Iso/Wd 21829 Terminology for Language Resource Management

Reference number of working document: ISO/TC 37/SC 4 N 179

Date: 2004-08-12

Committee identification: ISO/TC 37/SC 4

Secretariat: KATS

ISO/WD 21829 TERMINOLOGY FOR LANGUAGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Warning

This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.

Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Document type: International standard Document subtype: if applicable Document stage: 00.20 Document language: en

FOREWORD...... IV

INTRODUCTION...... 1

1 SCOPE...... 2

2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES...... 2

3 GENERAL CONCEPTS ...... 2

4. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY ...... 10

5. MORPHOLOGY...... 11

6. SYNTAX ...... 21

7. SEMANTICS ...... 25

8. LEXICAON ...... 35

9. LANGUAGE ENGINEERING ...... 37

10. PRAGMATICS...... 41

11. FEATURE STRUCTURE ...... 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 45

ALPHABETICAL INDEX ...... 46

Foreword

[ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard ISO 21829 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language resources.

Introduction

This standard draft was prepared for defining reference terms for all activities within language resource management as well as reference concepts for the natural language processing community. The model for preparing this standard is based on the ISO/TC 37/SC4 N027 ‘Basic Requirements for Terminology Management’ proposed by Klaus-D. Schmitz.

- Term Autonomy

- History/Backtracking

- Design of the TMS

The procedure for developing this standard is as follows:

- Step 1: Collection of documents or texts relevant to language resource management

{ LREC 2002 Proceedings (354 Articles)

{ ISO/TC 37/SC 4 Documents (10 Documents)

- Step 2: Term extraction from texts (automatic/manual)

- Step 3: Determining term list (manual)

{ Selecting terms from candidate terms extracted from texts

{ Extending term list based on existing term banks/dictionaries

- Step 4: Specification of data categories

{ Automatic extraction of term information (e.g. usages)

{ Manual input by referring existing resources like dictionaries, term banks, etc.

The terms of this international terminology standard are given in a clustered ordering subsumed under a few general headings.

The layout is designed according to ISO 10241. Thus, the elements of an entry appear in the following order:

Entry number (bold face)

Preferred term (bold face)

Definition

Note

Example

Usage

Termporarily, sources for definition and uasage are identified within brackets.

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1 Scope

This International Standard specifies terms for language resource management.

2 Normative references

ISO 704:2000, Terminology work – Principles and methods.

ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 1: Theory and application.

ISO 1087-2:2000, Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 2: Computer applications.

ISO 10241:1992, International terminology standards – Preparation and layout.

ISO/IEC Guide 2:1991, General terms and their definitions concerning standardization and related activities

3 General concepts

3.1 adequacy

Evaluation of success in the writing of a grammar according to various criteria [ASHER]

3.2 annotation description, reference or explanation, added to or interspersed among the statements of the source language, that has no effect in the object language [TERMIUM]

USAGE The annotation contains information about the abbreviation full stop, but it can not be deleted from the token list because the same full stop can also be the end of a sentence. [LREC 2002, 70.txt]

3.3 aspect way of looking at the action There are two aspects of the verb in Bulgarian “and in the other Slavic languages".

EXAMPLE I'll phone my mother tomorrow. (The event is planed as a single completed action.) From now on every week I'll phone my mother. (The action is intended to be completed successfully and repeated more than once.) Tomorrow afternoon I'll be preparing myself for the English language test. (The action will be in progress by tomorrow afternoon.)

3.4 base document document containing data to be captured in order to be processed by a data processing system [TERMIUM]

3.5 bibliographical entry

2 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004 note in a catalog or bibliography, relating to the bibliographical history or description of a book [TERMIUM]

3.6 capital letter large forms of letters, e.g. Z, I, A. [TERMIUM]

3.7 cardinal numeral numeral of the class whose members : - are considered basic in form - are used in counting, and - are used in expressing how many objects are referred to [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm]

3.8 character set finite set of different characters that is complete for a given purpose [TERMIUM]

USAGE To extract information about the graphical typology of the character set , it is necessary to transform the low bitmap image information into a higher level representation. [LREC 2002, 25.txt]

3.9 communication transfer of data among functional units according to sets of rules governing data transmission and the coordination of the exchange [TERMIUM]

USAGE Thirdly, a major characteristic of human communication is behavioural coordination. [LREC 2002, 214.txt]

3.10 constraint property or relation that restricts the space of possible solutions to a problem [TERMIUM]

USAGE Ensuring the validity of feature structures may require much more than simply specifying the range of allowed values for each feature. There may be constraints on the co-occurrence of one feature value with the value of another feature in the same feature structure or in an embedded feature structure. [N040.txt]

3.11 construction ordered arrangement of grammatical units forming a larger unit [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

3.12 context text which illustrates a concept or the use of a designation [ISO 12620]

3.13 corpus

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written texts, transcriptions, recorded data, etc. used as a basis for any sort of linguistic or language related investigation [ASHER]

3.14 data category result of the specification of a given data field [ASHER ]

USAGE Also these techniques can be used to link to data categories and terminology repositories outside the linguistic domain. [LREC 2002, 224.txt]

3.15 data category registry data category specification used as a normative reference for the description of a TML

3.16 data category selection component of a TML's specification that constrains its informational content

USAGE The diagram exemplifies the various roles of a data category selection in the process of defining and using any linguistic annotation scheme.

3.17 data collection the process of bringing data together from one or more points for use in a computer. [TERMIUM]

USAGE The ongoing data collection currently comprises 20 to 27 native speakers of 3 languages each who pronounce material from 5 languages. [LREC 2002, 65.txt]

3.18 data element unit of data for which the definition, identification, representation and Permissible Values are specified by means of a set of attributes

3.19 data element concept concept that can be represented in the form of a Data Element, described independently of any particular representation

3.20 data model pattern of structuring data in a database according to the formal descriptions in the information system and according to the requirements of the database management system to be applied [TERMIUM]

USAGE An object-oriented data model is suitable for complicate document structures , but it has neither standard search methods nor a standard language such as SQL . [LREC 2002, 184.txt]

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3.21 data object discrete data, considered as a unit, representing an instance of a data structure that is known or assumed to be known [TERMIUM]

USAGE As such, at the base primary data objects are relatively simple in their structure; more complex data objects may consist of a list or set of contiguous or non-contiguous locations. [LREC 2002, 327.txt]

3.22 data representation use of characters (i.e. numerals, letters and special symbols) to represent values and descriptive data. [TERMIUM]

3.23 data set collection of data in a major storage unit for which the system provides access facilities [TERMIUM]

USAGE Note that the training data which feeds the generation process is the very same dataset as that for which readings are generated. [LREC 2002, 313.txt]

3.24 data structure formalized representation of the ordering and accessibility relationships among data items without regard to their actual storage configuration [TERMIUM]

USAGE Once tagged, a text becomes a rich inductive complex data structures progressively and dinamically represent textual data with their mutual relationships in Markup languages constitute good tools to declaratively key. [LREC 2002, 68.txt]

3.25 database management system computer-based system used to define, create, manipulate, control, manage, and access databases. [TERMIUM]

3.26 database schema

A set of various schemas, each of which has the following properties: a) it pertains to a specific level of consideration of a particular universe of discourse or entity world and to the relevant aspects of an appropriate database; b) it defines the representation forms for the consistent collection of those sentences of the information base that are relevant to its respective level of consideration, and it includes the manipulation aspects of these forms. [TERMIUM]

USAGE When database systems are used for XML, data structuring is systematic and explicitly defined by a database schema. [LREC 2002, 315.txt]

3.27 dialog

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in an interactive system, a series of interrelated inquiries and responses analogous to a conversation between two people [TERMIUM]

USAGE Contextual understanding consists therefore of interpreting the utterance in the context of the ongoing dialog, taking into account common sense and task domain knowledge. [LREC 2002, 208.txt]

