Data Quality and Quantity in Mobile Experience Sampling

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Data Quality and Quantity in Mobile Experience Sampling Data Quality and Quantity in Mobile Experience Sampling Niels van Berkel ORCID: 0000-0001-5106-7692 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. April, 2019 School of Computing and Information Systems Melbourne School of Engineering The University of Melbourne, Australia Abstract The widespread availability of technologically-advanced mobile devices has brought researchers the opportunity to observe human life in day-to-day circumstances. Rather than studying human behaviour through extensive surveys or in artificial laboratory situations, this research instrument allows us to systematically capture human life in naturalistic settings. Mobile devices can capture two distinct data streams. First, the data from sensors embedded within these devices can be appropriated to construct the context of study participants. Second, participants can be asked to actively and repeatedly provide data on phenomena which cannot be reliably collected using the aforementioned sensor streams. This method is known as Experience Sampling. Researchers employing this method ask participants to provide observations multiple times per day, across a range of contexts, and to reflect on current rather than past experiences. This approach brings a number of advantages over existing methods, such as the ability to observe shifts in participant experiences over time and context, and reducing reliance on the participant’s ability to accurately recall past events. As the onus of data collection lies with participants rather researchers, there is a firm reliance on the reliability of participant contributions. While previous work has focused on increasing the number of participant contributions, the quality of these contributions has remained relatively unexplored. This thesis focuses on improving the quality and quantity of participant data collected through mobile Experience Sampling. Assessing and subsequently improving the quality of participant responses is a crucial step towards increasing the reliability of this increasingly popular data collection method. Previous recommendations for researchers are based primarily on anecdotal evidence or personal experience in running Experience Sampling studies. While such insights are valuable, it is challenging to replicate these recommendations and quantify their effect. Furthermore, we evaluate the application of this method in light of recent developments in mobile devices. The opportunities and challenges introduced by smartphone-based Experience Sampling studies remain underexplored in the current literature. Such devices can be utilised to infer participants’ context and optimise questionnaire scheduling and presentation to increase data quality and quantity. By deploying our studies on these devices, we explore the opportunities of mobile sensing and interaction in the context of mobile Experience Sampling studies. Our findings illustrate the feasibility of assessing and quantifying participant accuracy through the use of peer assessment, ground truth questions, and the assessment of cognitive skills. We empirically evaluate these approaches across a variety of study goals. Furthermore, our results provide recommendations on study design, motivation and data collection practices, and appropriate analysis techniques of participant data concerning response accuracy. Researchers can use our findings to increase the reliability of their data, to collect participant responses more evenly across different contexts in order to reduce the potential for bias, and to increase the total number of collected responses. The goal of this thesis is to improve the collection of human-labelled data in ESM studies, thereby strengthening the role of smartphones as valuable scientific instruments. Our work reveals a clear opportunity in the combination of human and sensor data sensing techniques for researchers interested in studying human behaviour in situ. i Declaration This is to certify that i. where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone, ii. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, iii. appropriate ethics procedure and guidelines have been followed to conduct this research, iv. the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, figures, bibliographies and appendices. Niels van Berkel April 2019 ii Preface This thesis contains published articles, the details of which are provided below. I am grateful to my co-authors for their contribution. My appreciation is detailed in the Acknowledgement chapter and reflected in the use of the scientific ‘We’ throughout the main chapters of this thesis. First, I clarify my contribution. I initiated the works presented in this thesis and contributed the majority of work. I planned the study design and chose the research questions. Furthermore, I was responsible for the development of the software and analysis scripts. I handled the ethical clearance, recruited study participants, and was responsible for data analysis. Finally, I prepared the articles for submission, handled the peer-review feedback, and subsequently revised the articles. I collaborated closely with the listed co-authors throughout all stages. My co-authors provided feedback on the proposed study designs, offered technical support, discussed appropriate analysis techniques, and contributed to the writeup of the submitted work. We refer to the articles of this thesis by Roman numerals (I–V). We include these articles in full, preceded by a concise introduction situating each publication within the context of the thesis. Article I N. van Berkel, D. Ferreira, and V. Kostakos. 2017. The Experience Sampling Method on Mobile Devices. ACM Computing Surveys, 50 (6). 93:01-93:40. https://doi.org/10.1145/3123988 Article II N. van Berkel, C. Luo, T. Anagnostopoulos, D. Ferreira, J. Goncalves, S. Hosio, and V. Kostakos. 2016. A Systematic Assessment of Smartphone Usage Gaps. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 4711-4721. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858348 Article III N. van Berkel, J. Goncalves, S. Hosio, and V. Kostakos. 2017. Gamification of Mobile Experience Sampling Improves Data Quality and Quantity. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 1 (3). 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3130972 Article IV N. van Berkel, J. Goncalves, L. Lovén, D. Ferreira, S. Hosio, and V. Kostakos. 2018. Effect of Experience Sampling Schedules on Response Rate and Recall Accuracy of Objective Self-Reports. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 125. 118-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.12.002 Article V N. van Berkel, J. Goncalves, P. Koval, S. Hosio, T. Dingler, D. Ferreira, and V. Kostakos. 2019. Context- Informed Scheduling and Analysis: Improving Accuracy of Mobile Self-Reports. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 51:01-51:12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300281 iii I gratefully acknowledge the following sources of funding: • Google PhD Fellowship • Melbourne Research Scholarship • Nokia Foundation Scholarship • Walter Ahlström Foundation • Elisa HPY Research Foundation • Robert Bage Memorial Scholarship • Academy of Finland (276786-AWARE, 285459-iSCIENCE). • European Commission (6AIKA-A71143-AKAI). • Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (645706-GRAGE). Article I and Article IV received minimal editorial editing in the regular process of journal publication. No third-party editorial assistance was provided in preparation of the thesis. No ethics approval was required for Article I given the nature of the study (review of the literature). The studies presented in Article II and III follow the ethical guidelines provided by the University of Oulu, the location where the studies were conducted. Finally, ethics approval for the studies presented in Article IV and V has been obtained from The University of Melbourne under the Engineering Ethics Advisory Group, application ID 1749967. iv Acknowledgements The work presented in this thesis was not completed in isolation. Many people have contributed to this journey, and I feel grateful to all of those involved over these years. First and foremost, I express my gratitude to Professor Vassilis Kostakos for his continuous support, advice, and optimism throughout these years. Our frequent conversations were insightful and inspiring. Not only did you offer me useful feedback, but you also frequently presented me with thought-provoking questions – leading me to explore new directions in my work. You gave me not one, but two new places to call home and I am grateful for the trust and confidence you have placed in me. The work presented in this thesis benefited tremendously from your guidance. Second, there are a number of people who have had an extensive impact on my intellectual and personal development throughout my PhD. I am incredibly grateful that you took me under your wings and offered me your time, knowledge, and friendship. Dr Jorge Goncalves, our discussions frequently went beyond the topic of science and were always entertaining, down-to-earth, and (mostly) useful. Your insights on study design and analysis were highly beneficial, and will no doubt continue to be a topic for further discussion over your beverage of choice. Dr Simo Hosio, I could not have wished for a better person to share an office with. Your patience in guiding me is much appreciated, as well as your companionship – which extended far beyond the premise of the University
Recommended publications
  • Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: a Systematic Mapping Study
    Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: A Systematic Mapping Study Rahul Mohanani, Iflaah Salman, Burak Turhan, Member, IEEE, Pilar Rodriguez and Paul Ralph Abstract—One source of software project challenges and failures is the systematic errors introduced by human cognitive biases. Although extensively explored in cognitive psychology, investigations concerning cognitive biases have only recently gained popularity in software engineering research. This paper therefore systematically maps, aggregates and synthesizes the literature on cognitive biases in software engineering to generate a comprehensive body of knowledge, understand state of the art research and provide guidelines for future research and practise. Focusing on bias antecedents, effects and mitigation techniques, we identified 65 articles (published between 1990 and 2016), which investigate 37 cognitive biases. Despite strong and increasing interest, the results reveal a scarcity of research on mitigation techniques and poor theoretical foundations in understanding and interpreting cognitive biases. Although bias-related research has generated many new insights in the software engineering community, specific bias mitigation techniques are still needed for software professionals to overcome the deleterious effects of cognitive biases on their work. Index Terms—Antecedents of cognitive bias. cognitive bias. debiasing, effects of cognitive bias. software engineering, systematic mapping. 1 INTRODUCTION OGNITIVE biases are systematic deviations from op- knowledge. No analogous review of SE research exists. The timal reasoning [1], [2]. In other words, they are re- purpose of this study is therefore as follows: curring errors in thinking, or patterns of bad judgment Purpose: to review, summarize and synthesize the current observable in different people and contexts. A well-known state of software engineering research involving cognitive example is confirmation bias—the tendency to pay more at- biases.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Goldstone Research Unit Philosophy, Politics and Economics 4-2011 Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory Hugo Mercier University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Dan Sperber Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/goldstone Part of the Epistemology Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34 (2), 57-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000968 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/goldstone/15 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory Abstract Reasoning is generally seen as a means to improve knowledge and make better decisions. However, much evidence shows that reasoning often leads to epistemic distortions and poor decisions. This suggests that the function of reasoning should be rethought. Our hypothesis is that the function of reasoning is argumentative. It is to devise and evaluate arguments intended to persuade. Reasoning so conceived is adaptive given the exceptional dependence of humans on communication and their vulnerability to misinformation. A wide range of evidence in the psychology of reasoning and decision making can be reinterpreted and better explained in the light of this hypothesis. Poor performance in standard reasoning tasks is explained by the lack of argumentative context. When the same problems are placed in a proper argumentative setting, people turn out to be skilled arguers. Skilled arguers, however, are not after the truth but after arguments supporting their views.
