Clinical Neuroradiology: a Case-Based Approach Gasser M

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60054-5 - Clinical Neuroradiology: A Case-Based Approach Gasser M. Hathout Index More information

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abciximab 250 alternating hypoglossal arcuate fasciculus 199–200 basal ganglia abducens nerve (6th cranial) hemiparesis 36–37 Argyll Robertson pupil 89, 92 functional anatomy 94–99 52–56, 67–68, 70, 75, 76 altitude sickness 125 arteriovenous malformation pathology 122, 135–136 abscesses 178, 236 Alzheimer’s disease 217 (AVM) 133–134, 155 acquired hepatocerebral abulia 134, 136, 144, 223 amnesia ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program degeneration 121–123 accessory nerve (11th cranial) 23, hippocampal lesions 214, Early CT Score) scoring AIDS-related chorea 133 26–28, 31–32, 33–34 219–220 system 247 AVM 133–134 accommodation reflex 82 Korsakoff psychosis 156, association cortex 140, 179, 181, calcification 127–128 accommodation-convergence 159, 217 193–194, 196, 211–213 caudate infarct 134–135 reflex 89 thalamic lesions 144, astrocytoma, cerebellar 14 dystonia 116–118, 133 acetylcholine 100 145, 146 asymbolia for pain 192 EBV encephalitis 131 see also cholinergic neurons amygdala 165, 218–220 ataxia Hallervorden–Spatz achromatopsia 213 amygdalofugal pathway 142, cerebellum 7, syndrome 120–121 acoustic neuroma see vestibular 146, 165 alcohol-induced 8–9, 156 hemiballismus 115–116, schwannoma amyotrophic lateral sclerosis hereditary 10, 11 131–132 acquired hepatocerebral 186, 188 infarcts 16, 17, 35 Huntington’s disease 112–114 degeneration 19–20, aneurysms 86, infections 19 hypoxia 123–125 121–123 anger 169, 171 non-hereditary 11, 16 Leigh’s syndrome 129–130 acute disseminated angiography 15, 34, 264 olivopontocerebellar atrophy non-ketotic hyperglycemia encephalomyelitis angular gyrus 179, 194, 210 11–13 131–132 (ADEM) 131, anomia, tactile 205 tumors 9, 13 Parkinson’s disease 98, ADC maps 233–235, 236, 257 anomic aphasia 140, 202 cerebral cortex (optic ataxia) 212 99–105 adenoma, pituitary 174–175, 176 anosmia 206 midbrain 89 parkinsonism 106–111 adenopathy, cervical 27 anosognosia 194, 199, 213 ataxic hemiparesis 69, 75 Wilson’s disease 118–120 ADH (antidiuretic hormone, anterior inferior cerebellar ATLANTIS (Alteplase basilar artery 69, 73, 74, 82, 226 vasopressin) 168, 170–171 artery 18 Thrombolysis for Acute basis pontis 46, 67–70, 74, 75–76 aggression 169, 171 anterior nucleus 140, 142 Noninterventional behavioral changes 220–223 agnosia antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Therapy in Ischemic abulia 134, 136, 144, 223 auditory 64 vasopressin) 168, 170–171 Stroke) studies 245–246 see also emotion visual 211–213, anti-neuronal antibodies 10 ATP, metabolic defects 124, Bell’s palsy 56–57, 58, 59, 60 agraphia 194, 206, 211 Anton’s syndrome 213 129–130 Benedikt syndrome 85 AIDS 125, 133, 160 apathy see abulia auditory adaptation 64 Betz cells 185 akinesia 113, 186 aphasia 196–198, 200–202 auditory agnosia 64 Bing’s test 61 akinetic mutism 147, 223 Broca’s 196, 198 auditory hallucinations 64 blindsight 213 alcohol abuse conduction 199–200 autoantibodies 10 brachium conjunctivum 77, 88 acquired hepatocerebral thalamic infarcts causing 140, autonomic nervous system bradykinesia 99, 100, 106, 113 degeneration 19–20 144–145, 151 hypothalamus 166, 168–169 brainstem see medulla; midbrain; alcoholic cerebellar Wernicke’s 196, 197, 199 parkinsonism 102, 107 pons degeneration 8–9, appetite 169, 170, 172, 219 vagus nerve 31 brainstem auditory evoked central pontine myelinolysis 73 apraxia 111, 186 Avellis syndrome 39–41 potentials (BAEP) 64 Wernicke’s encephalopathy 9, constructional 206 AVM (arteriovenous Broca’s aphasia 196, 198 156–159, 162 of the eyelids 59 malformation) 133–134, 155 Broca’s area 196, 197, 198, 200, 201 alexia 206, 209–211 ideomotor 111, 206, Brodmann’s areas 181 alien hand/limb syndrome 111, ocular 212 Babinski–Nageotte syndrome 38–39 202–203 arachnoid cysts 33 Balint’s syndrome 213 cachexia 169, 172 allocortex 179 archicerebellum see ballismus see hemiballismus calcium deposition alpha-synuclein 106 flocculonodular lobe Barthel Index 244 basal ganglia 127–128