3.28 discourse one of the components of a sound-based language. The linking of sentences such that they constitute a narrative. [TERMIUM]

USAGE This work item should produce standards for representing discourse level phenomena such as reference interpretation or discourse and dialogue structure. [N005.txt]

3.29 discourse model model whose objective is to communicate with a user in a manner that is most natural for him or her [TERMIUM]

USAGE A template extraction algorithm was implemented that explores the discourse model , extracting and sequencing in temporal order instances of the 31 event types. [LREC 2002, 157.txt]

3.30 discourse structure structure with three interacting components: a linguistic structure, the utterance itself; an intentional structure; an attentional state: an abstraction of the focus of attention in the discourse participants. [TERMIUM]

USAGE This kind of macro segmentation allows us to define the elementary units of the discourse structure and eventually the units of the alignment process. [LREC 2002, 66.txt]

3.31 distributional analysis mapping of how smaller linguistic units are distributed within larger ones [ASHER]

USAGE The distributional analysis gives a more accurate and more global view of the corpus, allowing to take better decisions. [LREC 2002, 90.txt]

3.32 elision omission of sounds, syllables, or words in spoken or written discourse [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsElision.htm]

EXAMPLE cats 'n dogs = 'cats and dogs'

3.33 encryption cryptographic transformation of data [Definition standardized by ISO; officially approved by the Security Terminology Committee (STC).] [TERMIUM]

USAGE The encryption of the data is enforced by the definition of a unique licence key. [LREC 2002, 72.txt]

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3.34 etymology study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsEtymology.htm]

3.35 facial expression nonverbal expression of the face [TERMIUM]

USAGE This new framework of course uses established methods from spoken dialogue evaluations but has to take into account new methods to handle multimodal characteristics like gestural input combined with speech input, graphical vs. speech output or userstate information via facial expression of the user. [LREC 2002, 50.txt]

3.36 imperative verb mood used to express direct command. In English, the implied subject "you" is never expressed. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE Do this

3.37 indicative verb mood which indicates a fact "as opposed to an order or a condition contrary to fact"

EXAMPLE English is a good thing.

3.38 instructive case case which has the basic meaning of "by means of" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructive_case]

3.39 interrogative epistemic mood that signals that the speaker wishes to elicit information concerning the content of his or her utterance from the addressee [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsInterrogativeMood.htm]

3.40 meta-data data about data elements, including their data descriptions, and data about data ownership, access paths, access rights and data volatility [TERMIUM]

3.41 mood mode or manner in which the action of a verb is represented.

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NOTE Latin has three moods: imperative, indicative, and subjunctive. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

3.42 number grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to, esp. as singular or plural in number and in some languages dual or trial [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=number -> 12]

3.43 numeral word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses - a number, and - a relation to the number, such as one of the following: quantity, sequence, frequency, fraction. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm ]

3.44 object language language being described [ISO 12620]

3.45 order state in which all components or elements are arranged logically, comprehensively, or naturally [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=order]

3.46 passive voice verb voice, in which the subject is the recipient of the action of the verb

EXAMPLE My lunch was eaten by them.

3.47 person first, second, or third, indicated in Latin by a verb ending [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE you

3.48 residual value which is assigned to classes of textword which lie outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. For example: foreign words, or mathematical formulae. It can be argued that these are on the fringes of the grammar or lexicon of the language in which the text is written. Nevertheless, they need to be tagged. [www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#cmobli]

8 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

3.49 sentence sequence of words capable of standing alone to make an assertion, ask a question, or give a command, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate containing a finite verb [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=sentence]

EXAMPLE I am reading a book

3.50 subjunctive verb mood that suggests possibility, wish, contrary-to-fact condition, etc. "as opposed to a fact or an order”

3.51 tag boxed integer marking structure sharing [ISO CD 2460-1]

3.52 text sequence of paragraphs that represents an extended unit of speech [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

3.53 text genre type of written or spoken discourse [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

3.54 typology classification of languages according to structural similarities without reference to historical considerations [ASHER]

3.55 unique value which is applied to categories with a unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned' to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. The value unique cannot always be strictly applied. [www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#cmobli]

3.56 utterance complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htm]

3.57 voice

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category of the verb or verbal inflections that expresses whether the relation between the subject and the verb is that of agent and action, action and recipient, or some other relation [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=voice]

3.58 working language language used to describe objects [ ISO 12620]

3.59 active voice verb voice, in which the subject performs the action of the verb i.e., the subject is agent

EXAMPLE She threw the ball. They ate my lunch.

4. Phonetics and phonology

4.1 articulator one of the vocal organs used to produce speech sounds [ASHER]

USAGE In multimodal annotations, easily more than 40 tiers are created to describe the movements for example of the different articulators involved. [LREC 2002, 219.txt]

4.2

ASR perception and analysis, by a functional unit, of the information carried by human voice [TERMIUM]

USAGE Speech technologists apply segmentations in the bootstrapping process for training acoustic ASR models, in the development of TTS systems and within speech research in general. [LREC 2002, 10.txt]

4.3 audio recording materials [film, disc or tape] on which sounds (only) are stored and can be reproduced (played back) mechanically and/or electronically [TERMIUM]

4.4 auditory test test designed to assess ability to hear, either generally or insuch specific abilities as pitch and rhythm discrimination. [TERMIUM]

4.5 automatic speech recognition perception and analysis, by a functional unit, of the information carried by human voice [TERMIUM]

10 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

4.6 background noise normal sound always present in a space, created either by outdoor sounds, such as street traffic, or indoor sounds, such as ventilating noise, or appliances [TERMIUM]

USAGE Background noise should be bland, unnoticeable, and continuous. Steady traffic noise of the city or the characteristic sounds of many types of air diffusers are the kinds of background noise that people expect in a typical modern building. [TERMIUM]

4.7 continuous speech mode of speech which allows word boundaries to merge as long as individual word pronunciations are clear [TERMIUM]

4.8 macron mark mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

4.9 phoneme the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language in the theory of phonemics [ASHER]

4.10 syllable unit of sound composed of a central peak of sonority (usually a vowel) and the consonants that cluster around this central peak [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

4.11 tone pitch element or register added to a syllable to convey grammatical or lexical information [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

5. Morphology

5.1 base form word form chosen according to lexicographical conventions representing the forms of a paradigm [TERMIUM]

USAGE If the label of a base form is unambiguous and can therefore can be used as a primary identifier, it is sufficient to specify only these labels in the binding process. [LREC 2002, 280.txt]

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5.2 basic form member of a padadigm regarded as basic, of which, e.g., the plural, feminine, etc. are variants, e.g., man ~ men, god ~ goddess [ASHER]

USAGE The basic forms were investigated with regard to complements and adjuncts. [LREC 2002, 242.xt]

5.3 abbreviation shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase used in place of the whole. [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=Abbreviation+]

5.4 ablative case case used to indicate some adverbial function for a noun, usually translated into English with a preposition [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

USAGE Ablative case is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.

EXAMPLE By the window, in the doghouse

5.5 absolutive case case which marks the subject of an intransitive verb and object of transitive verb [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutive_case]

USAGE Absolutive case is typical for ergative languages.

5.6 accusative case case used to indicate direct object, place to or toward which, or extent of space and time. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE She threw the ball, They ate my lunch.

5.7 adessive case locative grammatical case which carries the basic meaning of "on". [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case]

USAGE Adessive is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.

5.8 adjective word used to describe, or limit the meaning of, a noun.

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NOTE Adjectives have three variables in Latin: number, gender, and case. They agree with nouns according to these variables. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE A big horse

5.9 adverb word used to describe a verb, adjective, or another adverb [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE She threw the ball very far. An extremely big horse

5.10 affix bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a root or stem [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAffixLinguistics.htm]

5.11 agreement formal relationship in which the form of one element requires a corresponding form in another, e.g., between subject and verb [ASHER]

EXAMPLE The cat sits. The cats sit.

