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Form 4C Backsheet Court File No. 07-CV-329807PD1 ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE BETWEEN: TERRI JEAN BEDFORD, AMY LEBOVITCH, VALERIE SCOTT Applicants and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondent and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO Intervenor __________________________________________________ APPLICANTS’ MEMORANDUM OF FACT AND LAW __________________________________________________ ALAN N. YOUNG Barrister & Solicitor Osgoode Hall Law School 4700 Keele Street, Room 428 Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Phone: (416) 736-5559 Fax: (416) 736-5736 Email: [email protected] Solicitor for the Applicant, Terri Jean Bedford TO: Registrar Superior Court of Justice for Ontario 393 University Avenue 10th Floor Toronto, ON M5G 1E6 AND TO: DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Ontario Regional Office The Exchange Tower 130 King Street West, Suite 3400 Toronto, ON M5X 1K6 Per: Michael H. Morris Tel: (416) 973-9704 Fax: (416) 952-4518 Solicitor for the Respondent AND TO: STACEY NICHOLS Neuberger Rose LLP 1392 Eglinton Avenue West Toronto, ON M6C 3E4 Tel: 416-364-3111 Fax: 416-364-3271 Email: [email protected] Solicitor for the Applicant, Valerie Scott AND TO RON MARZEL Barrister & Solicitor 1170 Sheppard Ave West, Unit 10 Toronto, ON M3K 2A3 Tel: 416-485-5800 Fax: 416-485-1610 Solicitor for the Applicant, Amy Lebovitch AND TO: MINISTRY OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 20 Bay Street, 10th Floor Toronto, ON M5G 2K1 Per: Shelley Hallett Tel: 416-326-4639 Fax: 416-326-4656 Solicitor for the Intervener, Attorney General of Ontario Table of Contents Section Page Para. PART I – OVERVIEW 1 1 1. The Nature of the Application 1 1 2. The Impugned Provisions 3 6 3. The Charter Argument 5 9 4. The Legislative Facts and Other Evidence 7 16 PART II – THE FACTS 12 24 1. Applicants 12 24 A. Terri Jean Bedford 12 24 B. Amy Libovitch 15 29 C. Valerie Scott 16 33 2. The Experience of Violence in the Sex Trade 20 40 A. “Occupation at Risk” – Homicide and Serial Killers 20 40 B. The Perception and Experience of Women Working in the Sex Trade 29 60 (i) Wendy Harris 29 60 (ii) Linda Shaikh 30 63 (iii) Wendy Babcock 31 66 (iv) Kara Gillies 32 69 (v) Darlene Maurganne Mooney 36 79 (vi) Carol-Lynn Strachan 38 84 (vii) Susan Davis 41 90 (viii) Jody Patterson 45 99 (ix) Lauren Casey 47 105 C. Observations and Opinion from a Journalist and a Member of 49 110 Parliament (i) Dan Gardiner 49 110 (ii) Libby Davies 51 114 D. Expert Opinion 54 122 (i) Gaps and Limitations in Current Sex Work Research 54 122 (ii) Gayle MacDonald 59 129 (iii) Frances M. Shaver 61 135 (iv) Cecilia Benoit 63 139 (v) Deborah Brock 66 146 (vi) Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale 68 151 (vii) Augustine Brannigan 70 157 E. The Expert Opinion of Professor John Lowman 73 164 (i) Background 73 164 (ii) Professor Lowman’s General Conclusions 74 168 (iii) Displacement and the 1984 Field Study 77 174 (iv) The 1989 Evaluation 80 180 (v) The 1995 Violence Study 81 182 (vi) Professor Ronald Melchers’ Critique of Professor John 85 187 Lowman (vii) Corroborative Studies – Displacement and the 95 201 Indoor/Outdoor Distinction 3. Government Debates and Government Reports Since 1972 112 218 4. The Evidence Presented by the Attorney General (Canada) 131 275 A. Introduction 131 275 B. Melissa Farley 136 278 (i) General Critique 138 282 (ii) Generalizations and Unsubstantiated Claims 140 286 (iii) Anecdote versus Evidence 142 292 (iv) Concerns Respective Methodology 143 295 (v) Flaws in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Assertions 145 302 (vi) Indoor versus Outdoor Sex Work 146 305 C. Janice Raymond 149 310 D. Richard Poulin 155 317 E. Alexis Kennedy 158 322 5. International Developments 163 330 A. Australia – Mary Sullivan and Professor Barbara Sullivan 163 331 B. New Zealand – Dr. John Pratt 172 351 C. Germany – Janice Raymond 181 379 D. The Netherlands – Dr. Lotte Constance van de Pol 187 394 E. Nevada – Melissa Farley 193 413 PART III – ISSUES AND THE LAW 197 424 1. Issues 197 424 2. Purpose, Effect and Reasonable Hypotheticals 199 429 3. The Legislative Objectives 201 433 A. Communication – Section 213(1)(c) 201 434 B. Bawdy House – Section 210 204 436 C. Living on the Avails – Section 212(1)(j) 207 439 4. A Proper Understanding of Constitutionally Valid Legislative Objectives 207 440 5. The Elements of the Impugned Provisions 211 445 A. Communication – Section 213(1)(c) 211 445 B. Bawdy House – Section 210 213 447 C. Living on the Avails – Section 212(1)(j) 215 452 6. The Constitutional Violations 217 457 A. Introduction: Previous Challenges 217 457 B. Fundamental Justice – Rule of Law 219 461 C. Fundamental Justice – Arbitrary 221 463 D. Fundamental Justice – Overbreadth 224 468 