Abulia, 166, 197, 224, 236, 260 Caudate Infarcts, 401 Thalamic

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01886-0 - Stroke Syndromes: Third Edition Edited by Louis R. Caplan and Jan van Gijn Index More information

Index

abulia, 166, 197, 224, 236, 260 subcortical strokes, 224 anterior cerebral artery, 7, 8, 334, anatomy, 375, 376, 377 caudate infarcts, 401 agnosia, 6, 89, 235, 267 335 distribution of AChA thalamic strokes, 390 auditory. See auditory agnosia A1 segment, 364, 365 branches, 378 achromatopsia, 89, 272 tactile, 276 A2 segment, 365 anterior communicating action myoclonus, 486 evaluation, 270 ACA territory infarcts, 367, artery, 334 acute hemiconcern, 353 typical lesion sites, 268 368 anterior communicating artery acute monocular blindness, 105 visual. See visual agnosia alien hand sign, 372 aneurysms, 217 branch retinal artery visuospatial. See visual spatial amnesia, 370 anterior inferior cerebellar artery, occlusion, 108 disorders callosal disconnection 27, 332, 452, 453, 469, 470 retinal emboli, 108, 109 agraphia, 190, 279, 371 syndrome, 371 infarction, 473, 476, 582, 583. treatment, 109, 110 left hand, 282 diagonistic dyspraxia, 372 See also posterior circulation central retinal artery subcortical, 222 language disorders, 370 infarcts occlusion, 105, 106 akathisia, 149 motor deficits, 369 audiovestibular amaurotic pupil, 106 akinetic mutism, 166, 370 motor perseveration, 372 dysfunctions, 473 antiphospholipid akinetopsia, 91, 274 motor weakness, 369, 370 classical syndrome, 473 antibodies, 107 alexia, 86, 273 pathological grasp coma with tetraplegia, 473 cardiovascular signs, 107 hemialexia, 280, 281 phenomenon, 371, 372 isolated ataxia, 473 cherry-red macula spot, 106 alexia with agraphia, 87, 357, 411 psychomotor disorders, 370 isolated vertigo, 473 intraocular pressure, 106 alexia without agraphia, 86, 189, sensory deficits, 370 prognosis, 473 retinal emboli, 106 410, 411, 586 speech abnormalities, 370 anterior internal frontal artery, ischemic optic alien hand sign, 281, 372 sphincter dysfunction, 370 366 neuropathy, 110 alien hand syndrome, 150, 208, AChA territory infarcts, 375 anterior lenticulostriate arteries, afferent pupil, 111 237 anatomy, 364 399 arteritic, 111 callosal AH syndrome, 282 anterior communicating anterior opercular syndrome, 351 decompression of the optic frontal AH syndrome, 282 artery, 365 anticholinesterase inhibitors, 191 nerve, 112 sensory or posterior AH basal arteries and perforating anticoagulant agents, 519, 537, high-dose steroid treatment, syndrome, 283 branches, 364 563 112 Alzheimer’s disease, 226, 251, cortical branches, 365, 366, cerebral venous thrombosis, ischemic papillitis, 111 436 367 548 non-arteritic, 110, 111 amaurosis fugax, 98, 555 delirium and ACA territory antidepressants, 191, 257, 259 visual acuity, 111 amaurotic pupil, 106 infarcts, 201 antiepileptic agents, 161, 162, 548 ophthalmic artery occlusion, amnesia. See also memory loss recurrent artery of Heubner, antiphospholipid antibodies, 107 amnestic syndromes, 234 365 102, 107 differential diagnosis, 108 visual amnesia, 89, 214 variations, 367 headaches, 58 treatment, 107, 108 amusia, 141, 276, 355 anterior choroidal artery, 333, neuromuscular changes, 289 optical coherence tomography, amygdala, 297 335 Anton’s syndrome, 79 107 aneurysms, 53, 217, 288, 556, 570 AChA territory infarcts, 375 anxiety, 258 ADDTC criteria anger, 258, 261 clinical signs, 378 prevalence, 258 dementia, 247, 248, 249 angiography, 556, 604 etiology, 381, 382 relationship to stroke, 260 adiadochokinesis, 8 CT angiography, 562, 569, 570 eye movement risk factors, 258 adrenergic efferents, 296 digital subtraction abnormalities, 381 stress response, 260 afferent pupil defect, 106, 111 angiography, 547, 563 frequency, 378, 380, 381, 382 treatment, 260 afferential paralysis, 8 angiopathies, 429 lacunar syndromes, 379, 380 aortic aneurysm, 288 aggressive bursts, 261 cerebral amyloid motor abnormalities, 378 aortic disease, 601 agitation, 78, 149, 197, 199, 202, angiopathy, 517 neuropsychological aortic dissection, 288 354. See also delirium angular arteries, 356, 357 abnormalities, 381 apathy, 224, 260 caudate infarcts, 401 anisocoria, 101 prognosis, 382 thalamic strokes, 390 posterior cerebral artery anomia, 189, 587 risk factors, 381, 382 aphasia, 208, 263, 351 territory infarcts, 415 anosdiaphoria, 6 sensory abnormalities, 378 agraphia, 190 right hemisphere syndromes, anosmia, 537 size of infarction, 375, 382 alexia, 189 236 anosognosia, 6, 262 visual field deficits, 379 anomia, 189

608

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01886-0 - Stroke Syndromes: Third Edition Edited by Louis R. Caplan and Jan van Gijn Index More information

Index

anterior cerebral artery typical lesion sites, 268 posterior circulation. baroreceptors, 295, 296 territory infarcts, 370 apraxia of gaze, 91, 274, 415 See posterior circulation basal forebrain damage, 209 brain regions involved, 184 apraxic agraphia, 279 infarcts basal ganglia, 397 neuroimaging aprosodia, 231 athetosis, 144, 145 blood supply, 509 techniques, 184 lateralization and atrial pressure/volume receptors, neuroanatomy, 509 Broca’s aphasia, 184, 185, 186, dominance, 231 295 basal ganglionic hemorrhages, 207, 229, 349 left brain damage, 231, 232 atrophy, 290 509 caudate infarcts, 401 motor, 231 auditory agnosia, 141, 275 classification, 509 compensation, 190 orbitofrontal lesions, 231 amusia, 141, 276 lateral type, 511 comprehension, 185 right brain damage, 230, 232 evaluation, 270 massive type, 512 conduction aphasia, 187, 352 sensory, 231 non-verbal, 275 middle type, 510 cortical dysfunction in subcortical lesions, 231 verbal, 145, 276 posterolateral type, 510, 511 subcortical aphasia, 222 arachnoid granulations, 546 auditory anomia, 281 posteromedial type, 510 diagnostic batteries, 185 auditory disorders, 131, 582. arteria termatica of Wilder, 367 neuroimaging and clinical fluency, 185 See also vestibular syndromes arterial dissections, 476 characteristics, 513 global aphasia, 187, 349 acute hearing loss cervical arteries. See cervical prognosis, 512 hemicraniectomy and, 423 audiovestibular findings, artery dissections treatment, 512 language processing, 185 138 blood pressure regulation, naming, 185 headaches, 56, 57 frequency and outcome, 137 internal carotid artery. 512 neurorehabilitation, 190 infarction of anterior blood sugar level control, optic aphasia, 189, 271 See internal carotid artery inferior cerebellar artery dissection 512 pharmacotherapy, 190 territory, 134, 136 intracranial pressure anticholinesterase intracranial. See intracranial infarction of posterior arterial dissections monitoring, 512 inhibitors, 191 inferior cerebellar artery medical management, 512 antidepressants, 191 arterial territories territory, 136 brain mapping, 329 surgical removal of dopaminergic agents, 191 labyrinthine ischemia, 134 hematoma, 514 GABA-ergic agents, 191 brainstem, 329, 335, 338 sensitivity to ischemia, 134 cerebellum, 332, 333, 339 basilar artery, 123 stimulants, 191 classification, 133 atherothrombosis, 449 posterior cerebral artery cerebral hemispheres. hyperacusis, 138 See cerebral arteries embolic occlusion, 449, 579, territory infarcts, 411 infarction of anterior inferior 580 recovery and treatment, 190 medulla, 330, 332 cerebellar artery territory, basilar artery migraine, 61 repetitive transcranial midbrain, 332 473 Beck Depression Index, 255 magnetic stimulation, 191 pons, 332 frequency of audiovestibular behavioral changes. selective impairments, 185 anterolateral, 332 abnormalities, 137 See also mood disturbances simultaneous multiple infarcts anteromedial, 332 patterns of audiovestibular agraphia. See agraphia in one hemisphere, 431 posterior, 332 loss, 137 apathy, 224 striatocapsular, 221 perceptive auditory arteriovenous malformations, aphasia. See aphasia subcortical aphasias, 188, 189 518 disturbance thalamic, 188, 221, 222 brainstem stroke, 138 avoidance/withdrawal/ ascending reticular activating repellant behavior, 150 transcortical aphasias, 188 system, 178 central auditory speech caudate infarcts, 400, 401 transcranial direct current asemantic agnosia, 90, 271 tests, 138 stimulation, 192 cerebral hemispheric cerebellar involvement, 32. asimultagnosia, 415 See also cerebellar cognitive vascular syndromes, 186 asomatognosia, 6 strokes, 141 Wernicke’s aphasia, 184, 185, psychoacoustic tests, 141 affective syndrome aspiration, 313, 316, 317 implications for diagnosis 186, 201, 229, 236, 352, 354 aspirin, 563 auditory system apneusis, 321 central auditory system, 131, and management, 46, 47 associative agnosia, 89, 90, 235, mood disturbances, 44 apperceptive agnosia, 89, 90, 235, 271, 587 132 269 compulsive behaviors, 149 astereognosia, 276 peripheral auditory system, apraxia, 267, 276 131 delirium, 197 astereopsis, 91 axial, 279 autonomic dysfunction, 457, 463 frontal lobe syndromes. asterixis, 148, 149 buccolinguofacial, 349 autonomic nervous system. See frontal lobe syndromes constructional apraxia, 86, asymbolia for pain, 8, 16, 352 See neurocardiology, motor impersistence, 236 236, 237, 279, 354 asynergy, 8 cardiovascular autonomic neglect. See neglect right unilateral, 282 ataxia, 3, 580 changes poststroke dementia, 248 diagonistic apraxia, 150, 282 cerebellar. See cerebellar ataxia autonomous breathing, 321 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 536 dressing, 279 crossed visuomotor ataxia, 371 autopsy studies, 444 subcortical apraxia, 223 frontal, 279 lateral medullary infarction, axial apraxia, 279 Behcet’s disease, 288 gait, 279 575 Bell phenomenon, 69 gestures to test apraxia, 278 medullary infarcts, 461, 465 Babinski–Nageotte syndrome, Benedikt’s syndrome, 6, 147, 440, left unilateral motor optic ataxia, 91, 274, 357, 415 6, 7 474 apraxia, 282 ataxic hemiparesis, 6, 27, 28, 29, Balint’s syndrome, 70, 90, 91, bilateral weakness, 5 limb apraxia. See limb apraxia 380, 452, 503, 504 274, 357, 415, 486 Binswanger’s disease, 224, 250 oral-facial, 278, 279 atheroembolism, 102 gaze apraxia, 274 blepharospasm, 146 speech, 279 atherosclerosis, 427 optic ataxia, 274 blindness. See visual loss subcortical, 223 microembolic signals, 427 simultanagnosia, 274 blindsight, 79

