OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 50 NO. 3 SUMMER 2000 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES TERM Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS January as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one copy 2002 President Walt Sperry, 3021* Fairmont Ave., Mt. Vernon, OH of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published 43050 (740) 392-9774. quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of 2002 Vice President Russell Strunk, PO Box 55, Batavia, OH Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 45103, (513)752-7043. PUBLICATIONS AND BACK ISSUES 2002 Immediate Past President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 905 Charleston Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (740) 772-5431. Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2002 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H (330) 296-2287. Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2002 Executive Secretary Len Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H Westerville, OH 43081 (740) 965-2868. 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)873-5471. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to busi­ 2002 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., ness office for prices and availability. Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. ASO CHAPTERS 2002 Technical Advisor Jane Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, Aboriginal Explorers Club Westerville, OH 43081, (740) 965-2868. 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Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Sandusky Valley Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Dale Stansberry, 13825 OH. 64, Upper Sandusky, OH Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Seneca Hunters Chapter President: Don Weller, 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Six River Valley Chapter Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, PA 17772-9599 President: Brian Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Standing Stone Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Bill Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sugarcreek Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave., East Canton, OH Their Fires Are Cold Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE A.S.O. Website: www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page 3 PRESIDENT'S PAGE Front Cover Information 3 On July 8, 2000, I conducted my first Board of Directors The Source of H.C. Shetrone's "Translucent, - Colored Chalcedony" by Arnold G. Fredrickson 4 meeting. I'm happy to report it was very productive. All the com­ Katzenberger Collection 9 mittees have been formed and filled - but any member is eligible to The Cowan Creek Mound Examination participate on any committee and we welcome their involvement. by D.R. Gehlbach 10 Of interest to all is a proposed two-day meeting and show which Tomahawk - Spike by John Baldwin 14 will be held in November 2001. More details of this meeting will be Engraving Tools by Jennifer A Saksa 16 forthcoming as it is now in its planning stage. A Nesting Type Birdstone by Ken Simper 17 Membership in the Archaeological Society of Ohio is nearly Collection From Stow, Summit County, Ohio 2,500 as of July 8th. New membership applications are available by Michael Rusnak 18 with a very eye-catching color plate of Flint Ridge artifacts. Now would be a good time to enlist a fellow collector or give a member­ The Niles Mound Excavation by D.R. Gehlbach 20 ship as a gift. Archaic Pestles by Robert N. Converse 22 This past summer there were two summer picnic meetings. I Bryantsville by Dr. William C. Meadows 23 urge all chapters, either jointly or individually, to start making plans Crystal Side Notch by Jack Rosenfeld 25 for next summer's meetings. The summer meetings which I have Scarr Rockshelter attended have always been interesting and fun for the whole by Steven P. Howard and Paul J. Pacheco 26 family. Such meetings are a great opportunity to meet fellow col­ A Belmont County Dovetail by John Mocic 30 lectors, make new friends and see what people are finding in dif­ A Small Hardstone by Robert J. Davis 30 ferent parts of the state. A Weeping Eye Pipe by Terry Bohm 31 If you would like to participate as a volunteer in the Society in Found in Champaign Co. any way please do not hesitate to contact me. It is your Society by David Williams 31 and we are looking forward to bigger and better things. PaleoAmerican Square by Russell Strunk 32 Preform Birdstone by Jarod Kiene 33 Happy Hunting, Silt Sandstone Bird by Jeffrey and Gene Edwards 33 Artifacts Found In Monroe County, Indiana by Jon W. Hunsberger 34 Walt Sperry Points Found in Hancock County by Carl Stuard. 34 President A Piano Lanceolate From Trumbull County The Archaeological Society of Ohio by Robert and Michelle Zana 35 A Putnam County Ball Bannerstone by Uoyd Hamishfeger 35 Pipe Creek Chert by Tony DeRegnaucourt 36 ASO Summer Show at Seaman's Fort by Michael Rusnak 38 ASO Summer Meeting At Owensviile by Russell Strunk 39 Revolutionary War Cannonball Found In Greenville, Ohio by Elaine Holzapfel 39 Dr. Stanley Baker To Speak at November Meeting .... 39 Acquisition Systems and the Hopewell Trade Network — Fact or Fancy by Robert N. Converse 40 Letters To The Editor 42 Book Review - The Archaic by Robert N. Converse 43 Back Cover Information 43

Front Cover: Fine artifacts from the collection of Ron Heltnan, Sidney, Ohio. Upper left birdstone — Marion Co.. Ohio. Left — 8V: inch Glacial Kame gorget of red banded slate — Engel Eiden site. Sheffield, Ohio. Left center Notched Base Dovetail — Coshocton flint. Morrow Co., Ohio. Upper center Adena point — Erie Co.. Ohio. Upper right lizard effigy — Ohio. Upper right Dovetail — 6'A inches found by Steve Burkhart. Wood Co.. Ohio. Center anchor pendant — Richland Co., Ohio. Lower right Archaic Bevel — found June 8th. 1870, by W.Z. Smith on the Fairview Farm, Belmont. Co.. Ohio. Hopewell point bottom center — found near Rawson. Hancock Co.. Ohio. Birdstone lower right — found at Junction, near the Auglaize River, Paulding Co.. Ohio.

3 THE SOURCE OF H.C. SHETRONE'S TRANSLUCENT, AMBER-COLORED CHALCEDONY" by Arnold G. Fredrickson Minneapolis, Minnesota

It is known that acquisition of that Hopewellian ideas had reached this The North Dakota quarries are near the exotic raw materials and manufacture of far from Ohio and he entitled his report on River and its major northern tribu­ such materials into artistic artifacts were his work "A Wisconsin variant of the tary, Spring Creek. Five different concen­ hallmarks of what archaeologists call the Hopewell Culture (McKern, 1931)." trations of quarrying areas are known and Hopewell Interaction Sphere, a prehis­ McKern found artifacts of copper, silver, they are the Dunn Center or Lynch quar­ toric cultural phenomenon that flourished and obsidian in the Trempealeau mounds, ries and the Horse Nose Butte quarries in for some centuries before and after the and in addition he found a number of Dunn County, and the Dodge, Medicine beginning of the Christian Era. It is also finely-chipped blades or points made of a Butte, and Crowley quarries in Mercer well known that the principal center of material that he called simply "chal­ County. Locations of these quarry areas the interaction sphere was in southern cedony." A search of the archaeological lit­ are given by Clayton et al. (1970). These Ohio, with a lesser center in the valley of erature showed that artifacts made from authors describe the quarry areas in the the Illinois River, and with still lesser cen­ this material, which turned out to be the following terms. "Twenty-four quarries ters too numerous to mention individually same as Shetrone's "translucent amber- have been found in Dunn County and five scattered throughout the eastern and colored chalcedony," had been found in Mercer County. They occur on hill tops midwestern parts of what is now the along the river during earlier excavations, or on hill slopes, generally a few tens of . some by the Bureau of American Ethology feet above the adjacent valley bottoms. Much of our knowledge of the of the Smithsonian Institution. They range in size from 2 to 80 acres. Hopewellian phenomenon came from In 1944 a beautifully worked Their total area is about 250 acres. Each excavations of mounds in Ohio, some of head that bore a striking resemblance to quarry consists of numerous pits that are the most famous of which were on the large obsidian blades that had been spaced about 20 feet apart. The pits are Hopewell Farm in Ross County. Succes­ taken from Ohio Hopewell mounds was round depressions about 20 feet in diam­ sive excavations here by E. G. Squier and found during excavations in mounds of eter and 3 to 4 feet deep. There are E. H. Davis, W. K. Moorehead, and H. C. the Snyders site on the bluff of the Mis­ about 30 pits per acre. Approximately a Shetrone yielded artifacts made from sissippi River in Calhoun County, Illinois million cubic feet of Knife River Flint was locally available materials such as Flint (Braun et al., 1982). It, too, was made removed from the pits, though probably Ridge and other Ohio , Ohio pipe- from Shetrone's "translucent amber-col­ less than half of this was high-quality stone, cannel coal, river pearls, and black ored chalcedony." The passed into flint. These quarries resemble the Indian bear teeth, as well as artifacts made from a private collection, but Editor Converse quarries on Flint Ridge near Brownsville, materials that could not possibly have was able to see it and he published a Ohio ...." come from southern Ohio or areas close color photograph of this splendid spec­ In the past quarter century I have vis­ to it. These materials were mica, copper, imen (Converse, 1988). See color plate ited parts of all five of these concentra­ obsidian, crystal, non-local flint, Fig. 4. tions of quarry areas at least twice and in fossil shark teeth, marine shells, silver, Fig. 88 in Braun et al. (1982) is a map June, 2000 I made a flight over all of meteoric iron, galena, graphite, teeth of showing the finding places in Ohio, them except the Crowley area for the the barracuda and alligator, shells of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and purpose of taking aerial photographs of marine tortoises, and grizzly bear teeth. Minnesota of artifacts made from the the quarry pits. The flight was made from In his excavation of the Hopewell material. This map shows that it is the Dickinson, North Dakota airport in a Mounds, Shetrone found many chipped exceedingly rare in this area, and pre­ Cessna 172 aircraft. It started shortly stone artifacts that were wonderful exam­ sumably the rarity explains why it was after sunrise so we were over the quarry ples of the flint-knapper's art. Some of used for only the most carefully made areas when the sun was still low and the these were made from Flint Ridge Flint, artifacts, no doubt those intended for interiors of the quarry pits shaded and so some from obsidian now known to have ceremonial rather than practical use. visible on the pictures. A GPS instrument come from the Obsidian Cliff area in Yel­ Archaeologists now refer to Shetrone's with quarry locations previously entered lowstone National Park, some from the "translucent amber-colored chalcedony" in it was used to guide us to the quarry blue-gray hornstone of Harrison County, and McKern's "chalcedony" as Knife areas. Photographs were taken from alti­ Indiana, and some from quartz crystals. River Flint. Thin specimens of it are tudes of 500-1000 feet using a Nikon In Mound No. 25 of the Hopewell Group, indeed of the color and translucency of F100 camera equipped with a 35-70 mm, the great mound or the Hopewell Mound amber, but thicker specimens are various f/2.8 zoom lens. I used ASA 400 speed par excellence, Shetrone found objects shades of dark brown, with the most Kodak negative film and exposure times made from yet a different material; they common color being that of coffee. from 1/1000 to 1/2000 sec. were "two fine spear-points, presumably Nothing like the range of colors exhibited Figs. 1-3 were taken during this flight. ceremonial specimens .... They are fash­ by Flint Ridge Flint occurs with Knife Fig. 1, which looks toward the northwest, ioned from a strikingly handsome translu­ River Flint. Streaks or small patches of shows one of the quarries of the Dunn cent amber-colored chalcedony, the white color are sometimes present in the Center or Lynch quarry area. The build­ source of which has not been determined material, and often it has a whitish patina. ings of the Lynch farm are seen at the (Shetrone, 1926)." It is known now that Knife River Flint upper left of the picture, at the bend of an In 1927 Will C. McKern of the Milwaukee was taken from quarries southwest of the abandoned meander of Spring Creek; the Public Museum became aware that Missouri River in Dunn and Mercer Coun­ current stream is just off the left side of Hopewellian objects had been found along ties, North Dakota. Artifacts and chipping the picture. The prehistoric quarry pits are the Mississippi River in southwestern Wis­ debris of Knife River Flint are common in the very numerous small depressions that consin, and shortly thereafter he excavated the Dakotas, but, as already noted, are dot the hilltop above the valley of the mounds near Trempealeau, a small town quite rare along and east of the Missis­ creek. The large pits near the center of on the big river. The excavations proved sippi River. the picture are modern. There are enor-

