 191 Transsexual/Transgender Prisoners 193 Legal, Ethical, and Human Rights Issues 194 Essential Resources 194 Other Resources 195 Periodicals 199 Websites 200 5 Scope, Methods, and Next Steps Work on this select annotated bibliography started in March 2005 and was completed in November 2005. The document was intended as a background document for the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons, which took place in Toronto, Canada in October 2005 and was hosted by the Government of Canada and UNAIDS. Scope and Methods The goal is to promote effective responses, based on scientific evidence and respect for human rights, to the issues raised by HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C (HCV) in prisons. The objectives are · to increase knowledge of and access to the literature on issues related to HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons; and · to increase the capacity of governments, non-governmental organizations, and researchers to respond effectively to the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons. The bibliography did not aim to include all documents ever published on HIV/AIDS and/or HCV in prisons – there simply are too many, some are outdated, while others are very difficult to access. Instead, the author undertook an extensive search of the literature and then selected the most relevant materials according to a set of criteria, including: scope of the material (local, regional, national, or international), date of publication, topic(s) covered, whether the material is accessible, and relevance of the document. The aim was to include those publications that are most relevant in a large number of areas, ranging from prevalence of HIV, HCV, and risk behaviours, to a variety of prevention measures, to HIV and HCV treatment, drug dependence treatment, and legal and ethical issues. A number of newsletters, journals, and websites were also included to allow people using the bibliography to more easily locate new materials that will appear after the publication of this bibliography. Because of resource constraints, studies about tuberculosis and HIV in prisons could not be included in this version of the bibliography. Another important area that could not be included is that of prison reform. As one reviewer stated, “it is difficult to discuss prison health without discussing prison reform.” While we added a few resources on prison reform to the first section, it would have been useful to add more resources on the problems of prison in general, to give context to the problems of HIV in prison. We hope to be able to address these shortcomings in the next version of the bibliography. In some of the larger sections, a list of “essential resources” precedes the list of “other resources.” Papers were included in the list of “essential resources” if they were: recent (or still unique); brief (or comprehensive); readable; published by a reputable organization; published as a paper in a high impact factor journal; scientifically rigorous; focused on and relevant to developing or transitional nations; relevant to the selection criteria; and the overall impression of the author was strongly favourable. During the search process for “essential resources,” preference was given to documents that are of practical use to advocates, policy makers, program 6 managers and prison practitioners. Finally, a group of peer reviewers was set up to ensure that the selected documents were of a high standard and reflected a global perspective. Most documents have annotations, but they could not be provided for all entries. The author reviewed documents published in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German. A search of the published scientific literature was carried out using electronic databases. Several comprehensive reviews on the effectiveness of certain interventions were also drawn on extensively. Conference abstracts were reviewed, and searches of the Internet were conducted. Attempts were made to access information from developing countries and regions, especially those currently experiencing an HIV epidemic. The ‘grey’ literature was accessed via a variety of sources including professional contacts, direct contact with known researchers and research centres and the Internet. Not surprisingly, many resources are from a relatively small number of developed countries – although resources from many developing and transitional countries exist and have been included. Members of the organizing committee of the 3rd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS in Prisons provided input throughout all stages of the production of the bibliography. Before finalizing the bibliography, the author obtained comments on a draft from a group of peer reviewers from a large number of countries. The author revised the bibliography taking these comments into account. Next Steps This bibliography will be disseminated widely in a variety of formats (hard copy, searchable CD- ROM, and on the Internet on various websites) in order to facilitate access to information on HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons. Depending on the feedback received and the availability of funding, the bibliography may be updated once yearly in future years. For Further Information and to Provide Additional Resources… Further copies of this bibliography can be retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc- asc/activit/strateg/intactivit/aids-sida/hivaids-vihsida-pubs_e.html; or ordered through the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre at tel +1 613 725-3434 (toll free from within Canada: +1 877 999-7740), fax +1 613 725-1205; email: [email protected], web: www.aidssida.cpha. The bibliography is available in English and French. If you would like to suggest additional resources for inclusion in the next version of the bibliography, or provide general comments, please contact Ralf Jürgens at [email protected]. 7 Overview Documents, Policies,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HIV and Incarceration: Prisons and Detention Ralf Jürgens1*, Manfred Nowak2 and Marcus Day3