609

Index

blood pressure regulation, EC-IC bypass, 483, 493, 494, cardiogenic embolism, 428 movement disorders, 401, 300, 512 495 cardiovascular autonomic 402 blood sugar levels, 512 mistaken use of carotid changes, 291. prognosis, 402 blunt head trauma, 526 endarterectomy, 481 See also neurocardiology risk factors, 400 borderzone infarcts. preoperative evaluation, 494 carotid artery dissection, 102 site of lesions, 400 See also carotid occlusion vascular findings carotid artery revascularization speech and language syndromes circle of Willis, 488, 489, 490 headaches, 57 disturbances, 401 cerebellar strokes, 474 diagnosis of critical low-flow carotid atherosclerosis, 427 stroke mechanisms, 400 clinical aspects, 475 state, 489 carotid bruit, 101 symptoms and signs, 400 territory locations, 474, 475 watershed infarcts, 480, 481 carotid endarterectomy, 481, 558 memory loss, 216 clinical findings, 484 brachiocrural hemiparesis, 4 carotid occlusion syndromes, cavernous angiomas, 467, 518 Balint’s syndrome, 486 brachiofacial hemiparesis, 4 480, 483. See also borderzone cavernous sinuses, 543 facial pulses, 486 bradycardia, 297 infarcts central dyslexias, 87 hemiparesis, 484 brainstem, 336 angiographic patterns Central Periodic Breathing, 321 internal carotid artery arterial supply, 329, 335, aneurysm formation, 556 Central Post Stroke Pain occlusion, 484 338 common carotid artery (CPSP), 17 ischemic ophthalmopathy, respiratory function, 319 occlusion, 556 centrum (semi)ovale, 335, 482, 483, 484, 486, 494, 495 brainstem compression, 562 leptomeningeal collaterals, 493 limb shaking, 486 brainstem lesions 556 centrum (semi)ovale infarcts, movement disorders, 486 auditory symptoms, 138 perfusion derived from 357, 358 neuropsychological deficits, delirium, 198 anastomoses, 556 cerebellar ataxia, 21, 26, 28, 29 484 dysarthria, 315 bilateral carotid artery anterior lobe syndrome, 26 seizures, 486 eye movement abnormalities. occlusion, 555 cognitive findings, 21, 26 systemic hypotension, 484 See eye movement brain metabolism, 556 compensation, 26 transient ischemic attacks, abnormalities: brainstem cerebrovascular reactivity, 557 dysarthria, 26, 27, 29 483 lesions: vertical eye clinical features flocconodular syndrome, 26 contrasted with movements, eye movement limb shaking, 554, 555 neocerebellar syndrome, 26 thromboembolically caused abnormalities: brainstem middle cerebral artery neurological findings, 21, 22 infarcts, 480 lesions: lateral eye infarcts, 554 vascular syndromes, 26 diagnostic imaging techniques, movements motor and sensory anterior inferior cerebellar 481, 488, 489, 491, 492, 493 respiratory dysfunction, 321 abnormalities, 554 artery, 27 epidemiology, 481, 482 apneusis, 321 transient ischemic ataxic hemiparesis, 27, 28 pathophysiology, 483 autonomous breathing, 321 attacks, 554 cerebellar infarcts, 26, 27 centrum (semi)ovale, Ondine’s syndrome, 322 watershed infarcts, 554 cortical strokes, 29 482, 493 rostral brainstem ischemia, 584 evaluation of perfusion, 557, internal capsule, 28 cerebral perfusion simultaneous multiple infarcts, 558 lacunar stroke of the pons pressure, 482 434, 435 ocular signs, 555 and internal capsule, 27 compensatory breath-holding index, 557 treatment pons, 28 mechanisms, 482 Brissaud–Sicard syndrome, 6 carotid endarterectomy, 558 posterior inferior cerebellar cortical watershed areas, Broca’s aphasia, 87, 184, 185, EC-IC bypass, 556, 558 artery, 27 482, 492 186, 207, 229, 349 STA-MCA bypass, 558 subcortical white matter deep low-flow buccolinguofacial apraxia, 349 carpal tunnel syndrome, 291 lesions, 29 infarctions, 493 catecholamines, 297, 299 superior cerebellar artery, 27 internal carotid artery CADASIL (cerebral autosomal cauda equina syndrome, 598 thalamus, 28 collateral pathways, 483 dominant arteriopathy with caudate nucleus cerebellar cognitive affective internal carotid artery subcortical infarcts and anatomy, 397 syndrome, 26, 40, 42, 43, 47 dissection, 492 leukoencephalopathy), 58 blood supply, 398, 399 autonomic changes, 41 mechanisms of low-flow calcarine cortex, 75, 76, 78, 79 circuits, 397 behavioral changes, 41 infarcts, 483 calcium metabolism, 299, 300 classical motor circuit, 397 characteristic deficits, 41 neck occlusive lesions, 480 callosal disconnection dorsolateral prefrontal mood disturbances, 45, 46 oxygen extraction syndromes, 208, 279, 280 circuit, 397 neurological examination, 41 fraction, 493 anterior cerebral artery lateral orbitofrontal neuropsychiatric systemic hypoperfusion, 480 territory infarcts, 371 circuit, 398 manifestations, 45 vasomotor reactivity, 491, crossed visuomotor ataxia, 371 limbic circuit, 398 neuropsychological findings, 493, 494 memory disorders, 283 ocular motor circuit, 397 42 wedge-shaped cortical motor disconnection. See motor functions, 397 testing cognition, 46 infarcts, 492 disconnection disorders caudate nucleus lesions, 201, 202, verbal fluency, 41 prognosis, 487 typical lesion sites, 268 397 cerebellar pathways, 23 risk of subsequent stroke, verbal disconnection. See verbal hemorrhages, 402 afferent connections from the 487, 488 disconnection disorders clinical features, 402 cerebral cortex, 23 therapeutic aspects callosomarginal artery, 365 prognosis, 403 efferent connections to the conservative approach, Capgras illusion, 89, 238 infarcts, 399 cerebral cortex, 24, 25 494, 495 capsular genu infarction, 216, 309 cognitive and behavioral cerebellar strokes, 7, 8, 578, 579. drug-induced cardiac arrhythmia, 291, 300, 303 abnormalities, 400, 401 See also posterior circulation hypertension, 495 cardiac myxoma, 537 motor abnormalities, 402 infarcts

610

Index

anterior inferior cerebellar cerebellum, 336 simultaneous multiple infarcts Balint’s syndrome, 90. artery infarction, 473, 476 acute hearing loss and, 134 and single artery occlusion, See Balint’s syndrome audiovestibular arterial supply, 332, 333, 339, 432, 433, 434 bilateral posterior cerebral dysfunctions, 473 469, 470 cerebral autosomal dominant hemisphere lesions, 89 classical syndrome, 473 aversive processing, 35 arteriopathy with subcortical lesions of the dorsal coma with tetraplegia, 473 cerebrocerebellar infarcts and (parietal) pathway, 90, isolated ataxia, 473 communication, 35 leukoencephalopathy 91 isolated vertigo, 473 cognitive paradigms, 35 (CADASIL), 58 lesions of the ventral prognosis, 473 dentate nucleus, 35 cerebral blindness, 79 (temporal) pathway, 89, autopsy studies, 475 dysmetria of thought theory, cerebral pathways 90 borderzone cerebellar 35, 36 afferent connections from the blood supply, 75, 76 infarcts, 474 emotional processing, 35 cerebral cortex, 23 central dyslexias, 87 clinical aspects, 475 eye movement abnormalities cerebral perfusion pressure, 482 cerebral achromatopsia, 89 territory locations, 474, 475 and, 69, 70 cerebral polyopia, 85 cerebral akinetopsia, 91 cerebellar motor syndrome, fastigial nucleus, 34 cerebral veins, 542, 544 cerebral polyopia, 85 36, 37, 47 functional localization of the deep cerebral veins, 542 color anomia, 87 clinical presentation, 470 vermis and hemispheres, 26 posterior fossa, 542 constructional apraxia, 86 coma, 475 imaging observations, 35 superficial (cortical) veins, 542 dorsal or parietal system, 76 decrease in consciousness, lobules, 33, 34, 35 cerebral venous thrombosis, 542 extra-striate visual cortex, 76 475 sensorimotor area, 35 causes and risk factors, 544, 545 hemi-achromatopsia, 86 dysarthria, 470, 471 somatotopy, 34, 35, 47 hormonal causes, 545 hemi-akinetopsia, 85 headaches, 470 spinal afferents, 32, 34 infectious causes, 544 hemi-neglect, 79, 81, 83 cognitive and behavioral universal cerebellar transform, medical causes and risk illusory visual spread, 85 changes, 32. See also cerebellar 35, 36 factors, 545 lateral geniculate nucleus, 75, cognitive affective syndrome vascular supply, 25 cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 548 78 executive dysfunction, 43 vascular territories, 37, 38 clinical presentations, 545, 546 literal alexia, 87 implications for diagnosis vermis, 34 D-Dimer levels, 547 macropsia, 85 and management, 46, 47 vestibular syndromes and diagnostic imaging metamorphopsias, 85 linguistic difficulties, 43, 44 vertigo, 118, 119, 120, 121, techniques, 546 micropsia, 85 memory, 43, 44 122 imaging of sinus and optic ataxia, 91 mood disturbances, 44 cerebral achromatopsia, 89 veins, 547 optic radiations, 75, 78 decompressive surgery, 423, parenchymal brain optic tract, 75, 77 424 cerebral akinetopsia, 91 imaging, 547 palinopsia, 83 diagnosis, 469, 475 cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 517 visualization of the dysarthria, 307, 310, 311 cerebral arteries, 333 photopsias, 83 thrombus, 546, 547 dysphagia, 316 anterior cerebral artery. prosopagnosia, 87, 88 differences between CVT and early clinical studies, 39, 40 See anterior cerebral artery reduplicative paramnesia, 89 arterial ischemic stroke, 549 endzone infarcts, 476, 477 anterior choroidal artery. simultanagnosia, 91 epidemiology, 542 frequency, 469 See anterior choroidal artery striate (calcarine) cortex, 75, pathology/pathophysiology, lacunes, 475 leptomeningeal branches, 333 76, 78, 79 543, 544 lesion-deficit correlation, 40 anterior cerebral artery, 335 topographagnosia, 88 prognosis, 549, 550 multiple strokes, 475 anterior choroidal artery, unilateral dorsal pathway death during acute phase, posterior inferior cerebellar 335 lesions, 85, 86 550, 551 artery infarction, 471, 472, middle cerebral artery, 335 unilateral ventral pathway 473, 476 posterior cerebral artery, follow-up, 551 lesions, 86 prognosis, 477 335 functional recovery, 551 left-sided ventral lesions, 86, pseudotumoral infarcts, 475 middle cerebral artery. pregnancy, 552 87 risk factors, 470 See middle cerebral artery risk of recurrence, 552 right ventral pathway silent infarcts, 47 perforating branches, 333 worsening at acute deficits, 87, 88, 89 simultaneous multiple infarcts, anterior cerebral artery, 334 phase, 550 ventral or temporal system, 76 434, 435 anterior choroidal artery, 333 topography, 543 visual agnosia, 89, 90 stroke mechanisms, 476 anterior communicating treatment, 548 visual allesthesia, 85 artery-to-artery emboli, 476 artery, 334 antiepileptic drugs, 548 visual amnesia, 89 atherothrombotic internal carotid artery, 333 antithrombotic therapy, 548 visual distortions, 85 occlusions, 476 middle cerebral artery, 334 intracranial pressure visual field defects, 77, 78, 79 cardio-embolism, 476 posterior choroidal arteries, regulation, 548 visual hallucinations, 83 dissections of vertebral 335 lumbar puncture, 548 visual hypoemotionality, 89 arteries, 476 posterior communicating thrombolysis, 550 visual perseverations, 83, 85 superior cerebellar artery artery, 334 cerebral visual dysfunction cerebrocerebellar infarction, 473, 474, 476 thalamogeniculate arteries, abnormalities of complex communication, 32 surgical approaches, 477 335, 387 visual perception, 85 cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 548, syndromes, 471 thalamoperforating alexia with agraphia, 87 605 therapeutic approaches, 477 arteries, 334 alexia without agraphia, 86 cervical artery dissections, 560 cerebellar subdivisions, 22 posterior cerebral artery. apraxia of gaze, 91 diagnostic imaging cerebellar syndrome, 6, 443 See posterior cerebral artery astereopsis, 91 techniques, 562