4 mous deposits of lignite or low-grade coal slopes. The ancient quarrymen who who passed this information on to other in this part of North Dakota and under­ worked here had to break through the layer midwestern archaeologists. Some years ground mining of this was conducted in of prairie sod to get at the flint cobbles. later he wrote a summary of Wisconsin the early part of the twentieth century. This was a tough job without metal tools, , and in listing the various The large pits are the results of collapse but not nearly as tough as breaking exotic materials obtained by the of old mine galleries. Fig. 2, which also through six feet of Vanport flint without Hopewellian manifestation in that state looks northwest, is of another pair of such tools and high explosives. he mentioned "chalcedonies from North quarries in the Dunn Center quarry area As mentioned above, the portion of Dakota (McKern, 1942)." Will told others which is just northwest of the Lynch farm North Dakota where the Knife River Flint about or directed them to the quarries, buildings. Fig. 3, which looks north-north­ quarries are located is underlain at many and this resulted in a number of publica­ east, shows all of the Dodge quarry area. places by beds of lignite that are exten­ tions which provided information about The meandering stream shown in the sive and thick enough to be commercially the North Dakota flint. Some of these upper left-hand corner of the picture is workable. In fact, lignite strip mining is were in The Minnesota Archaeologist for called Horse Creek. The small white dot being conducted in the areas just east of 1936 and 1942 but the one that was to the north of the quarry and to the left of the Medicine Butte quarries, and the surely read most widely was by an the crossing of the section fences is a stacks of at least one power generating anthropologist from the University of Min­ glacial erratic boulder which is about 12 plant fueled by local lignite can be seen nesota (Jenks, 1937). His article was a feet long. This provides an idea of the size from the summit of Medicine Butte. In the memoir on Minnesota's Browns Valley of the quarry pits. The locations of the 1970s, it seemed that the great concen­ man, a skeleton unearthed in a gravel pit quarries on the tops or slopes of low hills tration of quarry areas and other prehis­ and which he thought was eight to twelve is well shown on all of these photographs. toric cultural features in Dunn County thousand years old. Five chipped flint Also to be noted is the general absence was threatened by an extension of strip points were found with the skeleton and of trees. This part of North Dakota is on mining into the area, and in response to he wrote that all were of a brown translu­ the northern and about the this an ambitious survey to gather data cent flint, a "mineralized wood", which only trees that one sees there are those about the prehistoric cultural resources of was "well known in Minnesota and the that grow along watercourses or have the area was conducted. The report of Dakotas" and which was taken from been planted as windbreaks. the survey (Ahler, 1986) contains a quarries "west of the Missouri River." He was wrong about the flint being a miner­ Clayton et al. remark that "these quar­ tremendous amount of information about alized wood, but the mistake was a nat­ ries resemble the Indian quarries on Flint all aspects of the Knife River Flint quar­ ural one, as mineralized wood is of Ridge near Brownsville, Ohio," and this is ries, and I recommend it to anyone who common occurrence in parts of western true insofar as the extent of quarrying has more than a passing interest in them. North Dakota, and some of it has the activity and the general appearance of the I think it can be obtained from the State same color, luster, and translucency as quarry pits are concerned. However, in Historical Society of North Dakota, North Knife River Flint. other respects the two sets of quarries are Dakota Heritage Center, Bismarck, ND 58505 for a modest fee. different. At Flint Ridge, the flint forms a Although the Crowley, Dodge, Medi­ solid rock stratum averaging 5 or 6 feet Archaeologist John W. Bennett of cine Butte, and Horse Nose Butte quarry thick that lies atop limestone. The flint Washington University told me that by areas were known to some archaeolo­ stratum crops out along the margins of the 1945 it was "common knowledge" gists in the late 1920s and early 1930s ridge but atop the ridge it is covered by a among midwestern archaeologists that the existence of the most extensive con­ layer of earth a few feet to up to ten feet or the North Dakota quarries were the centration of quarry areas, that near more thick. The flint along the margins of source of Shetrone's "translucent amber- Dunn Center in Dunn County, did not the ridge was not suitable for chipping pur­ colored chalcedony" from which splendid become known to archaeologists until poses but the buried material in the central blades had been made by flint knappers much later. George and Kathryn Lynch portions was, and so it was here that the at Hopewellian sites in Ohio, Illinois, and bought the farm that contains much of quarry pits were made. The labor involved Wisconsin (Bennett, 1992). It is not the Dunn Center quarry area in 1948. and was immense, as the overlying soil had to entirely clear how this knowledge came Mrs. Lynch told me that they noticed the be removed and then a hole punched to be, but I think the following scenario is pits in the farm's pastures right off. When through the flint stratum and worked down quite likely the way it happened. she and her husband asked the previous into the underlying limestone so that the The existence of the quarries in Mercer owner of the farm what they were, they flint stratum could be undermined and County became known in the late 1920s were told that the pits were "buffalo wal­ blocks of it broken off (Holmes, 1919, through the activities of George F. Will, a lows." She said that they did not learn quoting the earlier work of Gerard Fowke). Bismarck businessman who had a pro­ the true nature of the pits until people The North Dakota situation is quite dif­ found interest in the and from the North Dakota Geological Survey ferent. There, the flint does not occur as a ethology of North Dakota. He wrote a came to their farm to see the pits in the continuous stratum of rock and in fact it summary of North Dakota archaeology 1960s. These geologists had been has never been seen in place in its parent (Will, 1933), and in this he mentioned that making a reconnaissance survey of the rock. Clayton et al. (1970) and Hickey a conference on the archaeology of the geology of Dunn County, and (1977) concluded that the flint had been Great Plains and contiguous states was they noticed the pits and surmised what formed by silicification of small portions of held at Vermilion, South Dakota in 1931 they were when they were inspecting air­ a lignite bed in the Golden Valley formation and that archaeologists from eight states photo stereopairs made in connection of Tertiary age. Subsequent weathering attended and brought with them collec­ with the survey (Clayton et al., 1970). and erosion of the Golden Valley Formation tions of things from their respective over much of its original area of occur­ The name "Knife River Flint" that is cur­ areas. W. C. McKern from the Milwaukee rence removed the soft claystones, mud- rently used for the material quarried in Dunn Public Museum was present at this con­ stones, siltstones, sandstones, and lignites and Mercer Counties, North Dakota first ference, and it is likely that he found out of the formation but left the broken-up appeared in 1949 (Hewes, 1949). Before then that the "chalcedony" points that he remains of the very resistant silicified lig­ that it had no commonly accepted name. had found in the mounds at Trempealeau, nite—Knife River Flint—as pebbles, cob­ How small quantities of Knife River Wisconsin were fashioned from the bles, and small, flat boulders in the Flint got from western North Dakota to translucent brown flint from North weathering residuum atop hills and on hill sites in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Dakota. Thus, it was probably McKern Indiana, and Ohio in Hopewellian times—

5 and even much earlier—is a most inter­ Clayton, Lee, Stone, W. J., and Jenks, Albert Ernest (1937). esting question but one that is difficult to Bickley, W. B., Jr. (1970). "Minnesota's Browns Valley Man and answer. Readers may find what some "Knife River Flint," Plains Anthropolo­ Associated Burial Artifacts," Memoirs gist, 15: 282-290. Also published in of the American Anthropological Asso­ archaeologists think the answer is in the North Dakota Quarterly, 38 [2]:43-55 ciation, No. 49. Menasha, Wisconsin: paper of Braun et al. (1982); see espe­ American Anthropological Association. cially pp. 86-89. Converse, Robert N. (1988d). I am indebted to Kathryn Lynch, Mr. "A large Hopewell spear," McKern, W.C. (1931). Rohde, Leona Schields, and Clarence, Ohio Archaeologist, 38 [4]: 22. "A Wisconsin variant of the Hopewell Ed, and Floyd Unruh who gave permis­ Culture," Bulletin of the Public Museum sion to enter their lands, directed me to Hewes, Gordon W. (1949). of the City of Milwaukee, 10[2]: 185-328. quarry sites, and gave due notice if there "Burial mounds in the Baldhill area, was a bull in the pasture. North Dakota," American Antiquity, McKern, W.C. (1942). 14: 322-328. "The first settlers of Wisconsin," Wis­ consin Magazine of History, 26:153- Literature Cited 169. Ahler, Stanley A. (1986). Hickey, Leo J. (1977). The Knife River Flint Quarries: "Stratigraphy and Paleobotany of the Shetrone, Henry C. (1926). Excavations at Site 32Du508. Bismarck, Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) "Explorations of the Hopewell Group North Dakota: State Historical Society of Western North Dakota," The Geolog­ of prehistoric earthworks," Ohio of North Dakota. ical Society of America, Inc., Memoir Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 150. Boulder, : The Geological 35: 5-227. Bennett, John W. (1992). Society of America. Personal communication. Will, George F. (1933). Holmes, W.H. (1919). "A resume of North Dakota archae­ Braun. David P., Griffin, James B., and "Handbook of Aboriginal American ology," North Dakota Historical Titterington, Paul F. (1982). Antiquities. Part I. Introductory. The Quarterly, 7: 150-161. "The Snyders Mounds and five other Lithic Industries," pp. 173-181. mound groups in Calhoun County, Illi­ Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of nois," Museum of Anthropology, the American Ethology Bulletin 60. University of Michigan, Technical Washington, D. C: U. S. Government Reports, No. 13. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Printing Office. Museum of Anthropology, the University of Michigan.

Figure 1 (Fredrickson) Aerial view looking northwest over one of the Dunn Center or Lynch quarries.

6 Figure 2 (Fredrickson) Aerial view looking northwest over two additional Dunn Center or Lynch quarries.

Figure 3 (Fredrickson) Aerial view looking north-northeast over the Dodge quarry. Archaeological field parties from the University of Minnesota visited this quarry in 1933 and 1934 and concluded that the material quarried was mineralized wood. They thought the long, linear quarry pit on the southwest slope of the hill was one from which a mineralized log had been taken.

7 Fig. 4 (Fredrickson) Large Hopewell spear made of Knife River flint found at the Snyders site in Calhoun County, Illinois.

8 KATZENBERGER COLLECTION

Old photograph of the Katzenberger collection, Greenville, Darke County, courtesy of Jim Duval, Greenville, Ohio. THE COWAN CREEK MOUND EXAMINATION by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

Cowan Lake has served as a major topped profile. This is the result of an turn were covered with long strips of recreational location for thousands of earlier partial examination by unknown bark. This and several other Adena inter­ residents of southwestern Ohio for over parties in about 1900. A small pit on the ments in the mound did not include fifty years. While I resided in Cincinnati I northwest side of the and a sec­ associated . one spent many happy summer interludes on tion of the mound top mantle had been proved to be fairly typical grave con­ the meandering lake, crewing in Thistle- investigated by the diggers. struction at Cowan Creek. There were 18 class sailboat races in the early 1960's. I Since Baby's work called for expedi­ burials recovered from the mound. knew little at the time about the area's ency due to the impending construction Feature 4, a grave of slightly aberrant rich pre-Columbian history which of a dam which would create 700 acre design, consisted of the remains of an included the 1949 excavation of a conical Lake Cowan, a bulldozer was utilized to infant extended on its back with its head in the now flooded area. slice through various levels of the mound. to the east and feet to the west. The Cowan Lake is located approximately 6 Unfortunately, this method, caused major remains were placed on a prepared ele­ miles southwest of Wilmington in Clinton damage if not destruction of many vated platform with a bark lining. Another County, Ohio. About 2000 years before mound features. A demolition crew from thin layer of bark covered the burial. The the lake's construction, Cowan Creek The State Highway Department was burial was then covered with yellow clay, was the major water source for the Early employed to blast away the remaining varying from .4 to .7 of an inch in thick­ Woodland Adena people. They built at standing trees, stumps and remove the ness. Grave artifacts included a stemmed least two other nearby Adena Mounds brush from the surface of the tumulus. point under the skull, 40 strung disk- which are preserved in the state park. The top-most mound covering con­ shaped shell beads around an ankle and What is significant about the mound sisted of topsoil carried in by the original 80 strung disk-shaped shell beads that once housed a multi-generation builders. Below this was yellow clay at around the infant's neck. cemetery was that it also covered the site some points mixed with black dirt and Burial 6 was the partial remains of a of a circular paired-post house of the charcoal. Beneath this covering was partly cremated adult female which had Adena people. The dwelling, some 45 largely undisturbed sand and gravel. As been placed on bark and covered with feet in diameter, was the first recorded the work progressed it was determined bark. A few vertebrae and rib fragments Adena house site in the Ohio Valley. It the tumulus had been constructed in two were in an extended position indicating was unusual in that it was somewhat stages, producing a large primary struc­ the burial was placed on its back, head larger than similar structures giving the ture and relatively small secondary to the southeast. Apparently the remains impression it once served multiple fami­ mound overlay. were burnt in place and when the lies. It was constructed by placing 68 The top of the lower primary mound remains cooled, the calcined bones were paired wooden posts in a ditch in the cir­ consisted of large stones and boulders gathered and placed in a pile along with cular pattern to support the outer portion partially obscuring a largely burned the calcined skull leaving only scant of a wood, thatch and bark covered roof mantle. Charcoal debris was scattered in uncremated remains in place. In the structure. The posts averaged 6 inches in the burned mantle which consisted of red center of the burnt area the remains of a diameter. Toward the center of the struc­ and yellow clay. While removing the log tomb were exposed. ture larger posts in a roughly rectangular 1 stones the investigators found two Burial 8 was extended on its back, pattern, (averaging 8 /2 inches in diam­ chunks of sandstone with cup-shaped head to the southwest, feet to the north­ eter) supported the central portion of the depressions (Figure 3) apparently used in east, arms at sides. The remains were downward sloping roof. A roof opening the mound capping process. The loading placed on bark and covered with bark, for expelling smoke was likely located in the clay/dirt composition beneath the then buried with loads of village refuse above a centrally-placed combination fire stones contained ash and fire-cracked including mussel shells, snail shells, fire- and burial-pit in the dwelling. The super­ rock indicative of /village refuse cracked stones and charcoal. structure featured a spoke-shaped con­ brought in during mound construction. figuration of logs covered with bark. A Burial 10 was partially destroyed by the discussion of the central burial feature its bulldozer. The remains had been placed significance and contents follows later in Examples of Mound Features/Burials in a log tomb with flat, disc-shaped this report. The first feature uncovered by the bull­ beads strung around the neck. dozer consisted of two extended burials. It was found when a small section of one The Main Burial Feature: The Excavation skull was dragged out with the dirt. The Burial 18, perhaps a special-status The excavation of the Cowan Creek diagnostic Adena inhumations were fully inhumation and main reason for initial Adena Mound began in the Spring of enclosed with logs and bark layers mound construction, was located 1949. Led by Raymond Baby, Curator of placed over and under the burials. The beneath the base of the primary mound Archaeology of The Ohio Historical log-enclosed tomb was roughly square at the center of the paired-post house Society and Bob Goslin, Museum Assis­ measuring 12.5 feet long and approxi­ feature. It was located within and below a tant, the salvage excavation aided by mately 11 feet wide. It was constructed specially-prepared gravel-yellow clay ring earth-moving equipment was completed on top of the primary mound just off its in a sub-floor log tomb. The tomb was in slightly less than three months. The center, and was two logs high at the covered with 16 logs which were sup­ Cowan Creek Mound was 18 feet high sides with single logs at the north and ported by four corner posts 3V2 inches in 1 and 87 feet in diameter at the base. south ends. The top or roof of the tomb diameter and 5 feet 8 /2 inches long. The Shown are views of the mound at the was covered with four crossing logs, covering logs occupied an area 9 by 12 inception of the project (Figures 1 & 2). placed in an east-west direction. Clay feet while the burial pit was 8Vt feet long 1 The reader will note the relatively flat- was chinked in between the logs which in 7V2 feet wide and 3 /2 feet deep. The

10 burial, an adult male, was placed in an gravel ring. These remains may or may not nut fragments. All these materials were extended position on its back, feet to the have been associated with the so-called likely utilized by the house's inhabitants northwest, head to the southeast. The "main burial feature". and were subsequently discarded to remains occupied the center of the sub- become fill for the implanted posts. floor pit or tomb. The pit had been exca­ The House Feature: vated down to the subsoil level (fine Baby and his team determined the sur­ Summary sand and gravel). Bark was placed on the rounding house was burned down before The Cowan Creek Mound excavation floor of the pit which was then covered the subfloor tomb was dug because the took place in the early era of radiocarbon with a thin layer of greenish-gray clay, V2 ring of gravel and yellow clay around the testing. A number of questionable dates inch thick. The remains, wrapped with burial pit is the same as the material were developed for the Cowan Creek fabric and bark were placed on the clay. found in the bottom of the pit charred Mound in 1955. They approximate 400- A second bark covering was then placed ash from the burning of the house was 450AD. These dates are too late for the over the burial. Over this layer was yellow found beneath the gravel/clay mixture. 1 Early Woodland Adena period of 600BC clay, /2 foot thick, and finally the pro­ Investigation of the ash residue produced to 200AD. Judging from the style of the tecting log roof. a layer up to 6V2 inches thick under the stemmed points, it appears that an early- Burial adornments included two heavy gravel and clay ring. The Adena people middle period Adena occupation at copper bracelets, one around each may have pushed a layer of logs into a Cowan Creek is more likely. forearm (Figure 4). A small fragment of pile to be incinerated around the location Illustrated are additional artifacts fabric was found adhering to the bracelets. of the yet unprepared grave. recovered from mound features. Most Also recovered was a large string of fresh The various post-hole depressions at were associated with burials within the water mussel shell, disc-shaped beads at the house site contained a variety of arti­ primary mound. the neck and extending down the torso. A facts including parts of burnt, broken and The writer would like to thank Martha number of sherds were also asso­ whole bone awls, pottery fragments, flint Otto and The Ohio Historical Society for ciated with the remains. A partial crema­ chips, projectile tips, split animal bones, providing access to their Cowan Creek tion and a few fragments of burnt animal deer bones, a flint drill fragment, mussel Mound collections and the original site bones were found at the south edge of the shell, a bone needle and charred hickory report.

