BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah

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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah Hak Asasi Manusia (selanjutnya disebut HAM), merupakan suatu hasil perjuangan yang sejak dahulu sampai sekarang terus diperjuangkan agar mendapat tempat sebagaimana mestinya. Dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai istilah hak- hak dasar manusia atau hak dan kewajiban dasar manusia, sedangkan dalam bahasa asing dikenal dengan berbagai istilah, misalnya human rights (bahasa Inggris), droit de I’homme (bahasa Perancis), dan menselijkerechten atau grondrechten (bahasa Belanda).1 Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak yang dimiliki manusia dari lahir dan Negara mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk melindungi hak asasi setiap individu tersebut. Belajar dari peristiwa di masa lalu, Indonesia mempunyai sejarah kelam mengenai HAM yang sampai saat ini belum terselesaikan, sejak beralihnya rezim pada tahun 1998, serangan terhadap para Pembela HAM tidak mengalami penurunan. Salah satunya adalah kasus pembunuhan terhadap aktivis HAM dan juga salah satu tokoh pejuang HAM di Indonesia, yaitu Munir Said Thalib (selanjutnya disebut Munir). Sosok pejuang yang terkenal dengan kegigihannya dalam 1 Widiada Gunakarya, Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, Edisi Pertama, Andi, Yogyakarta, 2017, h. 48. 1 2 memperjuangkan HAM ini pada tanggal 7 September 2004 dinyatakan tewas diracun didalam pesawat Garuda saat sedang melakukan perjalanan ke Singapura-Amsterdam untuk melanjutkan studi S2 bidang hukum humaniter di Universitas Utrecht, Belanda. Munir yang lahir di Malang, 8 Desember 1965 telah merintis karir pembelaan hukum di Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (selanjutnya akan disebut LBH) Malang dan Surabaya sebelum bergabung dengan Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia (selanjutnya disebut YLBHI) di Jakarta. Sewaktu di Surabaya, mantan aktivis Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (selanjutnya disebut HMI) ini menangani kasus pembunuhan aktivis buruh perempuan yang banyak menarik perhatian masyarakat, yakni kasus Marsinah. Komisi Untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (selanjutnya disebut Kontras) yang didirikannya pada Maret 1998 telah menjadi model organisasi nonpemerintah dalam penanganan kasus kekerasan negara. Upaya ini sangat beresiko karena represivitas rezim di waktu itu. Berkat kegigihannya menyebabkan organisasi itu mampu mengungkapkan penculikan aktivis oleh Tim Mawar, Kopassus. Munir juga menangani berbagai kasus pelanggaran HAM berat lainnya seperti kasus Tanjung Priok, Aceh, dan Talangsari Lampung. Munir yang berada di garis terdepan dalam upaya pembelaan HAM di tanah air memperoleh berbagai penghargaan dari dalam negeri (Yap Tiam Hien Award) dan luar negeri (Swedia dan UNESCO).2 Sepak terjang Munir dalam memperjuangkan HAM di Indonesia merupakan suatu keberanian yang tidak dimiliki 2 Asvi Warman Adam, Menguak Misteri Sejarah, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta, 2010, h. 37-38. 3 oleh semua orang, sebagai manusia tentu kita memiliki rasa takut, tapi apakah kita mampu mengatasi rasa takut itu. Sebagai bentuk komitmen pemerintah dalam menegakkan supremasi hukum, pada 23 Desember 2004 Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono membentuk Tim Pencari Fakta (selanjutnya disebut TPF) berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden Nomor 111 tahun 2004 yang anggotanya melibatkan kalangan masyarakat sipil dan berfungsi membantu Polri dalam menyelidiki kasus terbunuhnya Munir. Setelah melalui beberapa kendala, TPF mulai bekerja efektif pada Januari 2005. Sejak disahkannya, pada 3 (tiga) bulan pertama masa kerjanya, TPF telah berhasil mengungkap fakta- fakta keterlibatan seorang co-pilot maskapai penerbangan nasional PT. Garuda Indonesia, dalam kasus pembunuhan Munir. TPF juga berhasil mengungkap fakta- fakta keterlibatan manajemen puncak Garuda dalam konspirasi kejahatan tersebut. Sampai pada tahap ini TPF sudah menyerahkan temuan-temuan mereka kepada Tim Penyidik Polri yang kemudian menetapkan co-pilot tersebut, bersama dua orang awak kabin menjadi tersangka. Pada 3 (tiga) bulan kedua sekaligus masa terakhir tugasnya, TPF mengembangkan semua temuan-temuan yang sudah di dapat sebelumnya dan berhasil mengidentifikasi adanya hubungan antara tersangka Pollycarpus Budihari Priyanto (selanjutnya disebut PBP) dengan Badan Intelijen Negara (selanjutnya disebut BIN).3 3 Dokumen Laporan Akhir Tim Pencari Fakta (TPF) Kasus Meninggalnya Munir, Jakarta, 2005, h. 3, diunduh dari https://pt.slideshare.net/indoleaks/laporan-tim-pencari-fakta-kasus- meninggalnya-munir, pada tanggal 1 Maret 2018, pukul 18:50. 4 Dimasa akhir kerjanya, pada 23 Juni 2005 TPF melaporkan hasil kerjanya kepada Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Laporan TPF memuat 3 poin rekomendasi untuk ditindaklanjuti oleh pemerintah, isi rekomendasi tersebut yaitu: 1. Pembunuhan Munir tidak melibatkan 1 atau 2 orang saja, sehingga setiap yang terlibat dalam konspirasi pembunuhan terhadap Munir harus diperiksa secara intensif. 