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Introduction Notes Introduction 1 “Kennedy Greets Shah, Notes Similarity of Aims,” 12 Apr. 1962. Washington Post, p. A1; “Shah Receives Kennedy Praise as State Visit Begins,” 12 Apr. 1962, p. 1. (All Washington Post articles have been retrieved using institution access from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.) 2 John F. Kennedy: “Remarks of Welcome to the Shah and the Empress of Iran at the Washington National Airport.” 11 Apr. 1962. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8597 (Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013). 3 John F. Kennedy: “Joint Statement Following Discussions with the Shah of Iran.” 13 Apr. 1962. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8607 (Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013). 4 Ibid. 5 John F. Kennedy: “Inaugural Address.” 20 Jan. 1961. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www .presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8032 (Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013). 6 On JFK’s foreign policy see Thomas G. Paterson, Ed., Kennedy’s Quest for Vic- tory: American Foreign Policy, 1961–1963 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (Cary, NC: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 13–44; John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Pol- icy During the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 197–271; George Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 702–729; Barrett, Roby C., The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2010), pp.190–313; Stephen G. Rabe, John F. Kennedy: World Leader (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2010); Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (London: Andre Deutsch, 1965). 7 “Iran Students Picket Shah Arrival Here,” 2 Apr. 1962. Washington Post, p. A2. 8 “Memorandum from the Assistant Director of the Bureau of the Budget (Hansen) to President Kennedy,” 7 Apr. 1962. Nina J. Noring, Ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XVII: Near East, 1961–1962 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 581 (hereafter referred to as FRUS 1961–1963 XVII). 9 Charles Kimber Pearce, Rostow, Kennedy, and the Rhetoric of Foreign Aid (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001). 10 “Memorandum of Conversation,” 13 Apr. 1962. FRUS 1961-1963 XVII, p. 607. 11 Ibid. 165 166 Notes 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid., p. 608. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16 Nick Cullather, “Development? Its History,” Diplomatic History, 24.4 (Fall, 2000), p. 652. Due to considerations of space, for a small selection of research on modernization in US foreign policy, see David C. Engerman, and Corinna R. Unger, “Introduction: Towards a Global History of Modernization,” Dip- lomatic History, 33.3 (Jun., 2009), pp. 375–385; Nick Cullather, “Miracles of Modernization: The Green Revolution and the Apotheosis of Technology,” Diplomatic History, 28.2 (Apr., 2004), pp. 227–254; Gregg Brazinsky, Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of Democracy (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007); Michael Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation Building’ in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010); Brad- ley R. Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.– Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008); Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War Amer- ica (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2003). The issue of Diplomatic History, 33.1 (Jun., 2009), from which Engerman and Unger’s article is taken, also includes many fine articles, including some by the authors mentioned here. 17 Latham, Modernization as Ideology, p. 209. 18 Ibid., p. 211. 19 Ekbladh, The Great American Mission, pp. 226–256. 20 On the role of ideology in US foreign policy, see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987). 21 Simpson, Economists with Guns. Also see Thomas C. Field Jr., “Ideology as Strategy: Military-Led Modernization and the Origins of the Alliance for Pro- gress in Bolivia,” Diplomatic History, 36.1 (Jan., 2012), pp. 147–183. 22 Frank Costigliola has emphasized the impact of emotions and friendship – genuine and perceived – on international diplomacy in his recent book Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War (Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012). 23 Latham, Modernization as Ideology, p. 215. 24 In his sweeping history of the Cold War, John Lewis Gaddis gives Iran barely one paragraph, reducing US–Iranian relations in this period to a direct path from coup to revolution; John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War (London: Allen Lane, 2005), pp. 166–167. 25 Victor V. Nemchenok, “In Search of Stability Amid Chaos: US Policy toward Iran, 1961–63,” Cold War History, 10.3 (Aug., 2010), p. 342. 26 James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American–Iranian Relations (London: Yale University Press, 1988); Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Inten- tions: The American Experience and Iran (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1981). 27 April Summitt, “For a White Revolution: John F. Kennedy and the Shah of Iran,” Middle East Journal, 58.4 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 560–575; James F. Goode, Notes 167 The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997), pp. 167–181; Idem., “Reforming Iran during the Kennedy Years,” Diplomatic History, 15.1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 13–29. 28 Stephen McGlinchey, U.S. Arms Policies towards the Shah’s Iran (Oxon: Rout- ledge, 2014); Idem., “Lyndon B. Johnson and Arms Credit Sales to Iran 1964– 1968,” Middle East Journal, 67.2 (Spring, 2013), pp. 229–247; Idem., “Richard Nixon’s Road to Tehran: The Making of the U.S.–Iran Arms Agreement of May 1972,” Diplomatic History, 37.4 (2013), pp. 841–860. 29 Andrew Warne, “Psychoanalyzing Iran: Kennedy’s Iran Task Force and the Modernization of Orientalism, 1961–3,” The International History Review, 35.2 (2013), pp. 396–422; Roham Alvandi, “Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf,” Diplomatic History, 36.2 (Apr., 2012), pp. 337–372; Idem., Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). 30 Roland Popp, “An Application of Modernization Theory during the Cold War? The Case of Pahlavi Iran,” The International History Review, 30.1 (Mar., 2008), pp. 76–98; Nemchenok, “In Search of Stability amid Chaos,” pp. 341–369. 31 Bill, The Eagle and the Lion, pp. 131–215; Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions, pp. 105–157. 32 Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Mak- ing of Our Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 396. 33 Matthew Connelly, “Rethinking the Cold War and Decolonization: The Grand Strategy of the Algerian War for Independence,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33.2 (May, 2001), p. 239. Nathan Citino also empha- sizes the need to consider the role of non-US actors in questions of moderni- zation; Nathan J. Citino, “The Ottoman Legacy in Cold War Modernization,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40 (2008), pp. 579–597. 34 Richard Cottam, Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964; 1979), p. 362. 35 On Iranian concepts of modernity, see Cyrus Vakili-Zad, “Collision of Con- sciousness: Modernization and Development in Iran,” Middle Eastern Studies, 32.3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 139–160. 36 Joyce Kolko and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954 (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1972); Peter L. Hahn and Mary Ann Heiss, Eds., Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World Since 1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001); Kylie Baxter and Shahram Akbarzadeh, US Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Roots of Anti-Americanism (London: Routledge, 2008). Chapter 1 1 David Milne, America’s Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008), pp. 25–26. 2 Max Millikan, and W. W. Rostow, A Proposal: Key to an Effective Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Bros, 1957); Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Eco- nomic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1990; 1960). 168 Notes 3 Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, p. 4. 4 Gilman, Mandarins of the Future, p. 190. 5 Ibid., pp. 190–197. 6 Milne, America’s Rasputin, pp. 131–258. 7 Latham, Modernization as Ideology. 8 For accounts that date development issues in US foreign relations to the pre- Cold War era, David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission; Ian Tyrrell, Reform- ing the World: The Creation of America’s Moral Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). 9 Chester J. Pachs, Jr., “Thinking Globally and Acting Locally,” in Kathryn C. Statler, and Andrew L. Johns, Eds., The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Lit- tlefield Publishers, 2006), p. xv; Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); H. W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1945–1960 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989). 10 Michael R. Adamson, “‘The Most Important Single Aspect of Our Foreign Policy’?: The Eisenhower Administration, Foreign Aid, and the Third World,” in Statler and Johns, Eds., The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War, p.
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