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Close-up view of Cowan Creek Mound, Clinton Coun, . just prior to excavation.

11 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) View of Cowan Creek Mound, prior to excavation, showing area to be flooded.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) One of two used as capping material for the Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Two heavy copper bracelets found with the primary mound. main burial feature, Burial 18.

12 Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Examples of bone beads and flat shell disc­ shaped beads found with several burials. Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Additional copper bracelets found with burials.

A;

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Mussel shell, broken granite and gneiss bar amulet, found with burials. Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Partial banded-slate bell pendant, two galena gorgets, found with burials.

m

vy

Figure 9 (Gehlbach) Stemmed points/ found with burials. Figure 10 (Gehlbach) Typical Fayette Thick pot-sherds found in mound fill.

13 TOMAHAWK - SPIKE AXE by John Baldwin West Olive, Micigan

A spike axe is a metal axe blade with a states surrounding the Great Lakes and The eye hole is a rounded end rectangle eye and a spike attached on the Canada have given up a fair share of that is twice as long as it is wide. It was poll opposite the cutting blade. This Indian spike . As a result of trade excavated in New York state. obsolete weapon and is sought by migration, spike axes found their way Second in the photograph is a forged different groups of collectors. This paper west. Examples associated with the so- example with a rare 6V, inch long spike, explores and examines four spike axes called western Indian Wars have been circa 1750. It also has the early spatula made as trade goods for Indians of the recovered from many western sites and blade with an undercut between the American Frontier. have been collected as war relics. Many blade and eye. The rounded eye hole is a X Collecting spike axes of true Indian have survived with their original wood small 7s inches long by A inch wide rec­ usage is a hard task. Consider all the dif­ hafts. Blacksmiths were making spike tangular. On the right outside of the eye ferent types of categories of spike axes. axes for Indian use as weapons as late are the punched initials, N.A.P., possibly The first spike axes were fashioned in as 1890. The category of this relatively the owner or maker. It was collected from Europe and were used for centuries as lightweight small hatchet of the Indian North Carolina. weapons alongside the sword and lance. Wars is my collecting interest and conse­ Third is a forged head with maker's A Special Forces tomahawk, with a trian­ quent study. name 'W. Danforth' stamped in very small gular spike opposite the blade, was cre­ The spike axe is a fearsome weapon. It letters in the middle right side of the spike ated for Viet Nam. The entire axe was can be used in battle with both forward and on the middle left side of the blade. painted military green and was banned and backward strokes potentially effec­ This stamping is diminutive and not very from use as being a too cruel weapon. I tive and lethal. The long spike can easily deep. If the head had been in the ground don't exactly understand this in the face be driven deep. Its relatively light weight very long we could not have seen this of bullet and bomb damage to makes it easily used one handed. Its size mark due to the rusted surface. This life, but we will let that lie. makes it easy to carry. It was versatile makes me wonder if many spike axes The first category then is, military spike and could be used around camp for could have marks which we just can't see. axes, with sub categories, 'early and late', chopping wood, loosening up hard dirt, It is circa 1840, a type attributed to both European and U. S. military. Because of snow or ice or punching needed holes. It late eastern and early western types. Our the timespread of use, all the different could be used as a and for many research found the name 'Danforth' asso­ countries from around the world that made other functional tasks. ciated with silversmiths of that time period. generations of spike axes, and all the dif­ There are several rules of thumb that The ears at the bottom of the eye are thought to be a late trait. The eye on this ferent military campaigns, there may be at differentiate a tool from a weapon. A tool 1 7 least four collecting areas. Other long term generally has no decoration. A weapon, example is 1 /2 inches long by A« inches and diverse categories of spike axes on the other hand, usually has decoration wide in the shape of a pointed oval. It was include: spiked naval boarding axes, in several forms. It may be stamped with excavated along the Mississippi River at spiked fireman's axes, spiked ice axes, patterns or designs. It may have fluting or St. Louis, Missouri. spiked wood tool and shingle making stepdown molding, or a spike that has The bottom forged spike axe, circa 1880 axes, non tool or non weapons, lodge and faceting or goes from square to round. has unusual decoration. On the outside fraternity spiked axes, mountain climbing Weapons often have curved spikes. The center of the eye is the classic Indian tum­ spiked axes, and finally the category of our idea here is that the curve of the spike bling log design, (Swastika - Indian interest, early and late Indian wars spiked lines up to an opposite curve of the head, meaning 'Good Luck'), with four dots in its axe tomahawks. arm or other body parts, allowing the center. On each side of the blade is a floral Any spike axe given to an Indian, spike to penetrate straight in at a 90 design of pleasing arrangement. The which he used as a weapon would degree angle. bottom of the curved spike is faceted as is become an Indian spike axe. The early The hafting eyes of spike axes are usu­ the front and back of the lower eye. The 1 % fur trade companies, local blacksmiths ally small, elongated and narrow. The inch long by % inch wide eye tapers to a and Government contractors made spike original wood hafts are often in the two- much smaller opening at its bottom. The axes for the sole purpose of arming and foot range. Many were made of hickory, eye side walls are very thin. It is maker or trading with the Indians. The late Western possibly due to its elasticity. My observa­ owner marked on the top rear of the blade version of the spike axe is simply a follow tions are that the eyes have no general in capital letters 'ZAK'. It was collected in through of the original idea of filling the pattern to time or feature, although many southern Michigan. demand and securing profit and wealth in eyes were larger at the top side, thus Very little has been written about this the form of furs. designed to load the haft from the top of intriguing weapon. Its rarity and high col­ About 1700 the British are credited the axe. This makes a fit so that the lector demand make it a very coveted with the introduction of the spike axe to metal head cannot slip off the larger top collectible. Along the way, several of the the American Indians. Its area of greatest of the wooden end. A few have been other types of spike axes will be included popularity was in the Atlantic coastal noted with straight-through eyes. A in collections and thus proclaimed to be region from 1700 to 1800. Many exam­ round, or near-round, eye hole is gener­ Indian. Who is to say they were not used ples have been recovered from early sites ally thought of as belonging to a tool and with equal zeal as examples that origi­ in the East. Early type spike axes have not a weapon. nated as Indian trade items. Ongoing been found at Fort Ticonderoga and on The forged top example, circa 1700 is research, publishing of more docu­ the Lake George battlefield in New York typical of many spike axes recovered mented site examples, and selective col­ state. There is record that the spike axe from early New York state sites. It is lecting will keep us all on a true historical was carried by soldiers in the Colonial the earliest form. The short triangular direction pertaining to the spike axe tom­ wars. Examples have been recovered blade is complemented by a squared ahawk of the American frontier. from French and Indian Wars sites. spike longer than the blade. At the back Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and of the spike is a step-down decoration.

14 Figure 1 (Baldwin) Indian trade goods SPIKE AXES TOP Forged. Excavated in New York. Early style. L 7 IN. x W 2% IN. SECOND... Forged. From North Carolina. Marked 'N.A.R' L 103/» IN. x W 2/2 IN. THIRD Forged. Found at St. Louis. Marked 'W Danforth' L 93/< IN. x W 2% IN. BOTTOM... Forged. From Michigan. Stamped designs. Marked 'ZAK' L 8V2 IN. x W 15/« IN.

15 ENGRAVING TOOLS by Jennifer A. Saksa Newton Falls, Ohio 44444

The accompanying photograph shows help form the tip (Hothem 1990:122). References Cited just some of the many engraving tools Some of the smaller flakes with Converse, R.N. that I have found over the past 15 years graver tips could also have been used as 1994 An Engraved Pipestone Bar Amulet. in various Ohio counties. Some of them perforators (Hothem 1990:130). These Ohio Archaeologist 44(4):35 are end scrapers with graver spurs (a fine simple uniface flake designs originated in example is in the middle row, the fourth the era and continued into Hothem, L. 1990 First Hunters Ohio's Paleo-indian one in from the right). Spurs can be later cultures (Hothem 1990:129). Artifacts Hothem House Books, 122, placed on one side of the scraping edge Engraving tools could have been used 129, 130 or at the opposite end of the scraping to engrave bone, slate, shell or other edge (Waldorf 1987:229). Most of the available materials. Rarely were perfect Waldorf, D.C. and Val Waldorf other engravers that I have were fash­ artifacts engraved. Usually engraving was 1987 Story in Stone Flint Types of the ioned from uniface flakes. A few of my limited to damaged or broken artifacts for Central and Southern U.S. engravers have a spur located on a bifa­ reasons unknown to us (Converse 1994). Mound Builder Books, 229 cial blade. Several of these engravers Apparently, some of these ancient were used as combination tools. They engravers' manufacturers had an artistic have flakes removed along a beveled eye. In the middle row of the photograph, side edge and were used as side the engraving tool in the exact center scrapers. Others have dual graver tips. was fashioned from beautiful red Flint Usually graver tips have very tiny pres­ Ridge flint with just the graver tip itself sure flaking along one side of them to being black in color.

Figure 1 (Saksa) Engraving tools found in various counties of Ohio.

16 A NESTING TYPE BIRDSTONE by Ken Simper Hamilton, Indiana 46742

One of the less common types of bird­ times after such damage, birds were tally The material used in its manufacture was stone is the so-called nesting type. Its notched. There are approximately 92 very grayish-green slate with many black bands. name is derived from watching actual small tally notches on it. They begin on The size is 3V2" inches long with the birds sitting on their nests incubating the top of the beak, go down the back of the height only reaching 17B inches due to the eggs they laid. neck all the way down the back to the nesting position. Having owned this for many tail. They continue down one side of the Two early collectors of this fine bird­ years, I noted a couple of interesting fea­ neck at the front and around both sides stone were AT. Wehrle of Newark, Ohio. tures about it. of its oval body. His number 264W used to be on the left First, the end of the tail should be A second note of interest is a slightly side of its body but has been worn off slightly longer than it is. Sometime during damaged eye. A smoothing out was from handling. It was #340 in the fine manufacture or hard usage the tail was accomplished leaving equidistant tool slate collection of Cameron Parks of Gar­ damaged. The damaged area was then marks like those seen on Ohio pipestone rett, Indiana, where it was labeled as mostly ground and smoothed out. Many birds. being found in Delaware County, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Simper) Birdstone from Delaware County, Ohio.

17 COLLECTION FROM STOW, SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio

Stone Tools Recently, I was privileged to examine Point Type Number and photograph a collection of prehistoric Among the stone tools were three Paleo Lanceolate 1 artifacts found in the city of Stow, Ohio in three-quarter grooved axes of hard stone, northeastern Summit County. Not too Concave Base Transitional Point 1 one of which was nearly 10 inches in many years ago, Stow was a farming Archaic Bevel 3 length (figure 7) and showed much evi­ community. Inevitably, its location Archaic Side Notch 4 dence of battering and some damage from farm machinery. between Akron and Cleveland and its Archaic Corner Notch 5 proximity to major highways has brought There were 6 celts - two made of Fish Spear 2 much suburban development over the granite are pictured in figure 8 - a pestle past 40 years. Pentagonal 2 made of rose quartzite (figure 9), a nut The cornfields, where a person might Bottle Neck 1 stone, and other broken stone objects. pick up a piece of flint to tell something Archaic Stem 1 The collection contains four bar gorgets of banded slate and one of black slate. about the area's past, have mostly been Expanded Stem 1 cemented over by housing developments, One is trapezoidal and two are expanded Adena-Type Stem 9 highways and shopping centers. center gorgets. Figure 10 shows three of Since I moved to this area, I have, with Hopewell 6 the slate objects, and figure 11 shows an ASO member Gary Kapusta, attempted to Ft. Ancient Triangle 3 undrilled banded gorget. study the few remnants left of its archae­ Large Ft. Ancient Knife 1 The most unusual is a large, heavy pestle-like object of hard stone ology. (See Kapusta, Ohio Archaeologist, Intrusive Mound 2 Winter 2000) nearly 10 inches long and 3 inches in Drill 1 diameter. The tool has step-like thinning The Merkel Collection Large Knife 1 on one end and exhibits some pitting on While Stow was still a farming commu­ Tool 1 both ends. (Figures 12 & 13) nity in the earlier half of the twentieth cen­ Unkn. Broken Knife w/shaft Scraper 1 I greatly appreciate that the Stow His­ tury, George Merkel hunted artifacts in torical Society allowed me to study and this area. His collection - now in the pos­ Of particular interest among the flint photograph this collection. Much thanks session of the Stow Historical Society - pieces are two beveled knives. The 3.5- to Willa Williams and to Ed Williams, Pres­ was donated by the family of George inch Archaic Bevel in figure 2 has been re- ident, for their assistance, and to ASO Merkel. The artifacts were sent to the sharpened to the point that, not only are members Jeff Adams and Gary Kapusta, Stow Society from New York after his its shoulders nearly gone, but it resem­ who identified many of the stone tools, passing. Mr. Merkel's farmhouse, built in bles the drill bit displayed next to it. Addi­ points and the flint material for this report. 1885, still stands in Stow on Newcomer tionally, the 4.5-inch oval-shaped knife in Credit is also due to the Merkel family of Road, which is the county line between figure 3 is steeply beveled on both sides. New York for donating the collection to Stow. Summit and Portage Counties. Also in figure 3 is a 3.25-inch Fort The George Merkel collection is a multi- Ancient Knife made of a black variety of Mr. Williams noted that every third component group, containing flint points Plum Run material with rust-red bands grader in the city views the collection and tools, slate objects and hard stone swirling across the blade. The photograph each year as part of their study of Ohio tools. does not adequately display the beauty of and local history. What great sampling of Interestingly, the collection was found this Plum Run blade. artifacts to get kids and residents excited in the same area as one of the most Other notable items were two 3 inch about Ohio's vast prehistoric past! famous caches ever found in Ohio. The pentagonal knives (figure 4, center), a 3- Merkel farmhouse lies directly across the inch fish spear (figure 5), and a concave References road from the Luken's Farm where the base Transitional point. Adams, Jeff, Revenna, Ohio, famous Adena cache of 356 Flint Ridge Material types also varied. Much of the Personal Communication, July 2000. Converse, Robert blades, complete with red ocher and a material appeared to be Upper Mercer container - was found in 1982. (See Con­ 1994 Ohio Flint Types, the Archaeological flint and Plum Run. There are also a few Society of Ohio, Columbus verse Ohio Archaeologist, Summer 1984 Flint Ridge pieces, some glacial material Converse, Robert, & Holzapfel, Ohio Archaeologist, Fall and unknown . Below is a chart, "The Luken's Cache," 1996) summarizing the flint varieties in the col­ Ohio Archaeologist, Summer 1984, lection: Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 20. Flint Artifacts Holzapfel, Elaine, The flint artifacts of the Merkel collec­ "The Luken's Cache in 1996," tion consisted of 45 flint knives, points Flint Type Number of Points Ohio Archaeologist, Fall 1996, Vol. 46 No. 4 pp. 14-17. and tools. These points range over sev­ Black Upper Mercer 12 Kapusta, Gary eral time periods. There was one lanceo­ Grey/Blue Upper Mercer 6 "Recovering the Past a Second Time," late and one concave-base transitional Plum Run 11 Ohio Archaeologist, Winter, 2000, point, numerous Early, Middle and Late Vol. 50, No. 1,pp.6-7. Flint Ridge 5 Archaic pieces, several Adena-like stem Kapusta, Gary, Rootstown, Ohio knives, as well as Intrusive Mound and Glacial 3 Personal Communication, July 2000. Triangle points. Below is a chart summa­ Flat Black (Nellie-like) 1 Williams, Ed, Stow, Ohio Personal Communication, July 2000. rizing the various point types. Plum Run Cortex 1 Unknown Cherts 6b

