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December 1, 1972

Festivals

Carved in the Cliffs

— The Story of the Red Flag Canal

China and Jamaica Establish Diplomatic Relations

China and Zaire Normalize Relations

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PEKING Vol 15, No. 48 December 1, 1972 REVIEW Published in English, French, Spanish, Japanese and German editions

CONTENTS

THE WEEK 3 Chinese Leaders Greet Albanian Leaders — Warmest congratulations on the 60th anniversary of the independence of Albania and the 28th anniversary of her liberation China-Viet Nam Agreements Comrade Ceausescu Receives Chiao Kuan-hua China and Jamaica Establish Diplomatic Relations China and Zaire Normalize Relations Chinese Doctors Visit Canada and France

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS Understanding the World Situation by Studying Geography — Hua Chih-hai 5 At the U.N.: The First Committee Adopts 52-Nation Draft Resolution 8 China's Stand on Prohibition of Chemical and Bacteriological Weapons Expounded 9 Israel's Outrageous Actions Stem From Two Superpowers' Aggression and Expansion Policies 10 Latin American Nuclear-Free Zone: Soviet Double-Dealing —A Commentary by Hsinhua Correspondent 11 Carved in the Cliffs — The Red Flag Canal —Travel Notes by Our Correspondent (1) 12 China's Economy at a Glance: Transportation 16 Machine-Building Industry 17

ROUND THE WORLD 18 South Viet Nam: Thieu's Fascist Rule Pakistan: Withdrawal From U.N. Korea Commission Latin America: The "Pirate Law" Opposed U.S.A.: Economic Troubles Guinea: Action to Repel Aggressors Equatorial Guinea and Gabon: Agreement on Territorial Disputes Africa: Attacks on Portuguese Colonial Troops

ON THE HOME FRONT 21 Changes in Tibet's Shigatse More Orchards in Shantung Carpenter-Author

Published every Friday by PEKING REVIEW. Peking (37), China Post Office Registration No. 2-922 Printed in the People's Republic of China

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THE WEEK Chinese Leaders Greet Albanian Leaders — Warmest congratulations on the 60th anniversary of the independence of Albania and the 28th anniversary of her liberation

Comrade Enver Hoxha, support the revolutionary struggles of all the oppressed First Secretary of the Central Committee of nations and oppressed peoples of the world. Your rev­ the Albanian Party of Labour olutionary spirit has won the respect of the people of the world. Comrade Haxhi Lleshi, President of the Presidium of the People's The friendship between the two Parties of China Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania and Albania, the two countries and the two peoples is great and indestructible. Let us unite closely under Comrade Mehmet Shehu, the banner of Marxism-Leninism and fight shoulder to Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the shoulder and advance together in socialist revolution People's Republic of Albania and socialist construction and in the struggle against Tirana imperialism, revisionism and all reaction. Dear Comrades: May the Albanian Party of Labour and the Alba­ On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the in­ nian people win new and still greater victories! dependence of Albania and the 28th anniversary of her May the revolutionary friendship and militant liberation, we wish to express, on behalf of the Chinese unity between the two Parties of China and Albania, Communist Party and the Chinese Government and the two countries and the two peoples remain ever­ people, our warmest festive congratulations to you and green! to the Albanian Party of Labour and the Albanian Government and people. Mao Tsetung, Chairman of the Central Committee After waging protracted and valiant struggles, the of the Communist Party of China heroic Albanian people won independence and libera­ tion and entered their great epoch of socialism. Tung Pi-wu, Acting ' Chairman of the In the 28 years since then the Albanian people People's Republic of China have, under the wise leadership of the Albanian Party of Labour headed by the great Marxist-Leninist Com­ Chu Teh, rade Enver Hoxha, held high the red banner of Marx­ Chairman of the Standing Committee ism-Leninism, upheld the dictatorship of the proletariat of the National People's Congress of and won splendid victories in their socialist revolution the People's Republic of China and socialist construction. The Albanian Party of Chou En-lai, Labour and the Albanian people firmly oppose modern Premier of the State Council of the revisionism with Soviet revisionism as its centre and People's Republic of China imperialism headed by the United States and firmly Peking, November 27, 1972

China-Viet Nam Agreements on behalf of Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu, Gen­ Governments. An agreement on China giving eral Secretary of the Romanian Com­ Viet Nam gratuitous economic and Premier Chou En-lai attended the munist Party and President of the military aid for 1973 and a protocol signing ceremony. State Council, received the Chinese for China supplying military equip­ The Vietnamese Government Vice-Foreign Minister and had a ment and materials gratuitous to Economic Delegation arrived in cordial and friendly talk with him. Viet Nam for 1973 were concluded Peking on November 15. During its Chiao Kuan-hua conveyed to Com­ on November 26 in Peking between stay in China, the delegation visited rade Ceausescu the cordial regards of Kunming. Chungking and other cities. the Government of the People's Re­ Chairman Mao Tsetung. Comrade public of China and the Govern­ Comrade Ceausescu Receives Ceausescu expressed thanks for this ment of the Democratic Republic of and gave his best wishes to Chairman Viet Nam. The agreement and pro­ Chiao Kuan-hua Mao Tsetung. tocol were signed by Vice-Premier Li Chiao Kuan-hua, Vice-Minister of Hsien-nien and Le Thanh Nghi, Vice- Foreign Affairs of China, paid an Both sides had a further exchange Premier and head of the Vietnamese official visit to Romania on November of views on the development of the Government Economic Delegation, 20 and 21. relations of friendship and co-opera-

December 1, 1972 3 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] lion between the two Parties, two the third world. Last July a Jamai­ ing their rights over the 200-nautical- countries and two peoples of China can trade study group paid a mile territorial waters, respect and and Romania and on current interna­ visit to China. Recently a delega­ support the just proposition of the tional questions, tion of the China Council for the Latin American countries on the Promotion of International Trade establishment of a nuclear-free zone paid a return visit to Jamaica. On China and Jamaica Establish in Latin America, and firmly oppose November 1, the Jamaican Govern­ the aggression, plunder, intervention Diplomatic Relations ment determinedly decided to sever and subversion against the Latin its relations with the Chiang Kai- American countries by the super­ The Chinese Government and the shek clique. The Chinese people powers." Jamaican Government, through their appreciate this just action of the specially appointed representatives Jamaican Government. Now, the China and Zaire Normalize meeting in Ottawa, have held friendly formal establishment of diplomatic Relations consultations and decided to establish relations between China and Jamaica diplomatic relations between the two has opened broad prospects for the A joint communique on normaliza­ countries as from November 21. friendly relations and co-operation tion of relations between China and The joint communique on establish­ between the two countries. Zaire was signed by Chiao Kuan-hua, ment of diplomatic relations signed Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Renmin Ribao in its editorial on on November 21 said: "Both Gov­ the People's Republic of China, and November 25 pointed out: "The ernments confirm their adherence Inonga Lokongol'ome, Deputy Com­ formal establishment of diplomatic to the principles of mutual re­ missioner of State for Foreign Affairs relations between China and Jamaica spect for sovereignty and territorial of the Republic of Zaire, on Novem­ conforms to the interests of the two integrity, of non-interference in the ber 19 in Paris. internal affairs of each other, of peoples and is conducive to the The communique said: "The Gov­ equality and of mutual benefit, and further development of the friendship ernment of the People's Republic of consider that the development of rela­ between the people of China and the China and the Government of the tions between the two countries on Latin American countries." Republic of Zaire, in conformity with the basis of these principles will be "The Jamaican people have a to the mutual advantage of the two the principles of mutual respect for glorious tradition of revolutionary countries and of their peoples. sovereignty and territorial integrity. struggle against foreign aggressors. non-interference in each other's in­ "The Jamaican Government rec­ They achieved independence in ternal affairs, equality and mutual ognizes the Government of the August 1962 after a protracted benefit, and peaceful coexistence, People's Republic of China as the struggle against colonialist rule. have decided through friendly nego­ sole legal Government of China. Since then, the Jamaican people, with tiations to realize the normalization a view to safeguarding state sov­ of relations between the two coun­ "Accordingly, the Government of ereignty and developing national tries as from November 24, 1972 and the People's Republic of China and economy, have carried on the to exchange diplomatic representa­ the Government of Jamaica, in con­ struggle against imperialist aggres­ tives at the ambassadorial level." formity with their common desire sion, control, intervention and to develop friendly relations and co­ plunder." operation between their two coun­ Chinese Doctors Visit Canada tries, have decided to establish "In recent years," the editorial And France diplomatic relations as from Novem­ added, "the Latin American coun­ ber 21 and to exchange ambassadors tries and peoples, being united and Following its friendship visit to as early as practicable." defying brute force, have achieved the United States, the Chinese Friendly feelings have always a series of heartening victories in medical delegation went to visit Ca­ existed between the peoples of China the struggle against the imperialist nada and France. The 14-member and Jamaica. Their friendship has policies of aggression and war and group is headed by Wu Wei-jan, constantly strengthened in the com­ in the fight for defending national Deputy Director of the Surgical De­ mon struggle against imperialism. independence, protecting national re­ partment of the Shoutu Hospital in Peking under the Chinese Academy When Jamaica proclaimed its in­ sources and developing national of Medical Sciences. dependence in 1962, the Chinese economy. The Latin American peo­ Government immediately recognized ple are becoming masters of their In Canada, the delegation visited it. own destiny. Gone for ever are the universities, medical schools, hospi­ tals, health centres and research The present Government of Ja­ days when the superpowers could centres in Edmonton, Toronto, Mon­ maica came into power last March ride roughshod over and do what­ treal, Ottawa and other cities where and emphasized the principle of in­ ever they liked in Latin America. members had extensive discussions dependence, of not being under the The Chinese Government and people with their Canadian counterparts on control of foreign countries and of firmly support the struggle of the strengthening ties with countries of Latin American countries for defend­ (Continued on p. 23.)

4 Peking Review, No. 48

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Understanding the World Situation By Studying Geography

by Hua Chih-hai

GEOGRAPHY is that branch of science which studies making large-scale military arrangements and setting up the physical features of various countries and military bases in many countries." ("Talk With the regions in the world, the disposition of their social pro­ American Correspondent Anna Louise Strong," Selected duction and the interrelationships between the two. Works of Mao Tsetung, Vol. IV., Foreign Languages Studying some natural and economic geography, with Press, Peking, 1969, p.99.) This thesis of Chairman emphasis on world political geography, will help us Mao's, which scientifically epitomized the peculiarity of grasp the world situation in its true perspective and the international class struggle in those days, serves as understand the readjustments and changes in inter­ our guide in observing the basic world situation after national relations. World War II.

