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Öffentliche Und Fachöffentliche Diskurse Über Nachrichtendienste in Großbritannien 1900 – 1939

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Öffentliche Und Fachöffentliche Diskurse Über Nachrichtendienste in Großbritannien 1900 – 1939 „Probably the Finest Organisation of its Kind“. Öffentliche und fachöffentliche Diskurse über Nachrichtendienste in Großbritannien 1900 – 1939. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Michael Rupp, M.A. Potsdam 2018 Erstbetreuer: Prof. Dr. Sönke Neitzel Online veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der Universität Potsdam: https://doi.org/10.25932/publishup-42985 https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429851 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung...............................................................................................................5 1.1 Thema und Fragestellung...............................................................................5 1.2 Forschungsstand..........................................................................................10 1.3 Methodische Grundlagen..............................................................................17 1.4 Quellenkorpus...............................................................................................24 1.4.1 Fachöffentliche Quellen ........................................................................24 1.4.2 Öffentliche Quellen................................................................................28 2. Vorkriegszeit und Erster Weltkrieg (1900 – 1918)..............................................36 2.1 Institutionen- und ereignisgeschichtlicher Rahmen – Die Entwicklung der britischen „intelligence community“ bis 1918......................................................36 2.1.1 Britische Nachrichtendienste bis 1914..................................................36 2.1.2 Britische Nachrichtendienste im Ersten Weltkrieg................................53 2.2 Fachöffentliche Diskurse vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.....................................63 2.2.1 Die viktorianischen Vordenker – Brackenbury, Wilkinson und Colomb 63 2.2.2 Military Intelligence zwischen Zweitem Burenkrieg und Erstem Weltkrieg.........................................................................................................74 2.2.3 „Aerial Reconnaissance“: Die Beurteilung der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer neuen Aufklärungsmethode....................................................90 2.2.4 Legitimität und Nützlichkeit von Spionage............................................96 2.3 Öffentliche und populärkulturelle Diskurse über Nachrichtendienste bis 1918 ..........................................................................................................................102 2.3.1 Die öffentliche Debatte über Intelligence in der Folge des Zweiten Burenkrieges.................................................................................................102 2.3.2 Die publizistische Debatte um eine mögliche Pressezensur im Falle eines großen Krieges....................................................................................112 2.3.3 Der Spionageroman in der Edwardischen Ära....................................120 a) „lack of instinct for intelligence“ – Erskine Childers: The Riddle of The Sands............................................................................................................121 b) Die „tertiary politics“ Indiens – Rudyard Kiplings Kim..............................127 c) „compel the Government to introduce fresh legislation“ - William Le Queux' „Spies of the Kaiser“.....................................................................................134 2 2.3.4 Spionagehysterie im nicht-fiktionalen Diskurs vor und während des Ersten Weltkrieges........................................................................................138 3. Zwischenkriegszeit (1919 – 1939)....................................................................155 3.1 Institutionen- und Ereignisgeschichtlicher Rahmen – die Entwicklung der britischen „intelligence community“ zwischen den Weltkriegen (1918 – 1939) ..........................................................................................................................155 3.1.1 Die Herausbildung und Verstetigung der „national collection“............156 3.1.2 Die Entstehung des „national assessment“.........................................164 3.2 Fachöffentliche Diskurse der Zwischenkriegszeit......................................171 3.2.1 Die ,Tales of Intelligence‘ - populäre Nachrichtendienst-Memoiren im fachöffentlichen Kontext...............................................................................171 3.2.2 Diskurse über die operativ-taktische Aufklärung innerhalb der Teilstreitkräfte................................................................................................180 a) Heeresaufklärung.....................................................................................180 b) Luftaufklärung...........................................................................................189 c) Marinenachrichtendienst..........................................................................195 3.2.3 Die Frage der Zentralisierung strategischer Intelligence....................202 3.3 Öffentliche Diskurse über Nachrichtendienste in der Zwischenkriegszeit. 