18 | ^Figure 1 (Rusnak) Frame of 45 M Figure 3 points and 4 slate objects in the (Rusnak) Ft. Merkel collection. Ancient knife (3'A") made of Plum Run flint and 4'A" n beveled knife. iflltfMt Figure 2 Mtt ttt (Rusnak) Archaic Bevel on the right re- TTftOtflt* sharpened to the point that it resembles the adjacent drill.

•< Figure 6 (Rusnak) Top row: Adena points. Bottom row: Archaic Comer Notch and a Transitional Point.

Figure 10 (Rusnak) Slate gorgets.

Figure 7 (Rusnak) Three-quar­ ter grooved axe measures 10 inches long.

Figure 11 (Rusnak) Figure 12 (Rusnak) 10 inch pestle-like object made of Figure 13 (Rusnak) Three-quarter Undrilled gorget. hardstone. grooved axe.

19 THE NILES MOUND EXCAVATION by D.R. Gehlbach

The Niles Mound was one of three The mound was initially trenched to a blade and a fresh water mussel shell. A Adena mounds formerly known as the depth of 7 feet throughout. The primary single stemmed point was found in a Niles-Wolford Mound Group. (See Ohio feature still intact at the baseline level was depression between Burials 2 and 3. Burial Archaeologist, Vol. 49 # 4) The last of the a distinct oval post hole pattern consisting 3 was an adult male extended on its back three to be professionally investigated, it of 22 holes mostly slanted outwardly. The head pointed east/south/east and feet was located northwest of and about thirty single hole pattern measuring 28.4 feet west/north/west. Its right arm was yards from the nearest member of the N/S by 22.5 feet F7W penetrated the orig­ extended at its side. The left arm was group. The first two mounds were exam­ inal mound floor about .3 foot on an flexed beneath the head. This corpse was ined in 1932 by Emerson Greenman, average. The individual holes ranged from located on the north side of the fire pit former Curator of Archaeology of The .5 feet to .6 feet in diameter. Fragments of almost touching its edge. It had been Ohio Historical Society. charred logs and grit tempered pottery placed on a bark layer. Accompanying it Mound three, known as the Niles were found in the holes. The floor level were mussel shells, chert fragments, snail Mound was explored as a salvage dig perhaps served some form of dwelling, shells, some animal bones and a piece of during June and July 1956. An Ohio His­ possibly a charnel house, (see following charred log, .8 feet long, .3 foot in diam­ torical Society sponsored team led by description of the burial practices) eter. The latter may have been the remnant Raymond Baby, Curator of Archaeology, portion of a log crib, a diagnostic feature of Robert Goslin, Jack Schaeffer and a Burial Features: Adena tombs. The soil of this crypt was group of Baby's anthropology students At the center of the house feature a fire laden with charcoal and small masses of from Ohio State University expedited pit was encountered with cremated human fired clay/loam. The final inhumation a par­ their field school experience by exam­ skeletal remains. The pit was 5.5 feet long, tial burial of a female consisted of skull ining materials from a series of parallel 3 feet wide and included the residue of at fragments, rib fragments and several deep trenches excavated by bulldozer least 6 burials, burned clay and charred upper lumbar vertebrae all mixed with dark across the mound. wood. Several randomly located post humus and scattered potsherds. The site was just north of Commercial holes were uncovered near this feature. The Niles mound excavation was com­ Point/Circleville Road near the west bank The research team postulated fragmentary pleted on July 15, 1956 and the site was of the Scioto River on the Pickaway inhumations may have been removed from graded for farming use. County, Ohio farm, of Charles Niles. Niles an earlier burial location and placed in the The writer could not identify the Niles and a friend had previously partially mortuary fire pit. Surrounding this pit fea­ Mound materials excepting photographs destroyed and exposed about one third of ture were 4 additional burials, 2 males, a of the mound itself in The Ohio Historical the mound profile in 1940 to prepare the female and a child. Two were complete Society collections. Therefore he decided site for farming. Their accidental distur­ and the remains of the other two were to photograph a sample of artifacts from bance of human bone materials and other scattered in the midden possibly due to the nearby Wolford Mound, the remaining unidentified artifacts halted further activity. rodent disturbance. Burial 1 extended on unpublished edifice of the Niles-Wolford At the time of its final examination, the its back was an adult with its head pointed Mound Group. Several figures of these southeast and feet northwest. Its arms Niles Mound, stood 14V2 feet tall with an artifacts are presented with this article. E/W diameter of 56 feet and a N/S diam­ were extended at its side with hands They illustrate typical Adena artifacts eter of 69 feet. (Figure 1) folded under the hips. The head and torso found in the three mound complex. It was constructed of very sandy loam extended over the filled pit at its south The author would like to thank Martha likely removed from the bank of the edge. Burial 2 next to distal fragments of Otto, Curator of Archaeology, and The Ohio Scioto River. Groundhog holes and other Burial 1 consisted only of the leg bones of Historical Society for continuing courtesies rodent cavities permeated its surface a child. Associated with both of these in his research of archived Society archaeo­ which probably compromised a number graves were grit tempered potsherds, an logical field reports and collections. of its former features. antler tine , a tip of a leaf-

•^Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Niles Mound, prior to excavation in 1956.

20 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Sandal-shaped pen­ Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Portion of constricted mouthpiece dant, banded slate, Wolford Mound. limestone tube pipe. Wolford Md.

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Partial and whole "Coshocton" flint stemmed Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Prepared sandstone tablets, Wolford Md. points, Wolford Md.

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Olivella shells and shell necklace, Figure 7 (Gehlbach) "Fayette Thick" potsherds, Wolford MD. Wolford Md.

21 ARCHAIC PESTLES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Stone pestles were invented during the bottom end up, and used as lap mortars A variety of hard gritty stone is found in Middle Archaic period in Ohio. Pestles are - which could explain the polished cavity pestles from quartzite to granite. Although common tools and thousands of them and rough base. The function of pestles, they were sometimes fashioned of softer have been found - nearly all of them on like that of many stone tools, may be stone, it is rare. the surface of the ground. Rarely are they more complicated than we realize. discovered in any kind of archaeological situation or with burials. It is presumed that pestles were designed for grinding seeds, nuts, roots or other vegetal matter. Although they are sometimes called corn grinders, they never ground corn since the Archaic people of 6,000 years ago were unaware of corn. A large majority of them show heavy use. From the damage evident on nearly all pestles it is obvious that these tools were subjected to heavy use, per­ haps for pounding and battering as well as grinding. Despite the large number of pestles it is unusual to find one which does not show signs of hard use or damage and pristine examples are extremely scarce. A curious feature on many pestles is the slight cavity or dimple in the center of the base or grinding surface. Strangely, these dimples are highly polished while the base surrounding them is rough - just the opposite of what would seem to be the case if they were strictly used as grinders. I have seen two or three exam­ ples with a pair of conjoined dimples or cavities in their bases. Pestles were obviously used in con­ junction with mortars. And just as obvi­ ously one might ask "where are the mortars" since mortars are among the rarest of all stone tools from the Archaic period and pestles outnumber them thou­ sands to one. Quite probably the mortars were made of wood which may explain the lack of polish on the bases of pestles. Pestles occur in a variety of styles from simple conical "dunce hat" shapes to those which are highly refined with expanded bell shaped bottoms or with a knob on the top of the handle. Some are finely fashioned while others appear to be altered no more than what would be required for the job at hand. While pestles are usually characterized as being simple grinding tools, their func­ tion may be more than is apparent to us. Figure 1 (Converse) A fine Ohio pestle from the collection of Richard Coulter, Delaware, Ohio. Made One suggestion by Dr. Meuser was that of striped quartzite, it exemplifies pestles with an obvious pride of design typical of some Middle they were held between the knees, Archaic stone artifacts.

22 BRYANTSVILLE CHERT by Dr. William C. Meadows Indiana State University, Department of Anthropology Holmstedt Hall 001, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809

Prioto 1 (Meadows) Bryantsville chert samples showing diverse range of brecciation and color, including heat treated flakes. Lawrence County, Indiana.

Photo 2 (Meadows) Sample of tools ranging from Late Paleo to Late Woodland , made from Bryantsville chert. Lawrence County, Indiana.

23 Bryantsville chert is one of several abun­ All cherts have impurities, and like most gravers, drills, spoke shaves, , one dant chert forms in south central Indiana. cherts, a wide range of shades and tex­ chert hammer, and hafted scrapers of sev­ Bryantsville, Aliens Creek, Harrodsburg, tures may be found in Bryantsville chert eral diagnostic projectile point types. Indian Creek, and Stanford cherts all natu­ samples from variations in the individual Of these diagnostic forms, concentration rally occur in Lawrence County, Indiana and composition of the surrounding geology of Bryantsville chert use appears in the fol­ were used prehistorically. Bryantsville chert and formation conditions. The major impu­ lowing temporal and cultural periods and is a member of the Bryantsville Breccia rities found in cherts are clays, carbonates, diagnostic tool quantities: Paleo-lndian Bed, in the Ste. Genevieve Limestone For­ iron oxides, and organic matter, and are (Clovis 1, Quad 2,1 unclassified Late Paleo mation, in the Blue River Group within the usually located outside of the actual quartz unfluted form), Early Archaic (Kirk Corner Valmeyeran Series of the Mississippian grains of the chert (Luedtke 1992:36). Notch, 37), Late Archaic French Lick Phase System (Bassett and Powell 1984). Origi­ Bryantsville chert colors include off-whites, (Matanzas 10, Brewerton 8, Karnak 38, and nally named Burton Chert by Curtis Tomak light blues, greasy light and navy blues and numerous bifaces), Late Archaic Riverton (1983) from samples taken from the Burton smoky translucent shades. The presence (Merom, 37), and Late Woodland Oliver stone quarry near Bryantsville, in Lawrence of the brecchia and the varying degrees of Phase (Madison, 28). In comparing the County, Indiana, this chert has become mottling or splotches is the most prevalent Blue River Group geological formation with better known as Bryantsville, in reference to aspect in macroscopically identifying the site surveys and collector interviews, the its geologic position (Cantin 1984:9-10). chert. Individual brecchiation are com­ spatial dimensions of the chert indicate As a member of the Blue River Group, monly found in sizes ranging up to around that it was used extensively on prehistoric this chert most commonly outcrops in a % of inch in width. However brecchiation is sites in this area on a Local (up to 3.0 km) linear formation, from north to south; in not macroscopically visible in all forms of and Semi-local (3.0-30.0 KM) basis as western Monroe, eastern Green, western the chert, especially in some of the whiter defined by Munson and Munson (1984), Lawrence, eastern Martin, northern Orange varieties of the chert and is often totally throughout most of the prehistoric record. absent in the light gray, opaque white, and and west central Washington Counties of Although Bryantsville is a primarily translucent smoky varieties of the chert. Indiana. Occasional outcrops are reported medium to low-grade chert with a limited The texture of the chert is also highly vari­ as far south as Harrison County. Occa­ spatial range of archaeological use, its able, ranging from waxy and vitreous to sional outcrops may continue into Ken­ temporal use spans the entire archaeolog­ porcelaneous and chalky. tucky as one sample of raw material was ical record for south-central Indiana. The obtained from a site on the Kentucky side Heat-treating of Bryantsville chert does author would like to hear from anyone with of the near Leavenworth. To not appear to have been a very wide­ artifacts or source areas for this material as date, site surveys and collector interviews spread or significant activity. Heat-treated it represents an important lithic material in suggest that the primary prehistoric utiliza­ flakes are only occasionally found in low the archaeology of Lawrence and sur­ tion of this chert is centered along the East numbers on sites and only 13 (mostly early rounding counties of south-central Indiana. Fork of the White River and Indian Creek in archaic) of 700 tools recorded, exhibit evi­ Lawrence and Martin Counties. Smaller dence of heat-treating. Heat-treated sam­ Bibliography quantities of tools, bifaces, and ples exhibit color changes to red, glossy Bassett, John L. and Richard Powell are common on sites along the upper and red, reddish purple, and black colors. 1984 Stratigraphic Distribution of Cherts in central portions of Lost River in Orange Some rather coarse samples of the chert Limestones of the Blue River Group in Southern Indiana. In Prehistoric Chert County. Outside of this core area the have been found in a charred state and amount of debitage and tools quickly Exploitation: Studies From the Midconti- suggest that these samples were not con­ nent, edited by B. M. Butler and E. E. decreases. The author has recorded tools ducive to heat alteration. High quality sam­ from Monroe, eastern and southeastern May, pp. 239-251. Occasional Paper 2, ples of the chert are somewhat waxy and Center for Archaeological Investigations, Jackson, northern Dubois, southern vitreous and do not appear to have neces­ Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Orange, central Daviess, and western and sitated heat alteration. southwestern Washington Counties. Cantin, Mark Utilization of this chert spans the entire 1984 Provenience, Description, and Archaeo­ This chert occurs most commonly as prehistoric era in south-central Indiana logical Use of Selected Chert Types of lenticular masses eroding out of the lime­ from Paleo Indian to Oliver Indiana. Unpublished Manuscript. stone bedrock along blufftops and in Phase Madison triangular Indiana State University Archaeology exposed drainages. These tabular bedded points. From a sample of over 700 docu­ Laboratory, Terre Haute, In. lenses may produce masses up to 24 mented tools from Lawrence and sur­ DeRegnacourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady inches in length and 12 inches in width and rounding counties, the following diagnostic 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. height. Four to six inch nodules of the tool forms have been identified: Agate Occasional Monographs Series of the material are also frequently encountered, Basin, Big Sandy, Bottleneck Stemmed, Upper Miami Valley Archaeological and are more common around karst con­ Brewerton Ear and Side Notched, Buck Research Museum, No. 7. Western Ohio texts, and along some smaller drainages. Creek Barbed, Clovis, Decatur, Delhi, Podiatric Medical Center, Greenville, Oh. As a medium to low quality chert, this chert Dickson Contracting Stemmed, Dovetail- Luedtke, Barbara E. is characterized by heavily white weathered St. Charles, Fox Valley, Gary Contracting 1992 An Archaeologist's Guide to Chert and surface colors with occasional orange Stemmed, Kanawha, Karnak Stemmed Flint. Archaeological Research Tools 7. staining, opaque blue-gray interior colors, and Unstemmed, Kirk Corner Notched, Institute of Archaeology, University of profuse brecciation (breccia or angular rock Kirk Stemmed, Ledbetter Stemmed, Lowe California, Los Angeles. fragments)' in the form of amorphous mot­ Flared Base, MacCorkle, Madison, Munson, Patrick J. and Cheryl Ann Munson tling or splotched, a non-fossiliferous struc­ Matanzas Side Notched, McWhinney 1984 Cherts and Archaic Chert Exploitation in ture, considerable interior structural fracture Heavy Stemmed, Merom Expanding South-Central Indiana. In Prehistoric planes, medium to poor conchoidal fracture Stemmed, Oliver Phase Humpback Chert Exploitation: Studies From the planes, and thus often fractures unpre­ Knives, Palmer Corner Notched, Pine Tree Midcontinent, edited by B. M. Butler and dictably in knapping. Georgiady (DeRegna- Corner Notched, Quad, Raccoon Notched, E. E. May, pp. 149-166. Occasional court and Georgiady 1998:17) defines Raddatz Side Notched, Stanley Stemmed, Paper 2, Center for Archaeological brecciated as, "A rock made up of fragmen­ Steuban Expanded Stemmed, Thebes, Investigations, Southern Illinois tary components, course or angular, that and several undiagnostic Late Archaic, and University, Carbondale. may be caused by rock crushing along Early and Middle Woodland point types. In Tomak, Curtis H. faults, or fossil fragments cemented addition, a wide variety of tool forms made 1983 Archaeological Work and Recommenda­ together by calcareous or siliceous mate­ from this chert were also recorded tions for Indiana Department of High­ rials." Occasional vugs and quartz crystal including; bifaces, beveled and un-beveled ways Project F-095-3(6), Lawrence inclusions are found in samples. blades, end and side scrapers, edge tools, County, Indiana. Indiana Department of Highways, November.