5.12 allative case locative grammatical case which carries the basic meaning of "onto" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allative_case]

USAGE Allative case is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.

5.13 allomorph one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllomorph.htm]

5.14 article member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's - definite or indefinite reference, and - new or given status [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm]

5.15 auxiliary verb non-lexical verb used in conjunction with a lexical verb to make distinctions of aspect, mood, voice, etc.

EXAMPLE We are going, I can/may/shall come. [ASHER]

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USAGE In addition, the auxiliary verb is the most frequent POS of one more previous word in the case of a pause at that timing." [LREC 2002, 136.txt]

5.16 case inflectional forms of the noun, pronoun or adjective used to identify syntactic relationships within the sentence in inflecting and agglutinating languages, e.g., the nominative case identifies the subject, the accusative the object, the genitive the relation of possession, etc. [ASHER]

USAGE Another search mode is case and accent insensitive query. [LREC 2002, 72.txt]

5.17 citation form form of a word conventionally used to refer to it in dictionaries etc [ASHER]

EXAMPLE find (includes finds, found, etc.) in English

USAGE In the lexicon , each word has only one pronunciation form basically , called citation form. [LREC 2002, 155.txt]

5.18 comitative case case which carries the meaning "with" or "accompanied by." [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsComitativeCase.htm]

EXAMPLE A baratommal mentem. The friend-my-with went-I 'I went with my friend.' In Hungarian the suffix used is val/vel.

5.19 common noun noun denoting a class of objects, places, etc. [ASHER]

EXAMPLE the boy, the cottage

USAGE In the case of antonomasia the proper name has polilexical units with common nouns among its variants (The fugitive Ghibelline); in the case of metaphor the common noun has a proper name among its variants, used frequently in a peculiar metaphorical manner. [LREC 2002, 230.txt]

5.20 complementizer subordinating conjunction marking an embedded sentence of complement type in Generative Syntax [ASHER]

EXAMPLE I said that he was nice.

5.21 complex word word comprising one free and at least one bound morpheme [ASHER]

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EXAMPLE disestablishment (dis + establish + ment)

USAGE This work is part of a research and development effort devoted to the creation of an analyser for complex words (rule system and lexicon). [LREC 2002, 190.txt]

5.22 component constituent element [TERMIUM]

USAGE Ideally we would like an integrated set of interactions between the lexicographer and the database interface to construct both the phrasal and word-level components of the idiom. [LREC 2002, 145.txt]

5.23 compound noun noun made up of at least two free morphemes [ASHER]

EXAMPLE bedroom, hatstand

USAGE A compound noun can be one word or several words, since Japanese sentences have no word segmentation. [LREC 2002, 302.txt]

5.24 conjugation creation of derived forms of a verb from the word root by inflection [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grammatical_conjugation]

NOTE Conjugation is very extensive in most Indo-European Languages.

5.25 dative case case used to indicate indirect object, reference, after certain compound and other verbs [ww.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE They ate themselves a good lunch.

5.26 declension inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives in Indo-European languages [http://www.webster- dictionary.org/definition/declension]

5.27 derivation formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix.The derived word is often of a different word class from the original. It may thus take the inflectional affixes of the new word class. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDerivation.htm]

EXAMPLE Kindness is derived from kind.

5.28

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derivational morphology

(the study of) the process of word-formation whereby new words are created by the addition of an affix to an already existing word [ASHER]

EXAMPLE rare/rarity; arrange/arrangement

5.29 elative case locative grammatical case which carries the basic meaning of "out of" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case]

USAGE Elative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.

5.30 ergative case

Assigned to the subject of a transitive verb as opposed to absolutive case which is assigned to the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case]

USAGE Ergative case is used in Basque; Samoan and many other Oceanic languages; virtually all Caucasian languages (Abkhaz, Chechen, etc.); the various Inuit dialects (Inupiaq, Inuktitut, etc.)"

5.31 feminine grammatical gender that : - marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and - often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFeminineGender.htm]

5.32 finite descriptive of a verb form that is limited according to person and number [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

5.33 genitive case case used to indicate possession; partitive; objective; subjective. It is most often translated with the English preposition “of” [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE The brick of the wall.

USAGE Hardly any English nouns decline, but the genitive case is indicated by the endings 's (belonging to one) and s' (belonging to more than one) in such phrases as the dog's bone, the cats' litter box.

5.34 gerundive adjective formed from a verb, expressing the desirability of the activity denoted by the verb [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=gerundive]

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EXAMPLE The living is easy.

5.35 grammatical gender

A set of two or more grammatical categories into which the nouns of certain languages are divided, sometimes but not necessarily corresponding to the sex of the referent when animate [CED] [ISO 1951]

5.36 grammatical number grammatical distinction that indicates the number of objects referred to by the term in many languages [ISO 12620]

5.37 illative case locative grammatical case which carries the basic meaning of "into" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case]

USAGE Illative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English

5.38 inessive case locative grammatical case which carries the basic meaning of "in" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case]

USAGE Inessive is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.

5.39 infinitive form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. It is called the "infinitive" because the verb is usually not made "finite" or limited by inflection

EXAMPLE to praise

USAGE The English dictionary entry is simply “praise, v.t.”. The "v.t. (verb transitive)” part is important, because it distinguishes the verb “to praise” from the noun praise, as in "I like lots of excessive praise”.

5.40 infix affix that is inserted within a root or stem [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfix.htm]

EXAMPLE - bili: root 'buy'/-um- : infix 'AGT' /bumili: word 'bought'

5.41 inflection variation in the form of a word, typically by means of an affix, that expresses a grammatical contrast which is obligatory for the stem's word class in some given grammatical context. In contrast to derivation, inflection : - does not result in a change of word class, and - usually produces a predictable, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsInflection.htm]

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EXAMPLE Tend to be regular and productive, in comparison to derivational operations, and tend to occur in paradigms.

5.42 locative case case which indicates a final location of action or a time of the action [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case]

USAGE The locative case is found in some classical Indo-European languages, particularly Sanskrit and Latin. It is in common use in Slavic languages, in which it is called the prepositional case. It is still found in uncommon, archaic or literary use in certain modern Indian languages (such as Marathi in which a separate ablative case has however disappeared). It is still in common use in Baltic languages.

5.43 morpheme the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm]

5.44 nominative case case used to indicate the subject of a finite verb [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE I did it.

5.45 non-finite

Verb forms without tense [www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/verbs/xverb3.htm]

EXAMPLE (En. Infinitive) It took courage to continue after the accident. (En. -ing form) Leaving home can be very traumatic. (En. past participle) Leave immediately when you are asked to do so.

5.46 noun part of speech used to express the name of a person, place, or thing

5.47 paradigm

A set of forms having a common root or stem, of which one form must be selected in certain grammatical environments [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

5.48 part of speech category assigned to a linguistic unit based on its grammatical and semantic properties. [ISO 12620]

5.49 participle

18 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004 verbal adjective. Participles have five variables: as an adjective, they have number, gender, and case; as a verb, they have tense and voice [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE The screaming person drove us crazy.

5.50 particle word that : - does not belong to one of the main classes of words - is invariable in form, and - typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticle.htm]

EXAMPLE “up” in “set up”

5.51 possessive denoting an inflected form of a noun or pronoun used to convey the idea of possession, association, etc., as my or Harry's [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=possessive]

5.52 possessive noun noun that expresses possession [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessiveNoun.htm]

5.53 possessive pronoun pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as - kinship, and - other forms of association. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronounhtm]

5.54 postposition equivalent of a preposition in languages where the preposition appears after the noun. [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/postposition]

5.55 prefix affix that is joined before a root or stem. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPrefix.htm]

5.56 preposition word placed before a noun or pronoun which is used to indicate position, direction, time, or some other abstract relation [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE into the woods

5.57 pronominal phrase that functions as a pronoun [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm]

19 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

USAGE The term ‘pronominal’ is also used as an adjective to mean "of, constituting, or resembling a pronoun."