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calcium deposition (cont.) disconnection syndrome corticobasal (ganglionic) desmoteplase 253–254 pineal gland 163 (corpus callosum degeneration (CBD) 106, 111 diabetes insipidus 170–171 caloric testing 65 infarction) 204–206 corticobulbar fibers 46, 76, 185 diabetes mellitus 131–132 cancer see individual types Gerstmann’s syndrome 194 corticocerebellar fibers 46, 75 diencephalic syndrome of infancy carbon monoxide poisoning 124 hemineglect 193–194 corticospinal tract 169, 172 carcinomatous meningitis 48–49 hippocampal memory internal capsule 188, diffusion coefficient (D) carotid artery dissection 34, 36 defects 214–218, 219–220 in the medulla 23, 37 227–229, carotid artery stenosis 264–265 motor cortex lesions 184 in the pons 46, 69, 75 diffusion gradient (b) carotid artery thrombosis 226 parietal lobe lesions 193–195 cranial nerves 26, 48 228–229, 233, 235–236 carotid sinus 29, 31 prefrontal cortex lesions 2nd (optic) 206–208 diffusion-weighted (DWI) MRI 110, carotid space mass 26–28 220–223 3rd (oculomotor) 226–236, 251–263 caudal basal pontine syndrome sensory cortex lesions anatomy 81–82, 83–84 diplacusis 64 67–68 190–193 causes of lesions to 30, 86 diplopia 213 caudate nucleus 95, 98–99, 110, visual association cortex control of gaze 52, 53–54, see also ophthalmoplegia 134–135 lesions 211–213 83–84, 87–89, disconnection syndromes see also striatum visual field defects 206–209 ptosis 36 202–203, 204–206, 209–211 cavernous sinus 36, 52, 86, cerebral peduncles 79–80, 85 4th (trochlear) 78, 86 disinhibition, behavioral 135, CBD (corticobasal degeneration) cerebrocerebellum 5th (trigeminal) 23, 47, 48–52, 76 220–221, 222 106, 111 (neocerebellum) 3–7, 6th (abducens) 52–56, 67–68, 70, dopamine 100, 117, 174 CBF (cerebral blood flow) ceruloplasmin 118, 119 75, 76 see also levodopa 239–240, 245, 257 cheiro-oral syndrome 149 7th (facial) 53, 56–60, 67–68, 76 dopamine-responsive dystonia CBV (cerebral blood volume) chewing 48, 49 8th (vestibulocochlear) (DRD) 116–118 239–240, 257 cholinergic neurons 78, 98, 181 anatomy 47, 56, 61–62, 64–65 dopaminergic neurons 97, central ataxia 7 chorea pathology 16, 59, 61, 62–64, 67 99–100, 101–102 central deafness 64 AIDS 133 9th (glossopharyngeal) 26–30, dorsal medullary syndrome 36 central pontine myelinolysis 19, 73 diabetic 131–132 33–34 dorsolateral tegmental pontine central tegmental tract 43, 77 Huntington’s disease 112–114, 10th (vagus) 26–28, 30–31, syndrome 71 centromedian (CM) nucleus other causes 112 33–34 dorsomedial (DM) nucleus 137, 139, 140 circadian rhythms 163, 170 11th (accessory) 23, 26–28, 140, 142, cerebellar nuclei 1, 42, 43 Claude syndrome 87–89 31–32, 33–34 DRD (dopamine-responsive cerebellar peduncles 2, 21, 35, 43 cocaine 125 12th (hypoglossal) 23, 32–34 dystonia) 116–118 cerebellitis 19 cocaine test 36 craniopharyngioma 178, drugs (pharmaceutical) cerebellopontine angle cistern cochlea 64, “crocodile tears” 59 as cause of disease 11, 30, 100, 61, 64 cochlear nerve 62–64, cruciate hemiplegia 38 106, 112, 174 cerebellum cognition CT (computed tomography) for treatment of functional anatomy 1–8, 42, 64 basal ganglia and 98, 102, 107, contrast enhancement 27–28 hemiballismus 116 pathology 5, 7, 109, 114, 134–135 for stroke 225–226, 246–248, 263 Huntington’s disease 114 acquired hepatocerebral hippocampus and 217, 219–220 cuneatus nucleus 23, 47 Parkinson’s disease 100, degeneration 19–20 thalamus and 