24 CRYSTAL SIDE NOTCH by Jack Rosenfeld 5177 Tuxworth Court Columbus, Ohio 43232 April 29, 2000

Figure 1 (Rosenfeld) Side Notch Point of quartz crystal.

This side notch point is made of rock quartz crystal. It is 4 inches in length and was found in Harrison Co., Georgia. I acquired it five years ago. It is a beautiful artifact and covered with patina, but I was still not comfortable with its authenticity due to its large 4 inch length and the presence of air bubbles throughout. Not being an expert in mineralogy, I was afraid it might be made of glass . . . even though showing what looks like patina. Years later, my suspi­ cions were finally put at ease after I made a trip to England and subsequently to London. While visiting "The British Museum", I came across the famous "crystal skull" on display. It is pre- Columbian, probably Aztec or Mixtec. The crystal skull was dis­ covered in in 1889. Upon close observation, I saw the same type of flaws such as capsulated bubbles and veins that I now know are common to that material. Now with more knowledge about crystal artifacts, the patina, the presence of bubbles and flaws and history of the piece, I'm convinced that the rock crystal side notch point is authentic.

Jack Rosenfeld

•References: "The Crystal Skull" By: Richard Garvin Figure 2 (Rosenfeld) The British Museum crystal skull, which was The British Museum discovered in Mexico in 1889. It has been classified as pre- Rocks & Minerals by Chris Columbian, probably Aztec or Mixtec.

25 SCARR ROCKSHELTER by Steven P. Howard and Paul J. Pacheco SUNY College at Geneseo May 2000

ABSTRACT honding River joins the Tuscarawas River around 2,100 B.R to 1,600 B.R is domi­ In August and September of 1997, about 2 kilometers south of the site to nated by the Ohio Hopewell culture, Paul J. Pacheco and Kristi J. Krumrine of form the Muskingum River. The rock­ known for more elaborate earthworks and P & K Archaeological Consulting con­ shelter is a natural overhang in a sand­ artifacts than the Adena. A few Ohio ducted an archaeological survey for the stone outcropping, possibly from the Hopewell sites are found within the region. Coshocton City and County Park District. Sharon Conglomerate, Pottsville Forma­ Late Woodland sites are also located During field reconnaissance for this tion. The overhang covers an area of within the region. These are characterized project, a rockshelter was investigated about 7x3 meters, and is approximately by the advent of the bow and arrow, just outside the project area on an adja­ 2.1 meters high. Specific information resulting in small, thin, mainly triangular cent steep hillside. The site was found to regarding soils at the site are unavailable. points, and the gathering of people into contain both prehistoric and historic A generalized soil map produced in 1993 villages. Local representatives of this components. After completing the park by the Ohio Department of Natural period include the poorly known peoples project, Pacheco returned to the rock- Resources places the site within the sometimes referred to as the Cole com­ shelter to conduct a cursory excavation. Tioga-Chili-Watertown Soil Association, plex. By the Late Prehistoric period, from Though diagnostic artifacts were sparse characterized by gently sloping to steep, 1,000 to 350 years ago, the Philo Phase- and mostly inconclusive, it was found moderately well drained soils formed in complex had intruded into that a seasonal occupation existed colluvium and residuum from the region. In Coshocton County, the Tum- during the Late . This interbedded shale, siltstone, and sand­ blin Site represents this culture. paper provides a detailed analysis of the stone. Large blocks of a bluish-gray chert The local peoples of the Proto-Historic test excavations. were observed below the site, possibly period came into limited contact with indicating the presence of a chert out­ European goods via other groups to the INTRODUCTION cropping nearby, but this was not posi­ east that had actually come into contact tively confirmed. In late August and September of 1997, with the Europeans. Later, displaced Paul Pacheco conducted a Phase 1 The local vegetation was originally a eastern peoples like the Delaware and survey for the Coshocton City and mixed oak forest, dominated by white, Wyandotte settled into the region, and County Park District to locate any pos­ black and red oak, and including various the Delaware became embroiled in the sible archaeological resources in an area hickory species. This was home to a American Revolution on the British side. of about 1.75 acres along the Wal- variety of wildlife. Some of the species Natives abandoned the region after the honding River in Tuscarawas Township, still found in the region include deer, rac­ in 1795. Coshocton County, Ohio. The project coon, fox, cottontail rabbit, opossum, White missionaries had entered the area, identified as site 33Cs402, was pro­ and squirrels. Other species that once region as early as 1776, but after 1795, posed to be an expansion of the adjacent lived in the area include turkey, bear, the door was wide open for settlers. Lake Park Campground. On September wolf, panther, elk, beaver and mink. The Coshocton County was formed in 1801, 3, during field reconnaissance, Mr. Steve Walhonding River likely provided fish, and the population soared. A canal was Miller, director of the Lake Park Camp­ shellfish and migratory waterfowl as well. built through the area in the 1820's and ground, led a group including Pacheco, '30's, and abandoned to railroads by the Krumrine, Jeff Carskadden, Richard CULTURAL SETTING 1850's. In the first quarter of the 1900's, Gartley, and Dewey Albright to a rock- The prehistory of this region begins the Scarr family owned the lands on shelter within the campground (see Fig. with the Paleo-lndian period, around which the site is located. The site later 1). The previous owners of the land were 14,000 to 12,000 years ago. Fluted became a part of the Lake Park Camp­ the Scarr family, so the name Scarr points are the most common artifacts ground, with a golf course located on the Rockshelter was given to the site. His­ associated with this period, and hilltop above it. toric and prehistoric remains, evident on Coshocton County has a high incidence the surface, prompted Dr. Pacheco to of these points compared to the rest of METHODS AND PROCEDURE register the site with the Ohio Historic the state. The abundance of chert The preliminary reconnaissance had Preservation Office, as site 33Cs401. A resources in the area is cited as a pos­ occurred during the Park District project, small-scale test excavation was planned sible reason. on September 3rd. A surface survey of the for the autumn, under the auspices of the The Archaic period, dating from around project area was conducted at that time, Lake Park Campground. The following is 12,000 B.R to 3,000 B.R, is well repre­ and artifacts were collected from the sur­ a report on the brief excavations and an sented in the region. Several local sites face. The test excavations at the rock­ overview of the results. Due to the prox­ contained diagnostic Archaic artifacts, shelter transpired on October 24, 1997. imity of 33Cs401 to 33Cs402, portions of including 33Cs52, 33Cs66, 33Csl09, and Crew members for the excavations this report have been freely adapted from 33Cs229. Local Archaic sites tend to be included four volunteer students from Kent Pacheco and Krumrine 1997. situated on rises in the flood plain or on State University (Brian Scanlan, Terry upland ridge tops. Capellini, Bill Kennedy, and Jennifer Filler), ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING After 3,000 BP, the Woodland period Jeff Carskadden, and Dewey Albright. Located within the unglaciated begins, marked mainly by the production One-meter-square units were meas­ Appalachian Plateau Physiographic of ceramics. In this region, the early part of ured, beginning just inside the drip-line in Province, this site is situated on a steep the Woodland period is represented by the the north end of the shelter. Four units hillside at about 300 meters above sea , identified by their use of were aligned in a southerly direction, and level, overlooking Mill Creek and the Wal- burial mounds and small earthworks. The a fifth was located adjacent to Unit 2 on honding River to the west. The Wal- Middle Woodland period, dating from the west side. Unit 2 was located one