Revolutionary Teachers Attach Great With the emergence of socialist China and other importance to Geography socialist countries, the development of the revolutionary In studying the situation of international class struggles of the oppressed nations and peoples of the struggle, the great revolutionary teachers without excep­ world, particularly those in Asia, Africa and Latin Amer­ tion pay especial attention to using and analysing various ica, and the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet kinds of social, political and economic materials, inclu­ Union which later became a social-imperialist country, ding geographical data. a profound change took place in world political geography. In Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism., Lenin used and analysed a tremendous amount of Two Superpowers and Two intermediate Zones relevant geographical data and tables of geographical Taking advantage of the decline of U.S. imperial­ statistics to show the changes in the world's political and ism. Soviet revisionism has stopped at nothing in economic geography before and after the partition of stepping up its infiltration and expansion overseas; the world among the imperialist powers. On this Lenin with whetted appetite it has become a superpower con­ founded the thesis of uneven development of the im­ tending with U.S. imperialism for world hegemony. perialist countries and drew the conclusion that "imperi­ The pursuance of the "jungle law" policy by Soviet re­ alist wars are absolutely inevitable." (Imperialism, the visionism and U.S. imperialism has given rise to re- Highest Stage of Capitalism, Foreign Languages Press, division and realignment in the capitalist world. Thus, Peking, 1969, p.5.) in the world atlas, one finds two vast intermediate In many of his works on international problems, zones lying between the socialist countries and the two Chairman Mao analysed the world revolutionary superpowers — U.S. imperialism and Soviet revision­ situation at the time in the light of world geography. ism. The Asian, African and Latin American coun­ In his well-known talk in August 1946, he point­ tries are in the first intermediate zone, and the ed out that "the United States and the Soviet Union second intermediate zone embraces a number of arc separated by a vast zone which includes many cap­ major capitalist countries, except the Soviet Union italist, colonial and semi-colonial countries in Europe, and the United States, both in the West and in the Asia and Africa." At that time, U.S. imperialism, which East. had replaced German. Italian and Japanese fascism, Covering 63 per cent of the world's land mass, the "in the Pacific... controls areas larger than all the for­ Asian. African and Latin American countries have a mer British spheres of influence there put together; it population amounting to three-quarters of the world's controls Japan, that part of China under Kuomintang total and arc fabulously rich in natural resources. rule, half of Korea, and the South Pacific. It has long West Asia has approximately 53 per cent of the controlled Central and South America. It seeks also to world's known oil reserves, and about 60 per cent of control the whole of the British Empire and Western the world's tin deposits are in Southeast Asia. The Europe. Using various pretexts, the United States is gold, uranium, diamond and copper deposits in Africa

December 1, 1972 5

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] occupy an important place in the world. Latin Amer­ between Europe and the Indian and Pacific Oceans which ica is well known for its iron, oil, copper, bauxite and usually took the route via the Cape of Good Hope at the nitrates, while paddy rice and natural rubber pro­ southernmost tip of Africa. More than ever, the Mid­ duced in Asia make up more than 90 per cent of the dle East region has become the hub of both land and sea world's total. In Latin America, sugar-cane or bana­ communications between the three continents. This re­ na grow in abundance in the Caribbean region and gion has 60 per cent of the world's known oil reserves, countries like Ecuador, Guatemala and Honduras. All and of the 14 countries and regions in the world each this accounts for the fact that the Asian-African-Latin with an oil deposit of over 1,000 million tons, six are in American region is where the two superpowers contend the Middle East. All this makes the two superpowers' with each other in their bid for world hegemony. mouths water. Besides vying with each other in build­ Strategically speaking, the second intermediate ing military bases to realize their wild ambitions of carv­ zone is also of political, economic and military signifi­ ing up spheres of influence in the Middle East, cance to the two superpowers in their struggle for they also lend their support to Israeli Zionism so world domination. This being the case, countries in as to fish in troubled waters. At the same time, they the first and the second intermediate zones extend their velvet paws in their dealings with the small suffer to varying degrees the control, plunder and and medium-sized countries in the region, carrying out bullying by imperialism and social-imperialism; aggression, subversion, control and intervention under to put it graphically, they are like meat sandwiched the guise of support and aid, making these countries between two slices of bread, which are the two super­ chips in their political bargains. The present situation powers, both being out to contend for the countries in of "no war, no peace" in the Middle East is created solely the intermediate zones and to devour them as if they by the two superpowers to suit their respective interests. were the "relish" in the sandwich. Common Enemies of the Third World The national-liberation movement in the broad region of the first intermediate zone is an important But where there is oppression, there is resistance. As force opposing the two superpowers; it is an important the basic situation of world political geography shows, component part of the proletarian world revolution. so long as the superpowers push expansionism by various Countries in the second intermediate zone, which have means and strive for world domination, the struggle contradictions with the two superpowers and are often between aggression and anti-aggression, interference and at odds with them, also constitute a force which must anti-interference, subversion and anti-subversion, control not be neglected in opposing the one or two superpowers. and anti-control will continue for a long time to come. Contradictions between the two overlords and the third Root Cause of World Unrest world countries will inevitably grow ever more inten­ sive. Today, the four seas are rising and the five con­ Collusion as well as contention between the two tinents are rocking. The three Indochinese peoples' war superpowers are the root cause of unrest in the world against U.S. aggression and for national salvation has today. Contending with U.S. imperialism for world battered U.S. imperialism black and blue. Many coun­ hegemony, Soviet revisionist social-imperialism takes tries and people in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf pains to set up a network of bases extending from the (Arab Gulf) and Latin America have taken the lead in Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf (Arab launching the struggle to defend their national rights Gulf) to the Indian Ocean, turning this area into its and interests. In doing research work on the experience sphere of influence; moreover, it is carrying out expan­ of the popular revolutionary struggles in various lands, sion in the Pacific. Thus, on the international scene as we should also study geography in order to learn some­ a whole, the struggle for hegemony between the two su­ thing about the geographical positions, natural conditions perpowers — Soviet revisionism and U.S. imperialism — and resources as well as production of various countries, is bound to become increasingly acute. especially the oppressed nations and states. This will The so-called "Middle East crisis" is a case in point. help us to know why it is entirely just for the peoples From a geographical point of view, the Middle East re­ of the small and medium-sized countries to unite and gion, situated at the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere carry out struggle against expansionism and colonialism mainland, is where the three continents of Europe, Asia of all descriptions and why they deserve sympathy and and Africa meet. Sometimes known as "the land of the support. five seas," because it is surrounded by the Caspian Sea, When we have learnt some knowledge about the the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and oceans, for instance, we will understand both the pro­ the Arab Sea. the Middle East has since antiquity been found political significance and the great economic the passage-way of East-West traffic. The opening in significance of the 200-nautical-mile claim of the Latin 1869 of the Suez Canal, the "throat of the Middle East," American countries and people in regard to the width of shortened by several thousand kilometres the sea voyage their territorial seas and fishing areas and of the struggle

0 Peking Review, No. 48 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] arising therefrom. In Latin America, the cool Peruvian perialism. Some tsarist Russian "geographers" once current in the coastal waters of Chile, Peru, Ecuador and publicly acknowledged that geographical research should other countries extends at least over 200 nautical miles. go hand in hand with the tsarist colonial policy and This and other related natural conditions account for move in advance of territorial acquisition and the for­ the fact that the region abounds in fish and is one of the ward movement of the boundary line. This reactionary world's famous fishing grounds. Peru tops the world in concept of geography was based on a "theory" which the catch of fish and its export of fish meal makes up cropped up towards the end of the 19th century — the more than half of the world's exports. The amount of "theory" that social development depends entirely on tuna hauled by Ecuador from its territorial seas accounts whether the physical surroundings are good or bad.* for 20 per cent of the world's total. But for many years From this stem other reactionary concepts of geography the fish resources of these countries have been plundered such as human geography and geopolitics. There is in by the imperialist countries. U.S. imperialism clamours the United States the so-called "hunger geography" that the United States is "entitled" to fish anywhere fish which holds that the hunger and poverty of the people can be found. Soviet revisionist social-imperialism, too, in the Asian-African-Latin American region result from says "no" to the 200-nautical-mile limit. Completely dis­ the lack of land suitable for growing agricultural crops, regarding the Latin American countries' territorial sea from poor climate and natural resources and from the rights, they spare no effort in bullying others. It is en­ physical phenomena of too many mountains and pla­ tirely just for the Latin American countries to protect teaux. But the fact is just the opposite: The Asian- their national resources and develop their national African-Latin American region with its vast expanse of economy by uniting and seizing imperialist pirate fish­ land has rich natural resources. And the source of ing boats engaged in illegal fishing on their territorial affluence of the imperialist countries is their ruthless seas. exploitation of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions. Since the 15th century, many European colonialist countries have time and again summoned up zeal for The lebensraum (living space) theory, the kernel of "geographical exploration" in the Asian-African-Latin geopolitics, is imperialist geography in another form. American region. This was followed by scramble This theory is used to base a nation's foreign policy on among the colonialist robbers for land and spheres of its natural environment. It fanatically preaches that influence in this region. After World War II, in the 24 the unlimited expansion of lebensraum is the inevitable years between 1946 and 1969, the United States had "law" in the course of development of the state organ­ grabbed a profit of 23.490 million dollars from direct in­ ism. And it was in accordance with this gangster logic vestments in Latin America alone. Since the 1960s, that Hitler not only included most of Europe in his Soviet revisionist social-imperialism has also been carry­ sphere of fascist lebensraum but had actually dispatched ing out expansion and aggression in a big way in Asia, his troops to Africa. In the 1950s, U.S. imperialism, too, Africa and Latin America. By early 1971, it already had played up its theory of filling the power vacuum. This a finger in 353 enterprises and other projects in countries theory, in essence, denies the right and strength of the there. Aggression by imperialism and social-imperialism people in a given region to decide their own destiny, has aroused strong opposition from the people of these and insists on dividing up the world into various spheres countries. of influence in the interest of a few imperialist countries. In the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution, Basing themselves on this theory, the two superpowers the revolutionary struggles of the people of all countries are dreaming of becoming overlords of the world. Fol­ support each other and are merged into one. China is lowing the old imperialist "gunboat policy," Soviet re­ a developing country and belongs to the third world. visionist social-imperialism is sending its fleets to the The Chinese people and the oppressed nations and peo­ Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific and the ples of Asia, Africa and Latin America had the same Atlantic in a bid for world hegemony. experience in the past and are now facing common The geography of the bourgeoisie is, in the last enemies. The Chinese people regard victory in the analysis, a reflection of the idealist conception of history. anti-imperialist struggle of the Asian. African and Latin In the course of studying geography, using Marxism- American people as their own victory and give warm Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought as our guide to sympathy and support to all their anti-imperialist and thoroughly repudiate these bourgeois concepts of anti-colonialist struggles. geography will help us distinguish materialism from idealism and establish the dialectical and historical Bourgeois Geography Criticized materialist world outlook. Geography is a branch of science with a clear-cut class nature. The science of geography of the bourgeoisie *For a critique of this fallacy, see "On Contradiction," has from the very outset been soaked through with the Section 1, Selected Works of Mao Tsetung, Vol. I, Foreign aggressive and predatory nature of colonialism and im­ Languages Press, Peking, 1969, p. 313 ff. — Tr.

