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Menemukan Kembali Indonesia MENEMUKAN KEMBALI INDONESIA: Memahami Empat Puluh Tahun Kekerasan demi Memutus Rantai Impunitas ii DI SINI NANTI AKAN DIIISI JUDUL BUKU MENEMUKAN KEMBALI INDONESIA: Memahami Empat Puluh Tahun Kekerasan demi Memutus Rantai Impunitas LAPORAN TAHUN KEBENARAN KKPK KOALISI UNTUK KEADILAN DAN PENGUNGKAPAN KEBENARAN iv DI SINI NANTI AKAN DIIISI JUDUL BUKU Judul : Menemukan Kembali Indonesia Cetakan : Pertama, 2014 Foto Isi : ELSAM, AJAR, Tempo, SKP HAM Palu, Anne-Cècile Esteve, Galuh Wandita, Robby Noordian Al Wahidy, Selviana Yolanda. Desain Isi : Satoejari dan Sampul Ukuran Buku : 20 x 27 cm ISBN : Percetakan : MENEMUKAN ________________________________________________________ KEMBALI INDONESIA Diterbitkan oleh Koalisi untuk Keadilan dan Pengungkapan Kebenaran (KKPK) Sekretariat KKPK: Jl. Cikini Raya No. 43, Jakarta Pusat 10330 | Telp. +62-21-3152726 ________________________________________________________________________ SEKAPUR SIRIH “Aku pikir kami sudah dilupakan. Tapi sekarang aku punya harapan lagi bisa mendapatkan kebenaran dan keadilan.” — Marsini (kakak Marsinah), Dengar Kesaksian KKPK tema Kekerasan terhadap Pembela HAM, Jakarta 29 November 2013 alam perjalanan bangsa ini kita salah-jalan. Kita mengambil jalan pintas kekerasan dan akhirnya hilang di tengah hutan belukar impunitas. Kita Dmenjauh dari arah dan cita-cita Konstitusi. Kita pun kita tak lagi setia pada gagasan awal reformasi. Pengalaman 40 tahun bangsa ini menunjukkan ribuan bahkan jutaan warga negara Indonesia justru terpuruk di dalam pusaran ketidakadilan dan seakan tak punya ruang dan harapan untuk menemukan kembali mimpi mereka tentang Indonesia. Sekarang telah tiba saatnya untuk menemukan Indonesia kembali, Indonesia seperti yang dicita-citakan oleh para pendiri bangsa -Indonesia yang menyejahterakan, Indonesia yang menghargai, Indonesia yang melindungi, dan Indonesia yang menjamin hak-hak konstitusional segenap warga negaranya. Kehausan akan kebenaran dan keadilan yang disuarakan oleh Marsini, dirasakan juga oleh ribuan korban pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM) di Indonesia. Sebuah naluri yang terus menggelegar, tak terpadamkan, walaupun telah dibungkam dan dipinggirkan selama puluhan tahun. Pada awal reformasi, bangsa Indonesia pernah berjanji untuk belajar dari pengalaman kekerasan yang terjadi di masa lalu, namun v vi MENEMUKAN KEMBALI INDONESIA berbagai kepentingan pelaku dan penguasa dengan sigap menghalangi upaya ini. Kini, kita terus berjuang untuk menegakkan kebenaran dan hak-hak korban. Bukan karena kita ingin mengumpulkan cerita-cerita sedih dan ngeri, tetapi karena cerita- cerita ini mengandung benih pembebasan dari belenggu kekerasan. Cerita-cerita ini mengandung mata-jalan yang bisa membawa kita kembali ke arah Indonesia yang hebat, Indonesia yang bebas dan merdeka. Koalisi untuk Keadilan dan Pengungkapan Kebenaran (KKPK) bekerja semenjak tahun 2008 untuk mendorong pembentukan sebuah komisi kebenaran, mengkritisi, dan mendampingi lembaga negara yang menulis ulang Undang-Undang Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi yang dianulir oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi pada tahun 2007. Namun, setelah sekian lama menanti tanpa hasil, KKPK berinisiatif untuk menggelar proses pengungkapan kebenaran yang kami sebut Tahun Kebenaran. KKPK terdiri dari 47 organisasi masyarakat sipil, termasuk pegiat HAM di tingkat nasional dan daerah, serta organisasi korban. Pada Tahun Kebenaran, KKPK mendokumentasi sejumlah peristiwa kunci dengan tema kekerasan terhadap perempuan, kekerasan dalam operasi militer, perampasan sumber daya alam, kekerasan terhadap pembela HAM, kekerasan yang dilakukan dengan alasan perbedaan ideologi dan agama, dan kekerasan atas nama ketertiban umum. Kami diperkaya dan disemangati oleh 930 peristiwa kekerasan yang berhasil didokumentasikan, diverifikasi dan dikonsolidasikan ke dalam database oleh organisasi anggota KKPK, yang mencakup 3.396 korban (yang terdiri dari 2.706 laki-laki, 529 perempuan, dan 161 orang tidak diketahui/tidak tersedia informasi). KKPK juga berhasil menyusun 140 narasi kasus, dan 72 kesaksian yang didengarkan secara langsung dari para korban dan saksi di Jakarta, Solo, Palu, Kupang, Papua, dan Aceh. Salah satu kritik yang menghampiri kami adalah pilihan memihak korban. Apa yang bisa membenarkan pilihan demikian ini? Pertama, kami menggunakan kerangka HAM—sehingga siapapun yang melakukan penyelewengan kekuasaan bisa menjadi pelaku pelanggaran. Standar HAM menjadi panduan untuk memahami cerita kekerasan yang terjadi di Indonesia. Kedua, dalam proses Tahun Kebenaran, kami memilih untuk mendengarkan suara-suara yang paling terpinggirkan. Pengalaman mereka yang selama ini disangkal, bahkan tak nampak. Harapan kami bahwa “Menemukan Kembali Indonesia: Suara Korban Membebaskan Belenggu Kekerasan Masa Lalu” bisa menjadi inspirasi untuk membuka hati dan pikiran kita untuk mengakui