26 meter south of Unit 1, with Unit 3 Excavations of the five units yielded tively large percentage of the debitage, between them. Unit 4 was one meter more prehistoric and historic artifacts. 21%, was utilized as flake tools (see south of Unit 3, and Unit 2 was between Overall, 365 prehistoric and 38 historic Table 2). The presence of an Archaic them (see Fig. 2). artifacts were recovered, as well as 247 fragment may indicate that the site was Excavation proceeded in arbitrary 10- ecofacts, mainly consisting of fragmen­ utilized as early as at least 3,000 years cm levels, measured using a line-level tary charcoal pieces. ago, but such an artifact may have been attached to the SE comer of the units (see Lithic debitage made up the majority of picked up and reworked by Woodland Fig. 3). Units 1 and 2 were excavated fully the prehistoric artifact count. All forms of peoples. The occurrence of the pot­ to a sterile, heavily rock-strewn layer. Units debitage were recovered, but secondary sherds indicates that the site was in use 4 and 5 were only partially excavated to flakes were the most abundant (see Table in the Woodland period, and the cord- investigate a possible feature extending 1). Most of the material was local Upper marking and triangle point fragment per­ from Unit 2. Approximately 30 x 30 cm of Mercer chert, mixed with a few other local haps suggest that the primary the NW comer of Unit 4 and the SE comer cherts. Non-diagnostic lithic tools occupation was during the later portion of Unit 5 were examined. Due to time con­ included three unidentifiable biface frag­ of the Late Woodland period, at 800 - straints and exuberance, the first two ments, eighteen retouched flakes, and 56 1200A.D. levels of Unit 3 were combined, and fur­ unretouched utilized flakes (see Table 1). Archaic people or Woodland people ther excavation of that unit was aban­ Of the biface fragments, one was a probably made the stone mortars at the doned before completion. reworked mid-section of a point made of site, most likely to process nuts. Around Trowels were used to excavate in all units heat-treated Upper Mercer chert, but the the Woodland period, acorns and hickory except Unit 3, in which a shovel was used. type was unidentified. On another, also of nuts would have been dominant in the A Va-inch mesh was used to dry screen the Upper Mercer, a shoulder, notch and area. Unfortunately, no ecofacts of this excavated soil. Units were back-filled once blade was present, suggesting an Archaic nature were collected from the site. The excavations were concluded. type, but the artifact was too damaged to presence of the mortars doesn't suggest determine this with certainty. The third anything as to the age of the site, but biface was a blade edge of Brush Creek RESULTS suggest that the site was probably used chert. Lithic diagnostics were very limited, The matrix of the site was mostly light seasonally especially during the autumn. consisting of two projectile point frag­ yellow-brown, silty sand near the surface, It is clear, based on the historic arti­ ments. One of these was a fire-damaged, and darker brown toward the lower levels. facts and recorded dates, that individuals reworked mid-section of a small Late The soil appeared to have been disturbed of the Scarr family used the rockshelter in Woodland triangle of Upper Mercer chert. to a depth of approximately 25 cm, and the 1920's. The presence of the gun The other was a reworked mid-section of up to 40 cm in some spots. A small fea­ shells suggest that it was, at some point, a side-notched Archaic point, also of ture was recorded in the NW comer of used as a place to shoot from, whether Upper Mercer. This point was reworked for Unit 1, about 6 cm below the surface, with hunting small game or just target use as a . Also included in the prehis­ a depth of 5 cm, and a u-shaped profile. shooting. toric assemblage were two bone frag­ Another small stain was noted in Unit 2, at ments that appeared to have been altered. The ecofacts collected at the sight are a depth of about 20 cmbs. It is not clear of no use in determining the age of the what either of these features represents, Prehistoric ceramics were sparse at site, because it is unclear whether they although postmolds are a possibility. A the site as well. A total of four small, resulted from prehistoric or historic occu­ larger possible feature, defined by very poorly preserved fragments of pottery pation. The charcoal mainly came from dark, organic soil, in Units 2, 4 and 5, was were recovered. Of these, all were grit- near the surface in Unit 3, however a few postulated to be an undisturbed remnant tempered, and only one was decorated. pieces were collected from the proposed of an occupation layer, beginning at 17 This piece was cord-marked, a style used remnant of the occupation layer in Units cmbs and extending to at least 40 cmbs, in the region from the Middle through 2, 4 and 5. Mollusk shells were recovered filtering through fissures in a rocky sub­ Late Woodland. from every level, throughout the excava­ stratum. This rock-strewn layer could pos­ Historic material consisted of glass, tion. This demonstrates the extent to sibly be rubble from a previous collapse of metal and ceramics. 21 pieces of glass which the site had been disturbed. the overhang. were recovered, including fragments of a Historic and prehistoric artifacts were During the preliminary reconnaissance, soda bottle and several clear and green present in all levels as well, but the lithics two sandstone mortars were found just glass fragments. There were nine metal count increased as depth increased, and outside the drip-line on the southern end of artifacts collected, including eight .22 cal­ the glass and metal counts decreased as the shelter (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). One of iber shells and an iron object rusted depth increased. Prehistoric and historic the mortars was made on a large sand­ beyond recognition. Historic ceramics ceramics were similarly opposite in their stone boulder, approximately 90 cm in were of porcelain, and a total of eight trends (see Fig. 5). diameter and 60 cm high, with a mortar pieces were collected, possibly all from bowl measuring 20 x 15 cm in diameter the same vessel. It is likely that the vessel DISCUSSION and 20 cm deep. The other was made on a was a teacup, because two teacup handle The sparse available data from this site sandstone boulder measuring 110 cm in fragments were included in the collection. makes it difficult to determine with much diameter and 35 cm in height, with the The ecofacts collected at the sight certainty the cultural sequence of use of mortar depression measuring 30 x 25 cm in include 219 pieces of charcoal, mostly Scarr Rockshelter. It is probable, however. diameter and 12 cm deep. Also recovered from Unit 3, 27 fragments of mollusk that the site was occupied seasonally during this visit were six Upper Mercer shells and one snail shell. sometime during the Late Woodland flakes, three Federal .22 caliber shells, one period, and probably more than once. It white teacup handle, one clear glass bottle ANALYSIS can't be ruled out that the site may have base, one green glass bottle base, and a The lithics collected at Scarr Rock­ been used prior, especially during the clamshell. Historic graffiti was found carved shelter were all local cherts, mostly Archaic period, but there is little evidence into the shelter wall, dating 11/4/23, Upper Mercer, with Flint Ridge and Brush to suggest it. There is no evidence of 6/15/25, and 4/16/27. The name "Fred Creek included as well. Most of the deb­ occupation during the Early or Middle Scarr" was carved with the 1923 date. Sev­ itage was in the form of secondary flakes, Woodland periods, dominated in the eral large blocks of chert were observed on suggesting that the manufacture of tools region by the Adena and Hopewell cul­ the talus slope below the shelter. may have occurred at the site. A rela­ tures, respectively. The presence of one,

27 or possibly two Archaic point fragments Scarrs dug at the site in search of arti­ REFERENCES isn't enough to solidly claim the existence facts, but this conclusion is speculative. Pacheco, Paul J., Kristi J. Krumrine of an Archaic component either. There is Scarr Rockshelter could possibly yield 1997 Phase 1 Archaeological Survey of Pro­ also no evidence of occupation of the site further information through further excava­ posed Extensions to the Lake Park by natives after the Late Woodland tions, but judging from the data available, it Campground, Tuscarawas Township, period. The Philo Phase-Fort Ancient Coshocton County, Ohio. Report on file does not contain significant cultural at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, people lived in this valley in the Late Pre­ deposits. It does, however, document the Columbus, Ohio. P & K Archaeological historic period, and none of the collected intensive use of upland resources by pre­ Consulting. Report of Investigations artifacts can be attributed to them. historic native peoples of the region. #97-02. All of the historic artifacts appear to be from the early part of the 20th century, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prufer, Olaf H., Dana A. Long, when the Scarr family owned the site. I would like to thank Dr. Pacheco for Donald J. Metzger They utilized the site, recording dates in giving me the opportunity to work on this 1989 Krill . A Stratified Rockshelter in the shelter wall. The soil was disturbed project. I would also like to thank Mavis Summit County, Ohio. Kent State during this time, allowing historic artifacts Tucker, without whom I would never have University Press: Kent, Ohio. to be buried more deeply than they been able to continue my education in would normally. It is possible that the the field of archaeology.

Table 1. | Table 2. | Scarr Rockshelter Lithics Table Scarr Rockshelter Debitage Type Distribution {Includes retouched and unretouched flakes) Unil 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Projectiles 0 0 0 X Unit 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Totals Bifaces 1 0 0 X Shatter 1 1 0 X Retouched Flakes 1 1 0 X Primary Flakes 1 0 0 X Unretouched Flakes 7 0 2 X Secondary Flakes 11 0 2 X J(utilized) Bifacial Reduction 0 0 0 X Unused Debitage 6 0 1 X Decortication 1 0 1 X Totals: 15 1 3 X 19 Totals : 14 1 3 X 18

Unit 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Unit 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Projectiles 1 0 0 X Shatter 8 18 7 X Bifaces 0 2 0 X Primary Flakes 5 6 1 X Retouched Flakes 3 3 7 X Secondary Flakes 27 31 33 X Unretouched Flakes 8 2 6 X Bifacial Reduction 0 0 3 X I (utilized) Decortication 9 5 1 X Totals ; 49 60 45 X 154 Totals : 50 62 45 X 157 Unit 3 Level f Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Unit 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Shatter 8 X X X Projectiles 1 X X X Primary Flakes 4 X X X Bifaces 0 X X X Secondary Flakes 36 X X X Retouched Flakes 2 x X X Bifacial Reduction 0 X X X Unretouched Flakes 11 x X X Decortication 4 X X X | Totals: 52 X X X 52 Unused Debitage 39 X X X " includes Level 2 Totals : 53 X X X 53 Unit 4 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Shatter 1 0 1 2 Unit 4 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Primary Flakes 2 2 2 3 1 Projec'ileT 0 0 0 0 Secondary Flakes 2 6 34 24 Bifaces 0 0 0 0 Bifacial Reduction 0 0 0 0 Retouched Flakes 0 0 0 0 Decortication 0 0 1 0 Unretouched Flakes 2 1 7 6 Tolals 5 8 38 29 80 '(utilized) Unused Debitage 3 7 31 23 Unit 5 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Totals : 5 8 38 29 80 Shatter 0 2 3 X Primary Flakes 2 3 6 X Unit 5 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Secondary Flakes 8 10 11 X Projectiles 0 0 0 X Bifacial Reduction 0 0 0 X Bifaces 0 0 0 X Decortication 0 0 0 X Retouched Flakes 1 0 0 X Totals: 10 15 20 X 45 Unretouched Flakes 1 2 1 X [(utilized) Totals : 130| 84 106| 29 349 Unused De Jitage 8 13 19 X

Totals : 133 86 106 28 354

28 / ^^

\ >. _^— ' . ^**<« Si Units 1 3 2 ±j >-"--— ""*- J-i Drip Line 7'"N-!jp\\ O } l'' 1°\r -' •* North Mortars ^-_/

Figure 1 (Howard & Pacheco) Overview photograph of Scarr Rockshelter. Figure 2 (Howard & Pacheco) Plan map of Scarr Rockshelter showing loca­ From right to left, Steve Miller (Coshocton Park District), Kristi Krumrine, tion of excavated test units. Units are 1 meter across for scale. Richard Gartley, Jeff Carskadden, and Dewey Albright. View looking north.

Figure 3 (Howard & Pacheco) Photograph of excavation of test unit #2. From Figure 4 (Howard & Pacheco) Photograph of one of two sandstone mortars right to left, Kristi Krumrine, Dewey Albright, and Terry Capellini. located at front of rockshelter. Trowel for scale.

Fig. 5 (excludes Unit 3)

15 Vfe \

10 lithics (x10) Artifact Count

bone

^•AV \ i pre. ceramics his. ceramics ff 20 ^: Depth (cmbs) •^ Figure 5 (Howard & Pacheco) Graph showing change in number of arti­ facts by types with decreasing depth of excavation.

29 A BELMONT COUNTY DOVETAIL by John Mocic Box 170, RD1 Dilles Bottom, Ohio

This small based Dovetail was found by Pete Sheba of Jacksonville, Ohio, while he was working on a new highway project in Belmont County in May, 1995. It lay in a trench about Vh feet deep. It is 4 inches long and is made of . The base and shoulders are heavily ground. The source of raw material is about 80 miles west of the place where it was found. I want to thank Mr. Sheba for sharing his find with the archaeological community.

Figure 1 (Mocic) Obverse and reverse of a small based Dovetail found on a highway project in Belmont County.

A SMALL HARDSTONE ADZE by Robert J. Davis 2000 Eastman Dr. Milford, OH 45150

I found this adze while surface hunting a plowed field in northern Kentucky in May of 2000. The piece measures 2V2" long, 2" wide, and %" thick. It is made from a high grade of compact hardstone. The entire surface exhibits a high degree of polish and the bit retains a sharp cut­ ting edge. This adze displays evidence of resharpening, which has resulted in its shortened size. These tools were used for specialized woodworking tasks and are usually extremely well made. Examples of the type are most often attributed to the Adena culture of the early Woodland period.

Figure 1 (Davis) Adze found in Kentucky.

30 A WEEPING EYE PIPE by Terry Bohm Palmer,

I recently acquired this little weeping eye pipe from my friend, and finder, Mark Scott of Portsmouth, Ohio. He found it in Feb­ ruary, 1999, in Lewis County, Kentucky. Mark was hunting a site along the Ohio River when he noticed a rock in the water that looked like it had a hole in it. It was out about 3 or 4 feet so he had to take his stick and roll the pipe in closer so he could reach it. When he did, he flipped it over and saw another hole and the face looking back at him. The pipe is made out of sandstone, which I'm told is common for Fort 5 Ancient pipes. It measures 2 /8" long x V/e" wide with the face looking at you and 'V wide from the side profile.

Figure 1 (Bohm) Ft. Ancient Pipe from Lewis County, KY.

BANNERSTONE FOUND IN CHAMPAIGN CO. by David Williams 4703 Co. Rd. 176 West Liberty, OH

I found this banner in the fall of 1996, while hiking through woods in Cham­ paign County. It was near a natural spring where cattle had been drinking. The cattle had eroded the area so that the banner was unearthed, and was sticking out of the mud. It was crafted out of banded slate, and is 2'A inches long by VA inches wide. Finding this banner was my first piece, and it sparked quite an interest in hunting artifacts.

Figure 1 (Williams) Bannerstone found in Champaign County.

31 PALEOAMERICAN SQUARE KNIVES by Russell Strunk PO Box 55 Batavia, Ohio

Square knives used by the PaleoAmeri- the Mississippi. Square knives appear to flints from the Coshocton deposits. cans are among the rarest of all tools occur only in the Ohio River Valley from Rarely are they made of Flint Ridge flint from the Paleo period. Although collec­ Kentucky to Ohio. It would be interesting but a few fine specimens of that stone tors and writers (Converse 1994) have to know whether similar tools have been are known. asserted their Paleo origin, few profes­ recovered from Paleo locations but have The square knives shown in figure 1 sional archaeologists have recognized gone unreported. were all found by avocational archaeolo­ this connection. Perhaps because they Square knives are unique in that they are gist Richard Bohl in southwestern Ohio. are probably the rarest of all Paleo stone often fluted and appear to have many (Richard Bohl is Secretary of the Fort tools, they have gone unrecognized as working edges. Some are ground on one Salem Chapter). part of the Paleo tool kit. So far as is of the long sides - others are ground on known no square knives have been the ends. Generally they are well chipped Reference reported from Paleo sites. The scarcity of by techniques used by the PaleoAmerican 1994 Converse, Robert sites from this period in Ohio and the lack flint knappers. Ohio Flint Types of amateur reports may be a factor. Flints used in their manufacture are The Archaeological Society of Ohio Similar knives have not been recorded often locally derived but of high quality. Columbus at Paleo locations either east or west of Many of them are made of Upper Mercer

Figure 1 (Strunk) Three PaleoAmerican square knives found by Richard Bohl in in Clermont, Hamilton and Butler Counties, Ohio.

32 PREFORM BIRDSTONE by Jarod Kiene Pandora, Ohio

My dad and I found this birdstone by a finished and appears to have been broken inches long by 2Vz inches tall. This has stream near our house in Hancock by the maker during the manufacturing been our best ever find. County, Ohio. It apparently was not fully process. It is made of slate and is 4%

Figure 1 (Kiene) Birdstone preform from Hancock County, obverse and reverse.

SILT SANDSTONE BIRD by Jeffrey and Gene Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

This is one of those stories that's Les Gerkin, stopped at his house for a children, his yard was full of swings and almost funny. My son, Jeffrey, always visit. He asked Jeffrey if he had found toys and neighbor kids. It's a wonder that went on our relic trips, but never found anything lately. Jeffrey started showing someone didn't pick it up to play with. much. It seems he was too busy playing Les his pretty field stones he had picked We showed it at the State Show in the and not concentrating on looking for up. Some were in his flower boxes. spring of 1998. The Bird was found while relics. It wasn't until years later that we That's when Mr Gerkin said, "What's on lunch break in a cleared field next to found out he was color blind, maybe this this doing in here?" Jeffrey Norwalk Furniture Company. It has part of is why he didn't find many relics. didn't think it was anything. It didn't look one side missing and part of its tail As he grew older he started hunting on like our bar or bust birds, so he put it in missing. The Bird is of the wide body type his own, but still didn't find many relics. the flower box. The bird had been there measuring 3 inches long, 1 inch wide and 7 One day, our chapter secretary/treasurer, about three months. Having two small /8 inches high.

