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The University of Chicago the Figure THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE FIGURE AND FIGURATION OF WOMAN IN THE HEBREW BIBLE: FEMALE BODY AND VOICE IN SONG OF SONGS, PROVERBS 1-9, 31, AND LAMENTATIONS 1-2 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVINITY SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY KELLI ANNE GARDNER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2020 Copyright©2020 by Kelli Anne Gardner All rights reserved. For Aaron and Isaac “Indeed, if woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some think even greater. But this is woman in fiction… A very queer, composite being thus emerges. Imaginatively she is of the highest importance; practically she is completely insignificant. She pervades poetry from cover to cover; she is all but absent from history… Some of the most inspired words, some of the most profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips; in real life she could hardly read, could scarcely spell, and was the property of her husband… [S]he is a vessel in which all sorts of spirits and forces are coursing and flashing perpetually.” Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own “The only points in which I differ from ecclesiastical teaching is that I do not believe that any man ever saw or talked with God, I do not believe that God inspired the Mosaic code, or told the historians what they say he did about woman, for all the religions on the face of the earth degrade her, and so long as woman accepts the position that they assign her, her emancipation is impossible. Whatever the Bible may be made to do in Hebrew or Greek, in plain English it does not exalt and dignify woman.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Woman’s Bible TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ……………..……………………………………………………………....vi Chapter 1: Introduction: Thinking with Women in the Hebrew Bible………………………….1 Chapter 2: Woman as Landscape in the Song of Songs………………………………………..52 Chapter 3: Women, Wisdom, and the Landscape of Life in Proverbs 1-9 and 31……...……..132 Chapter 4: The Tragedy of Woman Jerusalem in Lamentations 1 and 2……..……………….233 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….305 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..311 v Acknowledgments This project would never have been possible, let alone completed, without the support, patience, and good cheer of many people in my life. Simeon Chavel, who chaired my dissertation committee and advised my doctoral work, has been an engaging teacher and a thought-provoking conversation partner for me. I have appreciated and greatly benefited from his thoughtful feedback and encouragement over the years. The very first spark of this dissertation was ignited in a particular lively class discussion about the narrative voice in Prov 7 led by Simi. Ever since that moment, he has stoked the work along, always there with the right question or a new angle with which to fuel the project. Jeffrey Stackert was a reader on the committee and an advisor throughout my graduate work. In what was both Jeff’s and my first year at the Divinity School, he saw potential in me, an eager master’s student full of passion but short on many academic skills and a bit naïve about the journey on which I was embarking. He was a constant source of encouragement and guidance, especially in those early days when I lived in fear of being told I was not good enough. I will always be grateful for Jeff’s patience and permission (that I felt at the time I needed) to go ahead and take the leap and see where this path would take me. Esther Hamori, also a reader on the committee, brought fresh air to the project in the form of insightful and frank feedback and new perspective. I first encountered Esther at a meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature where she was (delightfully) scandalizing the usual conservative male audience with a paper on the “witch and a whore” accusations. I knew from that moment that this was not only a scholar I wanted to emulate but also one with whom I hoped I would be able to work closely. In her vi enthusiasm, forthrightness, and rigor, Esther has never disappointed and her input has greatly improved the work. This dissertation was generously supported by several funding bodies, including the Martin Marty Center, the Fuerstenberg Family, the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality, and the University of Chicago Divinity School. Moreover, in the last year of my work, after relocating to New York City, I was lucky enough to find a scholarly home at Fordham University. With the support of the Theology Department, I was granted library access. In particular, I want to thank Sarit Kattan Gribetz for her welcome, warmth, and advice. Many of my colleagues were kind enough to listen, read, question, and critique various parts of this work while in progress. In particular, warm thanks goes to the Martin Marty Fellows of 2017-2018, the Society of Biblical Literature Biblical Hebrew Poetry Group, the Hebrew Bible Workshop, the Jewish Studies Workshop, and the Gender and Sexuality Studies Working Group for hosting, discussing, and promoting this work. Sarah Yardney read and commented on a very early version of chapters 2 and 3 and lent me her copy of Writing Your Dissertation in Fifteen Minutes a Day. Although I never managed such concise or efficient writing sessions, I am grateful to Sarah for her encouragement, candor, and counsel. I would be remiss not to mention two other Bible colleagues and friends who traveled this long road of the doctoral program with me. Cameron Ferguson will argue with me about almost anything. Everyone should be so lucky to have such a lovably aggravating and generous friend. Marshall Cunningham has been my most constant colleague, from coursework to exams to the defense we have shared much of the heartache, exhaustion, and success of this road and I am so grateful to have had his companionship along the way. vii Every dissertation project needs healthy distraction and escape. I have found this in spades in the many adventures of collaborative storytelling. Thanks to Cam, Ryan, Katya, Drew, Adam, Chris, Britta, Giovanni, Kyle, Marisa, and, of course, Aaron. Onward! As I have pursued this study of female bodies and voices in the Hebrew Bible, I have been lucky enough to have been bolstered and sustained by several excellent, big-hearted women. Alexa Bartlett, the first reader of my feminist work, a novella written in our Sophomore English class at Newtown High School, has never wavered in her support or confidence in me. Katya Motyl, feminist, Zumba partner, and fellow muffin connoisseur, is always the first to remind me to slow down and take care of myself while also energizing me to keep reaching. Britta Ingebretson, whose life serendipitously coincided with mine at just the right moment as we entered motherhood and relocated from Chicago to New York at the same time, has been a regular source of encouragement and empathy, whether over a margarita or at the playground. And, finally, Emily Crews, always so much more than a colleague or a roommate (now, years ago), has been my closest confidant and, in many ways, a life partner throughout graduate school. Not only did much of this project take shape over our conversations, but my own understanding of myself as scholar, friend, mother, and woman has been considered, analyzed, and processed with Emily over the Medici brunch table, on long walks by the lake, with takeout on the couch, and now on partially distracted phone calls at the playground. My gratitude to these women is immense. For it is a rare thing, especially in the isolating world of doctoral work, to feel that you are never truly alone. I am so fortunate to have a supportive and loving family, even if they did not always understand what this dissertation was about or why I was still not finished with it. Thanks to my viii siblings, both original--Kara and Stephen--and those later acquired--Belek, Sazini, and Christopher, for their confidence in me and pride in my accomplishments, but most of all, for the holidays and vacations where I was having too much fun to think about my dissertation. I could not ask for more delightful and encouraging in-laws, Lorin, Tara, David, and Jane (her memory is always a blessing!), who have all whole-heartedly embraced me as family. Despite the losses and changes we have endured over the past several years, we have found renewed strength and gratitude for each other. I owe so much to my parents, Sharon and Larry Gardner, who managed to refine my wild willpower into focused persistence and my tendency to argue about everything into a healthy curiosity and a love of learning. They introduced me to the power of stories and ritual in a Catholic upbringing that always left room for questions and discovery. Despite their reservations about dropping me off on the South Side of Chicago and this academic career path, their support and faith in me has been constant. They are my biggest fans, my most candid critics, and some of my favorite people. And if all this was not enough, they opened their home to me and my family in the early months of the pandemic when our small Manhattan apartment could not contain two working parents, a very energetic toddler, and all my anxiety about the world, my career, and my dissertation. Not only did they provide me with a Woolfian room of my own for my final months of writing and revising, but they also were what they have always been for me: a source of stability and reassurance when I needed it most.
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