611

Index

cervical artery dissections (cont.) executive dysfunction, 43 conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, middle cerebral artery territory computerized tomography, implications for diagnosis 581 strokes, 198, 199, 201 562 and management, 46, 47 consciousness, 178, 182, 582 neurological abnormality, 197 digital subtraction linguistic difficulties, 43, 44 intraventricular hemorrhage, orbitofrontal lesions, 201, 202 angiography, 563 memory, 43, 44 527 pathophysiology, 196 MRI, 562, 563 depression and, 258 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 536 posterior cerebral artery ultrasound, 563 frontal lobe syndromes. constructional apraxia, 86, 236, territory strokes, 197, 198, epidemiology, 560 See frontal lobe syndromes 237, 279, 354 415 etiology, 560 lacunar infarcts, 226 right unilateral, 282 prevalence, 196 internal carotid artery memory loss. See memory loss contrast enhanced images, 547 prognosis, 196 dissection, 560, 561 poststroke dementia, 248 cortical blindness, 172, 587 risk factors, 196 clinical manifestations, 561 white matter abnormalities, 225 posterior cerebral artery thalamic strokes, 198 cranial nerve palsies, 561 cognitive map formation, 88 territory infarcts, 414 delusional misidentification, 237, headache and neck pain, 561 coital cephalalgia, 55 cortical deafness, 141, 355 238 ’ Horner s syndrome, 561 Collier’s sign, 69 cortical strokes, 15, 16, 29 dementia, 161. ocular and cerebral color agnosia, 272 vestibular syndromes, 125, See also poststroke dementia ischemia, 561 color anomia, 87, 272 126, 128 vascular dementia, 245 pusatile tinnitus, 561 color perception abnormalities, cortical tremor, 147 demyelination, 291 subarachnoid 414 cortical vascular dementia, 249 denial, 255, 261, 262, 349, 350 hemorrhage, 561 coma cortical veins, 542 depression, 209, 255, 262, 349 location, 560 abnormal consciousness, 178, cortical watershed infarcts, 482, biogenic amine theory, 257 multiple dissections, 562 182 492 cognitive impairment and, 258 pathophysiology, 560 ascending reticular activating corticospinal tract, 1 combined with anxiety, 258 prognosis, 564 system, 178 coughing, 324 diagnosis, 255 treatment bilateral hemispheric injury, cranial nerve palsies, 453, 455 impact on stroke outcome, 257 anticoagulation, 563 178 internal carotid artery lesion location, 257 aspirin, 563 breathing patterns, 179, 180 dissection, 561 physiological mechanisms, 257 endovascular and surgical cerebellar infarcts, 475 lower cranial nerve palsies, 538 prevalence, 255 treatment, 564 cranial nerve examination, 180 seventh and eighth nerve risk factors, 256 serotoninergic mechanism, thrombolysis, 563 disease specific mechanisms, palsies, 538 257, 263 vertebral artery dissection, 561 181 sixth nerve palsies, 538, 581 treatment, 257, 258, 259 cervical root compression, brain hemorrhage, 181 third nerve palsy. See third 561 diagonistic apraxia, 150, 282 ischemic stroke, 182 nerve palsy cervical spinal cord diagonistic dyspraxia, 372 expanding mass and tissue cranial nerves, 5, 310 infarction, 562 diaschisis, 2 shift, 178 cranial neuropathies, 22 clinical manifestations, 561 diffuse disseminated eye findings, 179, 180 cranio-facial apraxia, 278 headache and neck pain, 561 atheroembolism, 102 FOUR score, 179 crossed brainstem syndromes, 5 posterior circulation diffusion tensor imaging, 7 Glasgow Coma Scale, 179 ischemia, 561 crossed visuomotor ataxia, 371 diffusion weighted imaging, 421, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypothermia, 179 crying, 261 426, 491, 547, 604 562 localization and clinical CT. See computerized digital subtraction angiography, cervical spinal cord infarction, 562 pointers, 180 tomography 547, 563 Charcot–Willbrand syndrome, 169 locked-in syndrome and, 179 cytotoxic oedema, 7 disconnection optic ataxia, 86 Charles–Bonnet syndrome, 83, midbrain strokes, 443 disorientation, 88, 91, 236 169, 171 misleading signs, 179 D-Dimer levels, 547 dizziness. See vertigo cheiro-oral syndrome, 353 neurological examination, 179 decompression sickness, 117 dopaminergic agents, 191 cheiro-oral-pedal syndrome, pontine hemorrhages, 455 decompressive surgery, 477 dopaminergic innervation, 233 14, 15 prognostic significance, 178 cerebellar infarcts, 423, 424 Doppler sonography, 489, 605 cherry-red macula spot, 106 ptosis, 179 middle cerebral artery infarcts, dreaming, 169, 171 Cheyne–Stokes breathing, 180, pupil size, 179, 180 421, 422, 423 dressing apraxia, 279 321, 455 reflexes, 179, 180 deep cerebral veins, 542 drug abuse, 288 cholinergic efferents, 296 reversibility, 180 Dejerine–Roussy syndrome, 147 DSM-IV criteria Churg–Strauss syndrome, 288 compulsive behaviors, 149 Déjérine’s syndrome, 7 dementia, 247, 248, 249 circadian rhythm, 173 computerized tomography, 221, delirium, 78, 202, 354. depression, 255 circle of Willis, 367, 488, 489, 490 420, 481, 493 See also agitation Duplex ultrasound, 563, 605 Claude’s syndrome, 5, 68, 147, CT angiography, 562 anterior cerebral artery dural sinus disease 440, 474 intracranial arterial strokes, 201 headaches, 57, 58 cocaine ingestion, 536 dissections, 569, 570 behavioral states, 197 dural sinuses, 544 cochlea, 131, 134 CT venography, 547 brainstem strokes, 198 cavernous sinuses, 543 cognitive cerebellum, 35 spinal cord ischemia, 603, 604 caudate nucleus lesions, 201, lateral sinuses, 543 cognitive deficits conduction aphasia, 187, 352 202 superior sagittal sinus, 543 caudate infarcts, 400, 401 confabulation, 237, 238 confusion, 195, 196 DWI. See diffusion weighted cerebellar involvement, 21, 22, confusion, 195, 196, 349, 350 diagnostic criteria, 195 imaging 26, 32. See also cerebellar congestive venous myelopathy, encephalopathy, 196 dysarthria, 26, 27, 29, 39, 306 cognitive affective syndrome 603 frequency, 196 brainstem strokes, 315