    Jürgens et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2011, 14:26 http://www.jiasociety.org/content/14/1/26 REVIEW Open Access HIV and incarceration: prisons and detention Ralf Jürgens1*, Manfred Nowak2 and Marcus Day3 Abstract The high prevalence of HIV infection among prisoners and pre-trial detainees, combined with overcrowding and sub-standard living conditions sometimes amounting to inhuman or degrading treatment in violation of international law, make prisons and other detention centres a high risk environment for the transmission of HIV. Ultimately, this contributes to HIV epidemics in the communities to which prisoners return upon their release. We reviewed the evidence regarding HIV prevalence, risk behaviours and transmission in prisons. We also reviewed evidence of the effectiveness of interventions and approaches to reduce the risk behaviours and, consequently, HIV transmission in prisons. A large number of studies report high levels of risk behaviour in prisons, and HIV transmission has been documented. There is a large body of evidence from countries around the world of what prison systems can do to prevent HIV transmission. In particular, condom distribution programmes, accompanied by measures to prevent the occurrence of rape and other forms of non-consensual sex, needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapies, have proven effective at reducing HIV risk behaviours in a wide range of prison environments without resulting in negative consequences for the health of prison staff or prisoners. The introduction of these programmes in prisons is therefore warranted as part of comprehensive programmes to address HIV in prisons, including HIV education, voluntary HIV testing and counselling, and provision of antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive prisoners.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictatorship Or Reform? the Rule of Law in Russia
    Dictatorship or Reform? The Rule of Law in Russia Mary McAuley, Alena Ledeneva and Hugh Barnes Preface by Stephen Twigg June 2006 First published in 2006 by The Foreign Policy Centre 49 Chalton Street London NW1 1HY UNITED KINGDOM Email: [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2006 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-905833-00-9 ISBN-10: 1-905833-00-8 ii About the Authors Mary McAuley is the author of “Soviet Politics, 1917-1991” (1992) and “Russia’s Politics of Uncertainty” (1997). A former University Lecturer in Politics at Oxford, and then head of the Ford Foundation’s office in Moscow, she is a leading expert on Russian politics and society. Alena Ledeneva is Reader in Russian Politics and Society at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. She is the author of “Russia’s Economy of Favours” (1998), and co-editor of “Bribery and Blat in Russia” (2000) and “Economic Crime in Russia” (2000). Her new book, “How Russia Really Works” is forthcoming. Stephen Twigg is the Director of the Foreign Policy Centre. After being General Secretary of the Fabian Society from 1996 to 1997, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Enfield Southgate in 1997, which he represented until 2005. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the House of Commons, the Rt Hon. Robin Cook MP, from 2001 to 2002 and then a junior minister in the Department for Education and Skills between 2002 and 2005, reaching the post of Minister of State in 2004. Hugh Barnes is the Director of the Russia programme at the Foreign Policy Centre, and the author of “Special Effects” (1994) and “Gannibal: The Moor of Petersburg” (2005).
    [Show full text]
  • In Russian and French Prisons
    IN RUSSIAN AND FRENCH PRISONS. P. KROPOTKINE. MICROFORMED PRESERVATION SERVICES DATEf WITH A PLAN OF THE ST. PETERSBURG FORTRESS. AU6 2 4 1989 Eontton : WARD AND DOWNEY, 12, YORK STBEKT, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCLXXXVII. \_All rights reserced.~\ NEW BOOKS at all Libraries and Booksellers. Russia under the Tzars. By STEPNIAK. 6*. Duelling Days in the Army. By WILLIAM DOUGLAS. 7s. 6d. A Look round Literature. By HOBEHT BUCHANAN. 6*. Creation or Evolution 1 By GEOBGE TICKNOB CTTBTIS. 10*. 6d. The Coming Franco-German War. A Political-Military Study. 7s. &l. Fifty Years of a Good Queen's Reign. By A. H. WALL. 6d. 4s. 3*. ; gilt edges, 6d. Alligators : Sketches of Life in South 5*. 'Through the Gates of Gold. A Fragment of Thought. 4r. fid. Court Life under the Georges. By FITZOEKALD MOLLOY. 2 vols. 12s. Living Paris. With Maps and Plans. 6*. WARD & DOWNEY, PUBLISHERS,^ LONDON. NfAY 41966 CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTORY 1 I. MY FIRST ACQUAINTANCE WITH RUSSIAN PRISONS ...... 8 II. RUSSIAN PRISONS 24 III. THE FORTRESS OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL 84 IV. OUTCAST RUSSIA . .124 | V. THE EXILE IN SIBERIA . .154 VI. THE EXILE ON SAKHALIN .... 202 VII. A FOREIGNER ON RUSSIAN PRISONS . 227 VIII. IN FRENCH PRISONS 257 IX. ON THE MORAL INFLUENCE OF PRISONS ON PRISONERS . 299 X. ARE PRISONS NECESSARY? . 338 APPENDIX A. Trial of the Soldiers accused of having carried Letters from the Alexis Ravelin . 373 iv Contents. PAGE APPENDIX B. On the part played by the Exiles in the Colonization of Siberia . 377 " APPENDIX C. Extract from a Report on Ad- ministrative Exile," read by M.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics in the Black Sea Region - Tendencies and Challenges
    Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge Centar for strategic researching and national security - CESNA B, Belgrade, Serbia BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INSTITUTE FOR CENTER FOR STRATEGIC RESEARCH ON NATIONAL THE STUDY OF SOCIETIES AND KNOWLEDGE SECURITY - CESNA B, BELGRADE, SERBIA THEMATIC PAPERS PHILOSOPHY NOWADAYS PHILOSOPHY GEOPOLITICS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION - TENDENCIES AND CHALLENGES PHILOSOPHY NOWADAYS SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS E D I T O R S Slobodan Neskovic, PhD Bogdana Todorova, PhD 1 Belgrade, 2019 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge Centar for strategic researching and national security - CESNA B, Belgrade, Serbia Center for Strategic Research on National Bulgarian Academy of Security - CESNA B, Sciences - Institute for Belgrade, Serbia the Study of Societies Romanian Academy of and Knowledge Sciences - Institute of Political Science and International Relations “Ion I.C. Brătianu” University of Bucharest, University of Liège, Romania - Faculty of Belgium - Department of Philosophy Philosophy Azerbaijan National Slovak Academy of Academy - Institute of Sciences - Institute of Philosophy Philosophy Polish Academy of Uludag Sciences - Institute of University, Turkey - Philosophy and Sociology Department of Philosophy TEMATIC PAPERS GEOPOLITICS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION - TENDENCIES AND CHALLENGES PHILOSOPHY NOWADAYS SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS EDITORS Slobodan Neskovic, PhD Bogdana Todorova,
    [Show full text]
  • Places of Detention in the Russian Federation
    HONORARY CHAIRMAN ADVISORY BOARD (CHAIR) PRESIDENT Yuri Orlov Karl von Schwarzenberg Ludmilla Alexeyeva EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE VICE PRESIDENT Aaron Rhodes Sonja Biserko Ulrich Fischer DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Holly Cartner TREASURER Bjørn Engesland Brigitte Dufour Stein-Ivar Aarsæther Krassimir Kanev Andrzej Rzeplinski Wickenburgg. 14/7, A-1080 Vienna, Austria; Tel +43-1-408 88 22; Fax 408 88 22-50 e-mail: [email protected] – internet: http://www.ihf-hr.org Bank account: Bank Austria Creditanstalt, 0221-00283/00, BLZ 12 000 PLACES OF DETENTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Report from the visit of the delegation of human rights NGOs to places of detention in the Russian Federation on 19 and 20 February 2004 Published by: Bulgarian Helsinki Committee Moscow Helsinki Group Hungarian Helsinki Group Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights in Poland Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in the Republic of Macedonia Greek Helsinki Monitor International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights Sofia, Vienna, Moscow, October 2004 The IHF has consultative status with the United Nations and the Council of Europe. MEMBER AND COOPERATING* COMMITTEES IN: Albania – Austria – Azerbaijan - Belarus – Bosnia-Herzegovina – Bulgaria – Canada – Croatia – Czech Republic – Denmark – Finland – France – Georgia* Germany – Greece – Hungary – Italy – Kazakhstan – Kosovo – Kyrgyzstan – Latvia – Lithuania – Macedonia – Moldova – Montenegro – The Netherlands Norway – Poland – Romania – Russia – Serbia – Slovakia – Slovenia – Sweden – Switzerland – Ukraine* – United Kingdom – United States – Uzbekistan* COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS: The European Roma Rights Center – Human Rights Without Frontiers – Mental Disability Advocacy Center Note: This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Community. The views expressed herein are those of the publishers, and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MULTIPLE FACES of TORTURE a Study of the Phenomenon of Torture in Russia
    ACAT, in collaboration with The Committee against Torture & The Public Verdict Foundation THE MULTIPLE FACES OF TORTURE A STUdy OF THE PHEnOMEnOn OF torture In RUSSIA November 2013 ACAT, in collaboration with The Committee against Torture & The Public Verdict Foundation November 2013 THE MULTIPLE FACES OF TORTURE A STUdy OF THE PHEnOMEnOn OF torture In RUSSIA This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of ACAT-France, and under no circumstance may they be deemed to reflect the position of the European Union. A STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF TORTURE . RUSSIA 5 Summary In the Russian Federation, the torture phenomenon is today commonplace and deeply rooted in the State institutons. The use of torture and ill-treatment can be observed at all stages of the criminal justice system, from arrest by the police to the life of convicts in penitentiary facilities. Torture is systemic in the country’s police institutions. It is widely used in police custody against individuals who have been arrested or, rightly or wrongly, are suspected of an offence. Its purpose is to quickly secure confessions as part of a wider criminal justice system that is driven by statistics and built on the quest for the highest possible number of convictions. It would appear that police reform in Russia, anticipated by many, is a development that so far remains largely incomplete. In the prison system, the torture phenomenon can be linked both to detention conditions – overcrowding, access to health care and work conditions – and acts deliberately inflicted on detainees by the prison authorities, especially in certain regions and facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Syllabus