5.58 pronoun word used in place of a noun. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number, gender, and case. A pronoun has three variables: number, gender, and case. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE she

5.59 proper noun noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAProperNoun.htm]

EXAMPLE New York city

5.60 punctuation mark which is (perhaps surprisingly) treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment. [www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#cmobli]

5.61 reflexive adjective adjective that refers to the subject of the sentence [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE The groundhog saw his own shadow.

5.62 reflexive pronoun pronoun that refers to the subject of the sentence, translated into English with the suffix ‘-self’, ‘-selves’ [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

5.63 relative pronoun pronoun which introduces a relative clause. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender, while its case comes from its use in its own clause [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE The man whom we saw is tall.

5.64 second person deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm]

20 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

5.65 stem root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm]

EXAMPLE The verbs “tie” and “untie” are both stems.

5.66 suffix affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASuffix.htm]

5.67 third person deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm]

5.68 token unit of information. Usually, "tokens" are the result of some processing pass that has performed lexical analysis and divided a data set into the smallest units of information used for subsequent processing. Exactly what constitutes a token varies by context. [www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/token.html]

5.69 verb frame word used to express an action or state of being [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

NOTE Finite verbs have five variables: person, number, tense, mood, and voice.

5.70 vocative case case used to indicate direct address. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE "You're a good man, Charlie Brown "

6. Syntax

6.1 adjunction

(in Transformational Grammar and Government and Binding Theory), a movement rule or transformation wihich adjoins ar attaches a constituent which has been moved to a category at the point to which it has been moved thereby creating a new node of that category whose immediate constituents are the moved constituent and the original cateory [ASHER]

6.2 adposition

21 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a member of a closed set of items that - occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and - form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm]

EXAMPLE He promised to help with whatever was the matter.

6.3 anaphor noun phrase which has no external reference but refers to some linguistic antecedent, specif. reciprocal pronouns, e.g., each other; reflexive pronouns, e.g., himself; NP-traces [ASHER]

6.4 anaphora coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression's interpretation. This is often understood as an expression "referring" back to the antecedent. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnaphora.htm]

6.5 anaphora resolution process of substitution: we replace the anaphoric phrase by a (more) complete description - a description sufficient to permit interpretation of the noun phrase by subsequent stages of semantic processing [TERMIUM]

USAGE All anaphora resolution methods make use of information about syntactic function, in rules such as: preference for a subject antecedent, syntactic parallelism, resolution of reflexives to the subject, Mitkov's collocations pattern rule." [LREC 2002, 207.txt]

6.6 anaphoric expression expressions such as pronoun, pro-verb, a definite noun phrase, and ellipsis [TERMIUM]

USAGE Whenever a sentence containing a dangling anaphor is selected, the human annotators can select one or more sentences which contain the antecedent for the sentence, and which should be included in an extract if the sentence containing the anaphoric expression is extracted. [LREC 2002, 114.txt]

6.7 antecedent word, phrase, etc. referred to by a pronoun, etc. occurring later in the text [ASHER]

EXAMPLE The hat he wore is this one.

USAGE Ideally, an animacy filter should eliminate as many candidates as possible without eliminating antecedents, and as a result should not increase the number of pronouns without an antecedent. [LREC 2002, 321.txt]

6.8 apposition two or more noun phrases having the same referent and standing in the same syntactical relation to the rest of the sentence [ASHER]

22 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

EXAMPLE Dylan Thomas, poet, playwright, drunk.

6.9 argument items to which the predicate refers [TERMIUM]

USAGE Especially in the task of detecting the arguments of a verb , which is not straightforward even for linguists , class labeling of the whole set of training data by hand can be very difficult as well as expensive . [LREC 2002, 126.txt]

6.10 attributive adjective adjective which comes before a noun and not after a copula verb, like BE, SEEM, etc. [www.usingenglish.com/glossary/attributive-adjective.html]

6.11 cataphora coreference of one expression with another expression which follows it. The following expression provides the information necessary for interpretation of the preceding one. This is often understood as an expression "referring" forward to another expression. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCataphora.htm]

EXAMPLE If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer

6.12 clitic morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACliticGrammar.htm]

EXAMPLE enclitic, e.g. French je, j', and proclitic, e.g., English n't in can't, etc.

USAGE Most of the clitics are ambiguous between personal pronouns and possesive pronouns, but in this context they can be personal pronouns only. [LREC 2002, 70.txt]

6.13 complement constituent of a clause, auch as a noun phrase or adjective phrase, that is used to predicate a description of the subject or object of the clause [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAComplement.htm]

6.14 constituent one of two or more grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

6.15 co-occurrence any permitted syntagmatic combination of units, e.g., “a baby” but *”a butter”; “eke out” but *”eke in”; “feed the cat”, but *”fall the cat” [ASHER]

23 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

USAGE The tools for querying the corpus are based on Perl regular expressions and allow to check co-occurrence of words or groups of words, specific morphological or lexical features of words. [LREC 2002, 6.txt]

6.16 coordinating conjunction conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACoordinatingConjunction.htm]

6.17 coordination linking of linguistic units of the same syntactic status [ASHER]

EXAMPLE John and Mary; tired but happy; to go home or stay away, etc.

USAGE There are , however , some inconsistencies when it comes to the inclusion of superordinated sentences in the coordination . [LREC 2002, 61.txt]

6.18 copula special word that combines the subject of a sentence and its description

NOTE Copulas are often irregular in many languages. The English word “be” is a copula. It is the verb whose inflection is most irregular in English. It combines the subject and its description. [www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/japanese/copula.html]

EXAMPLE Apples are fruits.

USAGE However, the word “is” in "The book is on the desk" is not a copula but an existential verb similar to the verb “exist”.

6.19 dependency tree directed unordered tree with labeled arcs and nodes. The labels on the arcs show the dependencies between the lexemes. [TERMIUM]

USAGE In addition, sentence structure is taken into account by considering dependency trees. [LREC 2002, 60.txt]

6.20 direct object noun, pronoun, or noun phrase whose referent receives the direct action of a verb [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=direct+object]

EXAMPLE “A book” is the direct object in the sentence “They bought Anne a book”.

6.21 indirect object noun, pronoun, or noun phrase indicating the recipient or beneficiary of the action of a verb and its direct object. [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=indirect%20object]

24 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

EXAMPLE “John” is the indirect object in the sentence “I bought John a newspaper”.

6.22 subject word, phrase, or formal expression about which something is predicated or stated in a sentence [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=subject]

EXAMPLE “The cat” is the subject in the sentence “The cat catches mice”.

6.23 subordinating conjunction conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASubordinatingConjunctio.htm]

EXAMPLE Listen when I speak to you.

6.24 substantive adjective adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

6.25 syntax relationship of words to each other in a sentence [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

USAGE English syntax is almost wholly determined by word order, whereas in Latin word order is much less important in determing who did what to whom.

6.26 treebank

In procedural grammar, a corpus analyzed into a series of parse-trees [ASHER]

6.27 valency capacity of a verb to take a specific number and type of arguments (noun phrase positions)

7. Semantics

7.1 aorist simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions. [www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html]

25 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

EXAMPLE Yesterday I came (perfective) home about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. I was very tired and lied down (perfective) for a nap. I slept (imperfective) until 7 o'clock, after that I read (imperfective) a bit, I wrote (perfective) one letter, ate (imperfective) supper, and watched (imperfective) TV. I phoned (perfective) Elitza and spoke (imperfective) with her about an hour.