December 1, 1972 7

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] At the U.N. The First Committee Adopts 52-Nation Draft

This fraudulent Soviet assertion question of disarmament as well as was refuted by representatives of a repudiation of the absurd Soviet many countries. Some of the repre­ assertion that disarmament "is sentatives stressed that "the world conceived first and foremost." disarmament conference should be On behalf of the 52 co-sponsors, carefully prepared," and "the world THE First (Political and Security) Zambia's Representative Lusaka ex­ Committee of the U.N. General disarmament conference should have Assembly adopted on November 22 plained the functions of the special definite aims." Some others doubted a resolution calling for the establishment committee to be set up under the res- of a special committee made up the meaning of such a conference. of 35 member states "to examine all olution. He said that the report One representative pointed out, the views and suggestions expressed to be provided at the end of the work "Despite 10 years of negotiations in THE views and suggestions expressed of the special committee to the 28th the conference of the (Geneva) by governments on the convening of Session of the U.N. General Assembly committee on disarmament, it has a world disarmament conference and "will be merely a report of views and not been possible to achieve disarma­ related problems and to present, on expressions of the different delega­ ment. The arms race has continued." the basis of consensus, a report to tions. It will not be binding at all." Another representative said, "We do the General Assembly at its 28th His explanatory remarks earned not have many illusions regarding session." ready approval of many representa­ the results of such a conference." The Chinese Delegation voted in tives. The representative of Canada favour of the resolution tabled by Some pointedly refuted the Soviet was also of the opinion that the Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, allegation that "a world disarmament special committee "will not adopt Zambia and 48 other countries in the conference is conceived first and decisions or recommendations of any belief that it reflects the efforts made foremost." An African representa­ kind" but will simply adopt a report by many small and medium-sized tive said, "With regard to disarma­ to the General Assembly. peace-loving countries. ment, it is impossible to put the The resolution was adopted 111 to Chinese Representative Chen Chu, aggressor and the victim on the same nil with one abstention. after voting for the resolution, made level. This political problem must The Soviet revisionist leading a statement expounding China's be resolved before real disarmament clique has always tried to make dem­ stand. He declared, "In our opinion, could be brought about. The problem agogic use of the call for disarma­ if there is to be disarmament, it must of ending spheres of influence and ment to create a false sense of se­ be a genuine disarmament, and the hegemony must also be resolved be­ curity and so lull the vigilance of the one or two superpowers must not be fore there could be real disar­ world's people against the aggressive allowed to use the slogan of disarma­ mament." An Arab representative and expansionist activities of social- ment to deceive the people of said, "Before a world disarmament imperialism. Back at the General various countries; if a world disarma­ conference is considered, it has to be Assembly last year, the Soviet Dele­ ment conference is to be convened, remembered that there are still peo­ gation proposed the convocation of it must help promote the struggle of ple in the world valiantly struggling a world disarmament conference, the people of various countries for independence and freedom. They without setting forth any definite against the imperialist policies of ag­ have taken up armed struggle against aims or any practical steps for it. their oppressors. Are they to be told gression and war, it must be truly Many countries opposed or cold- to lay down their arms and to live conducive to world peace, and it must shouldered the proposal, which was peacefully with their oppressors?" not allow the one or two superpowers therefore shelved. At the current to carry out arms expansion and war session, it renewed its proposal and, The resolution adopted on Novem­ preparations under the name of in disregard of the objections of other ber 22 stressed that the participants disarmament. Both the past ex­ countries, insisted on fixing the date, to the committee meeting were con­ perience and the present state of venue and preparatory set-up for a vinced that "substantial progress in affairs tell us that the high-sounding world disarmament conference. At the field of disarmament can be talk about general and complete meeting's and outside the meeting achieved only by ensuring adequate disarmament over the past decade hall, the Soviet Delegation did its conditions of security for all slates." and more has resulted in the general best to peddle this proposal, present- This conviction is a confirmation of and complete arms expansion by the ins; it in glowing terms to make be­ the correct stand of the many small two superpowers and in all the small lieve that everything is ready and medium-sized countries on the and medium-sized countries still being for the conference and once the conference is convened peace will 8 Peking Review, No. 48 reign in the world. Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] constantly under threat. The disar­ including nuclear bases, on the ter­ "The Chinese Government fully mament fraud of the one or two ritory of other countries. Only thus understands the good intention of superpower's should not be allowed to can there be a guarantee for all coun­ many peace-loving and justice- continue." tries, big and small, to participate on upholding countries which oppose the an equal basis and free from any superpowers' arms race and demand Chen Chu stressed, "In the opinion threat in the discussion and settle­ their disarmament, and we are ready of the Chinese Delegation, in order ment of such major questions as the to work together with them to pro­ not to turn the world disarmament complete prohibition and thorough mote the convening and smooth conference into a kind of deceptive destruction of nuclear weapons and progress of a true world disarmament empty talk and to enable it truly to the reduction of conventional arms. conference. But historical experience make a start and proceed fruitfully, If the two nuclear superpowers have merits attention, and we should not a clear objective must be set and the no intention even to do these ele­ be under fond illusions. In view of necessary conditions created, that is: mentary things, while some of them the fact that the draft resolution All nuclear countries, particularly still keep on talking about conven­ which has been voted upon reflects the Soviet Union and the United ing a world disarmament conference the efforts made by many small and States which possess the greatest and making preparations for it, medium-sized peace-loving countries, amount of nuclear weapons, must their talk is not worth a penny, and we are ready to support it. Just as first of all undertake unequivocal that only shows that they harbour the Chinese Delegation has stated obligations not to be the first to use ulterior motives. There is an old many times during the consultations nuclear weapons at any time and Chinese saying which goes like this: on the draft resolution: Although under any circumstances not only 'Hear their words and judge them by China will not participate in the against each other but, more im­ their deeds.' The Chinese Delegation special committee referred to therein, portantly, against the non-nuclear categorically cannot agree to, nor will the Chinese Delegation can agree to countries; they must withdraw all maintain contact with the special it ever participate in, such a world armed forces, including missile and committee and exchange views on the disarmament conference and its pre­ nuclear armed forces, from abroad question of disarmament," Chen Chu paratory work." and dismantle all their military bases, concluded.

China's Stood on Prohibition of Chemical and Bacteriological Weapons Expounded

The First (Political and Security) resolution, declaring as contrary to pressing the African people's struggle Committee of the United Nations the generally recognized rules of for national independence. They have General Assembly on November 21 international law. as embodied in the all committed towering crimes. They adopted a resolution on chemical and Geneva Protocol of 1925, the use in should all be severely condemned. bacteriological (biological) weapons. international armed conflicts of "any The so-called "Convention on the chemical or biological agents of war­ Chinese and French representatives Prohibition of the Development, fare" and urging all states to accede abstained in the voting on the draft Production and Stockpiling of Bac­ to or ratify the Geneva Protocol in resolution. After the voting, Lin teriological (Biological) and Toxic 1970. On December 7, 1970, the U.N. Fang, Adviser to the Chinese Dele­ General Assembly reaffirmed at its Weapons and on Their Destruction" gation, made a speech at the meeting 25th Session its resolution of Decem­ is a product manufactured by the two to expound the stand of the Chinese ber 5, 1966 and pointed out that both superpowers after long back-stage Government. Following are excerpts chemical and bacteriological weapons deals and is another fraud of sham of his speech: should be prohibited simultaneously. disarmament they have cooked up. XPLICIT provisions have been As is known to all, the Geneva Pro­ E made early in the Geneva Proto­ It must be pointed out at this ros­ tocol of 1925 declares in explicit col of 1925 on the question of pro­ trum that the U.S. Government has terms that the contracting parties hibiting chemical and bacteriological thus far refused to ratify the Geneva accept the principles of prohibiting weapons. On December 5, 1966, the Protocol of 1925 and, in disregard of the use of chemical and bacteriologi­ United Nations General Assembly the relevant U.N. resolutions, has cal weapons and agree to be bound as adopted a resolution, calling for the been using toxic chemicals and gases between themselves according to the strict observance by ail states of the on a large scale in barbarously terms of the protocol. In disregard principles and objectives of the slaughtering the Vietnamese people of the objection of many justice- Geneva Protocol of 1925 and inviting in its war of aggression against Viet upholding countries and in violation all states to accede to it. On Decem­ Nam. The Portuguese colonialists of the relevant provisions of U.N. ber 16, 1969, the United Nations have also frenziedly resorted to resolutions, the two superpowers con­ General Assembly adopted another chemical warfare in brutally sup­ cocted in separate form this so-called

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"Convention on the Prohibition of vention is intended only for deceiving and people have consistently stood the Development, Production and the people, and it has no practical for the prohibition of the use of all Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bi­ meaning at all. biological and chemical weapons and ological) and Toxic Weapons and on had back in 1952 recognized the 1925 When the so-called "Convention on Their Destruction," in which there is Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition the Prohibition of the Development, no mention at all about the prohibi­ of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Production and Stockpiling of Bac­ tion of the use of such weapons, thus Poisonous or Other Gases, and of teriological (Biological) and Toxic leaving a leeway for their using Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Weapons and on Their Destruction" bacteriological weapons to commit The Chinese people will, as always, was open for signature in Washing­ aggression. The two superpowers continue to work together with the ton, Moscow and London after its people of all countries and persevere also talk glibly about prohibiting production, the Chiang Kai-shek in the struggle for the complete pro­ biological weapons first while leaving clique was even allowed to put its hibition and thorough destruction of aside the chemical weapons which signature on the convention. The all biological and chemical weapons. are being used on a large scale and Chinese Delegation expresses its in­ whose simultaneous prohibition has dignation at this. The Chiang Kai- In view of the fraud concocted by been urgently demanded by the peo­ shek clique has no right at all to the two superpowers on the question ple of all countries. Their true pur­ represent the Chinese people. The of prohibiting biological and chemi­ pose is to enable themselves to con­ signature of the Chiang Kai-shek cal weapons and at the same time in tinue their possession and develop­ clique is illegal and null and void. consideration of the good will of the ment of chemical weapons so that No scheme of creating "two Chinas" people of all countries for the true these weapons can be used freely. will ever succeed. prohibition of biological and chemical Evidently, all this constitutes a viola­ weapons, the Chinese Delegation tion of and retrogression from the The Chinese Delegation solemnly abstained in the voting on the draft Geneva Protocol of 1925. Such a con- declares: The Chinese Government resolution.