612

Index

caudate infarcts, 401 eighth nerve palsies, 538 Fabry’s disease, 288, 289 GABA levels, 17 cerebellar lesions, 307, 310, embolic arterial disease face agnosia, 87, 88, 272, 273, 414 GABA-ergic agents, 191 311, 470, 471 headaches, 53 face recognition, 88 gait classification, 306 microembolic signals, 427 facial asymetry, 390 ataxia, 21, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39 combined upper and lower embolic brain infarctions, 429 facial dystonia, 146 callosal disconnection motor neuron lesions, 307, cerebellar strokes, 476 facial nerve nucleus, 2 syndromes, 283 310 midbrain infarcts, 445 facial pain, 582 gait apraxia, 279 extrapyramidal lesions, 311 pontine infarcts facial palsy, 7, 27, 64. gait initiation failure, 29 features of speech dysfunction, embolic occlusion of the See also dysarthria gaze apraxia, 91, 274, 415 308 basilar artery, 449 isolated facial palsy, 309 gaze palsy, 391 hyperkinetic, 308, 311 small artery diseases and medullary infarcts, 463, 464 midbrain strokes, 440, 442 hypokinetic, 307, 311 microembolism, facial pulses, 101, 486 posterior circulation infarcts, location of lesions, 306 449, 450 facial sensations, 11, 14 581 lower motor neuron lesions, embolic cord ischemia, 601, 602 faciobrachiocrural hemiparesis, 3 geniculocalcarine tract, 75 310 emotional dysregulation. fatigue, 168, 171, 172 Gerstmann’s syndrome, 357, 411, flaccid dysarthria, 307, 310 See mood disturbances fear, 258 587 medullary infarcts, 462, 464, encephalopathy, 196 fibrinolytic agents, 519 gestures, 230 577 epileptic seizures. See seizures finger palsy, 5 tests of apraxia, 278 speech and voice analysis, executive function disorders, flocconodular syndrome, 26 giant cell arteritis, 101, 102, 111 307, 311 43, 207 Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome, Glasgow Coma Scale, 179 upper motor neuron lesions, extracranial vertebral arteries, 279, 351 gliosis, 161 306, 308 574. See also posterior foreign accent syndrome, 44 global capture, 91 capsular genu infarction, circulation infarcts form agnosia, 90, 269 Goldblatt phenomenon, 100 309 extracranial–intracranial bypass fornix infarcts, 217 Graeb scale, 529, 530 cortical and subcortical procedure, 357 fou rire prodromique, 224 grasp reflex, 371, 372 strokes, 310 extrapyramidal conditions, 9 FOUR score coma scale, 179 isolated facial palsy, 309 dysarthria, 311 Foville’s syndrome, 6 Hachinski Ischemic Score, 248 laterality, 309 extra-striate visual cortex, 76 Fregoli syndrome, 238 hallucinations, 83, 169, 171, 261 spastic bulbar palsy, 309 eye deviation, 180, 349, 462, 581, frontal apraxia, 279 midbrain strokes, 443 speech features and 582 frontal hematomas, 520, 521 pontine hemorrhages, 455 associated neurologic eye movement abnormalities, 21, frontal lobe syndromes, 8, 205, thalamic strokes, 391 signs, 307 64. See also visual loss, 350 hand movements dysarthria–clumsy hand cerebral visual dysfunction alien hand syndrome, 208 alien hand syndrome, 150, 282 syndrome, 5, 28, 309, 451, anterior choroidal artery aphasia, 207, 208 callosal AH syndrome, 282 452, 503, 504 territory infarcts, 381 basal forebrain damage, 209 frontal AH syndrome, 282, dysarthria–facial paresis blepharospasm, 146 callosal disconnection 283 syndrome, 5 brainstem lesions, 584 syndromes, 208 sensory or posterior AH dyskinesia. See movement lateral eye movements: cognitive, emotional and syndrome, 283 disorders afferents of the behavioral domains, 205, levitation, 150 dyslexia, 81, 86, 273 premotor structures, 64, 206, 209 hand palsy, 5 dysmetria of thought theory, 65, 66, 67; final common executive function disorders, head injury, 526, 536, 560 35, 36 pathway, 64; premotor 207 headaches, 52, 61 dysphagia, 313. structures, 66 inferior medial frontal cortex antiphospholipid antibodies, 58 See also swallowing vertical eye movements: strokes, 209 arterial dissections, 56, 57 aspiration, 313, 316, 317 final common pathway, lateral frontal syndromes, 207 CADASIL, 58 cerebellar infarcts, 316 67; premotor structures medial frontal syndromes, 208 carotid artery hemispheric strokes, 316 and brainstem afferents, memory deficits, 209 revascularization, 57 medullary infarcts, 315, 462, 68, 69 orbitofrontal lesions, 201, 202, cerebellar infarcts, 470 464 gaze palsy. See gaze palsy 207, 209 cerebral venous thrombosis, midbrain infarcts, 316 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, recovery and outcome, 209, 545 pontine infarcts, 316 64 210 classification, 59 prognosis, 317 medullary infarcts, 461, 462, urinary incontinence, 208 coital cephalalgia, 55 symptoms, 315 465, 576 white matter lesions, 209 duration, 56 dyspnea, 321 midbrain strokes, 440, 442, 443 frontal lobes exertional headache, 55 dystonia, 144 oculogyric crises, 146 afferent–efferent systems, 205 frequency, 56 acute, 146 “one-and-a-half” syndrome, frontal-subcortical networks, giant cell arteritis, 101 delayed hemidystonia, 147 66, 69 206 hemorrhagic stroke, 53 focal, 146 pontine hemorrhages, 455, 457 prefrontal cortex, 205 intracerebral hemorrhage, pontine infarcts, 452 dorsolateral, 207 55, 56 EC-IC bypass, 483, 493, 494, 495, suprareticular structures, 69 primary motor and premotor subarachnoid hemorrhage, 53 556, 558 cerebellum, 69, 70 cortices, 207 thunderclap headache, 55 edema, 419, 544. See also space- cerebral hemispheres, 70, 71 superior medial frontal cortex, internal carotid artery occupying strokes saccades, 69, 70 208 dissection, 561 EEG abnormalities, 161, 171, smooth pursuit, 70, 71 frontal neglect, 208 intracranial artery dissections, 172, 173 thalamic stroke, 391 frontopolar artery, 366 567, 568

613

Index

headaches (cont.) acute, 144, 145 hemispheric strokes. See also left illusory visual spread, 85 ischemic stroke, 52 delayed, 145 hemisphere syndromes, right infective conditions, 544 embolic arterial disease, 53 hemicraniectomy, 421, 422, 423 hemisphere syndromes infective endocarditis, 287 thrombotic arterial disease, hemimacular scotomata, 78 dysphagia, 316 inferior parietal artery, 367 53 hemi-neglect, 79, 81, 83, 207, posterior cerebral artery inflammatory disorders, 289, 601 transient ischemic attacks, 52 349, 351, 353, 354 territory infarcts, 409, 410 infralimbic cortex, 297 lacunar disease, 59 hemiparesis, 3, 349, 369, 579 respiratory dysfunction, 321 infratentorial space-occupying lobar hemorrhages, 520 anterior cerebral artery, 7 simultaneous infarcts strokes. See space-occupying location of pain, 56 ataxic, 27, 28, 29, 452 bihemispheric, 432 strokes loss of consciousness, 53 bilateral weakness, 5 one cerebral hemisphere, 431 insomnia, 168, 171, 172 medullary infarcts, 463, 577 border zone infarcts, 484 hemorrhagic stroke insula, 297 headaches, 53 migraine, 53, 58, 59, 61. brachiocrural, 4 integrative agnosia, 90, 269 See also migrainous stroke intracerebral hemorrhage, internal carotid artery, 333 brachiofacial, 4 aura, 59, 60, 61 55, 56 internal carotid artery dissection, cerebellar infarcts, 7 vasospasm, 59 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 429, 430, 492, 560, 561 distal, 3 53, 54 vertebrobasilar migraine, 61 – clinical manifestations, 561 mitral valve prolapse, 58 dysarthria clumsy hand thunderclap headache, 55 cranial nerve palsies, 561 patent foramen ovale, 58, 61 syndrome, 5 heparin, 548, 563 headache and neck pain, 561 probabilities of causes, 535 faciobrachiocrural, 3 Heubner’s arteries, 365, 398, 399 Horner’s syndrome, 561 referral to neurology services, isolated dysarthria, 5 hiccup, 148, 323 ocular and cerebral ischemia, 535 isolated facial paresis, 5 medullary infarcts, 462, 577 561 referrals to neurology services, isolated monoparesis, 4 hippocampal infarcts, 214 pulsatile tinnitus, 561 535 isolated palsy of the hand and hippocampus, 213, 405, 411 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 561 reliability of reporting, 52 fingers, 5 hoarseness, 288, 462 internal carotid artery occlusion. sentinel headache, 56 malignant combined Hollenhorst plaques, 99 See carotid occlusion subarachnoid hemorrhage, 534 MCA–ACA infarct, 7 Holmes tremor, 148, 151 syndromes biphasic headache, 536 medullary infarcts, 7 homolateral ataxia and crural internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 6, pain, 535 paralysis of spinal origin, 5 paresis, 503, 504 64, 581, 582 referral to neurology pontine infarcts, 7 homonymous scotomata, 78 intracerebral hemorrhage, 528 services, 535 posterior cerebral artery, 7 hormone replacement therapy, 545 headaches, 55, 56 risk paradox, 534 proximal, 3 Horner’s syndrome, 27, 57, 101, secondary intraventricular sexual activity and, 534 pure motor hemiparesis, 3, 452 472, 473, 474 hemorrhage, 526, 528, 530 speed of onset, 535 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 538 internal carotid artery intracranial arterial dissections, warning leaks, 535, 536 vertebrobasilar vascular dissection, 561 566 throbbing, 56 topography, 7 medullary infarcts, 462, 577 age profiles, 566 transcranial Doppler, 53 hemiplegia, 349 Hospital Anxiety and Depression brain ischemia, 567, 568 venous and dural sinus disease, Scale, 255 anterior circulation, 566, midbrain infarcts ’ 57, 58 posterior cerebral artery Huntington s chorea, 151 568, 569 vertebral artery dissection, 561 occlusion, 442, 443 hydrocephalus, 529, 530, 531 posterior circulation, 566, hyperactivity. See delirium, vomiting, 56 third nerve palsy, 440 569 agitation common sites, 566 hearing impairment. See auditory precommunal postcerebral hyperacusis, 138 disorders artery occlusion, 407 diagnosis, 569 hematological disorders, 430 hypercapnia, 557 imaging, 569, 570 simultaneous multiple infarcts hematomas hyperekplexia, 150 physician awareness, 571 in one hemisphere, 431 frontal lobe, 520, 521 hyperhydrosis, 349 extracranial–intracranial hemiplegic atrophy, 290 occipital lobe, 522 hyperkinesia, 149 extension, 566 hemisensory loss, 349, 352, 353, parietal lobe, 521, 522 complex, 150 headache, 567, 568 356 temporal lobe, 521 hyper-perfusion syndrome, 57 multiple simultaneous hemi-achromatopsia, 86 hemisomatognosia, 6 hypersomnia, 166, 170, 171, 172 dissections, 566 hemi-akinetopsia, 85 hemispatial neglect, 232 hypertension, 300, 428 pathophysiology hemialexia, 280, 281 anterior choroidal artery lobar hemorrhages, 516, 517 risk factors, 567 hemianacusia, 141, 355 territory infarcts, 381 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 537 aneurysm formation, 570 hemianomia, 280 injury to dopaminergic fibers, hyperthermia, 173, 179 hematoma formation, 567 hemianopia, 77, 78, 79, 86, 354, 233 hyperventilation, 324, 325 wall structure of intracranial 586 local versus global processing, hypocapnia, 325 vessels, 566, 567 differentiated from hemi- 233 hypoperfusion, 430 prognosis, 570 neglect, 81, 83 motor intentional versus hypotension, 300, 484 recanalization, 570 posterior cerebral artery sensory attentional, 233 hypothalamus, 297 representative clinical case, territory infarcts, 409 rehabilitation, 233 hypothermia, 179 570 simultaneous multiple infarcts role of left and right subarachnoid hemorrhage, in one hemisphere, 431 hemispheres in attention, 233 iatrogenic complications, 603 567, 571 hemiataxia, 28 visualization tasks, 233 ICD-10 criteria transient ischemic attacks, 568 hemiballism. See hemichorea hemispheric anatomy, 339 dementia, 247, 248, 249 intracranial pressure, 419, 420. hemiballism arterial supply. See cerebral ideational apraxia, 277 See also space-occupying hemichorea hemiballism arteries ideomotor apraxia, 277, 356, 371 strokes