2. Proses pengusutan kasus Munir terhambat oleh faktor internal di tubuh Polri sehingga diperlukan langkah-langkah konkret berupa audit kinerja Polri dalam penanganan kasus pembunuhan Munir. 3. Perlu dibentuk sebuah kelembagaan baru yang berada dibawah langsung Presiden untuk meneruskan langkah-langkah yang ditempuh TPF sekaligus sebagai bentuk kelanjutan komitmen Presiden mengungkap kasus pembunuhan terhadap Munir.4 Dalam Putusan Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat yang diketuai Cicut Sutiarso dengan Nomor : 1361/PID.B/2005/PN.JKT.PST menyatakan terdakwa atas nama Pollycarpus Budihari Priyanto bersalah melakukan perbuatan pidana dengan melakukan pembunuhan berencana dan pemalsuan surat tugas dan menghukum terdakwa dengan hukuman penjara selama 14 belas tahun.5 Majelis Hakim juga dalam putusannya menyinggung beberapa orang yang diduga terlibat dalam komplotan pembunuhan Munir tersebut. Pertama, Ramelgia Anwar (saat 4 Edwin Partogi, et.al., Bunuh Munir, Kontras, Jakarta, 2006, h. 108. 5 Putusan Perkara Pidana dengan Nomor: 1361/PID/B/2005/PN.JKT.PST atas nama terdakwa Pollycarpus Budihari Priyanto, Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat, 20 Desember 2005 5 kejadian merupakan Vice Presiden Corporate Security PT Garuda), yang menurut Majelis Hakim tanpa peranannya membuat surat tugas palsu, Pollycarpus tidak akan bisa melaksanakan kejahatannya.6 Kedua, Oedi Irianto dan Yeti Susmiarti (pramugara dan pramugari di kelas bisnis pada penerbangan GA 974, Jakarta-Singapura). Menurut Majelis Hakim tindakan Pollycarpus membunuh Munir dengan racun arsen hanya bisa terjadi karena bantuan kedua orang tersebut.7 Ketiga, Majelis Hakim dalam putusannya juga melangkah maju dengan menyebutkan nama Muchdi PR.8 Kasus pembunuhan aktivis HAM Munir menyita perhatian dari berbagai kalangan masyarakat baik dari dalam maupun luar negri, mereka meminta Pemerintah Indonesia segera menuntaskan kasus ini. Jika dilihat lebih dalam, kasus pembunuhan Pembela HAM Munir bukanlah kejahatan yang berdiri sendiri, melainkan adanya turut serta orang lain dalam menjalankan kejahatan ini sehingga dapat dikenakan pasal “penyertaan” yang diatur dalam bab V Penyertaan dalam Tindak Pidana, pasal 55 khususnya ayat (1) KUH Pidana. Secara umum penyertaan dapat diartikan sebagai suatu perbuatan atau tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh lebih dari 1 orang. Kata penyertaan (Deelneming) berarti turut sertanya seseorang atau lebih pada waktu seseorang lain melakukan tindak pidana. Kata Deelneming berasal dari dua kata, yaitu deel (bagian) dan naming 6 Edwin Partogi, et.al., h.113 7 Ibid., h.114 8 Ibid., h.115 6 (pengambilan). Jadi, Deelneming ialah pengambilan bagian.9 Deelneming adalah suatu peristiwa pidana dimana terdapat beberapa orang atau paling sedikit dua orang terlibat dalam satu tindak pidana (bisa di dalam atau diluar KUHP) dan tindak pidananya bisa bermacam-macam.10 Penjelasan singkat mengenai kasus pembunuhan Munir diatas jelas memperlihatkan bahwa proses pengungkapan kasus ini hanya akan mengulang sejarah pelanggaran HAM lainnya seperti kasus pembunuhan aktivis buruh Marsinah dan pembunuhan jurnalis Udin (Harian Bernas) yang tidak pernah terselesaikan. Pemerintah dalam hal ini Presiden selaku pemegang kekuasaan tertinggi seharusnya mampu menyelesaikan kasus ini. Kasus pembunuhan Munir merupakan salah satu kasus dari sekian banyak kasus pelanggaran HAM di Indonesia yang tidak pernah terselesaikan, dan sudah seharusnya Pemerintah berbenah diri dengan tidak mengulangi kesalahan di masa lalu, bukannya menambah sejarah kelam HAM di Indonesia. Proses hukum yang ditempuh pun meragukan karena tidak mampu menyeret aktor utama dalam kasus ini ke meja pengadilan, sehingga tidak terciptanya hukum yang pada hakikatnya harus bermuara pada keadilan, yaitu keadilan bagi masyarakat, dan hukum pun akan menjadi sia-sia jika tidak tercapai rasa keadilan pada masyarakat.11 9 Alfitra, Modus Operandi Pidana Khusus di Luar KUHP, Penerbit Raih Asa Sukses, Jakarta, 2014, h. 119. 10Ibid. 11 H.M. Agus Santoso, Hukum, Moral & Keadlian, Edisi Pertama, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2012, h. 4. 7 Memang tujuan hukum ialah mengatur masyarakat secara adil, tetapi hukum dan keadilan itu harus dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah dan negara yang mempunyai kekuasaan untuk menertibkan masyarakat, agar taat pada peraturan yang berlaku. Hukum dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya apabila adanya kekuasaan, akan tetapi kekuasaan yang tidak boleh melanggar hak-hak dan kepentingan individu, karena fungsi hukum juga ialah sebagai perlindungan bagi kepentingan manusia.12 Konsep perlindungan hukum sendiri dapat kita lihat padanan katanya dalam Bahasa Inggris yaitu legal protection dan dalam Bahasa Belanda rechtsbecherming. Hal ini sesuai dengan apa yang diungkapkan Philipus M. Hadjon bahwa
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