Figure 1 (Edwards) Silt Sandstone Birdstone from Norwalk, Ohio, Huron County.

33 ARTIFACTS FOUND IN MONROE COUNTY, INDIANA by Jon W. Hunsberger Bloomington, Indiana

The artifacts in Figure 1 were recovered between February 24th and April 5th, 2000, in Monroe County, Indiana. Many were found on high bluffs and show the diversity of raw materials used by prehistoric cultures in our area.

Figure 1 (Hunsberger) Artifacts from various cultures from PaleoAmerican to Fort Ancient found in Monroe County, Indiana.

POINTS FOUND IN HANCOCK COUNTY by Carl Stuard 9763 Twp. Rd. 27 Forest, OH 45843

On Memorial Day, 2000, my daughter and I walked along Blanchard River in southern Hancock County. We found a 2%" Ashtabula point made of mot­ tled brown flint and several other points.

Figure 1 (Stuard) Ashtabula point found in Hancock County.

34 A PLANO LANCEOLATE FROM TRUMBULL COUNTY by Robert and Michelle Zana Euclid, Ohio 44123

I found this Lanceolate on May 20, 2000, in Trumbull County, Ohio. It is nearly 4 inches long and is 1 'A inches wide. It was on a rise that I have hunted for 8 years. Piano Lanceolates date from the Late Paleo period approximately 9,000 years ago. Michelle found a pink Flint Ridge Birdpoint in Coshocton County. It measures V? inch long. Birdpoints have been dated to around 2500 B.C.

Figure 2 (Zana) Birdpoint from Coshocton County.

Figure 1 (Zana) Piano Lanceolate from Trumbull County.

A PUTNAM COUNTY BALL BANNERSTONE by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner St. Pandora, Ohio 45877

A good eye and a little curiosity rewarded Mrs. Jim Wagner of Putnam County. During a walk near some new housing construc­ tion close to her home she saw an "interesting object" half buried in the upturned soil. She noted its smooth surface and the small hole. After picking it up and wiping it off she saw that it was made of stone - not metal as she had first thought - and too well fash­ ioned to be natural. Her husband, a local history teacher, sug­ gested that she show it to me for identification. I was privileged to see and photograph the piece. It is truly an outstanding fluted ball bannerstone made of banded slate. Remarkably, it appears to be a nearly exact duplicate of the center illustration of ball banner- stones on page 6 of Ohio Slate types by Converse. Figure 1 (Harnishfeger) End and side views of a fluted ball bannerstone found in Putnam County.

35 PIPE CREEK CHERT by Tony DeRegnaucourt Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum 106 West North Street Acranum, Ohio 45304

Pipe Creek chert is a medium to high- Hornstone from southern Indiana can Creek. This Late Archaic Phase dates quality, colorful chert that outcrops in mimic this chert's color. from approximately 5,800 to 3,500 years northcentral Ohio, primarily in Erie County However, the waxy texture of the Pipe B.R The last prehistoric period often seen on the Plum Brook NASA Station. It is Creek chert along with its many quartz with artifacts made of Pipe Creek chert is named for the stream along which it out­ inclusions and fossils allow for a diag­ the Early Woodland Period. A large crops, Pipe Creek. It has also been called nostic determination to be made. This number of Adena Ovate Stemmed points Plum Brook chert after the NASA station chert has also been referred to simply as have been found in the core area of Pipe (Stothers and Rutter 1978). Frank Huntley glacial chert by investigators who were Creek chert. These points would date (1991), a local geologist and avocational unaware of the discovery of its outcrop­ back to about 3,000 to 2,000 years B.R archaeologist, has referred to it as Prout ping in northern Ohio in the mid-1970s. (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998 and chert after the Devonian Limestone For­ Pipe Creek is a local to regional type DeRegnaucourt 1991). mation in which it occurs. chert which rarely strays more than 30 or Pipe Creek chert was a locally and This chert was first discovered around 40 miles away from its home outcropping regionally important raw resource material 1976 by Tim Edwards of New Berlin, area. Prehistoric artifacts made from it are through much of the Archaic and Wood­ Ohio. He reported it to his father, Gene abundant in Erie, Huron, Seneca, Ottawa, land Periods during the prehistory of Edwards and to archaeologists Dave Sandusky, Loraine, and Crawford Coun­ north-central Ohio. It is locally abundant Stothers and Dave Rutter who subse­ ties of Ohio (DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ on some archaeological sites and bears quently published the first reference to giady 1998:73). The chert also follows the much more investigation. As always, this this chert in this magazine, Ohio Archae­ western shore of Lake Erie and occurs in author would welcome inquiries or state­ ologist, (Vol.33,1978). sites in southwestern Ontario. It is found ments of where Pipe Creek chert artifacts Pipe Creek chert is predominantly on Early Archaic Nettling Complex sites in have been found. I am especially inter­ chocolate brown in color with blue, tan, Ontario between Windsor and London, ested in knowing about specimens found red, and grey inclusions. It is highly fossil- Ontario (Ettis, Wortner, and Fox 1991). outside the core area mentioned above. iferous with parts of conondonts, horn Pipe Creek chert is presently unknown corals, crinoids, sponges, brachiopods, during the Paleo-lndian stage of Ohio pre­ REFERENCES CITED and other fossils present (DeRegnaucourt history. Apparently those Indians did not DeRegnaucourt, Tony and Georgiady 1998:72). The chert is know of the source or did not utilize it. 1992 A Field Guide to Prehistoric Point Types semi-porcelaneous to waxy in luster with However, during the subsequent Early of the Midwest. 1992 (Revised Edition). numerous inclusions of quartz in vugs, Archaic Period, usage of Pipe Creek chert UMVARM Monographs in Archaeology, cavities, fissures, and fossils (DeRegnau­ becomes locally common and was used No. 1. Arcanum, Ohio. court and Georgiady 1998:72). for Kirk Corner Notched points and Net­ DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady The chert is found as irregular lenses or tling Points, which date roughly to about 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. tabular chunks imbedded within the Prout 9,000 years ago. Usage of Pipe Creek UMVARM Monographs in Archaeology, Limestone matrix and is often found chert is also common during the later No. 7. Arcanum, Ohio weathering out of the top of these Early Archaic Bifurcate Tradition from Devonian fossil reef domes in farm fields about 9,000 to 8,000 years B.R LeCroy, Ellis, Chris J., Stanley Wortner, near Sandusky, Ohio. It is also found on Kanawha, St. Albans, and MacCorkle and William A. Fox the old railroad cut at the Plum Brook Type Bifurcate points are all known from 1991 Nettling: an Overview of an Early NASA Station (DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ this material (DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ Archaic "Kirk Corner-notched Cluster" giady 1998:72). giady 1998 and DeRegnaucourt 1992). Site in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 15:1-34. Early investigators who saw this chert Another surge of usage occurs in the confused some of the more colorful Late Archaic Period during the Brewerton Stothers, Dave, and Dave Rutter pieces of Pipe Creek with Flint Ridge Phase with a number of Brewerton 1978 Pipe Creek Chert: Newly Discovered chert. Some Delaware chert and even Corner Notched, Side Notched, and Aboriginal Quarry Source. Boyle from Kentucky, and some Indiana Eared-Notched points made of Pipe Ohio Archaeologist 28(3).

36 Figure 1 (DeRegnaucourt) Artifacts made of Pipe Creek Chert. 37 ASO SUMMER SHOW AT SEAMAN'S FORT by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224

The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the ASO and the Western Lake Erie Research Pro­ gram sponsored a summer show on August 20th at the Seaman's Fort Site in Erie County, Ohio. The show presented a number of fine artifact displays and edu­ cational activities. Larry Pisano of Their Fires Are Cold Chapter displayed his collection of over 50 frames of flint artifacts, pottery shards and stone tools from Erie and Huron Counties - all personal finds from 20 years of surface hunting (figure 1). ASO members Kevin Boos and Dave Didion also displayed Erie County material. Additionally, artifacts from an excavation of the Jackson in Pike County, Ohio created a cross-section of prehistoric Ohio. Steven Hill, who hosted the display, noted that in total 2,574 arti­ facts have been found at the site. Large and small cup stones, pottery, drilled teeth, bone awls and needles were among the items displayed, along with flint blades that ranged across several time periods. The display included Stringtown points, Bifur­ Figure 1 (Rusnak) Larry Pisano displayed a collection of personal finds. cates, Archaic Serrated, Fishspears, Adena, and Fort Ancient Triangles. Incred­ Seaman's Fort is a hilltop enclosure on a the site's proximity to Pipe Creek Chert ibly, Mr. Hill noted that four pestles were high, steeply-sided point of land at the sources, as well as the excellent use of found lined up along a back wall of the rock junction of the West Branch of the Huron the natural topography. During the 1988 shelter - right where they likely were left by River and Hunt Creek. Its earthworks excavation, the skeletal remains of one prehistoric hands so many centuries ago. consist of three parallel sets of walls and male and one female were unearthed - Mr. Hill also credits ASO members Dennis ditches on the wide northern approach both of which showed evidence of a vio­ Simpson and Tim Cutlip for the fine display. and three shorter sets on the southern lent end. A tour of the Seaman's Fort site and point (figures 2 and 3). The U.T guides Also during this summer show, Phil its earthworks was led by David stated that the site dated to the Adena, Love gave an informative flint knapping Stothers, Andrew Sneider and Jason Early Woodland Period, and that it had a demonstration, and a fund raising auc­ Koralewski of the University of Toledo. defensive purpose. They also discussed tion was held.

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Three walls at the northern approach to Seaman's Fort. Figure 3 (Rusnak) Jeff Adams stands beside earthworks at the southern point of Seaman's Fort.

38 ASO SUMMER MEETING AT OWENSVILLE by Russell Strunk

On July 23rd the ASO held its summer picnic meeting near Owensville, Ohio. A large crowd attended and everyone had a good time. On display were some of the finest col­ lections in southwestern Ohio including C. West, P. Fritch, D. Boh and J. Vance. The out­ standing personally found collection of Dallas Burton was on display. In the accompanying photograph are Dennis Link, President of the Fort Salem Chapter and Art Heaton, Presi­ dent of the MACC Chapter - the two chap­ ters sponsoring the meeting.

REVOLUTIONARY WAR DR. STANLEY BAKER CANNONBALL FOUND IN TO SPEAK AT GREENVILLE, OHIO NOVEMBER MEETING by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Dr. Stanley Baker, Chief Archaeologist for the Ohio Depart­ Greenville, Ohio ment of Transportation, will be the main speaker at the November meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Dr. Baker is Ohio's foremost scholar on the historic era Indians of This cannonball was found on the east side of Greenville, Ohio and white settlements of the 1700s. The topic of his pro­ Ohio, in the 1930s on the Grace Miller farm off Requarth Road. gram will be Cultural Resource Management in Ohio and the It measures 2'fr inches in diameter and weighs two pounds. Status of 18th Century Research. If you have artifacts from This type of shot was fired from a portable cannon and must this period or know of early historic sites, it will be an excellent have been in use around the time U.S. Military forces occupied opportunity to discuss them with him. Fort Greene Ville. The talk will be heard in the Aladdin Room at 10:30 in the morning.

Dr. Stanley Baker, an archaeolo­ gist with the Ohio Department of Transportation, is an authority on artifacts from the historic period.

39 ACQUISITION SYSTEMS AND THE HOPEWELL TRADE NETWORK — FACT OR FANCY by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

The system or mechanism by which Even though it is possible that small most of the previously mentioned flints prehistoric groups obtained materials groups of early hunters could have made were used during the Middle Archaic, none from far distant places was in operation trips to these distant quarries to person­ except Indiana hornstone and Carter Cave from the time of man's fist entry into the ally obtain flint, it seems more likely that flint were major imports to Ohio. eastern . Although these either the raw materials or completed Materials other than flint were also systems or methods of acquisition are points were moved by some distribution imported for the first time during the often characterized as trade or exchange system. Perhaps at seasonal gatherings, Middle Archaic. Chlorite from as far away networks, the concept needs to be exam­ flint and other materials were exchanged as the southern Appalachians found its ined and redefined. by Paleo flint knappers. Regardless of way to Ohio and was made into pick-like how this movement of materials took bannerstones. Small pieces of copper Imports During The Paleo Period place, there is no doubt that an apparatus from Lake Superior were also occasion­ The prehistoric movement of imported for their distribution was in operation ally brought into Ohio as was galena, materials or actual artifacts across long during the Paleo period. But however we probably from Illinois, and barite from distances is first exemplified during the may hypothesize, the phenomenon of Kentucky. Steatite, with sources in Penn­ Paleo period. Fluted points and tools Knife River flint being used for Paleo sylvania and the southern Appalachians, made of flints quarried hundreds of miles points found more than a thousand miles is sometimes seen in Ohio bannerstones away from where the points were found from where it was quarried is difficult to and rare steatite bowls. Hematite for large have been recorded at a number of Paleo reconcile with our perception of small itin­ axes may also have been imported, pos­ sites. One of the first documented exam­ erant bands of PaleoAmerican hunters. sibly from Missouri. ples was at the Shoop site in Pennsylvania Of course banded slate was the pre­ where it was determined that the flint for The Late Paleo Period ferred materials for practically all banner­ the Shoop site fluted points came from There is little evidence that exotic flints stones and although it may not have the Onondaga quarries in upper New York other than Indiana Green or Carter Cave been imported, since much of it occurs in (Whithoft-1952). At the Lamb site in New flint came into Ohio during the Late Paleo the glacial drift, it nevertheless may have York fluted points of Ohio and Indiana flint or Piano period, and those that did came had to move from one area of the state to were recovered as was one example in very limited quantities. Curiously, how­ another. made of Knife River flint from North ever, there are rare examples of large Thus, during the long Early and Middle Dakota (Gramly-1988). Fluted points of lanceolate and stemmed lanceolate Archaic periods in Ohio many outside flints Knife River flint have reportedly been points in Ohio of Carter Cave flint, a fact and stones were imported into Ohio by found in Ohio but I have never seen one. difficult to explain since small Piano some sort of aboriginal acquisition system. A significant number of Ohio fluted points of this stone are almost non-exis­ points are made of high quality flints not tent in Ohio Piano collections. It is also Late Archaic Imports native to Ohio. Those materials which can unusual that Indiana Hornstone, a not It was among the Late Archaic people be identified include Indiana Green (Attica uncommon material for fluted points, is of the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes chert) the quarries of which are in north rarely seen in Ohio Piano collections of that the importation of distant materials central Indiana, Carter Cave flint which lanceolates or stemmed lanceolates. became a major and a cultural occurs in Carter County, Kentucky, marker. The Glacial Kame people are flint from central Kentucky, as well Acquisition Systems During the noted for their importation of large marine as a number of Paleo points found in Archaic Period. conch shells from Florida and the Gulf of Ohio which are made of Indiana horn- Mexico. Copper from the Keweenaw stone, a nodular flint found in southern The Early Archaic Peninsula area of Lake Superior was Indiana. In addition to these non-Ohio In the Early Archaic period, movement made into beads and awls. Cannel coal flints, many Ohio fluted points are made of imported material was rare and most was obtained from the Ohio River area for of high quality materials that are unidenti­ Archaic people relied on locally derived gorgets. Tubular pipes of imported fiable and which could also be from flints and cherts as well as Coshocton steatite also occur in Glacial Kame collec­ unknown distant sources. The many sug­ flints. Flint Ridge points from this period tions. gestions that Onondaga chert fluted are scarce. Indiana Hornstone and The Late Archaic Red Ocher people points occur in Ohio may be true, but I Indiana Green as well as Carter Cave had a fetish for Indiana Hornstone and have never seen a fluted point of this flints are very rare on sites located far would use no other flint for their Turkey- material which was found in this state. from the quarries. For example, most of tails, knives, cache blades and bi-pointed Although the occurrences of exotic the Carter Cave flint found in Ohio occurs blades. The exclusive use of this imported stone fluted points are unusual, they are along the Ohio River not far from Carter high quality flint for objects which were not rare and they demonstrate either an County, Kentucky. However, even in this made primarily for burial purposes and apparatus of some consequence which period of apparent limited acquisition of which are found over much of eastern could move these flints across broad imported flint, isolated points of exotic North America is an archaeological mys­ areas during the Paleo period, or flint are occasionally seen indicating tery. Either Red Ocher people were con­ extremely far-ranging forays of Paleo some kind of exchange system. tinually visiting the quarries in southern bands to procure flint. Could they have Indiana or there was a system of major ranged far enough in their movements to The Middle Archaic proportions for procuring it in operation have acquired these flints themselves or During the Middle Archaic, a wider use around 1,000 B.C. were they passed from band to band? of imported flint is apparent. Although