614

Index

cerebral venous thrombosis, 548 cerebellar strokes, 475 ideomotor apraxia, 277, 356, man-in-the-barrel syndrome, 5, intraocular pressure, 106 cognitive manifestations, 226 371 598 intraventricular hemorrhage, distribution of motor melokinetic apraxia, 277 medial lemniscal system, 11 217, 526 weakness, 4 limb ataxia, 21, 26, 27, 29, 36 medial lenticulostriate arteries, blunt head trauma, 526 midbrain strokes, 442 thalamic infarcts, 388 399 causes, 527 multiple brain infarcts, 428 limb shaking, 148, 486, 554, 555, median anterior cerebral artery, clinical findings, 527 vascular dementia, 249, 250, 580 367 altered consciousness, 527 251 limb weakness, 464 median artery of the corpus distribution of ventricular lacunar syndromes, 5 limbic cerebellum, 35 callosum, 367 blood, 528 classical lacunar syndromes, lingual dystonia, 146 medical history, 1 vascular lesions on 501, 506 lipohyalinosis, 428 medulla angiography, 528 clinical diagnosis, 506 literal alexia, 87 arterial supply, 330, 332, 461 diagnostic categories, 526, 527 re-evaluation as cortical lobar hemorrhages, 516 respiratory function, 320 epidemiology, 526 dysfunction, 506 clinical features, 520 medullary hemorrhage, 466 external ventricular drainage, diagnostic imaging techniques, anatomic sites, 520 medullary infarcts, 7. 530 506 frontal hematomas, 520, 521 See also posterior circulation imaging based scoring headaches, 59 frequency, 516 infarcts systems, 528 pure motor stroke. See pure management, 523 combined lateral and medial calculation of IVH volume, motor stroke occipital hematomas, 522 medullary infarction, 466 529, 531 pure sensory stroke. See pure parietal hematoma, 521, 522 dysphagia, 315 Graeb scale, 529, 530 sensory stroke pathophysiology hemimedullary infarction, 578 pathophysiology, 529 sensorimotor stroke, 504 anticoagulant and lateral medullary infarction, prognosis, 527, 528, 529, 530, small deep infarcts, 505 fibrinolytic agents, 519 12, 13, 461, 575, 576, 578 531 stroke and non-stroke cerebral amyloid ataxia, 461, 575 pathologies, 504 risk factors, 526, 527 angiopathy, 517 autonomic failure, 463 secondary to intracerebral transient ischemic attacks, 505 cerebral tumors, 519 clinical-MRI imaging hemorrhage, 528, 530 underlying vascular hypertension, 516, 517 correlation, 463 involuntary emotional pathophysiology, 505 sympathomimetic drugs, combined posterior inferior expression disorder, 224 Lance Adams syndrome, 486 519 cerebellar artery ischemic ophthalmopathy, 483, landmark agnosia, 88, 236 vascular malformations, infarction, 471 484, 486, 494, 495 language, 43, 44 517, 518 complications and long- ischemic optic neuropathy, 110 cerebellar topography, 35 vasculitis, 520 term sequelae, 464 afferent pupil, 111 kinesics, 230 prognosis dizziness, 461, 575 arteritic, 111 linguistic and paralinguistic case fatality rates, 522 dysarthria and hoarseness, decompression of the optic components, 229 functional outcome, 523 462, 577 nerve, 112 localization in both temporal hematomas, 521 dysphagia, 462 high-dose steroid treatment, 112 hemispheres, 229, 231, 232 local capture, 91 facial palsy, 463 ischemic papillitis, 111 prosody, 229. See also aprosodia locked-in syndrome, 5, 179, 580 non-arteritic, 110, 111 traditional lateralized theory, midbrain infarcts, 442 headache, 463, 577 visual acuity, 111 229 hiccup, 462, 577 lower motor neuron lesions, 310 ’ ischemic papillitis, 111 language impairment combined upper and lower Horner s syndrome, 462, ischemic scores, 248 aphasia. See aphasia motor neuron lesions, 307, 577 ischemic stroke, 8 aprosodia. See aprosodia 310 nausea/vomiting, 462, 577 headaches, 52 right brain damage, 230. flaccid dysarthria, 307, 310 nystagmus and ocular embolic arterial disease, 53 See also aprosodia low-flow infarctions. motor abnormality, 461, thrombotic arterial disease, lateral geniculate nucleus, 75, 78 See borderzone infarcts 462, 576 53 lateral lenticulostriate arteries, lumbar puncture, 548 pathogenic mechanisms, transient ischemic attacks, 399 463 52 lateral sinuses, 543 macropsia, 85 respiratory difficulty, 463, ischemic uveitis, 103 laughing, 261 macula sparing hemianopia, 78 577 isolated dysarthria, 5 left hemisphere syndromes magnetic resonance imaging, sensory symptoms/signs, isolated facial paresis, 5 posterior cerebral artery 221, 247, 329, 481 462, 463, 576 isolated hand palsy, 5 territory infarcts, 410, 411 cerebral venous thrombosis, medial medullary infarction, isolated monoparesis, 4 leg motor responses, 150 546 13, 464, 578 leptomeningeal arteries, 333 cervical artery dissections, 562, ataxia, 465 jaw opening dystonia, 147 anterior cerebral artery, 335 563 clinical-MRI imaging leptomeningeal branches intracranial arterial correlation, 465 kinesics, 230 anterior choroidal artery, 335 dissections, 569, 570 complications and long- Korsakoff syndrome, 209, 237 middle cerebral artery, 335 spinal cord ischemia, 603, 604 term sequelae, 465 posterior cerebral artery, 335 malignant combined MCA–ACA dysarthria and dysphagia, labyrinthine ischemia, 134 leukoencephalopathy. See white infarct, 7 464 labyrinthitis, 27 matter lesions malignant MCA stroke, 419 facial palsy, 464 lacunar infarcts, 3, 4, 5, 6, 442 levitation of hand, 150 mammillothalamic tract infarcts, limb weakness, 464 anterior choroidal artery limb apraxia 217 nystagmus and ocular territory, 379, 380 ideational apraxia, 277 mania, 261 motor disturbances, 465

615

Index

medullary infarcts (cont.) abnormal movements, 443 involvement of MCA territory involuntary emotional pathogenic mechanisms, ataxic hemiparesis, 442 in brain infarcts, 344 expression disorder, 224 465 autopsy studies, 444 orbitofrontal territory infarct, loss of psychic self-activation, sensory dysfunction, 465 causes, 443 350 260 tongue weakness, 464 cerebellar syndrome, 443 posterior parietal territory mania, 261 vertigo/dizziness, 465 coma, 443 infarct, 356 pathological laughing and neurologic symptoms and fluctuating and progressing precentral territory infarct, crying, 261 signs, 462, 464 signs, 443 350, 351 poststroke dementia, 248 Meige’s syndrome, 146 frequency, 440 prefrontal territory infarct, 350 poststroke psychosis, 261 melokinetic apraxia, 277 hemiplegia with posterior radiological description, 348 psychiatric diagnosis, 263 memory, 46 cerebral artery occlusion, space-occupying strokes. motor disconnection disorders, 281 cerebellar topography, 35 442, 443 See space-occupying strokes: agraphia of the left hand, 282 classification, 212 hospital-based registries, 444 middle cerebral artery alien hand syndrome. See alien declarative, 212 isolated palsy of the superior infarcts hand syndrome episodic, 212, 213 oblique, 442 superficial MCA territory, 344 crossed optic ataxia, 281 functional anatomy, 213 lacunar syndromes, 442 medullary branches, 348 gait disorders, 283 arterial blood supply, 213 locked-in syndrome, 442 pial–pial collaterals, 346 left unilateral motor apraxia, perceptual representation, 213 oculomotor syndromes, 440, Sylvian fissure, 345, 348 282 procedural memory, 213 442, 443 superior division territory right unilateral constructional semantic, 212 peduncular hallucinosis, 443 infarct, 349 apraxia, 282 short-term, 213 pure motor stroke, 442 temporal artery branch motor impersistence, 236, 349, working memory, 213 pure sensory stroke, 442 infarcts, 354, 355, 356 351 memory loss, 43, 44 stroke mechanisms anterior and polar temporal motor neglect, 8 amnestic strokes, 214 embolism, 445 arteries, 357 retro-rolandic form, 8 anterior cerebral artery penetrating and branch middle internal frontal artery, motor neuron lesions. See lower territory infarcts, 370 diseases, 445 366 motor neuron lesions, upper anterograde amnesia, 215, 216, vertebral arteries diseases, migraine, 53, 58, 59, 61 motor neuron lesions 217, 224, 234, 370 445 aura, 59, 60, 61 motor perseveration, 8, 372 callosal disconnection stroke syndromes, 441 vasospasm, 59 motor weakness, 1 syndromes, 283 vertebrobasilar migraine, 61 agnosia, 6 capsular genu infarction, 216 supranuclear conjugate gaze palsies, 442 visual symptoms, 61 anterior cerebral artery caudate lesions, 216, 401 migrainous stroke, 59 territory infarcts, 369, 370 fornix infarcts, 217 taste and hearing alterations, post cerebral artery territory anterior choroidal artery frontal lobe syndromes, 209 443 infarcts, 413 territory infarcts, 378 hippocampal infarcts, 214 third nerve palsy, 440 risk factors, 60, 61 carotid occlusion syndromes, intraventricular hemorrhage, cerebellar signs and Millard–Gubler syndrome, 6 554 217 abnormal movements, Mini Mental State Examination, caudate infarcts, 402 mammillothalamic tract 440, 442 246 cerebellar signs, 6 infarcts, 217 plus hemiplegia, 440 medial temporal infarcts, 214, middle cerebral artery, 3, 8, 334, mirror agnosia, 271 diaschisis, 2 587 335, 344 misoplegia, 6 differential diagnosis, 1 mild impairment, 214 anatomic variants and mitochondrial disorders, 289 distribution in pure motor non-verbal and fractional anomalies, 348 mitral valve prolapse stroke and sensorimotor disorders, 234, 235 anatomy and territory, 344 headaches, 58 stroke, 4 posterior cerebral artery cortical segment, 348 monocular temporal crescentic medical history, 1 territory infarcts, 411, 414 insular segment, 348 scotoma, 78 neuroanatomy. process lesions, 214 opercular segment, 348 monoparesis, 538 See neuroanatomy registration, 212 spheroidal segment, 348 Montreal Cognitive Assessment, neurological examination, 1 retrieval, 212 angular territory infarct, 246 non-pyramidal paresis retrograde amnesia, 216, 234 356, 357 mood disturbances, 44, 255, 258. cerebellum, 8 storage, 212 anterior parietal territory See also behavioral changes, extrapyramidal system, 9 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 217 infarct, 352, 353 behavioral changes frontal lobe, 8 subcortical amnesia, 223 carotid occlusion syndromes, abulia. See abulia parietal lobe, 8 thalamic lesions, 215, 216, 390, 554 aggressive burst, 261 pontine hemorrhages, 455 584 central sulcus territory infarct, anxiety. See anxiety pontine infarcts, 451 treatment, 217 351 apathy. See apathy prognosis, 7 meningocerebral cicatrix, 161 centrum ovale infarcts, 357, caudate infarcts, 401 pure motor stroke. See pure mesencephalic stroke, 14 358 cerebellar cognitive affective motor stroke metamorphopsias, 85 classical syndromes, 348, 349 syndrome, 45, 46 pyramidal paresis, 3 Meynert decussation, 67 complete pial territory denial, 255, 261, 262 hemiparesis. microembolic signals, 427 infarction, 349 depression. See depression See hemiparesis micropsia, 85, 354 delirium and MCA territory emotional perception and sensory deficit-related use midbrain infarcts, 198, 199, 201 expression, 262 dysfunction, 18 arterial supply, 332, 439 inferior division territory frontal lobe syndromes. sensory symptoms, 5 midbrain infarcts, 316, 439, 445 infarct, 353, 354 See frontal lobe syndromes thalamic strokes, 408