140, 143 cysts 102–103 alcoholic cerebellar cogwheel rigidity 99, 100 arachnoid 33 stroke see thrombolysis degeneration 8–9 Collet–Sicard syndrome 34 Dandy–Walker malformation Wilson’s disease 120 ataxia see ataxia, cerebellum colliculi 77, 80, 86, 98 20, 22 drugs of abuse 99, 125 congenital malformations color, deficits in perception of pineal 93 dural sinus thrombosis 153 20–22 211, 213 cytochrome deficiencies 129–130 dysarthria infarcts 16, 65, coma 65, 147, 160 cerebellar lesions 7, 9, 18, 19 infections 19 computed tomography (CT) Dandy–Walker malformation cranial nerve lesions 31, 32 myelinolysis 19 contrast enhancement 27–28 20, 22 dysarthria–clumsy hand olivopontocerebellar atrophy for stroke 225–226, 246–248, “darting tongue” sign 113 syndrome 69 11–13 263 deafness see hearing PSP 109 paraneoplastic cerebellar conceptual hemineglect 194 DEDAS trial 254 Wilson’s disease 119 degeneration 9–10 conduction aphasia 199–200 deep brain stimulation 104–105, dysgeusia 58 superficial siderosis 16 conductive hearing loss, tests deep cerebral vein thrombosis dyskinesia, drug-induced tumors 13–15 for 61 (DCVT) 152–155 102, 104 cerebral blood flow (CBF) confabulation 146, 159, 194 Dejerine’s syndrome 36–37 dysmetria 7, 16, 18, 19 239–240, 245, 257 confusion 145, 156 Dejerine–Mouzon syndrome 192 dysphagia 26, 31, 35, 38, 39, 119 cerebral blood volume (CBV) connexin 64 dementia dysphasia see aphasia 239–240, 257 consciousness 47 Alzheimer’s disease 217 dystonia cerebral cortex decreased 65, 145, 146, 147, 160 Kluver–Bucy syndrome 219–220 adult 117 functional anatomy 179–182 constructional apraxia 206, parkinsonism 102, 107 pediatric 116–118, 120–121, pathology copper metabolism, disorders of dense vessel sign 226, 247–248 124, 133 alexia 209–211 118–120 dentate cerebellar nucleus 1, Wilson’s disease 119 alien hand syndrome cornea 51, 119 42, 43 202–203 corpus callosum 169, 202–206, dentate gyrus 216 ear, external 28, 30 amygdala lesions 218–220 209–211 depression 48, 102, 114, 127 ear clicking 42, 45 aphasia 196 cortical deafness syndrome 64 Descartes, Rene´ 164 early-onset cerebellar ataxia 10

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ECASS trials (European gait ataxia 7, pituitary 176 infections Cooperative Acute Stroke alcohol-induced 8–9 thalamus 155–156 cerebellitis 19 Study) 245, 246, 247, 253 olivopontocerebellar atrophy hemosiderin deposition 16, 43, facial palsy 59, echolalia 201 11–13 44, 63 Hantavirus 177 Edinger–Westphal nucleus paraneoplastic 9 hereditary disorders HIV/AIDS 125, 133, 160 82, 89 siderosis 16 ataxias 10, 11 viral encephalitis 101, 124, 131, electroneurography 59 gastrointestinal system 30, 168 deafness 64 160–162, 217 emotion gaze palsies see ophthalmoplegia dystonia 116–118 inferior cerebellar peduncle depression 48, 102, 114, 127 genetic disorders see hereditary Fahr’s disease 127 2, 35 fear 219 disorders Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome inferior colliculus 77, parts of brain associated with geniculate nuclei 139, 143, 208, 120–121 inferior lateral pontine 98, 143, 146, 170, 219 germ cell tumors 93, 162, 163, 164 Huntington’s disease 112–114 syndrome 75 rage 169, 171 Gerstmann’s syndrome 194 Leigh’s syndrome 129–130 inferior medial pontine encephalitis Glasgow Outcome Scale 244 Parkinson’s disease 99 syndrome 75 Kluver–Bucy syndrome glial cytoplasmic inclusions 107 tumors 14, 15, inferior olivary nucleus 2, 5, 26, 219–220 glioma 14, 89, 159, 173, Wilson’s disease 118–120 42–45 viral 101, 124, 131, 160–162, global aphasia 200 herpes simplex 59 inferolateral artery 143, 148–150 217, 236 globus pallidus 95 herpes zoster 19, 59 infundibulum 167 endarterectomy 264 externa (GPe) 96 Heschel’s gyrus 62, 64, 199 INO (internuclear entorhinal cortex 216, 218 interna (GPi) 96, 97–98, 99, 104 hiccupping 35 ophthalmoplegia) 52–53, ependymoma 14 