7.2 abstraction view of a problem that extracts the essential information relevant to a particular purpose and ignores the remainder of the information [TERMIUM]

7.3 ambiguity unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning [http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/ambiguity]

7.4 anthroponym a classical compound word denoting a human name [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/-onym]

USAGE With the current version of the system , we reach 90% of recall and 97% of precision for the anthroponym and toponym classes . [LREC 2002, 272.txt]

7.5 antonymy semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings [http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/antonymy]

USAGE The German wordnet, presently covering more than 40,000 synsets with about 60,000 word meanings , provides for the basic semantic relations holding among the lexical items like hyponymy, antonymy, meronymy, etc. [LREC 2002, 73.txt]

7.6 attribute property of some object being described [ISO CD 2460-1]

USAGE The second module annotates sentences with attributes specifying the presence of cue-phrases, query instances, and the sentence position. [LREC 2002, 260.txt]

7.7 attribute-value matrix feature structure consisting of features or attribute-value pairs represented in a matrix form [ISO CD 2460-1]

7.8 binary relation relationship between an object and a single attribute. It is considered to be an atomic fact. It is the smallest fact representable in the relational model. [TERMIUM]

26 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

7.9 categorization fundamental cognitive process [TERMIUM]

USAGE A fundamental feature of many real-world categorization schemes is that the definition of codes can be inherently quite imprecise, and as such open to interpretation by the various individuals that apply them. [LREC 2002, 80.txt]

7.10- causative case case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.11 compatibility two feature structures are compatible if none of the attributes that they have in common has a conflicting value [ISO CD 2460-1]

7.12 compositionality property of knowledge whereby the meaning of the whole is a systematic function of the meaning of the parts [TERMIUM]

USAGE This provides the important property of compositionality which allows queries to work on the results of earlier queries. [LREC 2002, 112.txt ]

7.13 concept unit of knowledge abstracted from a set of characteristics attributed to a class of objects, relations or entities [TERMIUM]

7.14 concept system

A set of concepts structured according to the logical relationships among them [TERMIUM]

USAGE Figure 1 and 2 show two pages of the printed version of a terminological thesis with a part of the concept system and a typical concept entry. [LREC 2002, 227.txt]

7.15 conceptual model archetype for the relationships between system or programming concepts derived from doing an analysis of product concepts [TERMIUM]

USAGE From that data and with an abstraction step from the concrete terminology to higher level concepts, a conceptual model of the domain was obtained, which included the relations among concepts and the terminology associated to each concept, that is, a domain ontology. [LREC 2002, 253.txt]

27 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

7.16 conditional

(of a clause, conjunction, form of a verb, or whole sentence) expressing a condition on which something else is contingent [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=conditional ]

EXAMPLE If you give her the ring, then you are married to her. I hereby pronounce you married. Are you married to her? Do marry her. If only you would marry her!

7.17 conjunct

One of a number of subproblems or conditions of a conjunction, all of which must be satisfied in order for the conjunction as a whole to be satisfied [TERMIUM]

USAGE Moreover, each conjunct of the coordinated prepositional phrase consists of a base prepositional chunk and separate noun chunk which needs to be attached as an apposition to the noun phrase within the prepositional phrase. [LREC 2002, 57.txt]

7.18 conjunction word that syntactically links words or larger constituents and expresses a semantic relationship between them. A conjunction is positionally fixed relative to one or more of the elements related by it, thus distinguishing it from constituents such as English conjunctive adverbs. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm]

EXAMPLE Coordinating conjunctions : and, or, but Subordinating conjunctions : because , when, unless

7.19 contingency table two-way table in the case of two qualitative characteristics. The concept may be generalized to the case of more than two characteristics. [TERMIUM]

7.20 coreference reference in one expression to the same referent in another expression. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htm]

EXAMPLE You said you would come.

7.21 definite description noun phrase commonly with a definete article or indexical, purportedly identifying an individual referent [ASHER]

EXAMPLE the first President of Zimbabwe, that pencil

USAGE Referential readings of definite descriptions are handled by proposing referents from the external application context as well as the CLE context model. [LREC 2002, 198.txt]

7.22

28 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004 deixis function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Deixis]

7.23 demonstrative adjective or pronoun which serves to distinguish between members of a class, specif. this (these), that (those) [ASHER]

USAGE The fact that salience based on pointing gestures is excluded in our corpus study of written discourse implies that the interpretation of demonstratives should tend to be more closely related to previous text (the only source of salience). [LREC 2002, 198.txt]

7.24 determiner word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADeterminer.htm]

USAGE In Italian for instance complex nouns often occur without a determiner in the postmodifier PP: carta di credito negozio di scarpe computer da tavolo oggetto di studio negozio delle scarpe computer sul tavolo oggetto dello studio vs… [LREC 2002, 259.txt]

7.25 disambiguation

(In transformational grammar,) the provision of alternative formal structural analyses for superficially similar sentences, e.g., The food is ready to eat/ The guest is ready to eat, or surface structures with more than one possible interpretation, e.g., They can fish in Alberta. [ASHER]

USAGE This method has been found to be well-suited for semantic tasks such as word-sense clustering and disambiguation. [LREC 2002, 103.txt]

7.26 disjunction

Boolean operation whose result has the Boolean value 0 if and only if each operand has the Boolean value 0 [TERMIUM]

USAGE In most cases this procedure leads to a much better performance than the evaluation of a large and complex SQL statement, especially in those cases where the disjunction contains binary relations. [LREC 2002, 116.txt]

7.27 endophora coreference of an expression with another expression either before it or after it. One expression provides the information necessary to interpret the other. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsEndophora.htm]

EXAMPLE If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer.

7.28 entity type

29 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

a set of entities with common attributes [TERMIUM]

USAGE In the project, it was found that the new entity type was quite difficult to detect and there were many sub- types for that category. [LREC 2002, 120.txt ]

7.29 essive case case which carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English "as a ..." [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essive_case]

7.30 event a kind of information in discourse that actually occurs, is overt, and occurs at the now point on the time line [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEvent.htm]

7.31 expletive word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE Wowee!

7.32 first person deixis deictic reference that refers to - the speaker, or - both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm]

7.33 focus term that refers to information, in a sentence, that - is new - is of high communicative interest - is marked by stress - typically occurs late in the sentence, and - complements the presupposed information typically presented early in the sentence [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFocus.htm]

EXAMPLE It was math that gave him trouble.

7.34 future verb tense that indicates action or state of being in the future. The future corresponds to two English tenses. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE I will praise.

7.35 future perfect verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. Its translation into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs ‘will’/’shall’ have. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

30 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004

EXAMPLE We shall have praised.

7.36 homograph word that has the same spelling as another. Homographs differ from each other in meaning, origin, and sometimes pronunciation. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAHomograph.htm]

EXAMPLE ‘bow’ (the front part of a ship), ‘bow’ (to bend), ‘bow’ (a decorative knot)

7.37 homonym word that has the same pronunciation as another. Here are three senses of homonym. Homonyms differ from each other in meaning, origin, and usually spelling [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms//WhatIsAHomonym.htm]

EXAMPLE two and too

7.38 homophone group of two or more letters representing the same speech sound, or - a homonym [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms//WhatIsAHomophone.htm]

EXAMPLE The letter "c" in city and the letter "s" in song

7.39 imperfect verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing. It is translated into English with the auxiliary ‘was’, ‘were’, or alternatively with other formulae. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE She was praising.

7.40 imperfective aspect aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspecthtm]

7.41 impersonal

(of a verb) having no logical subject. Usually in English the pronoun ‘it’ is used in such cases as a grammatical subject, as for example in ‘It is raining’ (of a pronoun) not denoting a person [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=impersonal ]

7.42 interpretation process of understanding or explicating (the language of) a text [ASHER]

31 ISO/WD 21829: 2004 © ISO

7.43 meaning

What is conveyed or intended to be conveyed by language, the sense, signification or import of words or utterances, also, of any other aspect of linguistic activity [ASHER]

USAGE We propose to define the meaning of a multimodal `utterance’ as the specification of how the interpretation of the `utterance’ by an understanding system should change the system’s information state (taken in a broad sense of the term, including domain model, discourse model, user model, task model, and maybe more - see e.g. Bunt, 2000).