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Understanding and Avoidance of Misunderstanding in Agent-Directed Simulation and in Emotional Intelligence
    Machine Understanding and Avoidance of Misunderstanding in Agent-directed Simulation and in Emotional Intelligence Tuncer Ören1, Mohammad Kazemifard2 and Levent Yilmaz3 1School of Electrical Eng. & Computer Science,University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave.,Ottawa,ON,Canada 2Department of Computer Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 3Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A. Keywords: Agents with Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence Simulation, Machine Understanding, Avoidance of Misunderstanding. Abstract: Simulation is being applied in many very important projects and often it is a vitally important infrastructure for them. Several types of computational intelligence techniques have been part of the abilities of simula- tion. An important aspect of intelligence is the ability to understand. Agent-directed simulation (ADS) is a comprehensive paradigm to cover all aspects of synergy of software agents and simulation and our approach is to develop agents with understanding abilities. After a brief review of ADS, our paradigms of machine understanding is presented. The article clearly indicates types of misunderstandings that might occur. Our research plans are to avoid some of the misunderstandings which could occur and especially to have self- attesting abilities in our applications to document which types of misunderstandings are avoided. 1 INTRODUCTION After this introduction, we start with a concise review of our view of agent directed simulation Simulation is being applied in many very important which provides a comprehensive framework to projects and often it is a vitally important infrastruc- consider all aspects of the synergy of software ture for them. Several types of computational intelli- agents and simulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Preregistration: a Pragmatic Tool to Reduce Bias and Calibrate Confidence in Scientific Research
    PERSPECTIVE Preregistration: A pragmatic tool to reduce bias and calibrate confidence in scientific research Tom E. Hardwicke* & Eric-Jan Wagenmakers# Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam Scientific research is performed by fallible humans. Degrees of freedom in the construction and selection of evidence and hypotheses grant scientists considerable latitude to obtain study outcomes that align more with their preferences than is warranted. This creates a risk of bias and can lead to scientists fooling themselves and fooling others. Preregistration involves archiving study information (e.g., hypotheses, methods, and analyses) in a public registry before data are inspected. This offers two potential benefits: (1) reduce bias by ensuring that research decisions are made independently of study outcomes; and (2) calibrate confidence in research by transparently communicating information about a study’s risk of bias. In this article, we briefly review the historical evolution of preregistration in medicine, psychology, and other domains, clarify its pragmatic functions, discuss relevant meta-research, and provide recommendations for scientists and journal editors. * [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-9485-4952 # [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-1596-1034 “The mind lingers with pleasure upon the facts that fall happily into the embrace of the theory...There springs up...an unconscious pressing of the theory to make it fit the facts, and a pressing of the facts to make them fit the theory.” — Chamberlin (1890/1965)1 “We are human after all.” — Daft Punk (2005)2 1. Introduction Science is a human endeavour and humans are fallible. Scientists’ cognitive limitations and self-interested motivations can infuse bias into the research process, undermining the production of reliable knowledge (Box 1)3–6.