Israel's Outrageous Actions Stem From Two Superpowers' Aggression and Expansion Policies

The Special Political Committee of The so-called question of Palestini­ their respective spheres of influence; the U.N. General Assembly conclud­ an refugees was created single- on the other hand, they wish to col­ ed on November 21 its debate on re­ handedly by imperialism and coloni­ lude with each other and avoid direct lief for Palestinian refugees. alism. Over the past two decades conflict so as to serve their division From the start of the debate on and more, the Israeli Zionists, with of the Middle East. As a result, the November 2, representatives of many the support of the United States, man-made 'no war, no peace' situa­ Asian and African countries had have repeatedly launched wars of tion in the Middle East is dragging on spoken out exposing Israeli Zionism's aggression against the Arab coun­ for a long time, Israeli Zionism is crimes of aggression and expressing tries and forcibly occupied large obtaining ceaseless support and abet­ support for the just struggle of the tracts of Arab territories, driving 1.5 ment, the territories and sovereignty Palestinian people to restore their million Palestinian people out of of the Arab countries continue to be national rights. their homeland, who have been made stakes for political deals, and wandering and leading a miserable Among the resolutions finally the so-called question of Palestinian life. Israel has continuously dispatch­ adopted is one affirming that the refugees remains unsettled over a ed large numbers of airplanes and Palestinian people are entitled to long period. ground troops to carry out raids and equal rights and self-determination. bombings against and inflicted heavy We are deeply convinced that so Following are excerpts of the casualties on such Arab countries as long as they have firm confidence in speech by Chinese Representative Syria and Lebanon in an attempt to their own strength, uphold unity and Chang Shu at the November 21 eliminate the Palestinian people's persevere in struggle, the Palestinian meeting: liberation struggle and bring the and other Arab peoples, with the sup­ Arab countries to their knees. port and assistance of the justice- HE Chinese Government and peo- upholding countries and people T pie have always ['irmly supported Israel had run wild because of the throughout the world, will surely the just struggle of the Palestinian two superpowers' policies of aggres­ recover their occupied homeland and and other Arab peoples and rendered sion and expansion. On the one hand regain their deprived national rights. support to the Palestinian people to they want to maintain certain tension Final victory certainly belongs to the the best of our capabilities. in the Middle East so as to expand Palestinian and other Arab peoples!

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Latin American Nuclear-Free Zone

Soviet Double-Dealing

— A Commentary by Hsinhua Correspondent

VERYONE at the United Nations must have Latin American countries hand and foot. He even made E noticed the performance of those who indulge undisguised utterances of intervention in their internal in endless empty talk about "peace." Professedly, they affairs and sovereign rights. propose the non-use of force and the permanent pro­ hibition of the use of nuclear weapons. Everything For instance, the Soviet representative refused to they say is presented with great flourish. The truth recognize the limit defined by the Latin American coun­ is, however, that they are seeking sanction of their tries for the nuclear-free zone. This, in effect, is a stand sabre-rattling while binding others with commitments taken against their right of 200-nautical-mile sea limit for "peace." They are like, as a Chinese anecdote goes, for this precludes Soviet nuclear warships and subma­ the magistrate who sets houses on fire and who never­ rines from prowling about in Latin American waters theless forbids ordinary folk to light up their lamps. and sea-beds. The debate on the creation of a nuclear-free zone in Roschin also made the commitment of other nuclear Latin America at the First Committee of the U.N. powers a sine qua non for Soviet support of a nuclear- General Assembly had put them to the test. free zone in Latin America. While inventing this as a pretext to withhold Soviet support, he revealed the Soviet Representative Roschin made a speech on customary Soviet practice of using the small and me­ November 10 with, as usual, "peace" incantations. He dium-sized countries as bargaining chips in its rivalry indicated that the Soviet Union attached "great signif­ with the other superpower for spheres of nuclear icance" to the draft resolution tabled by the 16 Latin influence. American countries on the creation of a Latin American nuclear-free zone. But the very essence of his speech Roschin also produced a chauvinistic excuse for the lays bare the Soviet revisionists for what they are Soviet refusal to support the nuclear-free zone in Latin — social-imperialism. America, saying that his country had not taken part in the consultations on such a zone. Consolidating Its Position of Nuclear Monopoly To begin with, Roschin declared that "in supporting A Position of Consistent Error the creation of nuclear-free zones, the Soviet Union proceeds from the necessary premise that the creation In this connection the Mexican representative took of such zones should effectively limit the sphere of in­ Roschin to task with the query: Has the Soviet Union stallation of nuclear weapons and be totally and fully ever asked others to take part or consulted them when in keeping with the aim of preventing the direct or it concluded with the United States the many treaties indirect proliferation of those weapons. It is precisely relevant to them? As for the scope of the nuclear-free that approach of principle which determines the attitude zone, does it mean that the Soviet Union has the exclu­ of the Soviet Union to the specific proposals for the sive authority to decide whether or not a nuclear-free creation of nuclear-free zones." zone exists in any part of the world? His remark makes it crystal clear that Soviet con­ The Soviet position, the Mexican representative siderations for support of such zones do not proceed noted, "has been consistent but has been one of con­ from any desire to support the peaceful aspirations of sistent error, in open contradiction to the position of the peoples of these areas, much less to undertake any enthusiastic theoretical support for the establishment of obligation, but from its desire to prevent the "prolif­ nuclear-free zones reiterated disgustingly by the Soviet eration" of nuclear weapons. This is to say that only Government." a superpower like the Soviet Union, not any of the small or medium-sized countries, is entitled to possess It is clear that empty talk and high-sounding words nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union proceeds from the can deceive no one. The honeyed words of a hypocrite very premise of restricting others to consolidate its posi­ serve only as a warning of his ulterior motives. All tion of nuclear monopoly. those present at the United Nations know what tricks the Soviet Union is up to and will draw the just con­ One Condition After Another clusion. Proceeding from this premise, the Soviet repre­ sentative raised one condition after another to bind the (United Nations, November 20)

December 1, 1972 11

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Carved In the Cliffs —The Red Flag Canal

Travel Notes by Our Correspondent (1)

FEW weeks ago. several of my colleagues and I A visited the nationally known man-made river — the Red Flag Canal, which has attracted streams of visitors. We took the southbound train from Peking and after eight hours reached Anyang in Honan Province. This city was the seat of the Yin Dynasty some 3,000 years ago during the period of slave society. Large quantities of artefacts unearthed here prove it to be the most ancient capital discovered so far in China. They include some one hundred thousand fragments of oracle bones as well as stoneware, coloured pottery and exquisite examples of bronze utensils. Many ancient tombs have also been exhumed. They contained nu­ merous sacrificial objects as well as gruesome testimony to the burying alive of as many as 400 slaves together with the slave-owner. This barbaric system of burying the living with the dead ended with the downfall of slave society. Nevertheless, for the next 2,000 years and more, the labouring people continued to live in misery under feu­ dalism. For example, to the west of Anyang in Linhsien County there was the age-old "water famine" that blighted man and land.

Water! Water! Two hours' drive from Anyang took us to Linhsien County hemmed in by high, rugged precipices of the Taihang Mountains. On one side of a newly paved 12- they ran deep clown below in the ravines flanked by metre-wide thoroughfare in the county town [see (1) on steep cliffs. When it rained, water rushed down in a sketch map] stands the Red Flag Canal exhibition centre. torrent, unchecked and unused. The people drew their Among the displays is a rubbing from a stone tablet water mainly from very deep wells. These "wells with­ found in an ancient temple. It recorded the terrible out a source," as they were called, were fed by rain plight of the local inhabitants a century ago: "During and snow. There was no ground water in those tower­ a severe drought, people kept alive on persimmon leaves ing rocky mountains. and red soil. They sold their daughters for a mere The dearth of water gave rise to frequent famines pittance. With men eating human flesh, disorder was and banditry was rife. When winter came, it was not rampant. What life was like during this natural calam­ uncommon to see; peasant families carrying small sacks ity is engraved here in stone for all to remember." of grain and labouring wearily on their way to places Beside the rubbing is a basin measuring less than where there was water to live with luckier relatives five inches in diameter. It represented a peasant family's or friends. Only when spring came round would they daily water-supply for washing during a normal year. go home to start farming. This annual migration was When little rain fell, they had barely enough water to known as "fleeing the land of water-shortage." Those drink, let alone wash. who stayed behind had to line up every day behind Water was not always to be had in Linhsien County one of the wells for a long tiresome wait until their even with several rivers flowing through it, because turn came to draw water up with the windlass. In

12 Peking Review, No. 48

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] villages where there was no well or the wells had dried taken through the efforts of the People's Government, up, people trudged many, many kilometres up and which mobilized the masses to sink many new wells down mountain paths with buckets and a shoulder pole and cut a number of channels to bring water from or with donkeys to fetch water. It is estimated that mountain springs. Of greater import, however, was the in the pre-liberation days over one-half of the county's realization by the people that under the leadership of manpower was taken up in this way. Lack of water the Communist Party they could get organized and do even stood in the way of marriage. Girls from villages a lot more things. with wells would not marry boys in well-less villages, By the end of 1957 when the nationwide Big Leap while girls from villages without wells would marry Forward in building socialism was shaping up, the Lin­ only boys in those with wells, with the result that many hsien County Party Committee sent out a number of young men and women went unmarried. fact-finding groups to consult the peasants on the ques­ For landlords and rich peasants, scarcity of water tion of what should be done first in the county to provided an opportunity to make money. In times of bring about a big leap forward. The unanimous reply drought, if a peasant wanted to get two small buckets was: Water! Water! Water above all else! of water from the private well of one of those blood­ suckers, he had to work like a slave from one to sev­ The Blueprint eral days for him. On exhibition is a small oval- Three rivers flowing through the ravines were up­ shaped bucket made by a rich peasant to fit his well. permost in their minds. They decided to dam them. The mouth of his well had been shaped so that water The torrential rush of water during the rainy season could be drawn only with this particular bucket. could be stored in the reservoirs. We visited the Lu- The Chinese character "Lin" in Linhsien means shui River reservoir (2) which has now been linked to forest. But why "Linhsien" when the county lacked the Red Flag Canal. This artificial lake in the moun­ water and therefore had very few trees? Local histor­ tains is also a scenic spot, its clear, still water mirroring ical records reveal that the place was originally named the surrounding hills and blue sky above. Its immense Lunglu. But as the character "Lung" happened to be capacity of 69 million cubic metres gives life to the the name of a feudal emperor, there was a taboo on land as well as a new home for some 600,000 fry from its use. So the county was given the name "Lin." This the far-away Yangtze River, For the first time in its might well be the only "contribution" made by the past long history the county is engaged in raising fish. The rulers to the people of Linhsien! building of the dam (78 metres high and 164 metres Before liberation, there was a popular ballad in the long) was a stupendous achievement of the Linhsien locality which runs something like this: "Water is as people who had had little experience in building this dear as oil in this land of barren mountains; no mercy sort of thing. It took them more than a year to build from the rich over rent and debt, day and night the a reservoir on each of the three rivers. poor can only fret and fret." This epitomizes the suf­ At the construction sites people worked in high ferings of the labouring people down through the cen­ spirits for they could see the life-giving water that turies. would be provided. Many of the young men and women The liberation of Linhsien County put an end to got engaged and were preparing to begin a new life. exploitation of the peasants by the landlords and rich But the weather was inclement. In 1959, serious drought peasants through the agency of their land and wells. hit the area. No rain fell. The rivers and reservoirs The first steps towards solving the water problem were dried up. The people's hopes were dashed.