pathology 122 hippocampus 165, 214–218, 219, 220 55–56 epilepsy 217, 236 acquired hepatocerebral HIV/AIDS 125, 133, 160 insular cortex 179, 225 epithalamus see pineal gland degeneration 121–123 hoarseness 26, 31, 35 intention tremor 7, 88 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) Hallervorden–Spatz Hodgkin’s lymphoma 10 internal auditory canal (IAC) 56, encephalitis 131 syndrome 120, 121 Horner’s syndrome 18, 35, 36, 57, 61 essential tremor 106 hypoxia 124, 125 38, 52 internuclear ophthalmoplegia executive functions 221–222 glomus tumor 27 “hot cross bun” sign 109 (INO) 52–53, 55–56 extrapyramidal movement glossopharyngeal nerve (9th Hounsfield units (HU) 226, intralaminar nuclei 139, 140, 142 disorders 94 cranial) 26–30, 33–34 Huntington’s disease 112–114 ipsilaterality 5–7, 32, 46 see also basal ganglia; pathology glucose metabolism 124, hydrocephalus 14, 20, 92, 93 iron deposition 16, 43, 44, 63, 108, eye movement 131–132, 156 normal pressure 106 119, 120 control of 52–55, 78, 80, 81–82, glutathione 101 hyperacusis 57 188–190 gracile nucleus 23, 47 hyperdense MCA sign 226, Jackson’s syndrome 41 nystagmus see nystagmus Gradenigo’s syndrome 55 247–248 Jacksonian march 185 palsy see ophthalmoplegia Grave’s disease 53 hyperphagia 148, 169, 171, 172, 219 Japanese encephalitis 101, 131, 160 saccades 36, 109, 188–190, Guillain–Barre´ syndrome 31, 60 hyperreflexia 185 jaw jerk reflex 51 “eye of the tiger” sign 120, 121 Guillain–Mollaret triangle 42 hypersexuality 148, 219 “jaw-winking” 59 eyelid 36, 59 hypersomnia 148, 170, 173 “jerky dystonic unsteady hand Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome hyperthermia 11, 169 syndrome” 151 face 120–121 hypertonia (spasticity) 185, 186 Joubert syndrome 21–22 aprosody 145 hallucinations, auditory 64 hypertrophic olivary failure to recognize Hantavirus 177 degeneration 42–45 Kayser–Fleischer rings 119 (prosopagnosia) 211–212 head trauma 34, 43, 106 hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial) Kleine–Levin syndrome 148, 170 numbness 48, 49 headache 91, 92, 154 23, 32–34 Kluver–Bucy syndrome 219–220 pain 49, 51–52 hearing 16, 61–64, 77, 206 hyponatremia 19, 73 Korsakoff psychosis 156, 157, palsy 56–60, 85 heart 30, 169 hypoparathyroidism 128 159, 217 “face of the giant panda” hemangioblastoma 14–15 hypopituitarism 168, 175–178 sign 120 hemangioma 87 hypothalamus labyrinth 64, 65, 67 facial nerve (7th cranial) 53, hematoma 236 anatomy 164–166 lacrimation 57, 58 56–60, 67–68, 76 hemianopsia autonomic function 166, Langerhans cell histiocytosis 171 Fahr’s disease 127 binasal 207 168–169 language disorders see aphasia; fear 219 bitemporal 206, endocrine function 166–168, 173 dysarthria flocculonodular lobe 3, 4, 7–8, homonymous 208, 209 homeostatic function 169–172, larynx 30, 31, 32 14, 64 hemiasomatognosia 194 173, 219 lateral dorsal nucleus 138, 140, 143 fornix (hippocampus) 165, 216 hemiballismus 115–116, 131–132 hypothermia 169 lateral geniculate nucleus 139, Friedreich’s ataxia 10 hemineglect 144, 146, 151, hypothyroidism 11 143, 208, Frohlich syndrome 169 193–194 hypotonia 7 lateral lemniscus 62, frontal lobe 179, hemiparesis 36–38, 69, 75, hypoxia 11, 123–125, 214 lateral medullary syndrome alien hand syndrome 203 184–186 34–36 Broca’s aphasia 196–198, hemiplegia 67–68, 70–71, IAC (internal auditory canal) 56, see also Babinski–Nageotte motor cortex 184 hemolytic-uremic syndrome 125 57, 61 syndrome prefrontal cortex 140, 166 hemorrhage ideomotor apraxia 111, 206, lateral pontine tegmental due to thrombolytic treatment idiopathic cerebellar atrophy syndrome 71 gadolinium 237 242, 245, 246 11–13 lateral posterior nucleus 138, gag reflex 26, 29, 30, 31, 35 on MRI 236, 259–262 infarcts see stroke 140, 143