7.44 ordinal numeral numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm]

7.45 partitive case case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms]

7.46 part-whole schema image schema involving physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.47 past absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastTense.htm]

7.48 past perfect absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm]

EXAMPLE The ‘had + verb’ construction expresses past perfect tense, as in the following sentence: By that time, nearly everyone had left. The construction ‘had left’ is in the past relative to that time, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance

7.49 perfective aspect aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm]

EXAMPLE He walked there. This type of construction expresses a temporal view of walk distinct from those expressed in the following constructions: He was walking there. He used to walk there.

7.50 pluperfect verb tense that refers to action or state of being completed before some other event in the past. Its translation into English requres the use of the auxiliariy verb had. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE They had praised.

7.51 predicate (pro)noun noun or pronoun which follows a linking verb and which is the same as the subject. [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE Quintus is a farmer.

7.52 predicate verb and the part of the sentence that comes after the verb [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

7.53 predicative adjective adjective that comes after a copula verb and not before a noun [www.usingenglish.com/glossary/predicative- adjective.html]

EXAMPLE Here are some examples of predicate adjectives: - Roses are red. Noses often become red.

7.54 present verb tense that indicates action or state of being in the present [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE He praises.

7.55 prolative case declension of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of "by way of" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolative_case]

7.56 qualifier word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun ‘alarm’ is a modifier of ‘clock’ in ‘alarm clock’ and the phrase ‘every day’ is an adverbial modifier of ‘walks’ in ‘he walks every day’ [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=modifier]

7.57 quantifier

determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.58 referent object, action, state, relationship, or attribute in the referential realm that is designated by a word or expression in a particular instance of communication [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.59 semantic role underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause. Also known as: Semantic case, thematic role, theta role (generative grammar)

7.60 subsumption reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation between two feature structures: a feature structure A is said to subsume a feature structure B, formally represented as , if A is not more informative than B, or A contains a subset of the information in B. [ISO CD 2460-1]

7.61 synonym term that represents the same or a very similar concept as the main entry term in a term entry [ISO 12620]

7.62 temporal relation interpropositional relation that communicates the simultaneity or ordering in time of events or states [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.63 tense grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsTense.htm]

7.64 theme initial constituent of a sentence, viewed in relation to a more highly communicative theme or focus elsewhere in the sentence [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

7.65 transitive verb which takes a direct object; that is, a verb that expresses an action which directly affects another person or thing [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

7.66 translative case case which indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of "becoming X" or "change to X" [www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translative_case]

7.67 type some common feature that classify objects in a structured way. Elements of any domain can be sorted into types, based on similarities of properties. In linguistics, for instance, features like phrase, word, pos(parts of speech), noun, and verb are often taken as types. [ISO CD 2460-1]

7.68 type inheritance hierarchy types are ordered in some hierarchical order so that objects of a lower type inherit properties of their super-types. In linguistics, these hierarchies are often used to organize linguistic descriptions, especially lexical information. [ISO CD 2460-1]

7.69 intensive word used to intensify a noun or pronun, translated into English with the suffix ‘-self’ [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE themselves

8. Lexicaon

8.1 collocation recurrent word combination characterized by cohesion in that the components of the collocation must co-occur within an utterance or series of utterances, even though they do not necessarily have to maintain immediate proximity to one another. OR Idioms are frequent co-occurences of linguistic units, where each unit maintains its autonomous meaning (Sinclair) [ISO 12620]

USAGE Phrasal verbs, reflexive constructions and collocations are complex morphosyntactic structures but units at the semantic layer having one single lexicalised meaning. [LREC 2002, 261.txt ]

8.2 definition dictionary-style statement that describes the concept designated by a term. On a terminology record, it is a type of textual support that helps establish the textual match between languages by stating the delimiting characteristics of a concept. [TERMIUM]

USAGE When we change the definition of word delimitation in the lexicon, we need to modify the tagged corpora to make them consistent with the lexicon. [LREC 2002, 191.txt]

8.3

dictionary entry part of a dictionary which contains information related to one lemma and its variants. [ISO 1051]

USAGE The extracted genus word approximations can yield a hierarchical taxonomy of the nominal dictionary entries, organized by hypernym relations, providing a very versatile resource for the construction of our Hungarian nominal WordNet. [LREC 2002, 323.txt]

8.4 interjection word or sound that expresses an emotion [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

8.5 intransitive verb that does not take a direct object; that is, to a verb that does not express an action which directly affects another person or thing [www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html]

EXAMPLE They fall.

8.6 lemma word considered as its citation form together with all the inflected forms [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=lemma]

EXAMPLE The lemma ‘go’ consists of ‘go’ together with ‘goes’, ‘going’, ‘went’, and ‘gone’.

8.7 lexeme minimal unit of language which has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept. It is made up of one or more form-meaning composites called lexical units. [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm]

8.8 lexicon lexical component of a generative grammar or other modern grammatical theory, containing morphological, syntactic and semantic information relevant to individual lexical entries and to the organization of the particular grammar [ASHER]

8.9 word one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language, although linguists would analyse these further into morphemes [www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=word]

8.10 ditransitive

36 © ISO ISO/WD 21829: 2004 term which describes a verb or clause which takes two objects [www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDitransitivity.htm]

9. Language engineering

9.1 aligner software that allows comparison of parallel texts by displaying them side by side based on correspondences established between text units [TERMIUM]

USAGE First, an aligner performs a forced alignment of the speech with the string of phonemic symbols representing that signal. [LREC 2002, 97.txt]

9.2 analyser program that uses information in natural language input to fill data structures that the rest of the system can use; it identifies the various components of the input sentence and constructs an internal representation using syntactic and semantic clues. [TERMIUM]

USAGE X-TRA and XTRA-TE share the same analyzer, a syntax driven top-down, depth-first parser written in the formalism of definite clause grammars, but augmented with semantic routines for carrying out lexical and structural disambiguation. The parser takes the English input sentence and accomplishes syntactic/semantic analysis on the list. Syntax and semantics are closely integrated so that syntactically well-formed but semantically invalid parses are ruled out as early as possible. [TERMIUM]

9.3 applet small package of code, performing a very specific function, that is a fraction of the size of traditional software applications [TERMIUM]

USAGE Figure 3 shows the applet that interactively monitors the status of the project currently active and displays it to the user. [LREC 2002, 69.txt]

9.4 application program program that is specific to the solution of an application problem [TERMIUM]

USAGE Validation of the feature structures used in a document based on the feature-system declaration, however, requires that there be an application program that can use the information contained in the feature-system declaration. [LREC 2002, N040.txt]

9.5 bigram two-letter sequence [TERMIUM]

USAGE For comparison, a baseline was also obtained where scores were allocated at random to each of the bigrams occurring in the corpus. [LREC 2002, 169.txt]

9.6 binary file

data file format in which numbers are stored in their binary representation [TERMIUM]

USAGE Thus, in order to search the database efficiently, the same data that is stored in that SGML text file is copied into binary files. [LREC 2002, 46.txt]

9.7 bootstrap short computer program that is permanently resident or easily loaded into a computer, whose execution brings another, larger program, such as an operating system or its loader, into memory [TERMIUM]

USAGE To measure stability, we simply compute how many times the evaluated ranking is produced among all the rankings derived from the bootstrap replicates. [LREC 2002, 77.txt]

9.8 bootstrapping

In language acquisition, a discovery procedure consisting of conjectures made from observed usages of words about the likely semantic or syntactic nature or status of these or comparable instances, e.g., if the word is used of an action it is likely to be a verb, if the syntax is that of a verb, the meaning is likely to be verbal [ASHER]