Linhsien in the past: Working the windlass to draw water for countless empty buckets (left). Toiling up a mountain path with water for a distant village (right).

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However this might be, the people did not give up. Just as Chairman Mao has said: "Poverty gives rise to the desire for change, the desire for action and the desire for revolution." "More people mean a greater ferment of ideas, more enthusiasm and more energy." The people of the whole county drew the same conclu­ sion: Reservoirs alone aren't enough. We've got to do something else. The county Party committee called meeting after meeting to consult with the peasants, the elderly in particular. A bold idea took shape. Near Linhsien County in neighbouring Shansi Province flows the Changho River, steady and abundant on its upper reaches. The river is higher than the county in elevation. Yes! That's it! "Water seeks its own level." It could be made to flow here! Here to Linhsien! But rugged ridges and ravines of the rocky Taihang Mountains stood solidly between. Could water be led through these precipices? Could it? This posed problems. Very hard problems too. The engineers and technicians invited in as advisers all admired the bold, daring plan, but most of them were sceptical. The difficulties were too many and too great. "There are difficulties and difficulties," the peas- ams said, "but of them all, none is greater than living without water generation after generation." In ac­ cordance with the will of the overwhelming majority of the local people, the county Party committee decided to split the Taihang Mountains and divert water from the Changho River to the county. Twenty-three-year-oid Communist Youth League member Wu Tsu-tai, who had just graduated from a hydro-engineering school, was assigned to Linhsien. He was one of those intellectuals who had identified them­ selves with workers and peasants. He took their joys and worries as his own. The peasants affectionately called him Little Wu. With his understanding of the it, he cited an ancient Chinese fable about an old man, local people's urgent need to solve the water problem, known as the Foolish Old Man, who made up his mind he threw himself heart and soul into this seemingly risky project. When the designing was begun he work­ to remove the two big mountains obstructing his door­ ed together with some of the many skilled masons who way. Moved by his determination, God sent two angels had grown up in this rocky county and who had gen­ to carry the mountains away, the story says. In his erations of experience behind them in building bridges famous article, Chairman Mao pointed out that Chinese and roads. Before long they produced a blueprint — Communists must also have the spirit shown by the needless to say, a very rough one. Foolish Old Man. They too could touch God's heart. Then the Party committee issued the command: Their God was none other than the masses of the Chi­ "Start the project!" nese people. If the people rose to action, they were quite capable of removing the mountains of reactionary Peasants from the villages set out in columns as they had done in the days of the War of Resistance rule lying like a dead weight on them. Since then, Against Japan and the Revolutionary Civil War. But "the spirit of the Foolish Old Man" has animated and this time they were armed with sledge-hammers and accompanied the Chinese people's triumphant march chisels instead of rifles. Along the way, propaganda forward. teams of girls sang stirring songs to the quick clickety- On February 10, 1960, the Red Flag Canal Project clack of bamboo castanets, heightening the builders' was launched. determination to overcome difficulties. Huge slogans splashed on the rocks called out to them, the most prom­ Difficulties inent one: "Transform China in the spirit of the Foolish The plan called for a dam (3) across the Changho Old Man who removed the mountains!" River. From the reservoir, a 70-kilometre-long main Back in 1945, Chairman Mao wrote the article canal (4) would lead the water to a high watershed (5) The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains. In in Linhsien. Then branching off the main canal would

14 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! Peking Review, No. 48 irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] be three big trunk canals (6), (7). (8) to divert the water so much to be done, and urgently too, in this vast land to all parts of the county. of ours. There are priorities — railways and factories Building this main canal was the most difficult part to be built and mines, too. The people of Linhsien had of the project; it had to skirt 51 sheer cliffs. This for­ decided against relying on aid from the state. The bidding terrain was dotted with eerie names. One vast work-site was spangled with the slogans "Arduous cliff was called "Tiger's Maw." Another, "Cockcrow struggle" and "Self-reliance." And they carried out Rouses Three Provinces," boasted a height from which these teachings of Chairman Mao's to the letter. a cock's crow could be heard in Honan and two neigh­ Rocks blasted out of the mountains were chipped bouring provinces, Shansi and Hopei. into rectangular blocks for building the embankments. The elements imposed hardships and lack of ex­ As cement for mortar was scarce in the locality, they perience brought further difficulties, Linhsien is a big used a lime and earth mixture as had been done in the county with a population of 700,000. The able-bodied past for building bridges when there had been no cement men and women numbered 240,000, so the county Party at all. People were sent out to learn to make cement. A committee thought of assigning 100.000 men and women simple cement factory exploiting local resources was to cut: the 70,000-metre main canal. This would average put up. It is now, by the way, a factory of considerable less than one metre per person, and the project would size. Output from the lime kilns was inadequate, so be completed by May 1, International Labour Day. But repeated experiments were made. Some old experienc­ before the number of builders rose to 37,000, less than ed peasants invented a way of making lime without a half the planned figure, the narrow mountain paths kiln. They made a mountainous multi-deck "sandwich" had become so clogged that bringing in food and ma­ of limestone and coal out in the open and then fired terials burgeoned into a sizable problem, though new it. A "sandwich" yielded 2,000 tons of lime! paths were continually being made while work was in Running short of dynamite, they concocted an ef­ progress. Unforeseen technical problems also kept pil­ fective substitute out of chemical fertilizer the state ing up. The masses' criticism of the organizational sent each year. work rose in proportion. Displayed at the exhibition centre is a collection The Party committee quickly called a meeting of of worn-out chisels from the construction site. A metre long when new, they are now short stubs measured in the peasants' representatives for a round of discussions. inches. In the end it was unanimously decided to act accord­ ing to Chairman Mao's famous teaching: "Concentrate Some comrades were injured and a few even lost their lives during the project, due mostly to cave-ins. a superior force to destroy the enemy forces one by Little Wu, the technician mentioned earlier, was unfor­ one." The number of workers put on the job was cut tunately crushed to death by a falling boulder while to 30,000 and the project was built section by section. inspecting a tunnel shortly after the project got started. Manpower, materials and expertise were concentrated A large portrait of this young hero hangs in the exhi­ and those leading the work stayed on hand to give bition centre as a memorial, and the Linhsien people guidance at all times. The situation quickly improved will always remember him. and the digging went on at a faster tempo. Hardships, however, were only one facet of the How arduous the efforts! life there. The atmosphere of intense revolutionary Chilly winds of early spring whipped the Taihang optimism that prevailed on the work-site was unmistak­ Mountains. What about housing for this big contingent? able. There is a stone tablet in a memorial pavilion Temporary sheds built of reeds answered the purpose. at the point where the Red Flag Canal joins the Hero Some of the more robust young people simply bedded Channel. On one side are engraved short biographies down in nooks and crannies in the cliffs. of several fallen heroes, while on the other side What tools did they use? In a rock-bound county verses composed by the builders themselves. One elderly such as this, chisels and hammers are common enough man wrote: "Old in years and young at heart, I pledge in many households. One builder would hold a long to build the canal with all my heart." "Not until the steel chisel while another, swinging a heavy sledge-ham­ canal is finished will I many," wrote a girl. One build­ mer, struck it in a steady rhythm. The rock was hard; er with a strong sense of humour put down these lines: the chisels, worn blunt after a series of blows, were "Water in the Hero Channel means good harvest des­ sent back to the smithies for sharpening. When a small pite drought. Crops doing fine mean the Dragon King hole was made, it was enlarged and deepened by blast­ has lost his authority." According to an ancient Chinese ing. Cut, blast, cut again, blast again, and so it went, myth, the Dragon King was in charge of rain and, con­ on and on. Deafening explosions rent the air, clouds sequently, had a big say in deciding a harvest. These of acrid smoke billowed over the work-site. The build­ simple, short verses eloquently express the lofty aspira­ ers pressed on, inch by inch, pitting their will against tions in the hearts of the canal builders. the unyielding rock. The emancipated people are courageously and Why didn't they use machines? Pneumatic drills? joyfully creating a new life. Electric detonation devices? It is a fact that the coun­ try turns out a wide range of machinery, but there is (To Be Concluded.)