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lateral rectus muscle 53 lateral medullary syndrome motor hemineglect 193 Opalski’s syndrome 39 lateral zones of the cerebellum 3–7, 34–36 motor (pyramidal) decussation 23 operculum 179, 196 lateropulsion left lateral infarction 41 MRI see magnetic resonance ophthalmoplegia axial 16, 35 medial medullary syndrome imaging 3rd nerve lesions 83–84, 86 ocular 36 36–38 multiple sclerosis 55, 64 3rd/6th disconnection (INO) Leigh’s syndrome 129–130 medulloblastoma 13–14 multiple system atrophy (MSA) 52–53, 55–56 lemniscus melatonin 163 11–13, 106–109 4th nerve lesions 86 lateral 62, Melkersson–Rosenthal Murray Valley encephalitis 131, 160 5th nerve lesions 52 medial 23, 47, 49, 76, 77, 190 syndrome 60 myasthenia gravis 55 6th nerve lesions 55 lentiform nucleus 96, 122 memory myelinolysis 19, 73, 124 midbrain lesions 88, 92, 162 see also globus pallidus; hippocampus and 214–218, one and a half syndrome 56 putamen 219–220, neocerebellum in parkinsonism 109 leptin 169 hypothalamus and 170 (cerebrocerebellum) 3–7, thalamic lesions 145, 146 levodopa (L-DOPA) 100, 102–103, mammillary bodies and 156, neocortex 179, Wernicke’s encephalopathy 156 107, 117 159, 217 neoplasms see tumors optic ataxia 212 Lewy bodies 100, 106 tests for 144 nerve excitability test 58 optic nerve (2nd cranial) 206–208 light reflex 82, 89 thalamus and 144, 145, 146 neuralgia optokinetic reflex 151 limbic system 140, 170, 182, Menie`re’s disease 65, glossopharyngeal 29 osmotic myelinolysis 19 214, 222 meningioma 33, 61, 178, 208, 221 trigeminal 49, 51–52 oxygen, lack of see hypoxia see also amygdala; hippocampus meningitis 48–49, 59 neuroaxonal dystrophy 19 liver disease 19–20, 119, 121–123 Merci (Mechanical Embolus neurosarcoidosis 171–172 pain lobectomy 217 Removal in Cerebral neurotransmitters 97, 141 after thalamic infarction 150 lobotomy 140, 223 Ischemia) device 250–251 acetylcholine 100 neuralgia 29, 49, 51–52 “locked-in” syndrome 69–70 mesencephalic nucleus 49, 77 dopamine 100, 117, 174 with ophthalmoplegia 52 locus ceruleus 48, 78 mesocortex 179 serotonin 181 sensation of 23, 29, 192 lung cancer 9, 10 metabolic disorders NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) 244, palatal myoclonus 42, 45 lymphoma 10, 59, 84 ATP synthesis 124, 129–130 NINDS trials (National Institute of pallidotomy 104 glucose metabolism 124, Neurological Disease and palsy macular sparing 208 131–132, 156 Stroke) 242–245, 246–247, facial 56–60, 85 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Meyer’s loop 208 Nothnagel syndrome 89–90 of the ocular muscles of the basal ganglia 94, 135 microbleeds 262 nucleus accumbens 95 see ophthalmoplegia contrast enhancement 27–28 midbrain nucleus ambiguus 31, 35, 39 Papez circuit 217 in parkinsonism 101, 110 functional anatomy 77–82 nucleus cuneatus 23, 47 Paradrine test 36 in stroke 226–242, 251–263 pathology nucleus gracilis 23, 47 paramedian artery 142, 145–148, magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3rd nerve 83–84, 86 numbness 217 120 4th nerve 86 facial 48, 49 paraneoplastic cerebellar mammillary bodies 159, 166, 217 Benedikt syndrome 85 left body 71 degeneration (PCD) 9–10 mammillothalamic tract 142, 144, Claude syndrome 87–89 NXY-059 (free radical spin trap paraphasia 145 146, 165 Nothnagel syndrome 89–90 agent) 242 parathyroid gland 128 manganese 122–123 Parinaud syndrome 91–93, 162 nystagmus paravermal zones (cerebellum) Marie–Foix syndrome 71 PSP 109 cerebellar lesions 7, 13, 14 7, 8 mastication 48, 49 Weber syndrome 84–85 in INO 55 parietal lobe 179, 190–195, MCA see middle cerebral artery Wilson’s disease 119 midbrain lesions 90 203, 210 mean transit time (MTT) middle cerebral artery (MCA) optokinetic reflex 151 parietal-occipital-temporal 239–240, 257 aphasia and 198, 199, 200, 201 in vertigo 65, 67 association cortex 140, 193 medial forebrain bundle 165, 166 hyperdense MCA sign 226, Parinaud syndrome 91–93, medial geniculate