    Course Syllabus: REE 325/CL 323 “Russian Prisons in History and Literature” Instructor Information: Marina Potoplyak, PhD Class Meetings: Mon, Wed, Fri 10 – 11 AM in GEA 114 Office Hours: Wed 1:00 – 2:00 PM (Caffé Medici); Tue 2:00 – 3:00 PM (BUR 228) and by appointment E-mail: [email protected] Course Description: With its current prison population second only to the United States, Russia offers a rich and unique history of exile, incarceration, hard labor, deportation, and various other forms of legal punishment for both criminal and political transgressors. From the first medieval rudimentary holding cells, ostrogi, to Stalin’s sprawling GULAG system, to the overcrowded prisons of today, Russian penitentiary system underwent several waves of reforms that at times echoed similar developments in the West, but often reveal a unique Russian “way,” as evident in the phenomenon of Siberia, that proverbial locus of the worst imaginable punishment from the Tsarist times to our days, with its many important functions and the fame of an unlikely oasis of free thinking. Importantly, in its cultural and political significance, “zona,” a slang term for all forms of penal confinement, far exceeds its purely punitive function and affects all aspects of life in Russia, even dictating the norms of conducting business in the highest echelons of power. In addition, this course examines a broad range of popular attitudes toward the law, state, punishment, crime, prisoners, and subversion, the stereotypes about Russian lawlessness and the arbitrariness of law enforcement, and the role of prisons in the formation of Russian national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Post-Soviet Russia 259 Declined
    Human Rights in Post -Soviet Russia JONATHAN D. WEILER n this article 1 explore two specific areas of human rights concem in contem- I porary Russia: violence against women and conditions in Russian prisons. As I explain below, these areas clearly do not exhaust the human rights problems fac- ing Russia today. However, they do highlight a confluence of factors that are evi- dent in many new democracies, and they are having profoundly negative conse- quences for socially vulnerable groups. Specifically, I argue that declining state capacity, fiscal austerity, and growing social inequality, characteristic features of many of the new democracies, translate into gross violations of the rights of socially vulnerable groups. Furthermore, although civil society development and its implications for human rights are not central to this article, I do argue that the kind of civil society' that may be evolving in Russia and other new democracies is not that characteristic of a larger liberal project in the historic Western sense, which among other things protects human rights.2 Instead, it may be that the non- governmental organization (NGO) model for civil society, now central to U.S. Agency for International Development democracy building and implicitly accept- ed by many scholarly accounts, is more conducive to what William Robinson and others view as a neoliberal project. Thús, rather than supporting democracy as a system in which citizens are empowered to effect change at all political levels and in which they have the power to defend their
    [Show full text]
  • Zionism & Russia
    Zionism & Russia 8 Pacifica Forum Lectures by Valdas Anelauskas Contents Zionism and Russia – Lecture 1 May 12, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 2 June 2, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 3 June 16, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 4 July 14, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 5 August 4, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 6 September 8, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 7 October 6, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 8 November 17, 2006 Zionism and Russia – Lecture 1 May 12, 2006 1 Leon Trotsky, whose real name was Leyba Davidovich Bronstein, said: “We must turn Russia into a desert populated by white negroes upon whom we shall impose a tyranny such as the most terrible Eastern despots never dreamt of. The only difference is that this will be a left-wing tyranny, not a right-wing tyranny. It will be a red tyranny and not a white one. We mean the word ‘red’ literally, because we shall shed such floods of blood as will make all the human losses suffered in the capitalist wars quake and pale by comparison. The biggest bankers across the ocean will work in the closest possible contact with us. If we win the revolution, we shall establish the power of Zionism upon the wreckage of the revolution’s funeral, and we shall became a power before which the whole world will sink to its knees. We shall show what real power is. By means of terror and bloodbaths, we shall reduce the Russian intelligentsia to a state of complete stupefaction and idiocy and to an animal existence..