616

Index

voluntary movement silent infarcts, 426, 427 blood pressure regulation, olfactory anomia, 281 disorders, 1 simultaneous multiple infarcts, 300 Ondine’s syndrome, 322, 578 movement disorders, 144 431 cardiac conduction, 300 one-and-a-half syndrome, 6, 581 akathisia, 149 bihemispheric, 432 cardiac contractility, 299, ophthalmic artery occlusion, 107 alien hand syndrome, 150, 208, one cerebral hemisphere, 431 300 differential diagnosis, 108 237 posterior circulation, 434, cerebrogenic pulmonary treatment, 107, 108 callosal AH syndrome, 282 435 edema, 304 ophthalmodynamometry, 101 frontal AH syndrome, 282, single artery occlusion, 432, ischemic cardiomyopathy, optic aphasia, 189, 271 283 433, 434 303, 304 optic ataxia, 91, 274, 281, 357, sensory or posterior AH small vessel disease, 428, 429 repolarization, 300, 302 415 syndrome, 283 venous infarcts, 431 rhythm disturbances, 300, optic atrophy, 78 asterixis, 148, 149 muscular changes. 302, 303 optic radiations, 75, 78 athetosis, 144, 145 See neuromuscular changes sudden death, 303 optic tract, 75, 77 avoidance/withdrawal/ music perception, 141, 276, 355 treatment, 304 optical coherence tomography, repellant behavior, 150 mutism, 166, 351, 370 ventricular fibrillation, 302 107 borderzone infarcts, 486 mycotic aneurysms, 537 neurofibromatosis, 289, 290 optico-cerebral syndrome, 430, caudate infarcts, 401, 402 myelography, 604 neurological examination, 1 431 compulsive behaviors, 149 myoclonus, 148 neuromuscular changes, 287 opticosensory alien hand dystonia, 144 myopathy. See neuromuscular antiphospholipid syndrome, syndrome, 283 acute, 146 changes 289 optocerebral syndrome, 5 delayed hemidystonia, 147 myorhythmia, 149 aortic dissection or aneurysm, optopyramidal syndrome, 5 focal, 146, 147 288 oral contraceptives, 545 hemichorea hemiballism nausea, 462, 577 cardiovascular autonomic oral-facial apraxia, 278, 279 acute, 144, 145 neck pain, 561, 567 changes, 291 orbitofrontal artery, 366 delayed, 145 neck stiffness, 537 demyelination, 291 orbitofrontal lesions, 201, 202, hyperekplexia, 150 neglect denervation, 290 207, 209, 350 hyperkinesia, 149 caudate infarcts, 401 drug abuse, 288 aprosodia, 231 complex, 150 hemispatial. See hemispatial entrapment neuropathy, 290 orthostatic dyskinesia, 148 leg motor reponses, 150 neglect Fabry’s disease, 288, 289 Ortner’s syndrome, 288 levitation of hand, 150 subcortical, 223 hemiplegic atrophy, 290 Othello syndrome, 238 limb shaking, 148 visual. See visual neglect infective endocarditis, 287 oxygen extraction fraction, 493, midbrain strokes, 440, 442, neglect dyslexia, 81, 86, 273 mitochondrial disorders, 289 557, 558 443 neuroanatomy, 1 neurofibromatosis, 289, 290 modification of previous anterioposterior face–arm–leg rhabdomyolysis, 290 pain, 352, 409 disorders by strokes, 151 somatotopic organization, 2 secondary changes after stroke, CPSP. See Central Post Stroke myoclonus, 148 corticospinal tract, 1 290 Pain myorhythmia, 149 facial nerve nucleus, 2 upper motor neuron lesions, headache. See headaches pallilalia, 149 pyramidal tract, 1 290 pain asymbolia, 8, 16, 352 paroxysmal dyskinesia, 148, topographic hypotheses, 1, 2 vasculitic disorders, 287, 288 pain hemiagnosia, 8 151 neurocardiology, 294 nightmares, 169 palatal myoclonus, 580 sleep-related, 169, 171, 172 cardiac innervation, 294 NINDS-AIREN criteria palinopsia, 83 stereotypisms, 149 afferent impulses, 295 dementia, 247, 248, 249 pallilalia, 149 synkinesis, 149 efferent impulses, 295, 296 Nothnagel’s syndrome, 6 panic disorder, 45 tics and Tourettism, 151 instrinsic innervation, 297 nystagmus, 7, 21, 27, 64, 66, 581 paracentral artery, 366 tremor effects of the brain on the cerebellar infarcts, 471 paradoxical left ear extinction, acute onset, 147 heart, 294 convergence-retraction 281 delayed onset, 147 effects of the heart on the nystagmus, 69 paralexia, 411 moyamoya disease, 145, 147, 151, brain, 294 medullary infarcts, 461, 465, paramedian arteries, 388 375, 492, 495 neural control of cardiac 576 infarcts, 390 MRI. See magnetic resonance functions, 297 vertical gaze-evoked paraparesis, 538 imaging amygdala, 297 nystagmus, 69 parasomnias, 169, 171, 172 multiple brain infarcts, 426, 436 infralimbic cortex, 297 vestibular syndromes, 117, parasympathetic efferents, 295, angiopathies, 429 insula, 297 118, 121, 122 296 atherosclerosis, 427 neurocardiac syndromes, 294 parenchymal brain imaging, 547 microembolic signals, 427 pathophysiology, 295 object agnosia, 267 paresthesias, 388, 408 cardiogenic embolism, 428 calcium metabolism, 299, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 322, parietal cortical sensory causes, 427 300 323 syndrome, 15 cerebellar infarcts, 475 catecholamines, 297, 299 occipital hematomas, 522 parietal hematomas, 521, 522 dementia, 435, 436 contraction band necrosis, ocular bobbing, 457, 581 parietal lobe lesions, 8 dissection, 429, 430 297, 299 ocular bruit, 101 Parinaud’s syndrome, 6, 474, 538 frequency and incidence, 426 electrolyte– ocular ischemic syndrome, 103 parkinsonism, 9, 29, 147 hematological disorders, 430 steroid–cardiopathy ocular tilt reaction, 576 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 538 hypoperfusion, 430 with necroses, 297, 299 oculogyric crises, 146 paroxysmal dyskinesia, 148, 151 lacunar infarcts, 428 poststroke abnormalities oculomotor syndromes, 440, 442, patent foramen ovale risk factors, 427 atrial fibrillation, 303 443 headaches, 58, 61

617

Index

pathological laughing and crying, clinical findings, 450 stroke mechanisms, 412, 413 posterior inferior cerebellar 261 anterior inferior cerebellar posterior choroidal arteries, 335, artery, 27, 332, 469, 470 peduncular hallucinosis, 83, 169, artery territory infarcts, 388 infarction, 471, 472, 473, 476. 171, 443 452, 453 infarcts, 391 See also posterior circulation perforating arteries, 333 ataxic hemiparesis, 452 posterior circulation infarcts infarcts anterior cerebral artery, 334 bilateral infarcts, 453, 454 common locations, 574 posterior internal frontal artery, anterior choroidal artery, 333 cranial nerve palsies, 453 distal intracranial territory 366 anterior communicating dysarthria–clumsy hand alexia without agraphia, 586 poststroke dementia, 245 artery, 334 syndrome, 451, 452 altered memory, 587 Alzheimer pathology, 251 internal carotid artery, 333 ocular movement associative visual agnosia, behavioral and psychological middle cerebral artery, 334 abnormality, 452 587 symptoms, 248 perforating branches pure motor hemiparesis, 452 Gerstmann’s syndrome, 587 brain imaging, 247 thalamogeniculate arteries, sensory symptoms, 453 posterior cerebral artery cognitive syndrome, 248 335, 387 tonic limb spasms, 452 infarction, 586 cortical VaD, 249 posterior choroidal arteries, unilateral paramedian rostral brainstem ischemia, diagnosis, 246 335 infarcts, 451 584 diagnostic criteria, 247, 248, 249 posterior communicating dysphagia, 316 superior cerebellar artery heterogeneity, 249 artery, 334 ischemic stroke mechanisms territory infarction, 584, thalamoperforating arteries, basilar artery 585, 586 incidence, 245 334 influence on stroke outcome, atherothrombosis, 449 vascular lesions and stroke 246 pericallosal artery, 365, 367 embolic occlusion of the mechanisms, 587 periodic limb movements during ischemic scores, 248 basilar artery, 449 evaluation, 588 sleep, 169 small artery diseases and lacunar infarcts, 249, 250, 251 localization, 574, 588 peripheral neuropathy. microembolism, 449, mental status examination, middle intracranial territory See neuromuscular changes 450 246 PET. See positron emission lateral infarcts, 452 altered consciousness, 582 microbleeds, 251 tomography prognosis, 454 anterior inferior cerebellar multifactorial origin, 251 Petren’s gait, 29 treatment, 454, 455 artery territory multiple brain lesions, 250, phonagnosia, 276 unilateral tegmental infarcts, infarction, 582, 583 435, 436 photopsias, 83 452 conjugate horizontal gaze neurological findings, 248 pituitary apoplexy, 537 pontomesencephalic vestibular and VIth nerve palsies, prevalence, 245 polar artery, 387 pathways, 123, 125 581 risk factors, 245, 246 infarcts, 390 positron emission tomography, facial pain, 582 strategic infarct VaD, 249 polyopia, 85 221, 247, 481, 488, 489, 493 internuclear strategic vascular lesions of the pons, 6 posterior cerebral artery, 7, 8, 335 ophthalmoplegia, 581, brain, 250 arterial supply, 332, 448 anatomy, 405 582 stroke prevention, 251 anterolateral, 332 ambient segment, 405 pontine ischemia due to subcortical VaD, 249, 250 anteromedial, 332 P1 segment, 405 basilar artery disease, white matter lesions, 224, 225, posterior, 332 bilateral PCA territory infarcts 579, 580 249, 250, 251 motor areas, 450 clinical features, 413, 414, somatosensory poststroke seizures. See seizures pontine hemorrhages, 13, 455 415 abnormalities, 582 postural ataxia, 21 bilateral tegmental and basis stroke mechanisms, 415, 416 tinnitus and hearing loss, pregnancy, 552 tegmental types, 457 clinical features of infarcts, 582 prosody, 229. See also aprosodia classifications, 455 406, 586 vascular lesions and stroke prosopagnosia, 87, 88, 235, 272, clinical course and prognosis, delirium and PCA territory mechanisms, 583 273, 414 458 infarcts, 197, 198 multiple intracranial territory pseudoastereognosia, 281 massive or large paramedian midbrain infarcts and PCA infarcts, 588 pseudoathetosis, 146 type, 455 occlusion, 442, 443 proximal intracranial territory. pseudobulbar syndrome, 7, 309, autonomic dysfunction, 457 simultaneous multiple infarcts See also medullary infarcts 321, 580 cranial nerve palsies, 455 and single artery occlusion, cerebellar infarction, 578, pseudotumoral infarcts, 475 hallucinations, 455 433 579 psychic blindness, 262 level of consciousness, 455 stenosis, 405, 407 hemimedullary infarction, psychic paralysis of gaze, 91, 274 motor abnormalities, 455 stroke mechanisms, 412 578 psychoacoustic tests, 141 ocular and eye movement thalamic infarcts, 391 lateral medullary infarction, psychogenic paraplegia, 598 abnormalities, 455, 457 unilateral PCA territory 575, 576, 577, 578 psychosis, 261 prognosis, 457 infarcts, 405, 407 medial medullary infarction, ptosis, 146, 179, 581 respiratory abnormalities, hemispheric infarction, 409, 578 pulmonary edema, 304 455 410 pontine ischemia due to pure alexia, 273 small unilateral basal type, 457 left hemisphere, 410, 411 basilar artery disease. pure motor hemiparesis, 3, 4, 452 small unilateral tegmental occlusion of the See also pontine infarcts pure motor hemiplegia, 501 type, 457 postcommunal PCA, vascular lesions and stroke small deep infarcts, 501 treatment, 458 407, 408, 409 mechanisms, 579 pure motor stroke, 501, pontine infarcts, 7, 13, 14, 28, occlusion of the posterior communicating artery, frequency, 503 448, 449. See also posterior precommunal PCA, 407 334 small deep infarcts, 501 circulation infarcts right hemisphere, 411 posterior fossa, 542 pure sensory stroke, 503