nucleus 247–248 obesity 169, 172, 219 162–164 139, 143 thrombolysis 246, 247, 248, 250 occipital lobe 179, 208, 209–213 Parkinson’s disease 98, 99–105, 109 medial lemniscus 23, 47, 49, 76, middle lateral pontine ocular apraxia 212 parkinsonism 106 77, 190 syndrome 75 ocular movement see eye atypical 106–107 medial longitudinal fasciculus middle medial pontine movement CBD 106, 111 (MLF) 25, 48, 52, 55, 77 syndrome 75 oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial) MSA 11–13, 106–109 medial medullary syndrome midline nuclei (thalamus) 137, 140 anatomy 81–82, 83–84 PSP 106, 109–110 36–38 Millard–Gubler syndrome causes of lesions to 30, 86 secondary 106, 122, 123, 124, 127 see also Babinski–Nageotte 67–68, 70 control of gaze 52, 53–54, 83–84, parotid gland 29 syndrome miosis 36 87–89, PCA (posterior cerebral artery) 82, medulla mitochondrial defects 124, ptosis 36 83, 209 functional anatomy 23–26, 36 129–130 oculosympathetic paresis 36 PCD (paraneoplastic cerebellar pathology MLF (medial longitudinal olfaction 218, 219 degeneration) 9–10 Avellis syndrome 39–41 fasciculus) 25, 48, 52, 55, 77 verbal anosmia 206 pediatric disorders Babinski–Nageotte syndrome modified Rankin Score (mRS) 244 olivary nuclei 2, 5, 26, 42–45 cerebellar malformations 20–22 38–39 “molar tooth” malformations olivopontocerebellar atrophy diencephalic syndrome of cranial nerve lesions 26–34 21–22 (OPCA) 11–13, 107, 109, infancy 169, 172 hypertrophic olivary motivation 222–223 one-and-a-half syndrome 56 dystonias 116–118, 120–121, degeneration 42–45 motor cortex 181, 184 “onion skin” sensory deficit 51 124, 133

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Gerstmann’s syndrome 194 primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) SCA (superior cerebellar artery) STN (subthalamic nucleus) 98, Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome 186–188 18, 82 104, 115–116 120–121 PROACT II (Prolyse in Acute Schirmer test 58 streptokinase 242, 245 hereditary ataxias 10 Cerebral Schwabach’s test 61 striatonigral degeneration Huntington’s disease 113, Thromboembolism) Trial schwannoma 107, 108 hypoxia 124 249–250, 251 5th nerve 51 striatum infections 19 progressive supranuclear palsy 8th nerve 61, 64 anatomy 95, 97, 98 Leigh’s syndrome 129–130 (PSP) 106, 109–110 10th nerve 27 Huntington’s disease 113 neuroaxonal dystrophy 19 prolactin 168, 174–175 12th nerve 33 hypoxia 124, 125 tumors 13–14 proprioception 25, 47, 51, 192 scotoma 151 see also caudate nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus 78, prosopagnosia 211–212 sensory cortex 181, 190–193 putamen 86, 98 pro-urokinase 249–250 sensory hemineglect 193 stroke Pendred syndrome 64 pseudohypoparathyroidism 128 sensory lemniscal system 47 assessment scales 244 pendular reflex 7 psychiatric symptoms see also medial lemniscus; basal ganglia 106, 115–116, penumbra model 251, basal ganglia disorders 127, trigeminal tract 134–135 254–259, 134–136, serotonergic neurons 181 cerebellum 16 Percheron, artery of 146–147 dementia 102, 107, 217, 219–220 Sewawa’s syndrome (dopamine- cerebral cortex see also paramedian artery depression 48, 102, 114, 127 responsive dystonia) motor cortex 185 perfusion-weighted (PWI) MRI disinhibition 135, 220–221, 222 116–118 occipital lobe 211 237–242, 251–263 ptosis 36 sexual function parietal lobe 193–195 periaqueductal gray matter 156, puberty a good area for research 192 sensory cortex 192 158, 166 delayed 163 hypersexuality 148, 219 corpus callosum 204–206 perioral area 51 precocious 163, 173 Shapiro’s syndrome 169 epidemiology 224 peripheral ataxia 7 pulvinar nucleus 138, 140, 143, 151 Sheehan’s syndrome 177 imaging persistent vegetative state see pupil size 36, 82, 89, 92, 207 shine-through artifacts 233 CT 225–226, 246–248, 263 akinetic mutism pure motor hemiparesis 69 Shy–Drager syndrome 12, 107 MRI 