226 3.3.1 Die Rückeroberung des Narratives.....................................................226 3.3.2 Der Streit um die Entlassung Basil Thomsons....................................229 3.3.3 Der „Zinoviev Letter“............................................................................236 3.3.4 Die Durchsuchung der sowjetischen Handelsvertretung „ARCOS“....240 3.3.5 Das Ringen um den Geltungsbereich des Official Secrets Act...........248 3.3.6 Populärkulturelle Repräsentationen von „Intelligence“ im öffentlichen Diskurs..........................................................................................................255 a) „You're like film stars the other way round“ - Compton Mackenzies „Water on the Brain“.................................................................................................255 b) „a tiny rivet in a vast and complicated machine“ - W. Somerset Maughams „Ashenden“...................................................................................................263 c) „seldom wasted time and never wasted money“ - Hector C. Bywaters „Strange Intelligence. Memoirs of Naval Secret Service“............................268 3.3.7 Die Erörterung und Konstruktion von nachrichtendienstlicher Realität in Buch- und Filmrezensionen..........................................................................275 4. Fazit...................................................................................................................280 3 5.Quellen und Literatur..........................................................................................294 5.1 Archivquellen...............................................................................................294 5.2 Gedruckte Quellen......................................................................................296 5.2.1 Artikel aus Militärfachzeitschriften.......................................................296 5.2.2 Artikel aus Magazinen, Tages- und Wochenzeitungen.......................304 5.2.3 Spionageromane und sonstige öffentliche Quellen.............................318 5.3 Darstellungen..............................................................................................320 5.4 Abkürzungsverzeichnis...............................................................................331 6. Erklärung...........................................................................................................334 4 1. Einleitung 1.1 Thema und Fragestellung Als im Sommer 2013 die ersten Vorarbeiten für das vorliegende Dissertationsprojekt begannen, schien es in der Berichterstattung in Zeitungen, Fernsehen und Internet kein anderes Thema als Nachrichtendienste zu geben. Die Enthüllungen Edward Snowdens über die massenhafte, globale Sammlung von Kommunikationsdaten durch die US-amerikanische National Security Agency (NSA) und ihrer britischen Partnerbehörde Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) führten zu einem regelrechten Paradigmenwechsel gesellschaftlicher Selbstwahrnehmung im Zeichen der Digitalisierung. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde die neuartige Kommunikationsstruktur sozialer Netzwerke primär als ein mächtiges Instrument basisdemokratischer Mobilisierung wahrgenommen, welches 2008 den ersten nicht-weißen Kandidaten ins Weiße Haus brachte und dem einst gefürchtete Despoten des Nahen Ostens 2011 nur mehr wenig entgegenzusetzen hatten. Schlagartig kippte im Sommer 2013 die öffentliche Wahrnehmung in Richtung eines dystopischen Szenarios. Die digitalisierte Welt schien sich nun als Benthamsches Panopticon zu offenbaren, in dem sich neue Despoten aufgeschwungen hatten, subtile und dennoch grenzenlose Macht und Kontrolle auszuüben. Paradoxerweise erlebten die nachrichtendienstlichen Behörden beider Länder die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, die ihnen zuteil wurde, als traumatischen Kontrollverlust. Die Auseinandersetzung gipfelte am 20.07.2013 in einer sinnfälligen wie grotesken Szene, als in den Londoner Büroräumen der Tageszeitung Guardian in Kings Cross Mitarbeiter unter behördlicher Aufsicht mit Winkelschleifern Festplatten zerstören mussten.1 Im Herbst 2018, während die vorliegende Studie in der Fertigstellung begriffen ist, gibt der GCHQ bekannt, die insbesondere bei jungen Leuten beliebte Photo- und Videoplattform „Instagram“ in Zukunft mit einem eigenen Account zu bedienen und 1 Da mehrere Kopien des Datenmaterials
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