618

Index

ataxic hemiparesis, 503, 504 treatment, 109, 110 anterior choroidal artery dreaming, 169, 171 dysarthria–clumsy hand retinal artery pressure, 100, 103 territory infarcts, 380 epidemiology, 166 syndrome, 503, 504 retinal artery vasospasm, 104 sensory abnormalities, 12. excessive daytime sleepiness, homolateral ataxia and crural retinal embolism, 99, 106, 108, See also somatosensory 166, 170, 171 paresis, 503, 504 109 system fatigue, 168, 171, 172 small deep infarcts, 503 retro-rolandic form of motor anterior choroidal artery hallucinations, 169, 171 pure word deafness, 141, 276 neglect, 8 territory infarcts, 378 hypersomnia, 166, 170, 171, Pusher syndrome, 370 rhabdomyolysis, 290 carotid occlusion syndromes, 172 pyramidal paresis, 3 right hemisphere syndromes, 229 554 insomnia, 168, 171, 172 hemiparesis. See hemiparesis agnosia, 235 Central Post Stroke Pain pathophysiology, 169 pyramidal tract, 1 alien hand syndrome, 237 (CPSP), 17 treatment, 171 pyrexia, 537 amnestic deficits, 235 cerebellar-like symptoms, 22 small vessel disease, 428, 429 confabulation, 237, 238 cortical strokes, 15, 16 sneezing, 324 quadrantanopia, 78, 86, 88 constructional apraxia, 236, medullary stroke, 12 somatosensory system. posterior cerebral artery 237 lateral medullary infarction, See also sensory territory infarcts, 409 hemispatial neglect. 12, 13, 462, 463, 576 abnormalities See hemispatial neglect medial medullary infarction, facial (trigeminal) sensations, – Raymond Cestan syndrome, 6 hyperactivity, 236 13, 465 11 ’ Raymond s syndrome, 6 language impairment, 230. mesencephalic stroke, 14 medial lemniscal system, 11 reading difficulties, 86, 87, 273, See also aprosodia, aprosodia pontine stroke, 13, 14, 453 sensory cortex, 12 410, 411 motor impersistence, 236 poststroke sensory sequelae, 17 spinothalamic system, 11 receptive amusia, 276 posterior cerebral artery pure sensory stroke. See pure thalamus, 11 receptive aprosodia, 276 territory infarcts, 411 sensory stroke sound agnosia, 275 recurrent artery of Heubner, 365, spatial disorientation, 236 sensory deficit-related use space-occupying strokes, 419 399 risk paradox, 534 dysfunction, 18 cerebellar infarcts, 423, 424 recurrent nightmares, 169 risus sardonicus, 147 subcortical strokes, 15 middle cerebral artery infarcts reduplicative paramnesia, 89, 238 Romberg’s sign, 21, 26 thalamic strokes, 14, 15 clinical course, 419, 420 release hallucinations, 83 rostral basilar artery disease, 391 transient ischemic attacks, 16, diagnostics, 420, 421 REM sleep behavior disorder, 17 epidemiology, 419 sensory aprosody, 354 169, 171 saccade dysmetria, 70 etiology, 419 re-perfusion syndrome, 57 sensory cortex, 12 scotomata, 78 pathophysiology, 419 repetitive transcranial magnetic sentinel headaches, 56, 535 sectoranopia, 78 prognosis, 423 stimulation, 191 serotoninergic pathways, 257, seizures, 158, 505 terminology, 419 respiration, 325 263 antiepileptics. See antiepileptic treatment, 421, 422, 423 automatic control, 320 seventh nerve palsies, 538 agents spastic bulbar palsy, 309 brainstem centers, 319 shape agnosia, 90 borderzone infarcts, 486 spatial disorientation. medullary centers, 320 sickle cell disease, 537 See disorientation children, 158 medullary function, 320 signe de la main creuse, 146 spatial neglect. See hemispatial classification of poststroke rostrocaudal organization, 319 silent infarcts, 47 neglect seizures, 158, 159 voluntary control, 320 simultanagnosia, 91, 274 SPECT. See single photon dementia and, 161 respiratory dysfunction, 319 simultaneous multiple infarcts, emission computerized early onset, 158 brainstem lesions, 321 431 tomography EEG abnormalities, 161 apneusis, 321 bihemispheric, 432 speech autonomous breathing, 321 effect on stroke outcome, 161 one cerebral hemisphere, 431 ataxia, 21 Ondine’s syndrome, 322 frequency of poststroke posterior circulation, 434, 435 dysarthria. See dysarthria coughing, 324 seizures, 159 single artery occlusion, 432, speech apraxia, 279 hemispheric strokes, 321 generalised tonic-clonic 433, 434 spinal cord hiccup, 323 seizures, 159 single photon emission arterial supply hyperventilation, 324, 325 late onset, 158 computerized tomography, circumferential perforating/ medullary infarcts, 463, 577 lobar hemorrhages, 520 221, 421, 481, 489, 493 medullary arteries, 593, pontine hemorrhages, 455 management, 161, 162 sixth nerve palsies, 538, 581 595 sleep apnea syndrome, 322, pathophysiology, 160, 161 sleep apnea syndrome, 322, 323 extrinsic/perimedullary 323 poststroke epilepsy, 158 sleep architecture changes, 172 supply, 595 sneezing, 324 recurrence, 158 clinical significance, 173 fetal stage and maturation, yawning, 324 risk factors, 162 infratentorial strokes, 173 593 restless legs syndrome, 169, 171 clinical features, 160 supratentorial strokes, 172 great radicular artery of retinal artery occlusion, 105, 106, poststroke epilepsy, 160 thalamic strokes, 390 Adamkiewicz, 593, 601 108 stroke location and size, 160 sleep-onset stroke, 173 intrinsic/intramedullary amaurotic pupil, 106 stroke type, 160 sleep-related movement supply, 593 antiphospholipid antibodies, status epilepticus, 159 disorders, 169, 171, 172 radicular arteries, 593, 594, 107 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 536 sleep-wake disturbances, 166 601 cardiovascular signs, 107 semantic access agnosia, 90, 271 akinetic mutism, 166 segmental arteries, 593 cherry-red macula spot, 106 sensorimotor cerebellum, 35 circadian rhythm, 173 sulcocommissural/central intraocular pressure, 106 sensorimotor stroke, 504 clinical significance, 171 sulcal arteries, 593, 595 retinal emboli, 106, 108, 109 sensorimotor syndrome, 5, 7 diagnosis, 171 vertebral arteries, 593