226–242, 251–263 PET (positron emission pure word blindness 210–211 siderosis of the CNS 16, 43, medulla 34–41 spectroscopy) 101–102, 109 pure word deafness 64, 199 44, 63 midbrain 84–85, 86, 87–89 petrous apicitis 55 Purkinje cells 1, 10, 11 simultagnosia 212 pituitary gland 176 pharynx 29, 30, 31 putamen 95, 97–98, 108–109, 119 skull fractures 34 pons 18, 52, 67–76 pilocytic astrocytoma 14 see also striatum sleep disturbance 102, 170 prevention 264–265 pineal gland 91–93, 162–164 pyramidal decussation 23 hypersomnia 148, 170, 173 thalamus 142–143 pituitary gland 165, 166–168 smell 218, 219 cerebral vein thrombosis abscess 178 quadrageminal plate 77, 89 verbal anosmia 206 152–155 hypopituitarism 168, 175–178 quadrantanopia 150, 209 sodium, hyponatremia 19, 73 hemorrhage 155–156 tumors 168, 174–175, 176, 178, quadriparesis 38, 69–70 somatosensory cortex 181, inferolateral artery 148–150 affecting vision 206–207 Quinlan, Karen Ann 147 190–193 paramedian artery 145–148, poisons see toxins somatotopic maps 3, 184, 185–186, 217 polar artery see tuberothalamic rage reactions 169, 171 190, 192, 206 posterior choroidal artery artery Ramsay Hunt syndrome 59 somesthetic alexia 206 150–151 pons 46–48 Rankin Score 244 soul, pineal gland as seat of 164 tuberothalamic artery 5th cranial nerve 48–52 Raymond–Chenais–Cestan spasticity (hypertonia) 185, 186 144–145, 6th cranial nerve 52–56 syndrome 71 speech disorders see aphasia; therapy 242, 250–251 7th cranial nerve 56–60 Raymond–Foville syndrome dysarthria thrombolysis see 8th cranial nerve 61–64 70–71 Spetzler–Martin grading scheme thrombolysis central pontine myelinolysis recruitment (in hearing) 64, for AVM 133 subarachnoid hemorrhage 262 19, 73 red nucleus 1, 2, 7, 42, 81 spinal cord, cerebellum and 5–7, subependymoma 15 stroke syndromes 18, 67–76 relaxivity flow parameter 239 spinal trigeminal nucleus 23, 28, subiculum 216, 218 positron emission spectroscopy resting tremor 99, 105 35, 49, 76 substantia nigra (PET) 101–102, 109 reteplase 250 spinocerebellar ataxias functional anatomy 80, 96, 97 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) 82, reticular formation (medulla and (SCA1–SCA6) 10, 11 in Parkinson’s disease 99–100, 83, 209 pons) 26, 47 spinothalamic tract 101–102 posterior choroidal artery 143, reticular nucleus (thalamus) 139, in the medulla 23, 25, 35, 39 subthalamic nucleus (STN) 98, 150–151 140, 142 in the midbrain 77 104, 115–116 posterior inferior cerebellar retina 166, 206 in the pons 47, 71, 76 subthalamus 137 artery 16–17 right–left disorientation 194 in the thalamus 139 suicide 114, 125 post-infectious acute disseminated Rinne test 61 spiny neurons 97 superior cerebellar artery (SCA) encephalomyelitis rostral basal pontine St. Louis encephalitis 101, 160 18, 82 (ADEM) 131, syndrome 68 stapedius muscle 57, 58 superior cerebellar peduncle 2, posture rostral tegmental pontine Steele–Richardson–Olszewski 21, 43 in parkinsonism 99, 109 syndrome 71 syndrome see progressive superior colliculus 77, 80, 86, 98 proprioception 25, 47, 51, 192 supranuclear palsy superior lateral pontine prefrontal cortex 140, 166, saccades 36, 109, 188–190, Stejskal–Tanner diffusion spin syndrome 75 220–223 salivary glands 29, 57 echo sequences 230–232 superior medial pontine premotor cortex 186, 188–190 sarcoidosis 60, 171–172 sternocleidomastoid muscle 32 syndrome 75

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Index