E. Fundamental Justice – Gross Disproportionality 228 477 F. Fundamental Justice and Reasonable Limits under s.1 231 483 G. The Communication Law and Reasonable Limits under s.1 233 485 H. Concluding Remarks on the Rule of Law 235 489 PART IV – ORDER REQUESTED 238 495 Schedule A – Authorities Referred To 239 ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE BETWEEN: TERRI JEAN BEDFORD, AMY LEBOVITCH, VALERIE SCOTT Applicants and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondent and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO Intervenor MEMORANDUM OF FACT AND LAW PART I - OVERVIEW 1. The Nature of the Application 1. By Notice of Application, dated March 20, 2007, the Applicants, Terri Jean Bedford, Amy Lebovitch and Valerie Scott seek declaratory relief in the nature of: (a) An Order declaring that ss.210 (bawdy house), 212(1)(j) (living on the avails) and 213(1)(c) (communication for the purpose of prostitution) of the Criminal Code of Canada violate s.7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and as such are unconstitutional and of no force and effect; (b) An Order declaring that s.213(1)(c) of the Criminal Code of Canada violates s.2(b) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and as such is unconstitutional and of no force and effect;1 2. The Applicant, Terri Jean Bedford, worked in the sex trade in the late 1970’s and the 1980's and since 1993 has worked as a dominatrix. She has been convicted of keeping a common bawdy house for the purpose of prostitution with respect to both her former and current work. In her former work in the sex trade, she was subjected to serious acts of violence while working on the streets. She never experienced this violence while working at indoor locations as a sex trade 1 Notice of Application dated March 20, 2007, Application Record, Vol. 1, Tab 1, p. 3; Notice of Amended Application dated April 23, 2007, Application Record, Vol. 1, Tab 2, p. 11. 1 of 243 worker and later as a dominatrix. Ms. Bedford wishes to resume work as a dominatrix but is not willing to risk further arrest and prosecution under s.210 (bawdy house) of the Criminal Code.2 3. The Applicant, Valerie Scott, has worked in the sex trade since the early 1980's and in recent years has worked as an activist campaigning for the rights of sex workers. She is currently the Executive Director of Sex Professionals of Canada (SPOC) and, in her capacity as an activist, she warned the federal government that following the enactment of the communications law (s.213(1)(c)) in 1985, violence against sex trade workers on the streets had escalated. This Applicant also wishes to resume work in the sex trade by opening a secure and safe indoor location, but will not do so because of the current criminal prohibitions on bawdy houses.3 4. The Applicant, Amy Lebovitch, has been a sex trade worker since 1997. She has worked on the streets but now chooses to work from her home for fear of violence when working on the streets. By working from her home, she believes she has increased her physical security, but she is now concerned about the legal consequences of working indoors. She is also concerned that her live-in partner will be charged with living on the avails for living with her in the home.4 5. The act of prostitution per se has always been a legal activity under the Criminal Code but the Code prohibits many other activities accompanying or associated with this lawful business. In a nutshell, this case is based on the proposition that the sex trade activities prohibited by the Criminal Code prevent or prohibit sex trade workers from conducting their lawful business in a safe environment. It is respectfully submitted that the intersection and operation of ss.210, 212(1)(j) and 213(1)(c) materially contribute to the violence which street sex workers face on a daily basis. Under s.210, it is illegal to conduct business in an indoor location on a habitual and frequent basis, and the evidence tendered on this Application demonstrates that violence is significantly reduced or eliminated in most indoor settings. Under s.212(1)(j) it is illegal to hire managers, drivers, and security personnel and the evidence tendered in this Application demonstrates that these types of services can reduce or eliminate the incidence of violence. Finally, it is illegal under s.213(1)(c) to “communicate” for the purposes of prostitution and the evidence tendered on this Application demonstrates that the prohibition on 2 Affidavit of Terri Jean Bedford, Application Record, Vol. 2, Tab 11. 3 Affidavit of Valerie Scott, Application Record, Vol. 3, Tab 16. 4 Affidavit of Amy Lebovitch, Application Record, Vol. 2, Tab 13. 2 of 243 “communication” has compelled sex workers to make hasty decisions without properly screening customers when working on the streets.
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