40 Adena Imports breastplates, ear spools, headdresses, have fueled an exchange network are The Early and Middle Adena people of ornamental cutouts, effigies and Flint Ridge flint and Ohio pipestone. Ohio imported few exotic materials and numerous other creations. Whether Although the trading to distant places of seem not to have been major participants Hopewell delegations actually made trips these two materials fits neatly into a pro­ in long distance acquisition schemes. to the Keeweenaw area to obtain this posed exchange system, the facts do not Other than Indiana Hornstone and small metal - a distance of more than 600 miles support such a conclusion. The only Flint amounts of copper and barite, little else - or whether it was brought to Ohio by Ridge flint found outside Ohio are bits seems to have been acquired at this time. traders is an interesting question. and pieces of Hopewell Flint Ridge The same could be said for mica. This bladelets from the Carolinas and Ten­ Late Woodland Imports lustrous stone occurs in Hopewell mounds nessee. Although Ohio pipestone pipes The Late Woodland Intrusive Mound in quantity and occasionally in village have reputedly been recovered from Illi­ people of 600 A.D. to 1,000 A.D. imported sites. Some Hopewell graves were cov­ nois Hopewell mounds, the stone from Indiana Hornstone and Carter Cave flints ered with mica sheets totaling forty square which they are made is certainly not from for projectile points and tools. Of impor­ yards. Mica was also made into orna­ the Feurt Hill deposits often cited as the tance is the import for pipe manufacture mental and effigy cutouts. Mica is found source of tradable stone. of black steatite, the source of which is no closer than the Carolinas - several hun­ Considering the vast quantity of probably the Virginia/Carolina area, and dred miles from Ohio. Both copper and imported materials and objects for which perhaps catlinite from Minnesota. mica would have required a major effort Ohio Hopewell is famous there is nothing at by scores of people to move it from its all from Ohio in these distant places com­ Fort Ancient Acquisitions source to Ohio in such quantities. mensurate with a trade system. Of course, Ohio Fort Ancient is not often thought A significant import, which seemingly there could have been intangible products of as having participated in wide acquisi­ was done in one enormous movement, involved in a trade system such as salt or tion networks, but some late Fort Ancient was the more than two tons of Indiana maple sugar but they are not unique to locations contain examples of artifacts hornstone discs brought from southern Ohio. There could have been people made of catlinite. Such items as disc Indiana to the Hopewell farm and buried exchanged - captured slaves or sacrificial pipes, beads, effigy figures and other in one gigantic cache. Obsidian from the victims - or any number of esoteric cultural objects were made of this maroon stone Yellowstone area is probably the most items which drove an exchange system but brought into Ohio during the protohistoric famous of all Hopewell imports. Several which leave no trace. period or earlier. Even in historic times, hundred pounds of this black volcanic One thought which has been unex­ catlinite and steatite continued to be glass were transported from Wyoming to plored is the idea that there may not have extensively used in the eastern United Ohio and made into large spears, knives been an exchange apparatus needed to States for pipes many of which were and bladelets. bring exotica to Ohio Hopewell. The inlaid with lead or pewter. Exotic stone recovered from Hopewell Hopewell center in Ross County in mounds includes garnet and quartz crys­ southern Ohio was by far the major Hopewell Trade Networks tals sometimes made into points, catlinite nucleus of the Hopewell culture in North The mechanism which brought exotic as exemplified in the Tremper tall-bowled America and perhaps all these items, materials to Hopewell centers in southern pipes, and novaculite made in large materials and other imports were brought Ohio during the Hopewell maximum has spears as the Seip and Ft. Ancient speci­ there as tribute or gifts and bestowed on long been a debated subject. Most often mens. Chunks and cubes of galena, prob­ the leaders of the Hopewell culture. An this system has been called a trade or ably from Illinois, were acquired in analogy might be drawn from many cul­ exchange network by which, it was theo­ quantity but rarely made into artifacts. tures in which all wealth is centered in the rized, materials or items from Ohio were Bizarre items such as fossil sharks' temples, churches or places of worship. exchanged for imported products. teeth and barracuda jaws have also been The Hopewell center in southern Ohio Although acquisition networks were not found in the mounds. There are probably may have been a prehistoric Vatican Hopewell inventions, it was during the other items and materials which are where the leaders of the culture resided. Hopewell period - 100 B.C. to 500 A.C. - either misidentified or have gone unrec­ Thus, the trade network may not have that such systems drastically expanded ognized. For example, a string of shell been a trade network at all but a tribute and reached their climax. However, before beads from the Hopewell farm includes system which moved exotica to its natural discussing what from Ohio may, or may two beads which may be made of destination - the cultural center of the not, have been traded, the materials and chrysocolla which would have to have Hopewell people. objects imported should be considered. come from the southwest. The large The list of materials, objects, artifacts, pipes from the Seip mound are obviously References: metals, crystals, stone and exotica southern types from Tennessee. imported by the Hopewell people of south There are obviously many imports 1988 Gramly, Richard central Ohio is impressive by any stan­ which leave no archaeological trace such Discoveries at the Lamb Site, Genesee dard and is unrivaled in North American as feathers, fabrics, leather, , County, New York 1986-7 prehistory. herbs and perhaps hallucinogens. The list The Ohio Archaeologist Vol 38 No 1 Perhaps the most important Hopewell goes on and on and amply demonstrates 1952 Witthoft, John imports were copper and mica. Although a procurement system which not only A Paleo Site in Eastern Pennsylvania copper had a long history of movement could acquire the desired materials in American Philosophical Society, into the Ohio Valley, at no time was it quantity but which also ranged far and Philadelphia acquired in the quantities seen in Ohio wide for exotic items. Hopewell. Literally hundreds of pounds, if But were these items brought by a not tons, of it were made into copper trade system? The most often mentioned celts (one of which weighed 38 pounds). materials unique to Ohio which could

41 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY P.O. Box 1264 Buffalo, New York 14205-1264

2 July 2000 LETTERS Dear ASAA Member and Interested Friends: A special monograph, entitled To The Rim of the World: TO Death and Burial at an Eastern Iroquoian Site, is now being distributed. It is Volume 6(2) of our journal — The Amateur Archaeologist. A small number have been printed over and THE above copies needed to satisfy subscriptions; these extras will be sold at cost to benefit the Society. It is my intention to produce a monograph (with a gray- EDITOR toned cover) at regular intervals (every 4-5 years) and offer it to the Membership in lieu of a standard journal issue with its distinctive red and black cover. I hope that eventually other Members will sieze the opportunity and prepare manuscripts for possible publication as a special ASAA monograph. Please help me and share the "pleasures" of authorship! The only pre-requisite of your manuscript for possible publication is that the archaeological research you describe be a collaboration of ASAA Members. In the case of the Kleis site, over 25 Members worked there since 1993. The exploration of this village and its associated cemetery was truly a cooperative effort by the Membership. Read what was accomplished! On a bright note, I am pleased to report that the recent lawsuit brought against me and my college (Canisius College) by the State of New York and the Seneca Indians over the matter of the Kleis site has been settled. We did not have to proceed to trial. If we had, I feel certain that the outcome would have been favorable. It is a remarkable coincidence that the lawsuit was settled on nearly the same day as our monograph about the Kleis site appeared! The next issue of our journal — Volume 7(1) — will be devoted to the great state of Tennessee. It will also have a few contributed essays about archaeology of other states.

Yours in archaeological ,

Richard Michael Gramly, PhD ORGANIZER

The Opossum of the Year Award I have been trying to follow the evermore, troubling saga of the and the Moundbuilders Country Club. A few things have struck me as odd. From what I understand, the Club has enjoyed "carte blanche" in destroying the site with cart trails and construction of storage buildings on the site without the benefit of even salvage archaeology. And this is PUBLIC LAND? Is this considered proper stewardship by the Ohio Historical Society? What is even more disturbing is the prospect that the Country Club plans further expansion and the partial destruction of the Octagon earthworks. How could this even be a consideration? The lease clearly states that this is a violation of the terms. Furthermore, this is a clear violation of NAGPRA. Maybe someone needs to be contacted on this matter. In regards to the proper stewardship of the land by the Ohio Historical Society, these spineless knaves have earned The Opossum of the Year Award for rolling over and playing dead in the face of a fight with bigwigs. Their lethargic response in their responsibility to protect this precious resource and wonderful monument on THEIR LAND is a sharp contrast to the law which they supported that prevents even surface collecting on listed sites, on PRIVATE PROPERTY. How is it that if I would pick up an artifact on the Earthwork site I would be breaking the law but if they use a bulldozer, they are not. This is pure hypocrisy! Another hypocrisy of this affair is the very name of the Country Club; "The Moundbuilders Country Club". This should correctly read "The Moundwreckers Country Club" in the light of the current situation and recent past. In conclusion I propose we contact major newspapers and national television to possibly turn up the heat and create public support to preserve this site. Evidently local pressure is nil with the amount of BIGWIGS who belong to the country club and would rather dine or tee off in the center of the Octagon than preserve it. Furthermore, the ASO should take the matter to court to try to stop the club from further damage to the site. My other thought is that if this is what I can expect from the (OHS) Ohio Hypocrites Society, then maybe we should contact an auction house. I'm sure we could get them to sell off the OHS collections like they sold the other historical collection that was donated to them. Obviously they don't care. Sincerely Yours Dr. G. Thomas Noakes DDS

42 BOOK REVIEW The Archaic Bannerstone Its Chronological History and Purpose From 6,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. By David Lutz, 619 St. Catherine Ct., Newburgh, Indiana 47630 Privately Printed - 525 pages - hundreds of illustrations - color plates. Price $100.00

Probably nothing created during the in the bannerstone. Although the atlatl materials, and their history. Few people, long prehistory of the New World has balance theory may be correct, many of either professional or avocational, could held as much fascination for archaeolo­ the more elaborate forms may have have undertaken such a monumental gists, avocationalists and collectors as served principally as symbolic or decora­ task. Lutz photographed thousands of bannerstones. In fact the name banner­ tive additions to ceremonial or ritual bannerstones from hundreds of collec­ stone comes from the early collectors atlatls. It is obvious that many of the deli­ tions and has compiled as complete a who believed that these objects were cate types were never submitted to the record as could be done by anyone. But emblems of authority or badges of office rigors of the hunt. the book is not just a book of pictures, it which were mounted on a shaft as sym­ Not since Bannerstones of the North contains photographs of associated arti­ bols of rank or position. American Indian was written by Byron facts, many in situ, and is a serious study Not until the 1930s was their true pur­ Knoblock in 1939 has a serious study of of these fascinating products of the long pose revealed when they were found in bannerstones been done. David Lutz, Archaic Period in the eastern United conjunction with antler hooks - the distal who spent years visiting museums and States. ends of atlatls or spearthrowers. It was collectors, has assembled all the up to I cannot recommend this book too concluded that these strange objects date information on bannerstones and highly. It will be included among the served as balances to give force to a his book details almost everthing that is finest archaeological books of our time. thrown spear the shaft of the spear- known about their age, cultural affiliation, thrower being inserted through the hole distribution, the innumerable types and Robert N. Converse, Editor.

Bannerstones illustrated in David Lutz's book The Archaic Bannerstone.

Back Cover: Outstanding Flints from the John Baldwin Collection. Left — 8 inch Adena blade of Flint Ridge flint from Steuben-LaGrange Counties. Indiana. Top center left — Small-base Dovetail of Flint Ridge flint found on the Madison-Franklin County. Ohio, line. Center — Adena, Kent County. Delaware, made of Flint Ridge flint 9'A inches long. Top center right — Small-base Dovetail 5 inches, Franklin County. Ohio, Flint Ridge flint. Right — Adena blade of Flint Ridge flint 8V4 inches, from Ohio. Bottom left — Adena Flint Ridge blade 5'A inches from Licking County, Ohio. Bottom cen­ ter left — Clovis fluted point of Kaolin flint from Pope County, Minnesota. Bottom center right — Expanded Notch of Coshocton flint from Darke County. Ohio. Bottom right — Small-base Dovetail of Flint Ridge flint 6V2 inches from Branch County, Michigan.

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