surgery thirst 169, 170–171, trigeminal nerve (5th cranial) 23, ventral posterolateral (VPL) for AVM 133–134 threshold analysis 256–259 47, 48–52, 76 nucleus 139, 143 for carotid stenosis 264 thrombolysis trigeminal tract 47, 49 ventral posteromedial (VPM) for epilepsy 217 complications 242, 245 trochlear nerve (4th cranial) 78, 86 nucleus 49, 139, 143 frontal lobotomy 223 drugs truncal ataxia 7, 13, 14, 19 ventral spinocerebellar for hemiballismus 116 desmoteplase 253–254 tuberothalamic artery 142, tract 5, 6 for Parkinson’s disease 103–105 reteplase 250 144–145, ventrolateral pontine infarcts 75 swinging flashlight test 207 streptokinase 242, 245 tumors ventromedial pontine infarcts 75 Sylvian fissure 179 TPA 242–249, 250, 251, astrocytoma 14 vermis (cerebellum) 3, 7, 8, 16 252–253, 254 carotid space 26–28 congenital malformations tactile anomia 205 urokinase 248–250, cerebellum 13–15 20–22 taste 29, 31, 57, 58 intra-arterial 248–250, 251 cerebral cortex 221 Vernet’s syndrome 26–28 tau protein 107, 109, 111 time window for 245–246, 247, cranial nerves 27, 33, 48–49, 51, vertigo 18, 34, 35, 65–67 tegmentum 248, 251, 253, 254, 259 59, 61, 64, 84 vestibular schwannoma 61, 64 midbrain 77–78, 80, 86, 89, 119 treatment recommendations ependymoma 14 vestibular system 34, 35 pontine based on imaging 246–248, germ cell 93, 162, 163, 164 vestibulocerebellum see anatomy 46–48, 74 251–263 glioma 14, 89, 159, 173, flocculonodular lobe pathology 18, 52, 70–71, 75, 76 thyroid disorders 11, 53 hemangioblastoma 14–15 vestibulocochlear nerve (8th temperature tic douloureux 49 hypothalamus 173, cranial) regulation 11, 169–170, time, disorientation as to 145 lung 9, 10 anatomy 47, 56, 61–62, 64–65 sensation 23, 51, 192 time-to-peak (TTP) flow parameter lymphoma 10, 59, 84 pathology 16, 59, 61, 62–64, 67 temporal lobe 179 239, 241 medulloblastoma 13–14 vibration 25, 190 herniation of 86 tissue plasminogen activator meningioma 33, 61, 178, Villaret’s syndrome 34 Kluver–Bucy syndrome 219–220 (TPA) 242–249, 250, 251, 208, 221 vincristine 30 Wernicke’s aphasia 197, 199 252–253, 254 midbrain 86, 89 visual defects see also amygdala, hippocampus Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 52 pineal 91–93, 162–164 association cortex disorders teratoma 93, 163 tone decay 64 pituitary 168, 174–175, 176, 178, 211–213 thalamic syndrome of Dejerine tongue 29, 33, 57, 206–207 visual field deficits 150, and Roussy 150 total parenteral nutrition 123, 157 schwannoma 27, 33, 51, 61, 64 206–209 thalamus touch 29, 51, 139, 192 subependymoma 15 see also eye movement anatomy 49, 97, 137–143, 165 toxins thalamus 159 visuospatial processing/deficits pathology basal ganglia damage 112, 143, 144, 146, 151, 212 cerebral vein thrombosis 122–123, 124–125, upper motor neuron disease vitamin E 11 152–155 parkinsonism 99, 106 186–188 vocal cord paralysis 26, 31, 35 encephalitis 160–162 cerebellar ataxia 11 urokinase 248–250, von Hippel–Lindau syndrome 15, glioma 159 toxoplasmosis 133 hemorrhagic stroke 155–156 TPA see tissue plasminogen vagus nerve (10th cranial) 26–28, walking difficulties see gait ataxia inferolateral artery infarct activator 30–31, 33–34 Wallenberg’s (lateral medullary) 148–150 transcortical aphasia 201 vascular anatomy syndrome 34–36 paramedian artery infarct transient ischemic attacks internal cerebral veins 152 water balance 168, 169, 145–148, 217 264–265 midbrain 82 170–171 posterior choroidal artery transplantation, for Parkinson’s pons 74 weakness see hemiparesis infarct 150–151 disease 104 thalamus 142–143, 152 Weber syndrome 84–85 tuberothalamic artery infarct trapezius muscle 32 vasopressin (antidiuretic Weber’s test 61 144–145, trapezoid body 47, 62 hormone) 168, 170–171 Wernicke’s aphasia 197, 199 Wernicke’s encephalopathy trauma 34, 43, 106 vein of Galen 152 Wernicke’s area 196, 197, 156–159, 162 tremor venous thrombosis 152–155 200, 201 surgery for Parkinson’s essential 106 ventral anterior (VA) nucleus Wernicke’s encephalopathy 9, disease 105 intention 7, 88 139, 142 156–159, 162 thermoregulation 169–170, resting 99, 105 ventral lateral (VL) nucleus 139, West Nile viral encephalitis 160 thiamine deficiency 156–159 wing-beating 119 142, 150 Wilson’s disease 118–120

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