    [Show full text]
  • Models to Optimise Medication Safety in Elderly and Oncology Inpatients
    Models to optimise medication safety in elderly and oncology inpatients Ana Šarčević München 2018 Models to optimise medication safety in elderly and oncology inpatients Ana Šarčević Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Aus dem Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität München vorgelegt von Ana Šarčević aus Zrenjanin, Serbien München, den 2. Juli 2018 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Mansmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Jaehde Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21. Dezember 2018 Acknowledgements This thesis represents a significant milestone in five-year cooperation between three working groups in Germany. During that time, I have encountered dozens of remarka- ble individuals who I wish to acknowledge. First and foremost, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisors Prof. Ulrich Mansmann and Prof. Ulrich Jaehde. They have been support- ive since the days I began my academic career. Prof. Mansmann, you had faith in me when I stubbornly wanted to pursue my academic career in patient-oriented research on the ward despite all odds. You gave me the freedom when I needed to move on and supported me remarkably in the field of statistics when I was bogged down. Prof. Jaehde, you have been a tremendous mentor and a role model for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice, on both research, and on my career has been invaluable. My TAC committee guided me through all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps
    INTERSECTIONS: TRANSIT INVESTMENT AND MULTI-SCALAR POLITICS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Catherine R. Lowe August 2011 © 2011 Catherine R. Lowe INTERSECTIONS: TRANSIT INVESTMENT AND MULTI-SCALAR POLITICS Catherine R Lowe, Ph. D.; Cornell University 2011 Regional transportation plans describe comprehensive planning processes and visions, but long-range transportation planning is only one among many decision sites for transit investment. As most plans are only partially implemented, this research aims to illuminate the factors that determine which transit projects are implemented. It combines case study research (Miami, Orlando, and Boston), with quantitative analysis of federal transit funding. The work addresses three broad questions about metropolitan decision making and action: how does significant action happen across jurisdictions? What is the state and federal role in metropolitan governance? How does equity fare in implementation? In each of three papers, I start at a different government scale: metropolitan planning organization (MPO), state, and nation. The first paper describes critical decision making processes external to MPO planning. Case studies of Boston and Miami demonstrate that MPO planning responded to, rather than determined, transit implementation choices. Due to the influence of external decisions or bypasses, I argue federal directives for equity in regional transportation planning were insufficient to advance equity in Miami and Boston. Community mobilization in Boston was sustained and moderately successful; advocacy groups advanced two projects toward implementation. Next, I examine the sub-national state’s role in transit implementation, based on projects proposed in Miami and Orlando.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Panel Meeting on Advancing Medical Decision Making Final Report October 2015
    Expert Panel Meeting on Advancing Medical Decision Making Final Report October 2015 Katherine Treiman, PhD, MPH, Tammeka Swinson Evans, MOP, and Laura Wagner, MPH RTI International DISCLAIMER All statements, findings and conclusions in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) or its Board of Governors. This publication was developed through a contract to support PCORI’s work and is being made available free of charge for the information of the scientific community and general public as part of PCORI’s ongoing research programs. Questions or comments may be sent to PCORI at [email protected] or by mail to 1828 L Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20036. CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION 1 Background........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction and Meeting Goals ............................................................................ 1 Session 1: Decisions In and Out of Health 3 Overview of Presentations.................................................................................... 3 Presentation 1: Normative, Descriptive, and Prescriptive Models of Decision Making (Jonathan Baron) ....................................................... 3 Presentation 2: Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT): Explaining and Predicting Medical Decision Making Across the Lifespan (Valerie Reyna) ................... 5 Presentation 3: Psychology of Number Processing in Decisions
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading Over the Network
    THE EMERGENCE OF THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES This page intentionally left blank THE EMERGENCE OF THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES Steven E. Jones Routledge New York and London First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of Steven E. Jones to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jones, Steven E. (Steven Edward) The emergence of the digital humanities / Steven E. Jones. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Humanities—Electronic information resources. 2. Humanities—Computer network resources. 3. Education, Higher—Effect of technological innovations on. 4. Digital communications. I. Title. AZ195.J66 2014 001.30285—dc23 2013011696 ISBN: 978–0–415–63551–6 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–415–63552–3 (pbk) ISBN: 978–0–203–09308–5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo and Stone Sans by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Langue Et Littérature Repères Identitaires En Contexte Européen ______
    MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCAT ION UNIVERSITY OF PITEŞTI FACULTY OF THEOLOGY, LETTERS, HISTORY AND ARTS AGENCE UNIVERSITAIRE DE LA FRANCOPHONIE ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE DE PITEŞTI CENTRE DE RECHERCHE SUR L’IMAGINAIRE IMAGINES CENTRUL DE REUŞITĂ UNIVERSITARĂ LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EUROPEAN LANDMARKS OF IDENTITY __________________________________________________ LANGUE ET LITTÉRATURE REPÈRES IDENTITAIRES EN CONTEXTE EUROPÉEN __________________________________________________ LIMBA ŞI LITERATURA REPERE IDENTITARE ÎN CONTEXT EUROPEAN SELECTED PAPERS OF THE 15th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE FACULTY OF THEOLOGY, LETTERS, HISTORY AND ARTS Piteşti, 12-1 June 2020 No. 26/2020 University of Piteşti Press 1 DIRECTOR / DIRECTEUR DE PUBLICATION: Ștefan GĂITĂNARU EDITOR-IN-CHIEF / RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF: Liliana SOARE ASSOCIATE EDITORS-IN-CHIEF / RÉDACTEURS EN CHEF ADJOINTS: Valentina STÎNGĂ, Liliana VOICULESCU SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE / COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE Liliana AGACHE, “I. Iordan – Al. Rosetti” Institute of Linguistics, Bucharest, Romania Stefan BARME, University of Vienna, Austria Petre Gheorghe BÂRLEA, “Ovidius” University of Constanța Grigore BRÂNCUŞ, The Romanian Academy, University of Bucharest, Romania Didi-Ionel CENUŞER, “Lucian Blaga” University, Sibiu, Romania Gheorghe CHIVU, The Romanian Academy, University of Bucharest, Romania Francis CLAUDON, Paris XII University, France Luc COLLÈS, The Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Jean-Louis COURRIOL, “Jean Moulin” University, “Lyon 3”, Lyon 3, France Dan DOBRE, University of Bucharest, Romania Cécile
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: a Systematic Mapping and Quasi-Literature Review Rahul Mohanani, Iflaah Salman, Burak Turhan, Pilar Rodriguez, Paul Ralph
    Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: A Systematic Mapping and Quasi-Literature Review Rahul Mohanani, Iflaah Salman, Burak Turhan, Pilar Rodriguez, Paul Ralph Abstract—One source of software project challenges and failures is the systematic errors introduced by human cognitive biases. Although extensively explored in cognitive psychology, investigations concerning cognitive biases have only recently gained popularity in software engineering (SE) research. This paper therefore systematically maps, aggregates and synthesizes the literature on cognitive biases in software engineering to generate a comprehensive body of knowledge, understand state of the art research and provide guidelines for future research and practise. Focusing on bias antecedents, effects and mitigation techniques, we identified 67 articles, which investigated 47 cognitive biases, published between 1990 and 2016. Despite strong and increasing interest, the results reveal a scarcity of research on mitigation techniques and poor theoretical foundations in understanding and interpreting cognitive biases. Although bias-related research has generated many new insights in the software engineering community, specific bias mitigation techniques are still needed for software professionals to overcome the deleterious effects of cognitive biases on their work. Index Terms—Antecedents of cognitive bias, cognitive bias, debiasing, effects of cognitive bias, quasi-systematic literature review, systematic mapping, systematic literature review —————————— u —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION OST research on software engineering (SE) practices • Memory, e.g., remembering previous projects as M and methods focuses on better ways of developing having gone better than they did. software. That is, most studies present an ostensibly good • Perception, e.g., perceiving a unit test as designed way of doing something (e.g., a design pattern).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Familiarity and Persuasion on Risk Assessment
    Dissertations and Theses Summer 2012 The Effects of Familiarity and Persuasion on Risk Assessment Casey L. Smith Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Psychology Commons, and the Space Vehicles Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Smith, Casey L., "The Effects of Familiarity and Persuasion on Risk Assessment" (2012). Dissertations and Theses. 131. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/131 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF FAMILIARITY AND PERSUASION ON RISK ASSESSMENT By CASEY L. SMITH B.S., Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, 2007 A Proposal Submitted to the Department of Human Factors & Systems in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Human Factors and Systems Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL Summer 2012 ABSTRACT Cognitive biases influence decisions and the analyses of risk. They are often derived from two separate processes: bias based on familiarity (familiarity bias) and bias as the result of influences from outside sources (persuasion bias). Research suggests that familiarity-based bias may lead to acceptance of an activity’s drawbacks and a leniency of its risks. In addition, research has tried to measure and analyze different types of biases individually, but few have compared the interactions of more than one bias at once. Because different biases may derive from different mental phenomena it is important to tease out the distinctions, and observe how they interact with each other.
    [Show full text]