9.9 building block individual unit or module that is utilized by higher level programs or modules [TERMIUM]

USAGE The test results show that out-ofvocabulary rates are rather small, due to automated rule-based compounding of the lexical building blocks. [LREC 2002, 4.txt]

9.10 compression ratio factor by which digital data, such as images and sounds, can be compressed [TERMIUM]

USAGE We can generally assume that sentences in an extract at high compression ratios are more important than those at low compression ratios. [LREC 2002, 297.txt]

9.11 data mining process of discovering previously unknown information from the data stored in data warehouses [TERMIUM]

USAGE The key step in this process is data mining, which consists in the application of several techniques for inducing models (or profiles or patterns) from data. [LREC 2002, 68.txt]

9.12 database server server whose function it is to accept queries about a data base, analyze them and return the answers [TERMIUM]

USAGE The annotation graph database schema, which is explained in detail in next section, allows annotation graphs to be stored and retrieved in any relational database server that supports ODBC. [LREC 2002, 141.txt]

9.13 decision tree graphical illustration of the pattern of probabilities associated with decisions and alternative events [TERMIUM]

USAGE decision-trees aid the decision-maker by revealing the time sequence of points in a project at which decisions have to be taken, the options or strategies available at the decision points, the uncertainties associated with particular courses of action, and the costs of alternative courses of action foreclosed by the choice of a particular option. [TERMIUM]

9.14 document retrieval methods and procedures for recovering specific documents from a collection of documents UTD [TERMIUM]

USAGE Our approach to CLIR can be described as concept-based or semantics-driven, where the main research goal of the project is to exploit multiple levels of semantic annotation from different sources in order to enhance document retrieval in a domain-specific, multilingual context. [LREC 2002, 167.txt]

9.15 documentation various documents used to design a computer system, such as flowcharts and other schematics [TERMIUM]

USAGE The objective was to develop a prototype tool that supports the creation of different types of pharmaceutical documentation in multiple languages. [LREC 2002, 34.txt]

9.16 encoding final step in the process of converting an analog signal into a digital signal [TERMIUM]

USAGE In this paper we briefly recall the main characteristics of the model and devote our attention to issues emerging from the encoding of large quantities of data, especially in relation to those types of syntactic and semantic information specific to our lexicon and that reflect peculiar and innovative features of the underlying model. [LREC 2002, 197.txt] 9.17 encoding process in knowledge representation, the process which deposits representations of the environment into working memory. [TERMIUM]

USAGE The encoding process is performed using the CLIPS software tool for data management which allows importation, creation, browsing, editing and exportation of data as well. [LREC 2002, 197.txt]

9.18 end user person, device, program or data processing system that uses a computer network for data processing and information exchange. [TERMIUM]

USAGE A clientside annotation tool can initiate queries and display annotation content on behalf of the end user. [LREC 2002, 141.txt]

9.19 error rate

ratio of the total number of errors detected to the total amount of data transmitted or transferred. [TERMIUM]

USAGE The reason for this restriction lies in the fact, that the word error rate for dictation for an untrained user and an open domain is still in the range of 10% which is far too high for wide spread use. [LREC 2002, 160.txt]

9.20 file format structure of the data used to record an image onto a disk. [TERMIUM]

USAGE Several file formats are accepted such as MPG , AVI and QT , since conversion can be done easily. [LREC 2002, 221.txt]

9.21 frequency relative commonness with which a term occurs

9.22 frequency distribution summary of a collection of data showing how frequently each value, or range of values, of a variable is represented in the collection. [TERMIUM]

USAGE Once we have calculated the frequency distributions, we can then measure the consistency between the editors by comparing each editor against the mean of all the others in the group. [LREC 2002, 80.txt]

9.23 information technology acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronic-band combination of computing, telecommunication and video [TERMIUM]

USAGE We observed an interesting tendency showing that in texts about information technology the Danish inflectional forms are prevalent , while in texts from the health domain the Latin/Greek inspired forms are preferred . [LREC 2002, 261.txt]

9.24 machine learning process by which a functional unit improves its performance by acquiring new knowledge or skills, or by reorganizing existing knowledge or skills. [TERMIUM]

USAGE Machine learning is a research effort that seeks to create computer programs that can learn from experience. Such programs, when they become available, will remove a major barrier to the development of very large expert system. [TERMIUM]

9.25 machine translation

Translation carried out by a computer [ASHER]

USAGE Surprisingly, the system combining machine learning with word sense disambiguation and named entity recognition performs better than the one with machine learning, word sense disambiguation and a gazetteer, but given the time necessary to run this system [LREC 2002, 321.txt]

9.26 natural language processing computer processing of language, e.g., machine translation, textual analysis, etc., in computational linguistics [ASHER]

9.27 programme detailed and explicit set of directions for accomplishing some purpose, the set being expressed in some language suitable for input to a computer, or in machine language [TERMIUM]

USAGE The software program is an application program. Despite its redundancy, this term is used frequently, especially when addressing a computer-illiterate audience. [TERMIUM]

9.28 transcriber equipment used to convert information from one form to another, as for converting computer input data to the medium and language used by the computer [TERMIUM]

9.29 convolution generic mathematical operation that involves calculating an output pixel based on its properties and those of its surrounding neighbors; used to accomplish different effects in image enhancement and segmentation; also superimposing an m x n operator (kernel) over an m x n pixel area (window) in the image, multiplying corresponding points together, summing the result, and repeating this operation over all possible windows in the image [TERMIUM]

USAGE Results of the convolution and noise addition tests are presented for a speaker-dependent name recognition task. [LREC 2002, 125.txt]

10. Pragmatics

10.1 pragmatics study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee, and other features of the context of utterance [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

10.2 topic noun phrase that expresses what a sentence is about, and to which the rest of the sentence is related as a comment [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/]

11. Feature structure

11.1

boxed integer integer in a box like 1 marking structure sharing in a feature structure [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.2 directed acyclic graph graph on which each node, except for the terminal ones, points to other nodes or at least one other node, but it disallows any path that points to itself [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.3 empty feature structure feature structure that has no features [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.4 empty path path corresponding to the root node of a graph [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.5 empty string string that contains no element [TERMIUM]

11.6 feature attribute or property of an object being described [ISO CD 24610-1]

USAGE The element when used with a feature organized as a singleton is a semantic error; however, its appearance as a value for such a feature can not be flagged by XML parsers. [N040.txt]

11.7 feature structure a set of attribute-value pairs carrying partial information about some object being described by assigning a value to each of its attributes It is thus defined in set-theoretic terms as a partial function from attributes to values. Because of its mathematical elegance, it is represented in a rooted and directed (acyclic or cyclic) graph. But it creates some typesetting problems when it gets complex. Thus, the matrix notation called AVM often replaces the graph notation [ISO CD 24610-1]

USAGE We decided to use feature structures to represent the information to be interchanged among the linguistic tools. [LREC 2002, 200.txt]

11.8 feature structure declaration sometimes called feature structure description. A feature structure may be described in a declarative manner through some description language [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.9 feature vector n-tuple of features that may be used to describe areas or objects within an image [ISO/IEC JTC N1746, 1995] [TERMIUM]

USAGE In both data sets , the feature vector represents the coded POS tags of two words before and two words after the focus word , the last three letters of the focus word and information about hyphenation and capitalization. [LREC 2002, 94.txt]

11.10 graph notation rooted and directed labeled graph is often used to represent a feature structure. Each graph representing a feature structure starts with a single particular node called the root. From the root, at least one or more arcs labeled with features branch out to other nodes that again represent appropriate types with their feature structures or terminate as their atomic values [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.11 path sequence of features that label each arc on a descending sequence of arcs from the root [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.12 reentrancy phenomenon by which two paths point to the same node on a graph representing a feature structure. These paths are then called equivalent. As a result, the two paths leading to that intersecting node share its features or attribute values. In the avm notation, reentrancy is conventionally marked by a boxed integer like 3 by tagging it next to the right of the feature structure or the type name of that node and also at the place of the value being shared by the other path without copying the shared feature structure [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.13 root topmost node on a graph or an (upside-down) tree that has no ancestors nor any (preceding) path [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.14 shared structure feature structure in which some attributes share values. In graph notation, a node to which two paths merge represents a shared structure. In matrix notation, the shared structure is represented by an identical boxed integer [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.15 value value of a feature in a feature structure may either be atomic or complex. A value is complex if it is a feature structure itself or a list of values, again either atomic or complex. [ISO CD 24610-1]

11.16 mapping

establishment of defined correspondences between two sets of quantities or values, specif. in linguistics, the correspondences between the elements in a linguistic model and the elements of the actual language [ASHER]

USAGE This mapping has an important consequence for multilayer annotations, for now treebanks can co-exist with a variety of other annotation types, such as prosodic and discourse level annotations. [LREC 2002, 294.txt]

Bibliography

[1] ISO 704: 2000, Terminology work – Principles and methods.