kebenaran, dan memanfaatkannya sebagai landasan untuk membangun bangsa tempat kita bisa hidup bersama dalam kebebasan. Kebenaran adalah masa depan! PENGantaR vii Anggota Koalisi Keadilan dan Pengungkapan Kebenaran (menurut abjad) AJAR (Asia Justice and Rights), AJI (Aliansi Jurnalis Independen) Indonesia, AJI Jakarta, Demos (Center for Democracy and Human Rights Studies), ANBTI (Aliansi Nasional Bhinneka Tunggal Ika), CIS (Center for Internally Displaced People’s Service) Timor, ELSAM (Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat), ELSHAM (Lembaga Studi & Advokasi HAM) Papua, Foker LSM (Forum Kerjasama LSM) Papua, HRWG (Human Rights Working Group), IKOHI (Ikatan Keluarga Orang Hilang Indonesia), Imparsial (The Indonesian Human Rights Monitor), Institut DIAN/Interfidei, Institut Mosintuwu, Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), JPIT (Jaringan Perempuan Indonesia Timur), Koalisi NGO HAM Aceh, Komnas Perempuan, Komunitas Korban 65 Bali, KontraS, Kontras Aceh, LAPPAN (Lembaga Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak) Ambon, LBH (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum) Banda Aceh, LBH APIK (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Asosiasi Perempuan Indonesia untuk Keadilan) Aceh, LBH APIK Jakarta, LBH Jakarta, LBH Masyarakat, LKK (Lembaga Kreativitas Kemanusiaan), LPH YAPHI (Lembaga Pengabdian Hukum Yekti Angudi Piyadeging Hukum Indonesia), LPHAM (Lembaga Pembela Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia), LSPP (Lembaga Studi Pers dan Pembangunan), PEC (People’s Empowerment Consortium), PPRP (Pusat Pemberdayaan untuk Rekonsiliasi dan Perdamaian), Perkumpulan Praxis, Komunitas Tikar Pandan Aceh, Setara Institute, SKP HAM (Solidaritas Korban Pelanggaran HAM) Sulawesi Tengah, Sekber 65 (Sekretariat Bersama 65) Solo, Solidaritas Indonesia, Syarikat (Masyarakat Santri untuk Advokasi Rakyat) Indonesia, TIKI Jaringan Kerja HAM Perempuan Papua, WALHI (Wahana Lingkungan Hidup), Wahid Institute, Yabiku, IKA (Yayasan Indonesia untuk Kemanusiaan), YLBHI (Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia), YPKP 65 (Yayasan Penelitian Korban Pembunuhan 1965/66), Yayasan Pulih. viii DI SINI NANTI AKAN DIIISI JUDUL BUKU Daftar isi SEKAPUR SIRIH ..................................................................................................... v BAB 1 PENGANTAR .............................................................................................. 1 1. Mengapa Kebenaran Penting? ................................................................ 1 2. Inisiatif Warga untuk Kebenaran ............................................................. 10 BAB 2 TEMUAN INTI DAN LATAR BELAKANG ..................................................... 33 1. Temuan Inti ............................................................................................... 33 2. Latar Belakang Sejarah: Konteks Internasional .................................... 36 3. Latar Belakang: Konteks Nasional Sebelum dan Sesudah Peristiwa 1965 .......................................................................................... 40 Penutup ........................................................................................................... 56 BAB 3 POLA KEKERASAN .................................................................................... 59 POLA 1: PEMBASMIAN ................................................................................. 59 Pengantar ....................................................................................... 59 A. Pembasmian terhadap PKI dan Gerakan Kiri ....................... 62 B. Pembasmian di Papua ............................................................ 95 C. Pembasmian di Timor Timur 1975 – 1999 ............................ 113 D. Pembasmian dalam Operasi Militer di Aceh (1989-1999) dan Darurat Militer/Sipil (2000-2005) .................................... 135 E. Keadilan yang Tak Tampak ..................................................... 150 ix x MENEMUKAN KEMBALI INDONESIA POLA 2: PERAMPASAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN SUMBER PENGHIDUPAN ............................................................................... 155 Pengantar ....................................................................................... 155 A. Perampasan Sumber Daya Alam dan Sumber Penghidupan melalui Konsesi Pertambangan ...................... 157 B. Perampasan Sumber Daya Alam dan Sumber Penghidupan melalui Konsesi Kehutanan............................. 167 C. Perampasan Sumber Daya Alam dan Sumber Penghidupan melalui Konsesi Perkebunan .......................... 178 D. Posisi Warga Dihadapan Negara ............................................ 191 POLA 3: PENYERAGAMAN DAN PENGENDALIAN ...................................... 196 Pengantar ....................................................................................... 196 A. Pembungkaman dan Pengendalian
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