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China's Economy at a Glance ing and unloading machinery and other factories have been set up along both banks of the Yangtze. Transportation At the close of 1971, total mileage of highways open to traffic was 670,000 kilometres, nine times the TRANSPORTATION network of liberation. Now, except for Tibet, pre-liberation figure. The Sikang- A railways, waterways and high­ every province, municipality or Tibet, Chinghai-Tibet and Sinkiang- ways has begun to be formed in autonomous region has railways. The Tibet Highways go across the China after more than 20 years of situation in which railways were Chinghai-Tibet Plateau — the roof of effort. The volume of transportation irrationally distributed has begun to the world. — passengers and cargo — increases change. annually. A shipbuilding industry With no locomotive industry to and a locomotive and rolling stock Navigation also underwent a big speak of, old China imported all her industry have been set up. change. By the end of 1971 total locomotives. She began building mileage of inland navigation reached them in 1952. By 1958, inspired by Despite numerous inland water­ 147,000 kilometres. Before liberation, the big leap in the nation's economy, ways and a long coast, communication the Yangtze, China's biggest and workers and staff in this field over­ and transportation was very back­ longest river, was silted. Dock equip­ came difficulties in technology and ward in pre-liberation China. Only ment was poor and backward and equipment and succeeded in making 22,000 kilometres of railways were loading and unloading were mostly diesel locomotives. Now the country built; in the 73 years from 1876 to done by manual labour. After lib­ can produce diesel locomotives, elec­ 1949. With no ocean-going vessels eration, shoals were blasted and its tric locomotives, large freighters and at that time, China's total inland course dredged, and electric beacons streamlined passenger coaches of her navigation mileage was only 73,000 facilitating night navigation were own design. kilometres. There were only 80,000 installed. Known before as a na­ kilometres of highways. Moreover, tural barrier, all of the 204-kilo- Old China could only build small sabotage and neglect by Kuomintang metre-long Three Gorges* on the river boats and junks. Ten years rulers reduced the total mileage of river is now open to traffic day and after her liberation, China built her railways and highways open to traf­ night. The cargo now handled by first 10,000-ton-class ocean-going fic to only 11,000 and 75,000 kilo­ the ports on the Yangtze is 14 times freighter. The shipbuilding industry metres respectively on the eve of that in pre-liberation days and the made considerable headway during liberation. total ship tonnage is more than six­ the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. China's ocean-going ves­ After the founding of New China, fold. By the end of 1971 a number of shipyards, ship-repairing docks, sels have docked in 58 countries and existing railway lines were swiftly re­ regions on the globe. paired or rebuilt and scores of new factories making and repairing load- lines built. By the end of 1971, the Very few bridges spanned China's national mileage open to traffic was * Three Gorges refer to the Chutang big rivers before 1949. Not a single Gorge, Wu Gorge and Hsiling Gorge one was seen on the Yangtze and four times what it was on the eve of between Szechuan and Hupeh Provinces. there were only two railway bridges across the Yellow River. In the more than 20 years since the founding of New China, many railway bridges were built on these two rivers. Total mileage of big railway bridges and bridges for both trains and motor vehicles built in the 19 years between 1953 and 1971 was four times the length of the big railway bridges built in the 73 years from 1876 to 1949. By January 1969, the Chinese-designed and Chinese-installed double track double decker bridge for both rail­ way and highway — the Nanking Yangtze River Bridge — was finished. It was built by drawing on bridge- building experiences at home and abroad. Chairman Mao's teaching "Let the localities undertake more work under DieseI locomotives produced by the Talien Locomotive and Rolling Stock Plant. unified central planning" brought the 16 Peking Review, No. 48 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] initiative of both the central and railways. In the ten years between people's communes and state farms local authorities into play. The last 1962 and 1971, highways paved by with various kinds of tractors, irri­ 23 years have seen the provinces, provinces, cities, special administra­ gation and drainage equipment and municipalities and autonomous re­ tive regions, counties and people's farm tools as well as machinery for gions build 4,000 kilometres of local communes totalled 180,000 kilometres. processing agricultural and side-line products. Ninety-six per cent of all counties now have workshops making and repairing farm machinery. Out­ ling Industry put of major farm machines in the five years since the Great Proletarian PERSISTING in the principle of meters. Total output value of this Cultural Revolution began exceeded "maintaining independence and industry in 1971 was 13 times that the total for the ten years prior 10 keeping the initiative in our own of 1957. Output of major equipment 1966. Production of mining equip­ hands and relying on our own ef­ for the mining, metallurgical, pe­ ment has risen steadily, and in 1971 forts," China's rapidly growing troleum, chemical and power gen­ it was more than four times that of machine-building industry has spread erating industries, and machine tools 1965. To meet the needs of develop­ from a few coastal cities deep into and heavy-duty lorries has risen be­ ing the iron and steel industry, China the hinterland. tween 3.4 and 19.5 times. The variety can now design and produce many of products has increased markedly, types of machinery for excavating, The machine-building industry in encompassing up-to-date large, high ore washing and dressing, sintering, old China was to all intents and pur­ precision, sophisticated machinery transportation, smelting and steel poses non-existent. In the century such as blast furnaces, converters, rolling, and complete sets of equip­ preceding China's liberation in 1949 cold-rolling mills, steam turbo-gen­ ment for the iron, non-ferrous, coal, the country had only a handful of erators with an inner water-cooled mineral and other mines and for iron machine shops with poor and out­ stator and rotor, water-turbine gen­ and steel complexes of different sizes. dated equipment concentrated mostly erating sets, electric locomotives and in Shenyang, Shanghai, Tientsin, and The machine-building workers and diesel locomotives and complete sets a few other coastal cities, and these staff have introduced technical inno­ of equipment for steelmaking, coal­ could only repair or make simple vations on an extensive scale and pro­ mining, oil refining and chemical machines such as small motors and duced many new products of an ad­ fertilizer plants. These products are pulley lathes. vanced level by pioneering new paths indicative of the rise in the technical in developing industry. Among them A group of big, modern enterprises level of the machine-building indus­ are large thread grinding machines, has gone up since 1949 to form the try in China. steam turbo-generators with an inner backbone of the machine-building in­ The industry has also persisted in water-cooled stator and rotor, oil dustry and enterprises left over from the principle of serving agriculture drilling rigs, large pumps and high- old China have been transformed. and the iron and steel industry. For precision current transformers. They In addition, thousands of small more than ten years, the machine- and medium-sized machine-build­ building departments have supplied (Continued on p. 20.) ing factories were built in va­ rious places in 1958, when China's economy made a big leap forward. By 1960 the number of machine- building plants had increased three­ fold compared with 1957, with many places building their machine-build­ ing industry from scratch.

In accordance with the needs of national economic development, China now has built a group of large enterprises underpinning the ma­ chine-building industry as well as several thousand small and medium- sized machine-building factories making equipment for the mining, metallurgical, power generating, pe­ troleum and chemical industries, and producing machine tools, motor vehi­ cles, bearings, tools, general ma­ chinery, construction machinery, Checking lathes in a machine too! factory in Kweilin, Kwangsi farm machinery and instruments and Chuang Autonomous Region. December 1, 1972 17

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was considered imperative to ter­ ROUND THE WORLD minate Pakistan's membership of this commission, he added. The spokesman said an additional reason for the decision was the initia­ SOUTH VIET NAM called rear security decree which tive taken by north and south Korea empowers the police to kill, arrest to start direct negotiations for reuni­ Thieu's Fascist Rule and search our compatriots at ran­ fication. dom and confiscate their properties; The "Voice of Viet Nam" in a re­ He said that Pakistan's permanent thwarted the people's struggle for representative to the United Nations cent commentary exposed the fascist democratic rights and the right to rule of Nguyen Van Thieu, a U.S. had addressed a letter on the subject live through various wartime 'secu­ imperialist lackey in south Viet Nam. to the U.N. Secretary-General on rity' measures; and silenced the voice November 21, 1972. The letter said: The radio pointed out: Pacification of his opponents, the neutralists and My government has been considering in the rural areas is a plan to sup­ the public by the press and informa­ carefully the problem of unification press, persecute and control millions tion decree. By tightening the cur­ of Korea and now north and south of peasants in the south. The U.S.- few, dissolving the village fairs and Korea have agreed to seek reunifica­ Thieu clique has employed every blocking traffic, he deprived millions tion without external interference, vicious means to herd people into of working people of their livelihood. my government has instructed me to "strategic hamlets" or concentration Not long ago, Nguyen Van Thieu inform you of its decision to with­ camps where they are forced to live listed six 'serious crimes' to sentence draw from the "United Nations com­ like prisoners. those who cherish peace and national mission for unification and rehabili­ concord to death or life imprisonment In some villages, the U.S.-Thieu tation of Korea." My government under the pretext of 'maintaining clique has also set up an immense re­ would always be ready to do all that ties with the Communists.' He even is possible to contribute toward the pression and control system, includ­ clamoured, 'whoever favours a na­ reunification of Korea. ing thousands of pillboxes, hundreds tional concord government won't be The spokesman said: "This decision of military subsectors and hundreds allowed to live for another five min­ marks Pakistan's disengagement of thousands of "security forces," utes.' Moreover, Nguyen Van Thieu from cold war machinery in Asia." "civil guards," police, agents and has formulated a plan to massacre He added that it was another step "popular defence teams." In many the detainees locked up in the nu­ in the long line of initiatives which places, there are as many as 20 pill­ merous prisons, the nationalist- has been taken by the government boxes in a village and one surveillant minded soldiers and other patriots in for every ten people. The people face to establish a new image of Pakistan areas temporarily under his control, as an independent, sovereign country. the danger of being detained, tortur­ as a counter-measure to a ceasefire ed or even killed at any moment, agreement." their houses burnt down and land LATIN AMERICA occupied. A U.S. Senate Investiga­ tion Group disclosed that 400,000 vil­ PAKISTAN The "Pirate Law" Opposed lagers were massacred by the U.S.- Thieu clique in "Phoenix" operation Withdrawal From U.N. The U.S. Government recently pro­ mulgated a "fishing law" publicly alone. Korea Commission announcing its intention to take re­ The commentary said that a white The Pakistan Government official­ taliatory economic measures against countries imposing fines on U.S. terror has prevailed in the cities. ly announced on November 23 that fishing vessels caught in their territo­ Thieu's bloody hands have stretched Pakistan has decided to withdraw out to all domains and strata. Schools, rial seas beyond 12 nautical miles. from membership of the "United This big-stick manoeuvre which temples and cathedrals have also be­ Nations commission for unification come targets of police action. Stu­ encourages U.S. trawlers' piratical and rehabilitation of Korea." dents, intellectuals and friars are acts has aroused strong Latin Ameri­ can protests. often under surveillance, and many The spokesman of the Pakistan were arrested and detained. Foreign Office said that day that A joint statement issued by the Pakistan has not taken an active part Governments of Peru, Chile and In the last six months in particular, in the commission since 1967. In Ecuador "denounces and repudiates the commentary went on, Thieu pro­ Pakistan's new posture of non- the new measure of pressure" and mulgated various fascist decrees, thus alignment, as evident from the deci­ reaffirms the three countries' deter­ revealing his true dictator features. sions to recognize the Democratic mination to defend their sovereign "Nguyen Van Thieu tried to suppress Republic of Viet Nam, the Democrat­ rights over the 200-nautical-mile the opponents through the regulations ic People's Republic of Korea and territorial seas. The statement points on parties and groups and the so- the German Democratic Republic, it out that at a time when a new inter-