[2] ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 1: Theory and application.

[3] ISO 1087-2:2000, Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 2: Computer applications.

[4] ISO 10241: 1992, International terminology standards – Preparation and layout.

[5] Asher, R.E.& J.M.Y.Simpson (eds.), 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics - Vol. 10: glossary indexes, Oxford: Pergamon.

[6] Termium: The government of Canada's terminology and linguistic database (http://www.termium.com/site/accueil_home_e.html)

Alphabetical index

A applet 9.3 building block 9.9 abbreviation 5.3 application program 9.4 ablative case 5.4 apposition 6.8 C absolutive case 5.5 argument 6.9 capital letter 3.6. abstraction 7.2 article 5.14 cardinal numeral 3.7 accusative case 5.6 articulator 4.1 case 5.16 active voice 3.6 aspect 3.3 cataphora 6.11 adequacy 3.1 ASR 4.2 categorization 7.9 adessive case 5.7 attribute 7.6 causative case 7.10. adjective 5.8 attribute-value matrix 7.7 character set 3.8 adjunction 6.1 attributive adjective 6.10. citation form 5.17 adposition 6.2 audio recording 4.3 clitic 6.12 adverb 5.9 auditory test 4.4 collocation 8.2 affix 5.10. automatic speech recognition 4.5 comitative 5.18 agreement 5.11 auxiliary verb 5.15 common noun 5.19 aligner 9.1 communication 3.9 allative case 5.12 B comparison 3.10. allomorph 5.13 background noise 4.6 compatibility 7.11 ambiguity 7.3 base document 3.4 complement 6.13 analyser 9.2 base form 5.1 complementizer 5.20. anaphor 6.3 basic form 5.2 complex word 5.21 anaphora 6.4 be 8.1 component 5.22 anaphora resolution 6.5 bibliographical entry 3.5 compositionality 7.12 anaphoric expression 6.6 bigram 9.5 compound noun 5.23 annotation 3.2 binary file 9.6 compression ratio 9.10. antecedent 6.7 binary relation 7.8 concept 7.13 anthroponym 7.4 bootstrap 9.7 concept system 7.14 antonymy 7.5 bootstrapping 9.8 conceptual model 7.15 aorist 7.1 boxed integer 11.1 conditional 7.16

conjugation 5.24 database schema 3.27 encoding 9.16 conjunct 7.17 database server 9.12 encoding process 9.17 conjunction 7.18 dative case 5.25 encryption 3.34 constituent 6.14 decision tree 9.13 end user 9.18 constraint 3.11 declension 5.26 endophora 7.27 construction 3.12 definite description 7.21 entity type 7.28 context 3.13 definition 8.3 ergative case 5.30. contingency table 7.19 deixis 7.22 error rate 9.19 continuous speech 4.7 demonstrative 7.23 essive 7.29 convolution 9.29 dependency tree 6.19 etymology 3.35 co-occurrence 6.15 derivation 5.27 event 7.3 coordinating conjunction 6.16 derivational morphology 5.28 expletive 7.31 coordination 6.17 determiner 7.24 copula 6.18 dialog 3.28 F coreference 7.20. dictionary entry 8.4 facial expression 3.36 corpus 3.14 direct object 6.20. feature 11.6

directed acyclic graph 11.2 feature structure 11.7

D disambiguation 7.25 feature structure declaration 11.8 data category 3.15 discourse 3.29 feature vector 11.9 data category registry 3.16 discourse model 3.30. feminine 5.31 data category selection 3.17 discourse structure 3.31 file format 9.20. data collection 3.18 disjunction 7.26 finite 5.32 data element 3.19 distributional analysis 3.32 first person deixis 7.32 data element concept 3.2 document retrieval 9.14 focus 7.33 data mining 9.11 documentation 9.15 frequency 9.21 data model 3.21 frequency distribution 9.22 data object 3.22 E futur 7.34 data representation 3.23 elative case 5.29 futur perfect 7.35 data set 3.24 elision 3.33 data structure 3.25 empty feature structure 11.3 G database management system empty path 11.4 genitive case 5.33 3.26 empty string 11.5 gerundive 5.34

grammatical gender 5.35 lexeme 8.9 part-whole schema 7.46

grammatical number 5.36 lexicon 8.10. passive voice 3.47

graph notation 11.10. locative case 5.42 past 7.47

past perfect 7.48

H M path 11.12

have 8.5 machine learning 9.24 perfect 7.49

homograph 7.36 machine translation 9.25 perfective aspect 7.50.

homonym 7.37 macron 4.8 person 3.48

homophone 7.38 mapping 11.17 phoneme 4.9

meaning 7.43 pluperfect 7.51

I meta-data 3.41 Possessive 5.51

identity element 11.11 mood 3.42 possessive noun 5.52

illative case 5.37 morpheme 5.43 possessive pronoun 5.53

imperative 3.37 postposition 5.54

imperfect 7.39 N pragmatics 10.1

imperfective aspect 7.40. natural language processing 9.26 predicate 7.53

impersonal 7.41 nominative case 5.44 predicate (pro)noun 7.52

indicative 3.38 non-finite 5.45 predicative adjective 7.54

indirect object 6.21 noun 5.46 prefix 5.55

inessive case 5.38 number 3.43 preposition 5.56

infinitive 5.39 numeral 3.44 present 7.55

infix 5.40. programme 9.27

inflection 5.41 O prolative 7.56

information technology 9.23 object language 3.45 pronominal 5.57

instructive 3.39 order 3.46 pronoun 5.58

intensive 7.70. ordinal numeral 7.44 proper noun 5.59

interjection 8.6 punctuation 5.60.

interpretation 7.42 P

interrogative 3.40. paradigm 5.47 Q

intransitive 8.7 part of speech 5.48 qualifier 7.57

participle 5.49 quantifier 7.58

L particle 5.50.

lemma 8.8 partitive 7.45 R

reentrancy 11.13 subsumption 7.61 translative 7.67 referent 7.59 suffix 5.67 treebank 6.26 reflexive adjective 5.61 syllable 4.10. type 7.68 reflexive pronoun 5.62 synonym 7.62 type inheritance hierarchy 7.69 relative pronoun 5.63 syntax 6.25 typology 3.55 residual 3.49 root 11.14 T U

tag 3.52 unique 3.56

S temporal relation 7.63 utterance 3.57 second person 5.64 tense 7.64 semantic role 7.60. text 3.53 V sentence 3.5 text genre 3.54 valency 6.27 shared structure 11.15 theme 7.65 value 11.16 singular 5.65 third person 5.68 verb frame 5.70. stem 5.66 token 5.69 vocative case 5.71 subject 6.22 tone 4.11 voice 3.58 subjunctive 3.51 topic 10.2 subordinating conjunction 6.23 transcriber 9.28 W substantive adjective 6.24 transitive 7.66 working language 3.59