619

Index

spinal cord (cont.) cervical artery dissection, 562 subdural hemorrhage large hemorrhages, 392 venous supply, 595 epileptic seizures, 536 past medical history, 537 small hemorrhages, 393 spinal stroke syndromes, 5, 593 family history, 537 subhyaloid hemorrhages, 537, lateral thalamic infarcts, 388, anterior spinal artery headaches, 53, 54 538 390 syndrome, 597, 598 hemiparesis, 538 sudden death, 303 memory loss, 215, 216, 584 centrospinal infarcts, 598 hypertension, 537 sulcocommissural artery motor abnormalities, 392, 408 cervical, thoracic and lumbar/ internal carotid artery syndrome, 598 neuropsychological longitudinal axis ischemia, dissection, 561 superficial veins, 542 abnormalities, 390, 392 596, 597 intracranial artery dissections, superior cerebellar artery, 27, paramedian artery territory clinical features according to 567, 571 333, 469, 470 infarcts, 390 pattern of ischemia, 596 loss of consciousness and infarction, 473, 474, 476, 584, paresthesias, 388, 408 diagnostic evaluation, 603 altered behavior, 536 585, 586. See also posterior polar artery infarcts, 390 angiography, 604 lower cranial nerve palsies, 538 circulation infarcts postcerebral artery occlusion, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, memory loss, 217 superior parietal artery, 367 408 605 monoparesis, 538 superior sagittal sinus, 543 posterior choroidal artery computerized tomography, neck stiffness, 537 supranuclear conjugate gaze territory infarcts, 391 604 paraparesis, 538 palsies, 442 proximal posterior cerebral electrophysiology, 605 Parinaud’s syndrome, 538 supratentorial space-occupying artery disease, 391 magnetic resonance parkinsonism, 538 strokes. See space-occupying rostral basilar artery disease, imaging, 604 pyrexia, 537 strokes 391 myelography, 604 secondary intraventricular surgical complications, 603 sleep architecture changes, 390 ultrasound, 605 hemorrhage, 526, 531 swallowing, 313. vascular territories, 388 long-term follow-up, 605 seventh and eighth nerve See also dysphagia venous thalamic infarcts, 393 mechanisms and causes of palsies, 538 esophageal phase, 314 vestibular syndromes, 125 ischemia, 601, 602 sixth nerve palsies, 538 neuroanatomy, 314 visual field defects, 391 aortic disease, 601 subhyaloid hemorrhages, 537, Central Pattern Generators, thalamogeniculate arteries, 335, compression, 602, 603 538 315 387 embolism, 601, 602 sudden headache, 534 motor system, 314 thalamoperforating arteries, 334 global ischemia, 603 biphasic headache, 536 sensory system, 314 thalamus, 11 iatrogenic complications, pain, 535 oral phase, 313 anatomy, 387 603 referrals to neurology pharyngeal phase, 314 blood supply, 387 inflammatory disease, 601 services, 535 sympathetic afferents, 295 paramedian arteries, 388 vascular malformations, 603 risk paradox, 534 sympathetic efferents, 295, 296 polar artery, 387 vertebral artery disease, 601 sexual activity and, 534 sympathomimetic drugs, 519 posterior choroidal arteries, posterior spinal artery speed of onset, 535 synkinesis, 149 388 syndrome, 598 warning leaks, 535, 536 thalamogeniculate arteries, spinal claudication, 598, 600 third nerve palsy, 538 T2-weighted magnetic resonance 335, 387 sulcocommissural artery visual field defects, 538 tomography, 491, 546 thermal sensation, 17, 576 syndrome, 598 subcortical agraphia, 222 tachycardia, 296 third nerve palsy, 440 transient ischemic attacks, 595 subcortical amnesia, 223 tachypnea, 325 cerebellar signs and abnormal transverse spinal cord subcortical aphasia tactile agnosia, 276 movements, 440, 442 infarction syndrome, 597 cortical dysfunction and, 222 evaluation, 270 plus hemiplegia, 440 treatment, 605 striatocapsular, 221 tactile anomia, 276, 281, 371 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 538 vesicourethral dysfunction, thalamic, 221, 222 temporal artery branch infarcts, thrombocythemia, 430 601 subcortical apraxia, 223 354, 355, 356 thrombolytic therapy, 455, 506, spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage, subcortical hemispheric anterior and polar temporal 550, 563 562 infarcts, 4 arteries, 357 thrombotic arterial disease spin-labelling perfusion MR, 481, subcortical neglect, 223 temporal hematomas, 521 headaches, 53 492 subcortical strokes, 15 territorial arterial spin labeling, thunderclap headache, 55, 534 spinothalamic system, 11 agitation, 224 481, 492 TIAs. See transient ischemic starfish hand, 146 apathy, 224 Terson’s syndrome, 538 attacks stereotypisms, 149 aprosodia, 231 tetraparesis, 7 tics, 151 stimulants, 191 involuntary emotional thalamic aphasia, 188, 221, 222 tinnitus, 561, 582 strategic infarct vascular expression disorder, 224 thalamic astasia, 388 tongue movements, 146, 148 dementia, 249 lacunar infarcts. See lacunar thalamic chronotaraxis, 391 tongue weakness, 464 stress response, 260 infarcts thalamic hand, 146 tonic spasms, 147, 148, 452 striate cortex, 75, 76, 78, 79 neurobehavioral disturbances, thalamic strokes, 14, 15, 28, 125, top-of-the-basilar syndrome, 7, striatocapsular aphasia, 221 221 387 197, 434, 473, 584 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 300 subcortical vascular dementia, ataxia, 388 topographical agnosia, 88, 275 anosmia, 537 249, 250 delirium, 198 torticollis, 146, 147 antecedent events subcortical white matter diencephalic-mesencephalic Tourettism, 151 cocaine ingestion, 536 abnormalities, 29 infarction, 391 transcranial direct current head trauma, 536 Alzheimer’s disease, 226 gaze dysfunction, 391 stimulation, 192 causes, 534 cognitive manifestations, 225 hallucinations, 391 transcranial Doppler, 53 cerebellar signs, 538 dementia, 224, 225 hemorrhages, 391 transformation agnosia, 270

620

Index

transient ischemic attacks spastic bulbar palsy, 309 peripheral and central invasive investigations, 112 borderzone infarcts, 483 speech features and associated vestibular disorders, 117, 118 ischemic ophthalmopathy, carotid artery dissection, 102 neurologic signs, 307 vestibular labyrinth, 131, 134 483, 484, 486, 494, 495 carotid occlusion syndromes, urinary dysfunction, 601 vestibular syndromes, 117. non-invasive investigations, 554 urinary incontinence, 208, 370 See also vertigo 112 headaches, 52 anterior inferior cerebellar physical examination of the intracranial arterial vagal afferents, 295 artery and internal auditory vascular system and eye, 112 dissections, 568 vascular dementia, 245, 435. artery, 118, 119 transient monocular lacunar syndromes, 505 See also poststroke dementia cortical infarctions, 125, 126, 128 blindness, 98 posterior cerebral artery vascular malformations, 517, 518 mechanisms and sites of type I. See transient stenosis, 405, 407 vasculitic disorders, 287, 288, 520 vascular vertigo, 118 monocular blindness sensory symptoms, 16, 17 vasospasm, 59 peripheral and central (type I) spinal stroke syndromes, 595 venous disease vestibular disorders, 117, 118 type II. See transient transient monocular blindness headaches, 57, 58 pontomesencephalic lesions, monocular blindness (type I), 102 venous sinuses. See dural sinuses 123, 125 (type II)) transient monocular blindness, venous stasis retinopathy, 103, thalamic infarctions, 125 type III. See transient 98 555 vertebral artery and posterior monocular blindness transient monocular blindness venous thrombosis. See cerebral inferior cerebellar artery, (type III) (type I), 98 venous thrombosis 120, 121, 122 type IV, 104 verbal disconnection disorders, vestibulo-ocular reflex, 575 anisocoria, 101 visual neglect, 79, 81, 83, 354 antiphospholipid antibodies, 280 Virchow’s Triad, 382 visual neglect, 79. See also hemi- 102 left auditory anomia, 281 visceral motor cortex, 297 neglect bruit, 101 left hemialexia, 280, 281 visual agnosia, 89, 267 carotid artery dissection, 102 left tactile anomia, 281 apperceptive agnosia, 89, 90, visual perseverations, 83, 85 diffuse disseminated left visual anomia, 280 235, 269 visual spatial disorders, 237, 274, atheroembolism, 102 right olfactory anomia, 281 asemantic agnosia, 90, 271 356 examination of the eye and vertebral artery disease, 601 associative agnosia, 89, 90, 235, akinetopsia, 91, 274 ’ ’ retina, 99 vertebral artery dissection, 561 271, 587 Balint s syndrome. See Balint s facial pulses, 101 cervical root compression, 561 color agnosia, 272 syndrome giant cell arteritis, 101 cervical spinal cord infarction, evaluation, 270 topographical agnosia, 88, hematological conditions, 102 562 face agnosia, 87, 88, 272, 273, 275 non-arteriosclerotic clinical manifestations, 561 414 visual spatial functions, 46 vasculopathies, 102 headache and neck pain, 561 form agnosia, 90, 269 visuoimitative apraxia, 277 retinal artery pressure and posterior circulation ischemia, integrative agnosia, 90, 269 vitreous hemorrhages, 538 imaging, 100 561 mirror agnosia, 271 voluntary movement disorders, 1 transient monocular blindness subarachnoid hemorrhage, 562 object agnosia, 267 vomiting, 462, 577 (type II), 102 vertebral artery occlusions, 120, optic aphasia, 271 ocular ischemic syndrome, 103 121, 122 posterior cerebral artery Wallenberg’s syndrome, 6, 7, 27, venous stasis retinopathy, 103 vertebrobasilar dissection, 429, territory infarcts, 411 57, 66, 117, 120, 121, 461, transient monocular blindness 430 pure alexia, 86, 273 472 (type III), 103, 104 vertebrobasilar migraine, 61 semantic access agnosia, 90, 271 watershed infarcts, 428, 480, 481, retinal artery vasospasm, 104 vertebrobasilar territory ischemic transformation agnosia, 270 554 transient monocular blindness stroke, 131, 445 visual allesthesia, 85 cortical watershed areas, 482, (type IV), 104 audiovestibular findings, 138 visual alterations, 5 492 tremor, 21, 26 frequency and outcome, 137 visual amnesia, 89, 214 Weber’s syndrome, 5, 68, 440, acute onset, 147 infarction of anterior inferior visual distortions, 85 474 delayed onset, 147 cerebellar artery territory, visual dysfunction. See visual loss, Wegener’s granulomatosis, 288 trigeminal sensations, 11, 14 134, 136 eye movement abnormalities, Wernekink commissure headache, 52 infarction of posterior inferior cerebral visual dysfunction syndrome, 443 tumors, 519 cerebellar artery territory, 136 visual field defects, 77, 78, 79 Wernicke’s aphasia, 184, 185, labyrinthine ischemia, 134 anterior choroidal artery 186, 201, 229, 236, 352, 354 ultrasound imaging, 481, 489, sensitivity to ischemia, 134 territory infarcts, 379 whispering, 370 posterior cerebral artery 563, 605 simultaneous multiple infarcts, white matter lesions, 29, 209 universal cerebellar transform, 434, 435 territory infarcts, 409, 410 Alzheimer’s disease, 226 35, 36 vertebrobasilar topography, 7 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 538 cognitive manifestations, 225 upper motor neuron lesions, 290, vertigo, 27, 29, 38, 39, 117, 134, thalamic strokes, 391 306, 308 135, 136. See also vestibular visual hallucinations, 83 dementia, 224, 225, 249, 250, capsular genu infarction, 309 syndromes visual hypoemotionality, 89 251 combined upper and lower cerebellar infarcts, 470, 473 visual loss depression, 257 motor neuronlesions,307,310 mechanisms and sites of acute monocular blindness. Witzelsucht, 350 cortical and subcortical vascular vertigo, 118 See acute monocular word deafness, 141, 276 strokes, 310 medullary infarcts, 461, 465 blindness isolated facial palsy, 309 lateral medullary infarction, carotid occlusion syndromes, yawning, 324 laterality, 309 575 555

621