18 Peking Review, No. 48

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] national conference on sea rights is its international balance of payments, Trenton, Wilmington, Rochester, Buf­ being prepared the U.S. Government 2,300 million dollars more than the falo and Albany, demanding reduc­ is obviously taking this measure to second quarter of this year. tion in food prices. try to impose its own will on others. Explaining the reasons for the The measure, the statement adds, continued deterioration of the U.S. GUINEA "puts the greediness for profits of a international balance of payments, small group of U.S. enterprises over the Department of Commerce said the Action to Repel Aggressors the sovereign rights and the necessity deficit in official reserve transactions November 22, 1972 was the second of development and welfare of those increased mainly because of the anniversary of the Guinean people's countries." dollar outflow following last sum­ defeat of the invasion by Portuguese Peruvian Minister of Fisheries mer's pound sterling floatation. The mercenaries. To mark that historic Javier Tanta Lean Vanini called for enlarged deficit in the net liquidity day, the Guinean people took prac­ national unity in defence of the 200 balance was caused chiefly by an tical steps to be ready to repulse any nautical-mile territorial sea rights. increase in U.S. private foreign in­ aggression. As President Sekou Toure Should U.S. fishing vessels again vestment during the third quarter. pointed out at a recent mass rally intrude into Peru's territorial waters, celebrating the 14th anniversary of However, these were not the main Peru will fine them and "take most the founding of the Republic of causes. The continued worsening of powerful measures," he added. He Guinea: "We are highly vigilant the U.S. international balance of cited Viet Nam and Cuba as examples against the forces hostile to the payments resulted from the long- to prove that the people of a small Guinean people, and are always pursued U.S. policy of aggression and country are capable of countering a prepared to give the most serious economic expansion, a reflection of big one. lesson to them if they dare to launch the decline of U.S. economic hege­ again the despicable aggression they The First Lawyers' Congress of the mony in the capitalist world. committed on November 22, 1970." Andean Group Countries, in which Higher Prices: Figures released by Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and the U.S. Labour Department on Since independence in 1958, and Colombia were participants, de­ November 21 show that the consumer particularly since smashing the 1970 nounced this U.S. fishing law as a price index rose 0.3 per cent in armed Portuguese invasion, this violation of the rules of international October, registering a 3.4 per cent young republic on the west coast of law. increase over October 1971. Africa has taken pains to rely on and mobilize the people to defend na­ In Peru, fishermen, miners, The upward movement of prices peasants, teachers, students, journal­ tional independence and state sov­ has continued in spite of the wage- ereignty. Over the years, militia ists, businessmen and others held price control measures adopted last protest meetings against the wilful organizations have been set up in the year to combat inflation. Clothing cities and countryside, from Conakry conduct of U.S. imperialism. Ten whose price soared in September thousand students marched in the on the Atlantic coast to Lola deep went up 1.1 per cent in October. in the hinterland. In close co­ streets of Lima shouting "Down with Pork, coffee, eggs, sugar and dairy ordination with the People's Army pirate diplomacy!" " 'No' to im­ products were also sold at higher these militia units have played an perialism!" prices. important part in successfully de­ Peruvian and Chilean papers have Price boosts in steel products have fending revolutionary gains, especial­ carried many commentaries con­ been announced by U.S. steelmakers. ly in defeating the Portuguese mer­ demning this "pirate law." On November 17, U.S. Steel an­ cenaries' invasion two years ago. nounced increases averaging 2.7 per While persisting in production, the U.S.A. cent as of January 1. Bethlehem Steel militiamen regularly undergo mili­ announced increases ranging from 6 Economic Troubles tary training and with the help of to 25 dollars a ton. The Republic the People's Army their military International Balance of Payments Steel Corporation's announced in­ technique and fighting capacity have Deteriorated: Figures released by the creases averaged 1.9 per cent. grown steadily. U.S. Department of Commerce on Since iron and steel industry is a November 15 indicate that the official To increase its defence capability, pillar of the U.S. industries the hikes reserve transactions balance (which the Guinean People's Army has run will affect the construction, ma­ registers the dollar holdings of a number of artillery training courses foreign national banks) shows a U.S. chinery and auto industries, and also send other prices up. this year. After three months of in­ deficit of 4,700 million dollars for the tensive training, trainees can operate third quarter of 1972, an increase of The American people have pro­ and even overhaul many types of 3,800 million dollars over the second tested against rising prices, par­ guns. quarter. The net' liquidity balance, ticularly against those of consumer (which registers all foreign official goods. A protest demonstration was Guinea's armymen and militiamen and private transactions) shows a held in Washington recently by are always ready to go into action. U.S. deficit of 4,500 million dollars in housewives and working women from Their motto is: "Wherever the enemy

December 1, 1972 19 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] comes from, let him enter the grave met in Brazzaville, capital of the tuguese colonial troops in attacks be­ we have dug for him!" Congo, on November 11 on the tween mid-August and late October peaceful settlement of the territorial in sectors of Cabo Delgado Province, At noon on February 20, 1972, disputes between Equatorial Guinea according to a military communique soldiers of the People's Army were and Gabon over Mbanie Islands and issued by the Mozambique Liberation keeping a sharp eye for enemy dirty other islands in Corisco Bay. An Front Office in Dar-es-Salaam on work on the northern border of the agreement was reached through November 13. Pakaye region when a pirate plane discussions and a communique of the Portuguese colonialists sud­ The guerrillas launched these at­ published on November 13. denly flew over. Soldiers and militia­ tacks on Portuguese military camps men sprang into action and their The communique said that Equa­ and posts, destroying eight lorries guns soon blasted the intruder out of torial Guinea and Gabon after and capturing large quantities of war the sky, fitting punishment for the discussions agreed to turn the materials. aggressor. The next day, when two disputed areas into neutralized Last August and September, Mo­ Portuguese colonialist bombers areas, and have a special commission zambique patriotic armed forces sneaked over at noon, one was shot of the Organization of African attacked eight military posts of the down by the defence forces. Unity demarcate the territorial wat­ Portuguese colonialists and launched ers between the two countries in In response to President Toure's 13 major sabotage operations and Corisco Bay in accordance with the ambushes in Tete Province, killing call, "Produce for self-sufficiency," spirit of the O.A.U. Chapter. Both more than 170 enemy soldiers, accord­ the People's Army of Guinea, with sides gave assurances to adhere to the ing to a war communique issued on rifle in one hand and hoe in the spirit of this meeting. other, has been active in opening up November 6. Territorial disputes between the virgin land and building factories to Guinea (Bissau). Amilcar Lopes Ca- two countries over several islands in support the country in economic bral, General Secretary of the Afri­ Corisco Bay broke out in August. construction and lessen the financial can Independence Party of Guinea Entrusted by the Eighth Conference burden on the people and the state. and Cape Verde, gave an account of of the Heads of State and Govern­ People's Army units have built in the new victories of the Guinean ment of East and Central African various localities bases for produc­ (Bissau) people in their armed strug­ Countries, President of the Republic tion where they engage in farming gle against the Portuguese colonial­ of the Congo Ngouabi and President and side-line occupations. Cereal, ists at a press conference in Algiers of the Republic of Zaire Mobutu vegetable and fruit production has on November 6. increased year by year and partial undertook to help mediate a peaceful self-sufficiency in cereals and vege­ settlement of the disputes. A communique he handed out to tables has been achieved. Heads of the four states had held the newsmen said that the Guinean their first meeting in Kinshasa, cap­ (Bissau) patriotic armed forces launched more than 60 attacks on the EQUATORIAL GUINEA AND GABON ital of Zaire, on September 17. The recent Brazzaville meeting was the Portuguese colonial troops in Sep­ tember. They killed 122 enemy troops Agreement on Territorial second to take place. and wounded more than 100 and in­ Disputes flicted much material losses on the AFRICA enemy. President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea Macias, President Attacks on Portuguese During this period, the communi­ of the People's Republic of the Con­ Colonial Troops que said, the patriotic armed forces go Ngouabi, President of the Re­ attacked the enemy troops stationed public of Zaire Mobutu and President Mozambique. Mozambique guerrillas in the towns of Gabu and Bolama as of the Republic of Gabon Bongo inflicted over 100 casualties on Por- well as in Empada and other places.

(Continued from p. 17.) margin and save much labour and that time to make two huge conver­ material. are using such new technological ter parts ordered by a steel plant, processes and techniques as elec­ One important technological crea­ the enterprise made a double-head tronics, powder metallurgy and tion in China's machine-building lathe to do both the planing and metal processing which is chipless industry is the "ants gnawing at a boring work. Instead of fixing the or with few chips. They have in­ bone method," in other words, pro­ work-piece to the lathe, the workers troduced such new materials as rare cessing large machine parts with thought up the novel method of earth nodular cast iron, engineering small machine tools. The method making the lathe move about to plastics and synthetic diamonds. first came into view in 1958 in process the work-piece. With this These have helped raise the quality Shanghai's Chienshe Machinery innovation, the workers completed of products and efficiency by a big Plant. Lacking big machine tools at the job in 18 days.

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been cited many times as a model ON THE HOME FRONT for his work and in studying. A member of the first generation of Tibetan workers, he is on the repair shop's revolutionary committee and is also a standing committee mem­ Changes in Tibet's making machines, leather, bricks ber of the Shigatse Regional Com­ Shigatse and tiles, and for printing, and for mittee of the Chinese Communist processing foodstuffs, grain and oil- Party. INCE the democratic reform in bearing crops. S 1959 great changes have taken There are 170 mutual-aid teams place in Shigatse, an ancient Tibetan for 22 trades, producing over 100 city on the upper reaches of the More Orchards in kinds of native products catering for Shantung Yalutsangpo River. the needs of the local people. The Tibet Autonomous Region on People's communes have been NE of China's fruit producers, China's southwestern border is over established. During the "learn from O Shantung Province has increased 1.2 million square kilometres in area Tachai" movement, commune mem­ its fruit trees by six times and total inhabited by 1.25 million people. 90 bers of various counties dug a canal fruit output 2.8 times as compared per cent of whom are Tibetans. scores of kilometres long and built with the early years after liberation. Shigatse is the second largest in Tibet a 2,000-metre dyke against floods. Yields were very low before and is linked by a highway to Lhasa, This protects more than 90 per cent liberation as a result of random tree the largest city and capital of Tibet. of the cropland from drought or felling and serious plant diseases and A 500-year-old ancient city. excessive rain. Per-mu grain yield insect pests under the misrule of the Shigatse is surrounded by fertile last year was nearly double that of imperialists and the Kuomintang farmland, and to the north are vast an average year before the demo­ reactionaries. After the founding of tracts of pastures. Though it had cratic reform. New China, the Party and the Peo­ long been a market centre for farm Shigatse which did not have a ple's Government called on the fruit­ and animal products, Shigatse was single school before liberation now growers to "protect the existing left to go to rack and ruin under has primary schools, a middle school fruit trees," and technical centres feudal serfdom. After a dozen years and a health school. The inhabitants were set up in key fruit-growing of construction a new Shigatse has can frequently see films and shows areas to give the necessary guidance. risen, twice its original area and put on by amateur propaganda Thus, the run-down orchards were having five and a half times as much teams, something which they could gradually rejuvenated. floorspace as it did before the demo­ not enjoy before. Since the Great Take the province's Laiyang and cratic reform. Its broad streets are Proletarian Cultural Revolution be­ Hsihsia Counties, two nationally lined by new buildings of brick and gan, more than 3 million copies of known pear producers, for example. tile. works by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Their pre-liberation per-mu yield was Shigatse had no factories prior to Stalin and by Chairman Mao as well merely several hundred jin and insect liberation. Handicraftsmen worked as other revolutionary books have pests did great harm. Thanks to under the feudal lords as manorial been published in the Tibetan joint efforts by technicians and serfs, making things for them to use. language. In the old society all sorts fruit-growers in combating diseases In the past the city could not even of diseases menaced the people. To­ and pests, soil improvement and tree make a metal screw, but now it has day there are in Shigatse two general pruning, pear output has gone up small plants for producing power, hospitals, and the number of medical year after year. In 1971 the Hsiao- workers and hospital beds have been kuan Brigade in Hsihsia County pick­ greatly increased. ed 3.8 million jin of pears, with the More than 40 families of former per-mu yield 11 times the figure be­ serfs and slaves are now living in fore liberation, and 95 per cent of the new houses in a quarter in the pears picked were of good quality. southern part of the city. Forty peo­ Growth of the socialist collective ple there have become cadres, work­ economy has enabled fruit-growers to ers or armymen. turn barren hills and sandy land into Shihta is a bench worker at the orchards. Apple-growing is partic­ Shigatse Machinery Repair Shop ularly noteworthy. With orchards and a Communist Party member. He in every county, the province gather­ had gone begging with his mother in ed in over 50 times more apples in his childhood. At 9, he became a 1971 than in the early post-liberation servant of a manorial lord who years. In Tsinan city, the increase treated him cruelly. Now with help was several hundred times. On the from an experienced Han worker, he city's outskirts. Lichia Brigade which has quickly become skilled and has did not have a single apple tree in