    [Show full text]
  • "Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century." a Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies
    Badcock, Sarah, and Judith Pallot. "Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century." A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies. Ed. Clare Anderson. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 271–306. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350000704.ch-010>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 13:10 UTC. Copyright © Clare Anderson and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 10 Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century Sarah Badcock and Judith Pallot Introduction Transportation to the Arctic circle and the interior of Eurasia by successive Russian states is perhaps the most iconic and certainly the most long-lived of territorial strategies of social control, and has been utilized from the sixteenth century to the present time. In both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, a large proportion of convicts sentenced to custody were sent to the peripheries without the right, when they were released, of returning home. The convict journeys we discuss in this chapter encounter successive stages of Russian history from Imperial Russia, eighty-two years of Soviet power and the past twenty-five years of post-Soviet transformation (see Map 10.1). Inevitably, generalization over such a time span risks oversimplification. We discuss the experience of exile over the centuries through individuals’ experiences, drawing on a combination of published testimonies and autobiographies, outsiders’ reports and conversations with those still living.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance in a Russian Prison” by Angeles, Villano, & Nicholas Page 1 NATIONAL CENTER for CASE STUDY TEACHING in SCIENCE
    NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE AntibioticAntibiotic ResistanceResistance iinn a RRussianussian Prison:Prison: PlayingPlaying withwith thethe SpreadSpread ooff TuberculosisTuberculosis by Christian Angeles, Isabella Villano, and Andrea Nicholas Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California, Irvine Background Handout To prepare for the game you will play and discuss in class, please read the background information below and view the PBS video clip “Evolution Primer #6: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?" (available at <https://youtu.be/6jBD8xfbf4Y>. Alternatively, the World Health Organization provides similar informaiton in an article entitled “Tough measures in Russian prisons slow spread of TB” at <http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/4/news30406/en/>.) Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by the aerobic bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Th e disease is typically transmitted via contaminated, airborne droplets that result from coughing or sneezing (9). Th ough often associated with respiratory infections, M. tuberculosis may infect numerous regions of the body, including the nervous system, kidneys, and even skin (8). Found throughout the world, TB accounted for nearly 9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in the year 2013. Th e disease is especially prevalent in developing and low- income regions, where proper prevention and treatments are diffi cult to implement. Th e risk of acquiring and dying from TB increases for those with compromised immune systems, such as individuals with HIV (9). Today, reducing the spread and prevalence of TB is of major global concern and has been incorporated into the World Health Organization (WHO) Millennium Development Goals (10).
    [Show full text]
  • Siberian Regional Policy: the Past and Modern Problems
    P r a c e K o m i s j i G e o G r afii P r z e m y s ł u Nr 19 WARSZAWA–KRAKÓW 2012 IVAN BLINOV Irkutsk State Transport University, Russia Siberian regional policy: the past and modern problems “We can see very often in Russia that some of our new problems are things which should have been solved long time ago, in the distant past, but preserved and retained for the future [...]” (Lamin, Malov 2005, p. 83). For instance, modern problems in Siberian regional development emerging recently have strong relations in the past. According to several Russian and foreign authors (starting with the authors of The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold, these problems came from the Soviet period of the planned abusive industrial colonization of Siberia, or even earlier, from the period of monarchy. “In the late nineteenth century, Russia’s inhabitants continued to move. This time, they moved into territory with a much harsher climate and even poorer soils than Old Muscovy – across the Ural Mountains and into Siberia” (Gaddy, Hill 2003, p. 62). But it is essentially hard to realize the entire situation about Siberia as from Moscow, or even more so, from abroad. Moreover, it is sometimes even difficult to define, for some of those researchers, where the boundary between Siberia and the Urals, or Siberia and the Far East is really located. Neither do they take into account a huge difference in territorial proportions and contrasts between different Siberian regions (for instance, from Southern to Northern, and also from Western to Eastern Siberia) as well as distances between its main cities.
    [Show full text]