December 1, 1972 21 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] the past picks more than 400.000 jin of apples every year. Taian County, where the Provincial Pomological Scientific Research Institute is locat­ ed, had only one apple orchard pro­ ducing less than 10,000 jin annually before liberation. It now boasts scores of orchards yielding some 24 million jin a year. New orchards have ap­ peared on barren hills and sandy land along the old course of the Yel­ low River in southwest Shantung, on the northwest Shantung plain and in the mountainous areas in central- south Shantung where apples had never been grown. In recent years, dried fruit trees such as dates, chestnuts and walnuts have increased rapidly. Output of famous Loling dates has gone up steadily, with a stable high yield every year. Li Jui-huan {right) with worker colleagues. Horticulture was made a branch of the Shantung Provincial Agricultural Scientific Research Institute as early him "the Young Lu Pan." (Lu Pan proving his education and technical as 1950. Six years later the Shan­ is a legendary master carpenter of skill. tung Provincial Pomological Scien­ ancient China.) Li and others were asked to build a tific Research Institute was establish­ Along with some of his colleagues roof for an auditorium. Traditionally, ed and experimental stations and cen- since the Cultural Revolution began, it called for a full-size prototype to tres were set up in the key fruit­ he has introduced more than a dozen be made before actual carpentry growing areas. All this has provided innovations. When someone once work began. As there was no large favourable conditions for scientific said that Li Jui-huan, the clever car­ open space nearby, they carried the research in this field. With the penter and author, was "born clever," timber to some distance away where masses, technicians and leading it drew a flat denial from Li who at­ they built it and then brought it back. cadres closely co-operating, scientific tributes his success to the guidance "What a clumsy method," Li thought, research units have achieved gratify­ of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung and he went and consulted comrades ing results in nursing saplings, cul­ Thought. "That is what makes me in a designing institute. He was told tivating, grafting, pruning and in a good carpenter with both socialist that the old method could be replac­ preventing and eliminating plant dis­ consciousness and culture," he said. ed by geometric and trigonometric eases and pests. Hence the rapid ex­ When Li Jui-huan became a car­ calculations. Li, however, knew pansion of fruit-growing throughout penter in 1951, he had only an educa­ nothing more than simple arithmetic, the province. tion equivalent to that of a fourth- so he was eager to learn mathematics. grade pupil. At the time his political When the Party committee learnt consciousness was not very high and what was on his mind, it arranged Carpenter-Author he did not possess that firm revolu­ for him to study mathematics in his tionary resolve to serve the people spare time. THE well-known carpenter Li Jui- wholeheartedly. He quickly "got fed After some years of study and prac­ huan, a model worker, has just up with sawing and planing all day tice Li Jui-huan worked out a simple, finished revising and updating his long." as he put it. The Party or­ practical method of calculation. For 100,000-word book Simplified Com­ ganization helped him and talked to an oval-shaped roof, however, it did putation for Carpenters for publica­ him about studying Serve the People not work. He was advised to study tion. and other articles by Chairman Mao. calculus. The leadership helped him A Communist Party member. Li Li realized being a carpenter was not join a spare-time class in an architec­ Jui-huan is renowned for his techni­ enough, but even more important he tural institute where he also studied cal innovations. Prior to the Great must be a revolutionary with an ad­ engineering mechanics and mechanics Proletarian Cultural Revolution in vanced ideology and dedicated to of materials. Mastery of these en­ 1966, he had taken part in building contributing his share to the eman­ abled Li to make accurate calcula­ the Great Hall of the People and cipation of mankind. He began study­ tions and thus economize on timber. other major architectural projects in ing works by Marx, Engels, Lenin Six and a half years of study in Peking and had made many innova­ and Stalin and Chairman Mao's his spare hours has given Li Jui-huan tions. This resulted in people calling works, diligently and earnestly im­ the equivalent theoretical and specia-

22 Peking Review, No. 48 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected]

lized knowledge of a college grad­ first of all remould his subjective has persisted in his spare-time studies uate in engineering. His grasp of world. for 15 years. He says: "As a Com­ political theory and his ideological munist Party member, I must con­ level have both been greatly raised. Li Jui-huan is today chairman of tinue to study dulgently in order to In his studies he came to realize that the Revolutionary Committee of the scale the heights of science and to change the objective world he must Peking Construction Timber Mill. He technology."

(Continued from p. 4.) further development of Canadian- Lyon Museum of Medicine and other Chinese friendship and medical ex­ centres. cancer, heart disease, surgery, obste­ changes. trics, gynaecology and anaesthesia. The Chinese medical delegation is Special arrangements by Canadian Dr. Wu Wei-jan, said in reply: still in France. Through such mutual friends made the Chinese doctors' "Ever since we set foot in your coun­ contact and learning from each other. observation-study tour a most pleas­ try, wherever we went, from the west Chinese and French medical workers ant and fruitful one. coast to the capital city, from the will undoubtedly strengthen their wheat-growing central west to the friendship. During its Canadian visit. M. industrial south, we have been Leclair, Deputy Minister of the warmly welcomed and hospitably Department of National Health and received by the Canadian Govern­ Welfare of Canada, received the NEWS BRIEFS ment, the Canadian people and our medical delegation. On November 8 Canadian colleagues." He stressed and 9 in Montreal, Dr. G. Gingras, • Premier Chou En-lai on November that the visit had further strengthen­ President of the Canadian Medical 14 met Mohamed Ould Cheikh Sidya. ed friendly relations between the Association, G. Joron, President of Minister of Planning and Research. Chinese and Canadian peoples. the Quebec Medical Association, and and all members of the Government Hazen Sise, Chairman of the Dr. France was the third country Delegation of the Islamic Republic of Norman Bethune Memorial Commit­ visited by the delegation. During its Mauritania led by him. tee, respectively feted the delegation. stay in Paris, the delegation was • Premier Chou on November 20 accorded a warm welcome by French The School of Medicine of Toronto met an Ethiopian journalists' delega­ medical circles. University is the alma mater of Dr. tion. Norman Bethune. When the Chinese French Minister of Public Health • On November 25 Premier Chou doctors came to Toronto, Canadian Jean Foyer on November 23 received met Professor Mahmoud Mohamed friends arranged a special exhibition and had a friendly talk with all Mahafouz, Egyptian Minister of on Dr. Bethune's life. Dr. J.R. Evans, members of the Chinese medical Health and leader of the Egyptian President of Toronto University, gave delegation. Health Delegation, and members of a talk on Dr. Bethune and in­ Mrs. Bettencourt, wife of the his delegation. troduced to the guests Dr. Bethune's Minister Delegate to the Prime former schoolmates now working in • A protocol on the exchange of Minister for Foreign Affairs, gave a the university. goods and payments for 1973 between reception in honour of the delegation China and Albania was signed in Prior to their departure, the dele­ on November 17. Peking on November 9. gation members were guests at a That day, the delegation visited farewell dinner given on November • A civil air transport agreement be­ the Gustave Roussy Institute and had 11 by the Department of National tween China and Iran was signed in a talk with famous cancer specialist Peking on November 18. Health and Welfare of the Canadian Professor Denoix who told the guests Government, the Medical Research • The Venezuelan Trade Delegation about research work and cancer Council and the Canadian Medical led by Dr. Leopoldo Diaz Bruzual, Association. treatment at the institute. President of the Venezuelan Institute of Foreign Trade, paid a friendly Hosting the dinner, Dr. Gingras In Lyon, the delegation met French visit to China from November 12 to said that the delegation's visit had friends in medical circles and ex­ 17. promoted friendship between the two changed views on issues concerning peoples and between the medical medicine. It visited the Lyon Inter­ • The delegation of the Badmin­ workers of the two countries. He national Centre of Research of Can­ ton Association of Malaysia led by declared that it was of far-reaching cer, the Lyon Hospital of Cardio- Ahmed Sabki arrived in Peking on historic significance, and hoped for Vasculeux and Pneumology, the November 23 for a friendship visit.

December 1, 1972 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! .23 irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected]

Just Off the Press Western Han Dynasty Silk Painting

(In Chinese)

This Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-24 A.D.) painting in colour on silk draping the innermost coffin inside a 2,100- year-old tomb was discovered in April this year at Mawangtui on the outskirts of Changsha city, Hunan Province. The paint­ ing was done with rich imagination and executed with smooth strokes.

The whole painting is divided into three sections. The upper sec­ tion depicts a scene in heaven. The middle section, the main part of the painting, is a noblewoman on an outing, a scene of the daily life of the buried woman during her lifetime. The lower section of the paint­ ing represents the nether world. With elaborate thin silk as the back­ ground, it is mainly done with mineral pigments of vermilion, azurite, malachite and chalk. The silk painting is T-shaped, 205 cm. long, 92 cm. wide at the top and 47.7 cm. wide at the bottom, with silk ribbons attached to the corners.

This masterpiece of ancient painting not only provides rich material for the study of history but also reflects the creative power of the Chinese labouring people in ancient days.

In a set of 12 coloured plates, 11 details with captions in Chinese 52 X 38.4 cm. In loose leaf cassette

Compiled and published by: CULTURAL RELICS PRESS, Peking, China Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN (China Publications Centre), Peking, China

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Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel!